Green politics

Green politics (also known as ecopolitics[1] ) is a political

ideology that aims to create an ecologically sustainable
society rooted in environmentalism, nonviolence, social
justice, and grassroots democracy.[2] It began taking
shape in the western world in the 1970s; since then
Green parties have developed and established themselves
in many countries around the globe, and have achieved
some electoral success.

term "seventh generation" foresight, and on the personal

responsibility of every individual to make moral choices.
Of course, unease about adverse consequences of human
actions on nature predates the modern concept of environmentalism. Social commentators as far apart as ancient Rome and China complained of air, water and noise
pollution.[10]
The philosophical roots of environmentalism can be
traced back to enlightenment thinkers such as Rousseau
in France and, later, the author and naturalist Thoreau in
America. Organised environmentalism began in late 19th
Century Europe and the United States as a reaction to the
Industrial Revolution with its emphasis on unbridled economic expansion.[11]

The political term Green was used initially in relation to

die Grnen (German for the Greens),[3][4] a Green party
formed in the late 1970s.[5] The term political ecology is
sometimes used in academic circles, but in the latter has
come to represent an interdisciplinary eld of study; the
academic discipline oers wide-ranging studies integrating ecological social sciences with political economy[6] in
topics such as degradation and marginalization, environmental conict, conservation and control, and environmental identities and social movements.[7]

Green politics rst began as conservation and preservation movements, such as the Sierra Club, founded in San
Francisco in 1892.
Left-green platforms of the form that make up the green
parties today draw terminology from the science of
ecology, and policy from environmentalism, deep ecology, feminism, pacism, anarchism, libertarian socialism, social democracy, eco-socialism, and/or social ecology. In the 1970s, as these movements grew in inuence,
green politics arose as a new philosophy which synthesized their goals. The Green Party political movement is
not to be confused with the unrelated fact that in some farright and fascist parties, nationalism has on occasion been
tied into a sort of green politics which promotes environmentalism as a form of pride in the motherland[12][13]
according to a minority of authors.[14]

Supporters of green politics share many ideas with the

ecology, conservation, environmentalism, feminism, and
peace movements. In addition to democracy and ecological issues, green politics is concerned with civil liberties, social justice, nonviolence, sometimes variants of
localism[8] and tends to support social progressivism. The
partys platform is largely considered left in the political
spectrum.
The Green ideology has connections with various other
ecocentric political ideologies, including ecosocialism,
ecoanarchism, and ecofeminism, but to what extent these
can be seen as forms of Green politics is a matter of
debate.[9]

As the left-wing 'Green' (i.e. capital 'G') political philosophy developed, there also came into separate exis- 1.1.1 Early development
tence unrelated and polar opposite movements on the
right that include ecological components such as green
In June 1970 in the Netherlands a group called Kabouters
conservatism, eco-capitalism and ecofascism.
won 5 of the 45 seats on the Amsterdam Gemeenteraad (City Council), as well as two seats each on councils in The Hague and Leeuwarden and one seat apiece
1 History
in Arnhem, Alkmaar and Leiden. The Kabouters were
an outgrowth of Provos environmental White Plans and
they proposed Groene Plannen (Green Plans).[15]
1.1 Inuences
The rst political party to be created with its basis in
environmental issues was the United Tasmania Group,
founded in Australia in March 1972 to ght against deforestation and the creation of a dam that would damage
Lake Pedder; whilst it only gained three percent in state
elections, it had, according to Derek Wall, inspired the
creation of Green parties all over the world.[16] In May

Adherents to green politics tend to consider it to be part

of a 'higher' worldview and not simply a political ideology. Green politics draws its ethical stance from a variety of sources, from the values of indigenous peoples, to
the ethics of Gandhi, Spinoza and Uexkll. These people inuenced green thought in their advocacy of long1

CORE TENETS

In Finland, in 1995, the Green League became the rst

European Green Party to form part of a state-level Cabinet. The German Greens followed, forming a government with the Social Democratic Party of Germany (the
"Red-Green Alliance") from 1998 to 2005. In 2001, they
reached an agreement to end reliance on nuclear power in
Germany, and agreed to remain in coalition and support
the German government of Chancellor Gerhard Schrder
in the 2001 Afghan War. This put them at odds with
many Greens worldwide, but demonstrated that they were
capable of dicult political tradeos.
German Green Party co-founder, Petra Kelly, with former German cabinet member, Otto Schily, at press conference in 1983.

