Difference between the % of reading and %FSD (full scale deflection)...
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A Uncertainity of the equipment:
There are two ways of stating measurement error and uncertainity for the entire range of measuring instrument.
1. Percent of full scale deflection or FSD
2. Percent of reading or indicated value
The difference between the two concepts becomes highly significant when an instrument is operating near the bottom of its turn down range.
The following example will show the difference between the two.
Assume you have a 100 Nm torque tester (Maximum), and that the stated uncertainity as
Case-1: At 100 Nm 0.5%FSD uncertainity is = 0.5 Nm for the entire range. This represents the "best case" uncertainty of the measurement.
However, when a lower range is utilized this 0.5 Nm becomes more significant.
Case-2: At 100 Nm 0.5% of reading the uncertainity is = 0.5 Nm.
The following table explains the difference
Therefore, what looks to be a good uncertainity reading at full scale actually translates into substantially more % uncertainity at the lower range
of the tester with case-1.
As can be seen by the above cases, uncertainity as related to full scale value increases significantly as you go lower in the range, while %
uncertainity related to indicated value stays constant throughout the useful range of the UUT.
The above explanation holds good for the error of the equipment expressed in % of reading and % FSD also.
Hence, care to be taken in selecting the right equipment used for calibration in the laboratory and also while issuing calibration report for the
calibrated equipment.
B Range of equipment:
B.1 Equipments with %FSD
Generally, when manufacturer advertise % FSD, their useful range will be from zero to full scale. i.e. for example 0.5% FSD from 0 to 100
Nm, this is interesting because at 0 Nm the system is only accurate to within 0.5 Nm. Basically the error goes to infinity at zero.
B.2 Equipments with % Reading
Generally, when manufacturer advertise % reading, their useful range will be given from minimum to full scale
i.e. for example 0.5% reading from 10Nm to 100 Nm (10% to 100%), this is because constant uncertainty or error cannot be achieved due to
various reasons below 10% of full scale deflection.
It is for above stated reason, that systems which have accuracy as related to indicated value (% of reading) should state the useful range to be
10% to 100% (or 20% to 100% etc.,).
Therefore if a tester has 100Nm maximum range should not be used at less than 10Nm if the desired accuracy is needed.
From the point of view of the user, it is advisable to state the accuracy or uncertainty in % of reading and the useful range corresponding to the
accuracy or uncertainty. This will prevent the user, from having to calculate what the real error or uncertainty is at any given range.
Important Note: The calibration laboratory should check the calibration certificate of its reference equipment whether the error and uncertainty
are in FSD or in % of reading.
If, it is in %FSD, the care should be taken to convert it into % of reading for the particular point of calibration and then conduct calibration of
the UUT.
Sushma Industries | Careers
Designed & Develo ped by Rainmakers
18-02-2016 17:00
