Birck Nanotechnology Center

Transforming Light with Metamaterials

Part 1: Electrical & Magnetic Metamaterials

Part 2: Negative-Index Metamaterials, NLO, and

super/hyper-lens
Part 3: Cloaking and Transformation Optics

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Transforming Light with Metamaterials

Part 1: Electrical & Magnetic Metamaterials

Part 2: Negative-Index Metamaterials, NLO, and

super/hyper-lens
Part 3: Cloaking and Transformation Optics

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Outline

What are metamaterials?

Early electrical metamaterials

Magnetic metamaterials
Negative-index metamaterials
Chiral metamaterials
Nonlinear optics with metamaterials
Super-resolution
Optical Cloaking and Transformation Optics
3

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Natural Optical Materials

E,H ~exp[in(/c)z]
n = ()
metals

Air
Water
Crystals

Semiconductors

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Materials & Metamaterials

, diagram:

E,H ~exp[in(/c)z]
n = ()

Cloaking (TO) area

5

Birck Nanotechnology Center

What is a metamaterial?
Metamaterial is an arrangement of artificial structural elements,
designed to achieve advantageous and unusual electromagnetic
properties.

= meta = beyond (Greek)

A natural material with its

atoms

A metamaterial with artificially

structured atoms
6

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Photonic crystals vs. Optical metamaterials:

connections and differences

a<< .
Effective medium
description using
Maxwell equations with
, , n, Z

a~
Structure dominates.
Properties determined
by diffraction and
interference

Example:
Optical crystals
Metamaterials

Example:
Photonics crystals
Phased array radar
X-ray diffraction optics

a
a>>
Properties described
using geometrical optics
and ray tracing
Example:
Lens system
Shadows

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Natural Crystals

... have lattice constants much smaller

than light wavelengths:

a <<

are treated as homogeneous media

with parameters

, , n, Z (tensors in

anisotropic crystals)
have a positive refractive index:

n>1

show no magnetic response at optical

wavelengths:

=1

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Photonic crystals
... have lattice constants comparable
to light wavelengths:

a~

can be artificial or natural

have properties governed by the
diffraction of the periodic structures
may exhibit a bandgap for
photons
typically are not well described
using effective parameters

, , n, Z

often behave like but they are not

true metamaterials
9

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Metamaterials: Properties not found in nature?

(refraction!)

10

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Metamaterials: Artificial periodic structures?

Lycurgus Cup (4th century AD)

Ancient (first?) random

metamaterial (carved in Rome)
with gold nano particles

Hot-spots in fractals

Shalaev, Nonlinear Optics of Random Media,

Springer, 2000
11

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Outline

What are metamaterials?

Early electrical metamaterials

Magnetic metamaterials
Negative-index metamaterials
Chiral metamaterials
Nonlinear optics with metamaterials
Super-resolution
Optical cloaking
12

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Early (first?) Example of Meta-Atoms

Twisted jute elements
Artificial chiral molecules

Jagadis C. Bose, Proceeding of Royal Soc. London, 1898

On the Rotation of Plane of Polarization of Electric Waves by a Twisted Structure

13

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Early Electric Metamaterial: Artificial Dielectrics

Periodic metal-dielectric plates with effective
index of less than 1

W. E. Kock, Proc. IRE, Vol. 34, 1946

14

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Noble metal: < 1 in nature

Drude model for permittivity:

p2
( ) = 0
( + i)

Silver parameters: 0 = 5.0

p = 9.216 eV
= 0.0212 eV

Permittivity of Silver

50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250

Re(), experiment
Im(), experiment
Re(), Drude
Im(), Drude
500

1000
1500
Wavelength (nm)

2000

Experimental data from Johnson & Christy, PRB, 1972

15

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Array of Thin Wires and Tunable Plasma Frequency

J. Brown, Proc. IEE 100 (1953)

W. Rotman, Trans. IRE AP 10 (1962)
J.B. Pendry, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. (1996)

16

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Electrical metamaterials:
metal wires arrays with tunable plasma frequency

p2
= '+ i " = 1
( + i 0 a 2 p2 / r 2 )
2 c 2
2
p = 2
a ln(a / r )

A periodic array of thin metal wires with

r<<a<<
acts as a low frequency plasma
The effective is described with modified p
Plasma frequency depends on geometry
rather than on material properties

Pendry, PRL (1996)

17

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Metal-Dielectric Composites and Mixing Rules

