Prestressed Concrete
Hashemite University
The Hashemite University
Department of Civil Engineering
Lecture 1 Introduction
Dr.
Dr Hazim Dwairi
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
The Hashemite University
Prestressed Concrete
Historical Background
First patent of prestressed concrete was in 1872
by P
P.H.
H Jackson at San Francisco - he used a tie
rod (Prestressed) to construct a beam from
individual concrete block.
Early attempts of prestressing failed due to the
loss of prestressing force with time a better
understanding of losses was needed
needed, in addition
to, high strength steel.
In 1928,
1928, E. Freyssinet of France started modern
development of prestressed concrete.
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
The Hashemite University
Prestressed Concrete
Prestressed Concrete
Hashemite University
Everyday Life Examples
Force-fitting of metal
Forcebands on wooden
barrels
Pre-tensioning
P
Prei i the
h
spokes in a bicycle
wheel
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
The Hashemite University
Prestressed Concrete
Definition
Prestressed is a form of concrete in which
internal stresses are introduced by means of a
high strength prepre-strained reinforcement
reinforcement.
Prestressing relies on bond and/or bearing
mechanisms to achieve stress transfer to
concrete.
Prestressing force induce internal actions of
such magnitude and distribution to counteract
the external loading. In Prestressed concrete
members, steel is in tension and concrete is in
compression, even before the application of any
external loading.
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
The Hashemite University
Prestressed Concrete
Prestressed Concrete
Hashemite University
Reasons for Prestressing
Prestressed concrete has been developed to
overcome some of the limitations of Reinforced
Concrete namely:
Concrete,
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
In flexure of reinforced concrete member, concrete is
cracked and functions only to hold the reinforced bars
in place and protect them from carrion, thereby,
adding excess weight without additional strength.
Cracking lowers the moment of inertia of the section,
th b iincreasing
thereby
i d
deflection.
fl ti
P
Prestressing
t
i eliminates
li i t
cracks.
make use of the high strength in tension of
prestressing steel strands which is 270
270Ksi
Ksi =
=1860
1860MPa
MPa
(four to five times of that of conventional steel).
The Hashemite University
Prestressed Concrete
Reasons for Prestressing
Eliminate cracking at service loading conditions.
Improve shear and torsional strengths.
Add protection to the steel.
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
The Hashemite University
Prestressed Concrete
Prestressed Concrete
Hashemite University
Full & Partial Prestressing
Full prestressing: sufficient precompression to
ensure crack free at full design
g load. Freyssinet
y
1930..
1930
Partial prestressing: precompression is not
enough to prevent cracks under full design load.
Thus, the member will normally contain some
conventional
ti
l steel
t lb
bars.
In many cases, partial prestressing improves the
structural performance and is commonly used.
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
The Hashemite University
Prestressed Concrete
Reinforced Concrete Members
C
c
h d
jd
As
T
1 jd almost constant under increasing load
1.
2. T & C increase proportionally to applied load
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
The Hashemite University
Prestressed Concrete
Prestressed Concrete
Hashemite University
Prestressed Concrete Members
C
ct
h
cb
Aps
C
a1
C
No Load
Dead Load
M =T a1 = C a1
a2
Dead + Live
M =T a2 = C a2
1. Internal lever arm a increases under the applied load.
2. T&C remain virtually constant under working load
conditions
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
The Hashemite University
Prestressed Concrete
Plain Concrete
ft
bh
6
= (0.1 f c' )(0.617bh 2 )
M t = M r = ft
= 0.0167bh 2 f c'
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
The Hashemite University
Prestressed Concrete
Prestressed Concrete
Hashemite University
Reinforced Concrete (Service
limit state)
C
(0.9-0.12) h
=0.78h
0.78h
0.9h
1
C = (0.45 f c' )(b)(0.36)
2
= 0.081bh 2 f c'
M 2 = C (0.78h) = 0.0632bh 2 f c'
M 2is3.78 times l arg er
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
0.0617bh 2 f c' due to D.L moment
M 2 = 0.0632bh 2 f c'
bh 2 f c'due to L.L moment
0The.0465
Hashemite University
Prestressed Concrete
Prestressed concrete (working
limit state) 0.45 f
'
c
C
0.9h
0.56h
C
T
0.66h
0.23h
0 . 45 f c '
PS+DL+SI+LL
PS+DL+SI
C = 0.5(0.45 f c' )bh = 0.225bhf c' M 3 = C (0.56h)
= (0.225bhf c' )(0.56h)
with
i h superimpos
i
ed
d DL :
a = 0.23h
= (0.126bh 2 f c' )
with superimposed DL + LL :
= 2 M 2 ( RC element)
a = 0.56h
= 7.5M1 (Plain concrete element)