1972, a meeting at Victoria University of Wellington,

New Zealand, launched the Values Party, the worlds rst
countrywide green party to contest Parliamentary seats
nationally.[17] A year later in 1973, Europes rst green
party, the UKs Ecology Party, came into existence.
The German Green Party was not the rst Green Party in
Europe to have members elected nationally but the impression was created that they had been, because they attracted the most media attention: The German Greens,
contended in their rst national election in 1980. They
started as a provisional coalition of civic groups and political campaigns which, together, felt their interests were
not expressed by the conventional parties. After contesting the 1979 Euro elections they held a conference
which identied Four Pillars of the Green Party which
all groups in the original alliance could agree as the basis of a common Party platform: welding these groups
together as a single Party. This statement of principles
has since been utilised by many Green Parties around the
world. It was this party that rst coined the term Green
(Grn in German) and adopted the sunower symbol.
In the 1983 federal election, the Greens won 27 seats in
the Bundestag.

1.1.2

Further developments

In Latvia, Indulis Emsis, leader of the Green Party and

part of the Union of Greens and Farmers, an alliance of
a Nordic agrarian party and the Green Party, was Prime
Minister of Latvia for ten months in 2004, making him
the rst Green politician to lead a country in the history
of the world. In the German state of Baden-Wrttenburg,
the Green Party became the leader of the coalition with
the Social Democrats after nishing second in the BadenWrttemberg state election, 2011. In the following state
election, 2016, the Green Party became the strongest
party for the rst time in a German Landtag.

2 Core tenets
According to Derek Wall, a prominent British Green proponent, there are four pillars that dene Green politics:
ecology, social justice, grassroots democracy and nonviolence.[2]
In 1984, the Green Committees of Correspondence in
the United States expanded the Four Pillars into Ten Key
Values which, in addition to the Four Pillars mentioned
above, include:
Decentralization
Community-based economics
Post-patriarchal
Feminism)

values

(later

translated

to

Respect for diversity

Global responsibility
The rst Canadian foray into green politics took place
in the Maritimes when 11 independent candidates (in Future focus
cluding one in Montreal and one in Toronto) ran in the
1980 federal election under the banner of the Small Party.
Inspired by Schumachers Small is Beautiful, the Small In 2001, the Global Greens were organized as an interParty candidates ran for the expressed purpose of putting national Green movement. The Global Greens Charter
forward an anti-nuclear platform in that election. It was identied six guiding principles:
not registered as an ocial party, but some participants
Ecological wisdom
in that eort went on to form the Green Party of Canada
in 1983 (the Ontario Greens and British Columbia Greens
Social justice
were also formed that year). Current Green Party of
Canada leader Elizabeth May was the instigator and one
Participatory democracy
of the candidates and she was eventually elected in 2011
Canadian federal election.[18]
Nonviolence

2.3

Participatory democracy

Sustainability

Respect for diversity

2.1

Ecology

2.2

Economics

Main article: Green economics

Green economics focuses on the importance of the health
of the biosphere to human well-being. Consequently,
most Greens distrust conventional capitalism, as it tends
to emphasize economic growth while ignoring ecological
health; the "full cost" of economic growth often includes
damage to the biosphere, which is unacceptable according to green politics. Green economics considers such
growth to be "uneconomic growth" material increase
that nonetheless lowers overall quality of life.
Some Greens refer to productivism, consumerism and
scientism as grey, as contrasted with green, economic
views. Grey implies age, concrete, and lifelessness.
Therefore, adherents to green politics advocate economic
policies designed to safeguard the environment. Greens
want governments to stop subsidizing companies that
waste resources or pollute the natural world, subsidies
that Greens refer to as "dirty subsidies". Some currents
of green politics place automobile and agribusiness subsidies in this category, as they may harm human health.
On the contrary, Greens look to a green tax shift that are
seen to encourage both producers and consumers to make
ecologically friendly choices.