= c11 + c2 2

= 1 2 ( c1 2 + c21 )

Maxwell-Garnett (MG) theory:

MG ( ) h ( )
( ) h ( )
= f i
MG ( ) + 2 h ( )
i ( ) + 2 h ( )

f1

Effective-Medium Theory (EMT):

m eff
m + (d 1)eff

+ (1 f )

d eff
d + (d 1) eff

=0

18

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Composites with elongated inclusions

Depolarization factor:
0

Lorentz depolarization factor for a spheroid with aspect ratio :1:1

2( s + ai2 )3/ 2 ( s + a 2j )1/ 2 ( s + ak2 )1/ 2

Screening factor:

= (1 q ) / q
Clausius-Mossotti yields
shape-dependent EMT:

m eff
d eff
f
+ (1 f )
=0
m + eff
d + eff

eff =

1
2 + 4 m d
2

1
Depolarization factor, p

qi =

ai a j ak ds

0.8
0.6
0.4

p(1:1:1)=1/3

0.2
0 -2
10

-1

10

10
10
Aspect ratio, :1:1

10

= [( + 1) f 1] m + [ ( + 1) f ] d
19

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Outline

What are metamaterials?

Early electrical metamaterials

Magnetic metamaterials

Negative-index metamaterials
Chiral metamaterials
Nonlinear optics with metamaterials
Super-resolution
Optical cloaking
20

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Absence (or very weak: 1)

Optical Magnetism in Nature

Magnetic coupling to an atom: ~

Electric coupling to an atom: ~

B = e / 2me c = ea0

(Bohr magneton)

ea0

Magnetic effect / electric effect 2 (1/137)2 < 10

-4

the magnetic permeability (

) ceases to have any physical meaning at

relatively low frequenciesthere is certainly no meaning in using the magnetic

susceptibility from optical frequencies onwards, and in discussion of such
phenomena we must put =1.
Landau and Lifshitz, ECM, Chapter 79.

21

Birck Nanotechnology Center

SRRs: first magnetic metamaterials

A bulk metal has no
magnetism in optics

Split-ring resonator (SRR)

A metal ring: weak

magnetic response

H
A split ring:
magnetic resonance

Double SRR:
enhanced magnetic
resonance

Theory: Pendry et al., 1999.

Experiment: Smith et al., 2000.

22

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Artificial magnetic resonators:

Earlier form and Todays design
SRR for GHz magnetic resonance (Hardy et al., 1981):

Modern magnetic units for optical metamagnetism:

E

H
k

SRR

C-shaped Rod

Nanostrip (or nanorod) Pair

23

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Limits of size scaling in SRRs

Direct scaling-down the SRR dimensions doesnt
help much
Loss in metal gives kinetic
inductance

Lcoil size

Lkinetic

1
size

Ltotal = Lcoil + Lkinetic

Ctotal size
res

1
1
1
=

Ltotal Ctotal
( A size + B / size) (C size)
size2 + const.

Saturation

Zhou et al, PRL (2005); Klein, et al., OL (2006)

24

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Progress in Optical Magnetism Metamaterials

Terahertz magnetism
a)

Yen, et al. ~ 1THz (2-SRR) 2004

Katsarakis, et al (SRR 5 layers) - 2005
b) Zhang et al ~50THz (SRR+mirror) - 2005
c) Linden, et al. 100THz (1-SRR) -2004
d) Enkrich, et al. 200THz (u-shaped)-2005

2004-2007 years:
from 10 GHz to 500 THZ

25

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Magnetic Metamaterial: Nanorod to Nanostrip

Dielectric
Metal

H
E
k

Nanorod pair

Nanorod pair array

Nanostrip pair

Nanostrip pair has a much stronger magnetic response

Lagarkov, Sarychev PRB (1996) - > 0

Podolskiy, Sarychev & Shalaev, JNOPM (2002) - < 0 & n < 0
Kildishev et al, JOSA B (2006); Shvets et al JOSA (2006) strip pairs
(Svirko, et al, APL (2001) - crossed rods for chirality)
26

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Visible magnetism: structure and geometries

TM
H

TE
E

wb
w
t
d
t

Ag
Al2O3

Ag
p

2wb

glass substrate

t = 35 nm

d = 40 nm

p 2 wb

Width varies from 50 nm to 127 nm

Purdue group
Yuan, et al., Opt. Expr., 2007 red light
Cai, et al., Opt. Expr., 2007 all the visible
27

