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Fundamentals of Filtration
Filtration is a technique that utilizes a porous barrier to separate suspended or dissolved materials in solution
based on size or molecular weight, eliminating the need for centrifugation, solvent phase changes or other
product damaging methods. Application of positive or negative pressure differential across the selectively
permeable barrier drives the separation in a sieve-like manner. Smaller constituents pass through the barrier
with the solvent as filtrate while the larger solutes are retained. The type of filtration is based on the retentate
and pore size. Spectrum offers a complete range of separation filters for macrofiltration, microfiltration and
ultrafiltration applications.
Macrofiltration
Being the simplest and least expensive, macrofiltration is conventionally defined as the filtration of particles
that are 5 m or greater. Spectrum offers a large assortment of Spectra Mesh screens in several polymer
types with mesh opening sizes ranging from 5 m to 1 mm to handle just about any macrofiltration need.
Laboratory Macrofiltration
Microfiltration
Originally described as the separation of particles or microbes that could be seen with the aid of a microscope
(cells, macrophage, large virus particles, cellular debris), microfiltration (MF) pertains to separations with the
membrane pore size ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 m in diameter. Spectrum offers three types of hollow fiber
tangential flow MF membranes with pore sizes ranging from 20 nm to 0.5 m and surface areas ranging from 6
sq. cm to 13.9 sq. m.
Laboratory Microfiltration HF TFF Microfiltration
Ultrafiltration
Since the "molecular shape" of dissolved solutes ranging from 1 to 1,000 kD significantly affects the retention
characteristics, the pore rating for ultrafiltration (UF) membranes is indirectly determined as the nominal
molecular weight cut off (MWCO) that is retained by approximately 95%. Spectrum offers low protein binding
polysulfone hollow fiber membranes with 10 kD, 50 kD, 400 kD, 500 kD (20 nm) and 1,000 kD (0.05 m) and
surface areas ranging from 8 sq. cm to 5.1 sq. m.
HF TFF Ultrafiltration
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Micro filtration and ultra filtration
Membrane technology
The principle of micro filtration and ultra filtration is physical separation. The extent to which
dissolved solids, turbidity and microrganisms are removed is determined by the size of the pores
in the membranes. Substances that are larger than the pores in the membranes are fully
removed. Substances that are smaller than the pores of the membranes are partially removed,
depending on the construction of a refuse layer on the membrane.
Micro filtration and ultra filtration are pressure-dependent processes, which remove dissolved
solids and other substances from water to a lesser extend than nano filtration and Reverse
Osmosis.
Micro filtration
Membranes with a pore size of 0.1 10 m perform micro filtration. Microfiltration membranes
remove all bacteria. Only part of the viral contamination is caught up in the process, even
though viruses are smaller than the pores of a micro filtration membrane. This is because
viruses can attach themselves to bacterial biofilm.
Micro filtration can be implemented in many different water treatment processes when particles
with a diameter greater than 0.1 mm need to be removed from a liquid.
Examples of micro filtration applications are:
Cold sterilisation of beverages and pharmaceuticals
Clearing of fruit juice, wines and beer
Separation of bacteria from water (biological wastewater treatment)
Effluent treatment
Separation of oil/ water emulsions
Pre-treatment of water for nano filtration or Reverse Osmosis
Solid-liquid separation for pharmacies or food industries
Ultra filtration
For complete removal of viruses, ultra filtration is required. The pores of ultra filtration
membranes can remove particles of 0.001 0.1 m from fluids.
Examples of fields where ultra filtration is applied are:
The dairy industry (milk, cheese)
The food industry (proteins)
The metal industry (oil/ water emulsions separation, paint treatment)
The textile industry
Protection of membranes
Ultra filtration can also be applied for pre-treatment of water for nano filtration or Reverse
Osmosis.
Pre-treatment of water is very important when these filtration techniques are applied, because
membrane fouling can easily disturb the purification process. Pre-treatment is not only
important for nano filtration and Reverse Osmosis processes, but also for the above-mentioned
microfiltration and ultra filtration processes. A pre-treatment needs to be determined as soon as
the composition of the wastewater is known.
To prevent plugging or damaging of membranes by hard and sharp particles from the feed
water, water needs to be pre-filtered before micro filtration or ultra filtration processes take
place. The pores of the pre-filtration unit need to be between 0.5 and 1.0 mm, depending on the
composition of the wastewater. Further pre-treatment will not be necessary when micro filtration
or ultra filtration is performed.
Further treatment
When wastewater is treated it needs to answer certain demands. It depends on these demands
whether or not permeates need additional treatment after microfiltration or ultrafiltration.
Purification techniques that are eligible for additional treatment are:
Disinfection techniques
Quick filtration
Active carbon filtration
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