2.3 Participatory democracy

Since the beginning, green politics has emphasized local,
grassroots-level political activity and decision-making.
According to its adherents, it is crucial that citizens play
a direct role in the decisions that inuence their lives and
their environment. Therefore, green politics seeks to increase the role of deliberative democracy, based on direct citizen involvement and consensus decision making,
wherever it is feasible.
Green politics also encourages political action on the individual level, such as ethical consumerism, or buying
things that are made according to environmentally ethical standards. Indeed, many green parties emphasize individual and grassroots action at the local and regional
levels over electoral politics. Historically, green parties
have grown at the local level, gradually gaining inuence
and spreading to regional or provincial politics, only entering the national arena when there is a strong network
of local support.
In addition, many Greens believe that governments should
not levy taxes against strictly local production and trade.
Some Greens advocate new ways of organizing authority
to increase local control, including urban secession and
bioregional democracy.

2.4 Other issues

Green economics is on the whole anti-globalist. According to Greens, economic globalization is considered a
threat to well-being, which will replace natural environments and local cultures with a single trade economy,
termed the global economic monoculture.
Since green economics emphasizes biospheric health, an
issue outside the traditional left-right spectrum, dierent currents within green politics incorporate ideas from
socialism and capitalism. Greens on the Left are often
identied as Eco-socialists, who merge ecology and environmentalism with socialism and Marxism and blame
the capitalist system for environmental degradation, social injustice, inequality and conict. Eco-capitalists, on
the other hand, believe that the free market system, with
some modication, is capable of addressing ecological
problems. This belief is documented in the business experiences of eco-capitalists in the book, The Gort Cloud
that describes the gort cloud as the green community that
supports eco-friendly businesses.

The sunower is an internationally recognized symbol of Green

politics.[19]

Green politics on the whole is opposed to nuclear power

and the buildup of persistent organic pollutants, supporting adherence to the precautionary principle, by which
technologies are rejected unless they can be proven to not
cause signicant harm to the health of living things or the
biosphere.
In the spirit of nonviolence, Green politics opposes the
War on Terrorism and the curtailment of civil rights,
focusing instead on nurturing deliberative democracy in
war-torn regions and the construction of a civil society
with an increased role for women.

ORGANIZATION

In Europe, Green parties tend to support the creation of ing the United Nations Conference on Environment and
a democratic federal Europe.
Development held there. More than 200 Greens from 28
Although Greens in the United States call for an end nations attended. The rst formal Global Greens Gathto the 'War on Drugs'" and for decriminalization of ering took place in Canberra, in 2001, with more than
victimless crimes", they also call for developing a rm 800 Greens from 72 countries in attendance. The second
approach to law enforcement that directly addresses vio- Global Green Congress was held in So Paulo, Brazil, in
May 2008, when 75 parties were represented.
lent crime, including tracking in hard drugs.[20]
Green platforms generally favor taris on fossil fuels, restricting genetically modied organisms, and protections
for ecoregions or communities. In keeping with their
commitment to the preservation of diversity, greens are
often committed to the maintenance and protection of indigenous communities, languages, and traditions. An example of this is the Irish Green Party's commitment to
the preservation of the Irish Language.[21]
Some of the green movement has focused on divesting
in fossil fuels. Academics Stand Against Poverty states
it is paradoxical for universities to remain invested in
fossil fuel companies. Thomas Pogge says that the fossil fuel divestment movement can increase political pressure at events like the international climate change conference (COP).[22] Alex Epstein of Forbes notes that it is
hypocritical to ask for divestment without a boycott and
that a boycott would be more eective.[23] Some institutions that are leading by example in the academic area are
Stanford University, Syracuse University, Sterling College and over 20 more. A number of cities, counties and
religious institutions have also joined the movement to
divest.[24][25]

3
3.1

Organization
Local movements

Green ideology emphasizes participatory democracy and

the principle of "thinking globally, acting locally". As
such, the ideal Green Party is thought to grow from the
bottom up, from neighborhood to municipal to (eco)regional to national levels. The goal is to rule by a
consensus decision making process.