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Negative Magnetic Response

TM

k
28

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Magnetic Colors: visualizing magnetism

Resonant TM
Transmission

Resonant TM
Reflection

Non-resonant TE
Transmission

Non-resonant TE
Reflection

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.9
A
B
C
D
E
F

0.5

0.5
A
B
C
D
E
F

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
400

500

600

700

800

0.4

Wavelength (nm)

0.7
0.6
0.5

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.0
400

0.0
400

0.3

900

A
B
C
D
E
F

0.8

Reflection

Transmission

160 m

500

600

700

800

900

500

600

700

800

Wavelength (nm)

Wavelength (nm)

Sample #

Width w (nm)

50

69

83

98

118

127

900

0.0
400

A
B
C
D
E
F
500

600

700

800

900

Wavelength (nm)

Cai, et al., Opt. Expr., 15,

3333 (2007)
29

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Meta-magnetism across the visible

800
750

Experimental
Analytical
Permeability

m (nm)

0.5
0.0

650
-0.5
600
-1.0

550
500

-1.5

450

-2.0

Permeability (')

700

1.0

50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

Strip width, w (nm)

m as a function of strip width w:

experiment vs. theory

Negligible saturation effect on size-scaling (as opposed to SRRs)

30

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Transforming Light with Metamaterials

Part 1: Electrical and Magnetic Metamaterials

Part 2: Negative-Index Metamaterials, NLO,

and super/hyper-lens
Part 3: Cloaking and Transformation Optics

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Outline

What are metamaterials?

Early electrical metamaterials

Magnetic metamaterials

Negative-index metamaterials

Chiral metamaterials
Nonlinear optics with metamaterials
Super-resolution
Optical cloaking

32

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Negative refractive index: A historical review

energy can be carried forward at the
group velocity but in a direction that is
anti-parallel to the phase velocity
Schuster, 1904

Sir Arthur Schuster

Sir Horace Lamb

Negative refraction and backward

propagation of waves
Mandelstam, 1945

Left-handed materials: the electrodynamics

of substances with simultaneously negative
values of and
Veselago, 1968

V. G. Veselago

L. I. Mandelstam

Pendry, the one who whipped up the

recent boom of NIM researches
Perfect lens (2000)
EM cloaking (2006)
Sir John Pendry
33

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Metamaterials with Negative Refraction

Refraction:

n =

Figure of merit
F = |n|/n

n < 0,

if || + || < 0

n<0

Single-negative:
when < 0 whereas > 0
(F is low)

n<0

Double-negative:
with both < 0 and < 0
(F can be large)

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Negative Refractive Index in Optics: State of the Art

Year and Research
group

1st time posted and

publication

Refractive
index, n

Wavelength

Figure of Merit
F=|n|/n

Structure used

2005:
Purdue

April 13 (2005)
arXiv:physics/0504091
Opt. Lett. (2005)

0.3

1.5 m

0.1

Paired nanorods

UNM & Columbia

April 28 (2005)
arXiv:physics/0504208
Phys. Rev. Lett. (2005)

2.0 m

0.5

Nano-fishnet with
round voids

UNM & Columbia

J. of OSA B (2006)

1.8 m

2.0

Nano-fishnet with
round voids

Karlsruhe & ISU

OL. (2006)

1.4 m

3.0

Nano-fishnet

Karlsruhe & ISU

OL (2006)

0.6

780 nm

0.5

Nano-fishnet

Purdue

MRS Bulletin (2008)

-0.8
-0.6

725nm
710nm

1.1
0.6

Nano-fishnet

Purdue

In preparation (2009)

-0.25

580nm

0.3

2006:

Nano-fishnet

CalTech: negative refraction in the visible for MIM waveguide SPPs (2007)

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Negative permeability and negative permittivity

Dielectric
Metal

H
E
k

Nanostrip pair (TM)

Nanostrip pair (TE)

Fishnet

< 0 (resonant)

< 0 (non-resonant)

and < 0

S. Zhang, et al., PRL (2005)

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Sample A: Double Negative NIM (n=-0.8, FOM=1.1, at 725 nm)

Sample B: Single Negative NIM (n=-0.25, FOM=0.3, at 580 nm)
MRS Bulletin (2008)

Sample A. period- E: 250 nm; H: 280 nm

2

0
FOM
Re(n)

-1

2
2
0

-2

500 nm

-4

-2
400

500

600
700
Wavelength (nm)