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
The Hashemite University
Prestressed Concrete
Prestressed Concrete
Hashemite University
Advantages of Prestressing
Section remains uncracked under service loads
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
Increase in durabilityy byy reducing
g steel corrosion
Full section is utilized
9 Higher moment of inertia (higher stiffness)
9 Less deformations (improved serviceability).
Increase in shear capacity.
Suitable for use in pressure vessels, liquid retaining
structures.
Improved performance (resilience) under dynamic
and fatigue loading.
The Hashemite University
Prestressed Concrete
Advantages of Prestressing
High span
span--to
to--depth ratios
Reduction in self weight
g
More aesthetic appeal due to slender sections.
More economical sections.
Larger spans possible with prestressing (bridges,
buildings with large columncolumn-free spaces)
Typical values of spanspan-toto-depth ratios in slabs are given
b l
below:
Non-prestressed Slab 28:1
Prestressed Slab
45:1
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
The Hashemite University
Prestressed Concrete
Prestressed Concrete
Hashemite University
Advantages of Prestressing
Suitable for precast construction
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
Rapid construction
Better quality control.
Reduced maintenance.
Suitable for repetitive construction
Multiple use of formwork
Availability of standard shapes.
The Hashemite University
Prestressed Concrete
Limitations of Prestressing
Prestressing needs skilled technology.
Hence it is not as common as reinforced
Hence,
concrete.
The use of high strength materials is
costly.
There is additional cost in auxiliary
equipments.
There is need for quality control and
inspection.
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
The Hashemite University
Prestressed Concrete
Prestressed Concrete
Hashemite University
Types of Prestressing
Prestressing of concrete can be classified in several
ways.
y The following
g classifications are discussed:
Source of prestressing force:
force:
9 Mechanical
Mechanical:: the devices includes weights with or
without lever transmission, pulley blocks, screw jacks
and wire
wire--winding machines. This type of prestressing
is adopted for mass scale production.
9 Hydraulic
Hydraulic:: producing large prestressing forces
forces.
Hydraulic jacks used for the tensioning of tendons,
9 Electrical
Electrical:: the steel wires are electrically heated and
anchored before placing concrete in the molds.
9 Chemical
Chemical..
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
The Hashemite University
Prestressed Concrete
Types of Prestressing
External or internal prestressing:
prestressing: location of the
prestressing
g tendon with respect to the concrete section.
(a) External
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
(b) Internal
The Hashemite University
Prestressed Concrete
Prestressed Concrete
Hashemite University
Types of Prestressing
Pre-tensioning or post
Prepost--tensioning
tensioning:: based on the
sequence of casting
g the concrete and applying
y g tension to
the tendons.
9 Pretensioning
Pretensioning:: The tension is applied to the tendons
before casting of the concrete. The precompression
is transmitted from steel to concrete through bond
over the transmission length near the ends.
tensioning:
g: The tension is applied
pp
to the
9 Post
Post--tensioning
tendons (located in a duct) after hardening of the
concrete. The prepre-compression is transmitted from
steel to concrete by the anchorage device (at the end
blocks)
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
The Hashemite University
Prestressed Concrete
Types of Prestressing
Linear or circular prestressing:
prestressing: based on the shape of
the member prestressed.
Full, limited or partial prestressing:
prestressing: Based on the
amount of prestressing force, three types of prestressing
are defined.
Uniaxial,, biaxial or multi
Uniaxial
multi--axial prestressing
prestressing:: based on
the directions of prestressing a member.
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
The Hashemite University
Prestressed Concrete
10
Prestressed Concrete
Hashemite University
Circular
Prestressing
Biaxial
Prestressing
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
The Hashemite University
Prestressed Concrete
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