Global Green networking dates back to 1990. Following the Planetary Meeting of Greens in Rio de Janeiro,
a Global Green Steering Committee was created, consisting of two seats for each continent. In 1993 this
Global Steering Committee met in Mexico City and authorized the creation of a Global Green Network including a Global Green Calendar, Global Green Bulletin, and
Global Green Directory. The Directory was issued in several editions in the next years. In 1996, 69 Green Parties
from around the world signed a common declaration opposing French nuclear testing in the South Pacic, the rst
statement of global greens on a current issue. A second
statement was issued in December 1997, concerning the
Kyoto climate change treaty.[26]
At the 2001 Canberra Global Gathering delegates for
Green Parties from 72 countries decided upon a Global
Greens Charter which proposes six key principles. Over
time, each Green Party can discuss this and organize itself to approve it, some by using it in the local press, some
by translating it for their web site, some by incorporating it into their manifesto, some by incorporating it into
their constitution.[27] This process is taking place gradually, with online dialogue enabling parties to say where
they are up to with this process.[28]
The Gatherings also agree on organizational matters. The
rst Gathering voted unanimously to set up the Global
Green Network (GGN). The GGN is composed of three
representatives from each Green Party. A companion
organization was set up by the same resolution: Global
Green Coordination (GGC). This is composed of three
representatives from each Federation (Africa, Europe,
The Americas, Asia/Pacic, see below). Discussion of
the planned organization took place in several Green Parties prior to the Canberra meeting.[29] The GGC communicates chiey by email. Any agreement by it has to be
by unanimity of its members. It may identify possible
global campaigns to propose to Green Parties worldwide.
The GGC may endorse statements by individual Green
Parties. For example, it endorsed a statement by the US
Green Party on the Israel-Palestine conict.[30]

Strong local coalitions are considered a pre-requisite to

higher-level electoral breakthroughs. Historically, the
growth of Green parties has been sparked by a single issue
where Greens can appeal to ordinary citizens concerns.
In Germany, for example, the Greens early opposition to
nuclear power won them their rst successes in the federal Thirdly, Global Green Gatherings are an opportunity for
elections.
informal networking, from which joint campaigning may
arise. For example, a campaign to protect the New Caledonian coral reef, by getting it nominated for World
3.2 Global organization
Heritage Status: a joint campaign by the New Caledonia Green Party, New Caldonian indigenous leaders, the
There is a growing level of global cooperation between French Green Party, and the Australian Greens.[31] AnGreen parties. Global gatherings of Green Parties now other example concerns Ingrid Betancourt, the leader
happen. The rst Planetary Meeting of Greens was held of the Green Party in Colombia, the Green Oxygen
3031 May 1992, in Rio de Janeiro, immediately preced-

5
Party (Partido Verde Oxigeno). Ingrid Betancourt and
the partys Campaign Manager, Claire Rojas, were kidnapped by a hard-line faction of FARC on 7 March
2002, while travelling in FARC-controlled territory. Betancourt had spoken at the Canberra Gathering, making many friends. As a result, Green Parties all over
the world have organized, pressing their governments to
bring pressure to bear. For example, Green Parties in
African countries, Austria, Canada, Brazil, Peru, Mexico, France, Scotland, Sweden and other countries have
launched campaigns calling for Betancourts release. Bob
Brown, the leader of the Australian Greens, went to
Colombia, as did an envoy from the European Federation, Alain Lipietz, who issued a report.[32] The four Federations of Green Parties issued a message to FARC.[33]
Ingrid Betancourt was rescued by the Colombian military
in Operation Jaque in 2008.

3.2.1

Global Green meetings

Separately from the Global Green Gatherings, Global

Green Meetings take place. For instance, one took place
on the fringe of the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg. Green Parties attended
from Australia, Taiwan, Korea, South Africa, Mauritius,
Uganda, Cameroon, Republic of Cyprus, Italy, France,
Belgium, Germany, Finland, Sweden, Norway, the USA,
Mexico and Chile.
The Global Green Meeting discussed the situation of
Green Parties on the African continent; heard a report
from Mike Feinstein, former Mayor of Santa Monica,
about setting up a web site of the GGN; discussed procedures for the better working of the GGC; and decided
two topics on which the Global Greens could issue statements in the near future: Iraq and the 2003 WTO meeting
in Cancun.