800

900

400

500

600
700
Wavelength (nm)

800

900

Sample B. period- E:220nm H:220nm

H
E

500 nm

Stacking:
8 nm of Al2O3
43 nm of Ag
45 nm of Al2O3
43 nm of Ag
8 nm of Al2O3

Permeability

Permittivity

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Summary on negative refractive index

A Double Negative NIM (Negative index material) is

demonstrated at a wavelength of ~725 nm
A Single Negative NIM behavior is demonstrated at
a wavelength of ~580 nm

38

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Negative Refraction for Waveguide Modes

An mode index of ~ -5 is obtained at the
green light.

n < 0 for 2D SPPs in

waveguides

Lezec, Dionne and Atwater, Science, 2007

39

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Outline

What are metamaterials?

Early electrical metamaterials
Magnetic metamaterials
Negative-index metamaterials

Chiral metamaterials

Nonlinear optics with metamaterials

Super-resolution

Optical cloaking
40

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Chiral Optical Elements

Boses Artificial chiral molecules: Twisted jute elements

J. C. Bose, Proceeding of Royal Soc. London, 1898

Optical counterparts:

Decher, Klein, Wegener and Linden

Opt. Exp., 2007

The Zheludev group, U. Southampton

Appl. Phys. Lett., 2007
41

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Chiral Effects in Optical Metamaterials

Circular dichroism:

Decher, Klein, Wegener and Linden

Opt. Exp., 2007

Giant optical gyrotropy:

The Zheludev group, U. Southampton

Appl. Phys. Lett., 2007
Chirality can ease obtaining n<0:
Tretyakov, et al (2003), Pendry (Science 2004)
42

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Outline

What are metamaterials?

Early electrical metamaterials
Magnetic metamaterials
Negative-index metamaterials
Chiral metamaterials

Nonlinear optics with metamaterials

Super-resolution

Optical cloaking
43

Birck Nanotechnology Center

SHG and THG from Magnetic Metamaterial

Excitation when magnetic

resonance is excited (1st pol)

Excitation at 2nd pol.

(no magnetic resonance)

SHG: Klein, Enkrich, Wegener, and Linden, Science, 2006

SHG & THG: Klein, Wegener, Feth and Linden, Opt. Express, 2007

44

Birck Nanotechnology Center

NLO in NIMs: SHG

Backward Waves in NIMs:
Distributed feedback, cavity-like amplification, etc.
n1 < 0 and n2 > 0
k1 dh12 k 2 dh22
+
=0
1 dz 2 2 dz

h12 ( z ) h22 ( z ) = C

Manley-Rowe Relations

dS1 dS 2

= 0,
dz
dz
Phase-matching:

1 = 2 , k 2 = 2k1

h12 ( z ) h22 ( z ) = C
45

Birck Nanotechnology Center

SHG in NIMs: Nonlinear 100% Mirror

100% reflective SHG Mirror !

h12 ( z ) h22 ( z ) = C
Finite Slab:

CL = arccos( C / h10 )
h2 ( z ) = C tan[ C ( L z )]
h1 ( z ) = C / cos[ C ( L z )]
Semi-Infinite Slab:

C = 0, h2 ( z ) = h1 ( z )

h2 ( z ) = h10 /[1 + ( z / z0 )]

= 4 ( 2) 222 / k 2 c 2 z 0 = [ h 10

Other work on SHG:

Kivshar et al; Zakhidov et al
46

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Optical Parametric Amplification (OPA) in NIMs

3 = 1 + 2

(n1 < 0, n2,n3 > 0)

S3

- Control Field (pump)

7

1a,2g

x 10
LHM
4
gL=4.805
k=0
2

0
0

1a = a1 ( z ) / a1L ,1g = a1 ( z ) / a20 , 2 g = a2 ( z ) / a1L

2

g=

z/L 1

0.5

(
1

1 2 / 1 2 (8 / c ) ( 2) h3

Manley-Rowe Relations:

d
dz

S1
S

2
h1 h 2

= 0

Popov, VMS, Opt. Lett. (2006)

Appl. Phys. B (2006)
For SHG see also Agranovich et al
and Kivshar et al
47

Birck Nanotechnology Center

OPA in NIMs:
Loss-Compensator and Cavity-Free Oscillator
Backward waves in NIMs ->
Distributed feedback & cavity-like
amplification and generation
Popov, VMS, OL (2006)

k = 0

g = 12 4 1 2 / 12 (8 / c) h3
( 2)

1a = a1(z) / a1L ,1g = a1(z) / a20

Resonances in output amplification and DFG

1L = 1, 2L = 1/2

OPA-Compensated Losses
Cavity-free (no mirrors) Parametric Oscillations
Generation of Entangled Counter-propagating LH and RH photons
48

Birck Nanotechnology Center

OPA with 4WM

Four-level (3) centers embedded in NIM

(3) -OPA assisted by the Raman Gain:

4 signal; 1, 3 control fields
2= 1+3- 4 idler
(Raman-enhanced; contributes back to OPA at 4)
(3) -OPA: compensation of losses:
transparency and amplification at 4
Cavity-free generation of counterpropagating entangled right- and left-handed
photons
. Control of local optical parameters through
quantum interference

See talk tomorrow by Popov et al on NLO in MMs

Popov, et al OL (2007)
49

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Outline

What are metamaterials?

Early electrical metamaterials
Magnetic metamaterials
Negative-index metamaterials
Chiral metamaterials
Nonlinear optics with metamaterials

Super-resolution

Optical cloaking
50

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Super-resolution:
Amplification of Evanescent Waves Enables sub- Image!
Waves scattered by an object have all the Fourier components
k z = k02 k x2 k y2
The propagating waves are limited to:
kt = k x2 + k y2 < k0
To resolve features , we must have
t = 2 / kt < , < kt = k x2 + k y2 > k0 , k z2 < 0
The evanescent waves are re-grown in a NIM slab and fully recovered at the image plane
Conventional lens

NIM slab lens

Pendry, PRL, 2000

51

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Perfect Lens
y
x

n = 1

z
Object

( = -1; = -1)

1 Focus 2 Focus

sin( ) = n sin( ' ) = sin( ' ) = sin( )

'

2
E ( y, z ) = Aq exp iqy + i (nk ) q 2 z

b b

Phase shift =

(iqy + i

2
k 2 q 2 z + iqy i ( k ) q 2 z = 0

h = a+b

52

Birck Nanotechnology Center

The Poor Mans (Near-Field) Superlens ( < 0, =1)

Original implementation by Pendry: use a
plasmonic material (silver film) to image 10
nm features with hw = 3.48 eV;
= 5.7 92 /2 + 0.4i

(= - h)

a
PR
Ag
PMMA

Quartz

Cr

365 nm Illumination

Near-field super-lens (NFSL)

super-resolution with superlens: Zhang et
al. (2005); Blaikie, et al (2005)
Mid-IR: Shvets et al. (2006)
53

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Superlens High and Low

Ordinary Lens:
evanescent field lost

Super Lens:
evanescent field enhanced
but decays away from the lens
* LIMITED TO NEAR FIELD
* EXPONENTIALLY SENSITIVE
TO DISORDER, LOSSES,...

Hyper Lens:
evanescent field converted
to propagating waves (that do
not mix with the others)
54

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Hyperlens:
Converting evanescent components to propagating waves
(Narimanov eta al; Engheta et al)

Far-field sub- imaging

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Optical Hyperlens

Theory:
Jacob, Narimanov, OL, 2006
Salandrino, Engehta, PRB, 2006
Experiments:
Z. Liu et al., Science, 2007
Smolyaninov et al., Science, 2007
56

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Advanced Optical Hyperlens

(a)

Impedance-matched hyperlens
Kildishev, Narimanov
(Opt. Lett., 2007)

(b)

Flat hyperlenses:
- & -body lenses
Kildishev, Shalaev
(Opt. Lett., 2008)

57

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Transforming Light with Metamaterials

Part 1: Electrical and Magnetic Metamaterials

Part 2: Negative-Index Metamaterials, NLO, and
super/hyper-lens

Part 3: Cloaking and Transformation Optics

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Outline

What are metamaterials?