3.3

Green federations

The member parties of the Global Greens are organised

into four continental federations:
Federation of Green Parties of Africa

4 Currents
Green politics is usually said to include the green anarchism, eco-anarchism, green libertarianism, green liberalism, anti-nuclear movements, and peace movements,
although these often claim not to be aligned with any
party. Some claim it also includes feminism, pacism and
the animal rights movements. Some Greens support policy measures to empower women, especially mothers; to
oppose war, de-escalate conicts, and stop proliferating
technologies useful in conict or likely to lead to conict;
and Great ape personhood.
Greens on the Left adhere to eco-socialism, an ideology
that combines ecology, environmentalism, socialism, and
Marxism to criticize the capitalist system as the cause of
ecological crises, social exclusion, inequality, and conict. Green parties are not eco-socialist, but some Green
parties around the world have or have had a signicant
eco-socialist membership.
Despite this stereotype, some centrist Greens may
subscribe to a more classical liberal Georgist or
geolibertarian philosophy emphasizing individual
property rights and free-market environmentalism
and shifting taxes away from value created by labor or
service and charging instead for human consumption of
the wealth created by the natural world (see land value
tax and ecotax).
Greens may view the processes by which living beings
compete for mates, homes, and food, ecology, and the
cognitive and political sciences very dierently. These
dierences tend to drive debate on ethics, formation of
policy, and the public resolution of these dierences in
leadership races. There is no single Green Ethic.

5 See also
Outline of green politics (list of related articles, organized for easy browsing)

6 Notes

Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas /

Federacin de los Partidos Verdes de las Amricas

[1] Peter Reed; David Rothenberg (1993). Wisdom in the

Open Air: The Norwegian Roots of Deep Ecology. University of Minnesota Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-81662182-8.

Asia-Pacic Green Network

[2] Wall 2010. p. 12-13.

European Federation of Green Parties

The European Federation of Green Parties formed itself
as the European Green Party on 22 February 2004, in the
run-up to European Parliament elections in June 2004, a
further step in trans-national integration.

[3] Derek Wall (2010). The No-nonsense Guide to Green Politics. New Internationalist. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-90652339-8.
[4] Jon Burchell (2002). The Evolution of Green Politics: Development and Change Within European Green Parties.
Earthscan. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-85383-751-7.

[5] Playing by the Rules: The Impact of Electoral Systems on

Emerging Green Parties. ProQuest. 2007. p. 79. ISBN
978-0-549-13249-3.
[6] Peet and Watts, 1996, p.6.

[24] Divestment Commitments. FossilFree.org. Retrieved 7

April 2015.
[25] Syracuse University to divest fossil fuel investments.
Retrieved 7 April 2015.
[26] John Rensenbrink (August 2003). Global Greens Network - a brief history up to 2003. Global Greens.

[7] Robbins, 2012.

[8] Dustin Mulvaney (2011). Green Politics, An A-to-Z Guide.
SAGE publications. p. 394.
[9] Wall 2010. p. 47-66.
[10] Keys, David (December 2003). How Rome polluted the
world. Geographical 75 (12).
[11] McCormick, John. The Global Environmental Movement
(London: John Wiley, 1995).
[12] Staudenmaier, Peter. Fascist Ecology: The 'Green
Wing' of the Nazi Party and its Historical Antecedents..
Archived from the original on 13 March 2008. Retrieved
24 March 2008.
[13] Biehl, Janet; Staudenmaier, Peter (1995). ""Ecology
and the Modernization of Fascism in the German UltraRight. Ecofascism: Lessons from the German Experience.
AK Press. ISBN 978-1873176733.
[14] Uektter, Frank (2006). The green and the brown: a history of conservation in Nazi Germany. Cambridge University Press. p. 202. ISBN 9780521612777.
[15] Kempton, Richard.
(PDF). The Provos.

EXTERNAL LINKS

Amsterdams Anarchist Revolt

[16] Wall 2010. p. 14.