Early electrical metamaterials
Magnetic metamaterials
Negative-index metamaterials
Chiral metamaterials
Nonlinear optics with metamaterials
Super-resolution

Optical cloaking and

Transformation Optics
59

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Other versions of cloak/invisibility/transparency

Plasmonic scattering
ancellation
Alu and Engheta, PRE, 72, 016623,
2005

< 0

Einc
Hinc

> 0

PDPS = ( DPS 0 ) Einc

PENG = ( ENG 0 ) Einc

c1TM = 0

Anomalous localized
resonance
Nicorovici, McPhedran and Milton,
PRB, 1994
Milton & Nicorovici, Proc. R. Soc.
A, 2006

Other schemes include tunneling light transmissions (de Abajo) , active

sources (Miller),invisible fish-scale structure (Zheludev et al)
60

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Invisibility: An Ancient Dream

Perseus helmet
(Greek mythology)

Tarnhelm of invisibility
(Norse mythology)

Ring of Gyges
(The Republic, Plato)

Cloaking devices
(Star Trek, USA)

The 12 Dancing Princesses

(Brothers Grimm, Germany)

Harry Potters cloak

(J. K. Rowling, UK)

61

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Invisibility in Nature: Chameleon Camouflage

62

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Invisibility by Transformation of Time-Space

Black hole

63

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Invisibility to Radar: Stealth Technology

Stealth technique:
Radar cross-section reductions by absorbing paint / nonmetallic frame / shape effect

64

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Optical camouflage (Tachi lab, U. Tokyo)

The camera + projector approach

From: http://www.star.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
65

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Invisibility: from fiction to fact?

Examples with scientific elements:

The Invisible Man by H. G.
Wells (1897)

"... it was an idea ... to lower the

refractive index of a substance,
solid or liquid, to that of air so
far as all practical purposes are
concerned. -- Chapter 19
"Certain First Principles"

The invisible woman in The

Fantastic 4 by Lee & Kirby (1961)
"... she achieves these feats by
bending all wavelengths of light in
the vicinity around herself ...
without causing any visible
distortion. -- Introduction from
Wikipedia

Pendry et al.; Leonhard,

Science, 2006
(Earlier work: cloak of
thermal conductivity by
Greenleaf et al., 2003)

66

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Designing Space for Light with

Transformation Optics
Fermat:
ndl = 0
n = (r)(r)
curving
optical space

Straight field line in

Cartesian coordinate

Distorted field line in

distorted coordinate

Spatial profile of & tensors determines the distortion of

coordinate
Seeking for profile of & to make light avoid particular region in
space optical cloaking
Pendry et al., Science, 2006
Leonhard, Science, 2006

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Form-invariance of Maxwells equations

x to coordinate x is
described using the Jacobian matrix G: g ij = xi x j
Coordinate transformation from

Maxwells equation in x

v
( E ) =
v
( H ) = 0
v
v
E = H
t
v
v
v

E
H =
+J
t

Transformation of
variables

G G T
G GT
=
; =
G
G
v
v v
v
T 1
T 1
E = (G ) E; H = (G ) H
v
v GJ

J =
; =
G
G

Ward and Pendry, J. Mod.Opt. 43, 777 (1996)

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Transformation Optics and Cloaking

Birck Nanotechnology Center

A similarity in Mother Nature

The bending of light due to the gradient in refractive index
in a desert mirage

Pendry et al., 2006

70

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Cloaking based on coordinate transformation

General math. requirements and microwave demonstrations

ba
r + a
b

r a
r = r =
r

=
=

ra

b r a
z = z =

ba r

Structure of the cloak

Ideal case
Reduced parameter
Experimental data

Schurig et al., Science, 2006

71

Birck Nanotechnology Center

How about optical frequencies?

Scaling the microwave cloak design?

 Intrinsic limits to the scaling of SRR size

 High loss in resonant structures

E
k

ra
r
b ra
r = r =
, = =
, z = z =

r
ra
ba r
2

TM incidence
2

b ra
z =

ba r

r
=

ra

ra

To maintain
the dispersion
relation
z = constant

z r = constant

(for in-plane k)

= 1
z
2

b
=

ba

2
2

b ra

r =

ba r

No magnetism required!
A constant permittivity
of a dielectric; > 1
Gradient in r direction
only; r changing from 0
to 1.

Cai, et al., Nature Photonics, 1, 224 (2007)

72

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Optical Cloaking with Metamaterials:

Can Objects be Invisible in the Visible?