[17] The History of The Green Party. Greens.org.nz. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
[18] The Green Movement. Green Party of Canada. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
[19] Roussopoulos, Dimitrios (1993). Political ecology: beyond environmentalism. Montreal: Black Rose Books. p.
114. ISBN 1-895431-80-8. Not surprisingly the colours
green and yellow are used widely in the symbols of ecologists, the former evoking vegetation and the latter the sun.
The sunower, a popular symbol, embodies both colours,
and turns towards the sun, the source of renewable energy.
The bicycle is another important icon as bicycle transportation is regarded as one of the means to re-humanise
society.
[20] Green Party of the United States platform: Criminal Justice. Green Party. 2004. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
[21] Green Party Irish Language Policy (pdf). the Green
Party of Ireland. 2014.
[22] Howard, Emma. Top academics ask worlds universities
to divest from fossil fuels. The Guardian. Retrieved 7
April 2015.
[23] Epstein, Alex. The Moral Case For Investing, Not Divesting, In Fossil Fuels. Forbes. Retrieved 7 April 2015.

[27] Canadian Greens / Green Party of Canada Constitution.

green party of canada. Archived from the original on 18
February 2004.
[28] iG - Notcias, Vdeos, Famosos, Esportes, Bate Papo,
Infogrcos. Greenparties.hpg.ig.com.br. 2013-09-17.
Retrieved 2015-03-16.
[29] Global Network of Green Parties. Australian Greens.
Archived from the original on 1 March 2003.
[30] Statement of the Global Green Coordination on the
Israeli-Palestinian Conict. Green Party US. Archived
from the original on 18 February 2003.
[31] Spinifex 4, Newsletter of the 2001 Global Greens
Congress (pdf). Consensus Productions.
[32] Alain LIPIETZ BOGOTA du 3 au 5 mars 2002. Providence College: Tony Agne: Green parties of the world
declare: Free Ingrid Betancourt and Clara Rojas!" (in
French). Archived from the original on 16 February 2004.
[33] Green Parties of the World Call for Ingrid Betancouts
Freedom. Green Parties world wide. Archived from the
original on 20 November 2008.

6.1 References
Wall, Derek (2010). The No-Nonsense Guide to
Green Politics. Oxford: New Internationalist Publications. ISBN 978-1-906523-39-8.

7 Further reading
Dobson, Andrew (2007). Green Politicial Thought.
4. Edition (1. Edition 1980), London/ New York:
Routledge. ISBN 0-415-40351-0 (Hardcover)
Gilk, Paul (2009). "Green Politics is Eutopian". The
Lutterworth Press.
Spretnak, Charlene (1986). The Spiritual Dimension
of Green Politics. Santa Fe, N.M.: Bear & Co. 95
p. ISBN 0-939680-29-7

8 External links
Global Greens Charter, Canberra 2001
Ecology and Society book on politics and sociology
of environmentalism

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1

Text

Green politics Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_politics?oldid=714461187 Contributors: Shii, Anthere, Heron, Edward, Mkweise, Ahoerstemeier, EntmootsOfTrolls, Greggygreggreg, Nikai, Kaihsu, Jeandr du Toit, GCarty, Wooster, Guaka, Robbot, Tualha,
Alan Liefting, Nikodemos, Wilfried Derksen, Fishal, Richardb43, Lacrimosus, SYSS Mouse, Reinthal, Rich Farmbrough, Vsmith, Cagliost,
MeltBanana, SamEV, Bender235, El C, Mwanner, Reinyday, Nicke Lilltroll~enwiki, Alpheus, Mdd, Jumbuck, Ifny, FrankP, GrantNeufeld,
Inarius, Ott, Mindmatrix, Male1979, Toussaint, Graham87, Marskell, Padraic, Reisio, Rjwilmsi, Mayumashu, Koavf, Gozar, FlaBot,
Ground Zero, YurikBot, Wavelength, Spleodrach, Hede2000, Retired username, Brian Crawford, Mikeblas, Tony1, Gamelore, Alarob,
GraemeL, Plankhead, Red Jay, NeilN, C mon, Sardanaphalus, SmackBot, Griot~enwiki, Ohnoitsjamie, Carl.bunderson, Sholto Maud,
Khoikhoi, Laurent666, Theanphibian, Cybercobra, Derek R Bullamore, Hank chapot, Politis, Byelf2007, Bcasterline, Tazmaniacs, Catapult, Beetstra, Dcice16, Midnightblueowl, Dl2000, Hu12, Levineps, Iridescent, RekishiEJ, Courcelles, Linkspamremover, FISHERAD,
CmdrObot, Wafulz, Earthlyreason, Van helsing, Lighthead, Clucz, Korky Day, Gogo Dodo, Doug Weller, Mattisse, Thijs!bot, Coelacan, Doc richard, Gerstejr, Oddeivind, Blathnaid, Natalie Erin, Laikalynx, JAnDbot, Harryzilber, MER-C, The Transhumanist, Jackbirdsong, HommeVert, DerHexer, JaGa, Loens, J.delanoy, Laurusnobilis, Vanished User 4517, Mhundle, DASonnenfeld, Deor, Johnfos,
Sporti, Bkengland, Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, Ryuhaku, PDFbot, Domer48, Bcharles, Kirly-Seth, Highground79, Munci, Shrinkie89,
EmxBot, Wageslave, Toddst1, Jc-S0CO, Political Guru, Yone Fernandes, Anchor Link Bot, Thatotherdude, Funkmetalhead16, The Thing
That Should Not Be, Mixeduppantaloons, Arakunem, Saddhiyama, TheOldJacobite, Niceguyedc, Excirial, Alexbot, MantisEars, Moderndogs~enwiki, Poodledog, Dsmurat, Marnieglickman, DumZiBoT, Ragnord, Adam Cherson, IlBeDanged, Ai24, Addbot, Kartano,
Tohd8BohaithuGh1, Legobot II, Millere08, Againme, AnomieBOT, Floridagreencouncil, Greenstudent, GreenCare, Citation bot, MauritsBot, AL3X TH3 GR8, Miracleworker5263, Milaben, Rei.2008, Pennester, Wikimaster89, SchnitzelMannGreek, EduHeather, FrescoBot,
Citation bot 1, Mimzy1990, Tra, Secret Saturdays, Full-date unlinking bot, Bgpaulus, Darkohead, Trappist the monk, Dasha14, Robertiki, MadlyMadeline, Stadscykel, Alph Bot, Kiko4564, EmausBot, Mccullochker, Sp33dyphil, Hoygan!!, ZroBot, Mrubin22, H3llBot,
Anoldtreeok, Acwilson9, Erianna, Wapiti889, Hall9595Hall, Helpsome, ClueBot NG, Rushton2010, GreenPartyConservative, Frietjes,
MerlIwBot, Helpful Pixie Bot, Johnny C. Morse, SidKemp, Bionitech, GrammarFascist, Bronx59, Oleg-ch, ChrisGualtieri, Sj96, SD5bot,
Slmslr27, CsDix, Finnbarr01, Precision123, Cherubinirules, Adn1990, DustBowlTroubadour, 1990sguy, Femkemilene, Zumoarirodoka,
Opencooper, Bigdaddybrabantio, Waters.Justin, Povertydave, Eat me, I'm an azuki and Anonymous: 164

9.2

Images

File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.
jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Frank Vincentz
File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F065187-0014,_Bonn,_Pressekonferenz_der_Grnen,_Bundestagswahl.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F065187-0014%2C_Bonn%2C_Pressekonferenz_
der_Gr%C3%BCnen%2C_Bundestagswahl.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia
Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive
guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided
by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Engelbert Reineke
File:Earth_Day_Flag.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png License: Public domain
Contributors: File:Earth ag PD.jpg, File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17 with transparent background.png Original artist: NASA (Earth
photograph)
SiBr4 (ag image)
File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Sunflower10094.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Sunflower10094.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Teratornis using CommonsHelper. Original artist: The original uploader was
Rs3 at English Wikipedia
File:Sunflower_(Green_symbol).svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Sunflower_%28Green_
symbol%29.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This le was derived from Sunower (Green symbol).png: <a
href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sunflower_(Green_symbol).png'
class='image'><img
alt='Sunower
(Green
symbol).png' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sunflower_%28Green_symbol%29.png/50px-Sunflower_
%28Green_symbol%29.png' width='50' height='50' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sunflower_
%28Green_symbol%29.png/75px-Sunflower_%28Green_symbol%29.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/5/59/Sunflower_%28Green_symbol%29.png/100px-Sunflower_%28Green_symbol%29.png 2x' data-le-width='500' data-leheight='500' /></a>
Original artist: Sunower_(Green_symbol).png: Bndnis 90/Die Grnen
File:Sustainable_development.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
Inspired from Developpement durable.jpg Original artist:
original: Johann Dro (talk contribs)

9.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0