Nature Photonics (to be published)

Cover article of Nature Photonics (April, 2007)

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Structure of the cloak: Round brush

Unit cell:

Flexible control of r ;

Negligible perturbation in

metal needles embedded in

dielectric host

Cai, et al., Nature Photonics, 1, 224 (2007)

74

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Cloaking performance: Field mapping movies

Example:
Non-magnetic cloak @ 632.8nm with silver wires in silica

Cloak OFF

Cloak ON

75

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Scattering issue in a linear non-magnetic cloak

Linear transformation
r=

ba
r + a
b

Ideal cloak:

E
k

r =b

=1
r =b

Perfectly matched impedance

results in zero scattering

Linear non-magnetic cloak:

E
H

r =b

= 1 a
r =b

Detrimental scattering due to

impedance mismatch

Nonlinear transformation > no scattering

76

Birck Nanotechnology Center

High-order transformation for cloaking

2-nd order transformation for non-magnetic cloak:

r = g (r ) = 1 a b + p (r b ) r + a

with

p = a b2

W. Cai et al (APL 91, 111105, 2007); with G. Milton

77

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Towards experimental realization

We need a design that is
Less complicated in fabrication
Compatibility with mature fabrication techniques
like direct deposition and direct etching

Better loss features

Loss might be ultimate limiting issue for cloaking

r = 0.1

r = 0.03

78
78

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Structures of realistic high-order TO cloaks

0.03
0.025

||

imag( )

0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
-1

(b) (a)

r(a)
0

r(b)
1
real( )

found from Wieners bounds

Cai, et al, (OE, 2008)

>>1 - problem

cloak @ 530 nm with alternating silver- silica

slices based on nonlinear transformations

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Bandwidth problem in electromagnetic cloak

Fermats
principle

Curved wave
trajectory

vp = c/n

Refractive
index n<1

vs c

Phase velocity
vp>c

vp vs
Dispersive
material

- operating frequency
- operating bandwidth
s geometrical cross-section

s - scattering cross-section

Chen, et al., PRB, 76, 241104 (2007)

80

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Wavelength Multiplexing Cloak

Combination of techniques:
Virtual inner boundary
Physical boundaries
the cloaking device

Virtual inner boundary for

different wavelengths

Dispersion control
Active medium or EIT?

z r

< 0

Kildishev, et al (NJP, 2008)
81

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Broadband Optical Cloaking

in Tapered Waveguides
I.I. Smolayninov, V.N. Smolyaninova, A.V. Kildishev
and V.M. Shalaev

(PRL , May 29, 2009)

2s
~
s

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Emulating Anisotropic Metamaterials

,
with Tapered
Waveguides

A space between a spherical

and a planar surface (a) mapped
onto a planar anisotropic MM (b)

(c) Distribution of radial (top),

azimuthal (middle), and axial
components of = in equivalent
planar MM. Dashed lines show
same components in the ideal cloak.

(d) Normalized profile of optimal

and plane-sphere waveguides for a
cloak with radius of b0 = 172 m.

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Broadband Optical Cloak

in Tapered Waveguide

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Fermat Principle and Waveguide Cloak

Cloaking Hamiltonian: (Narimanov, OE, 2008 )
neff L =
const
(Fermat)
Dispersion law of a guided
mode:

guided mode
=ck
cphase = / k

cgroup = d / dk

light line

neff = c / cphase = ck /  0
near cutoff

neff = 0
cgroup = 0
k

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Broadband Cloaking in Tapered Waveguide

Cloaked area
2

( )
c

( )

= k + m + l d() = k2 + k2 ( b)2

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Broadband Optical Cloak

=515nm
2

( c )

( )

= k + m + l d()

= k2 + k2 ( b)2
2

=488nm

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Engineering Meta-Space for Light:

via Transformation Optics
Kildishev, VMS (OL, 2008); VMS, Science 322, 384 (2008)

(b)

Fermat: ndl = 0
n = (r)(r)
curving & nanocrafting
optical space

Light concentrator

Planar hyperlens
(Magnifies;
no loss problem)

Light concentrator
(also, Schurig et al)

Optical Black Hole

(Narimanov, Kildishev)

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Take Home Messages:

Metamagnetics with rainbow colors
(single-negative) MM with n = -0.3 at
580nm and (double-negative) MM with n
= 0.81 at 725 nm
Chiral metamaterials
NLO with NIMs
Super-resolution
Optical cloak of invisibility
Engineered meta-space for light
89

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Highlights of Purdue Meta-Research

Purdue Photonic Metamaterials
(a) 1-st optical negative-index MM (1.5 m; 2005)
(b) Negative index MM at shortest (~580nm; 2009)
(c) 1-st magnetic MM across entire visible (2007)
H

Transformation Optics with MMs:

Flat hyperlens, concentrator, and cloak

500
nm

Birck Nanotechnology Center

91

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Cast of Characters

92