CONCRETE
FUNDAMENTAL
BFS 40603 CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
SEMESTER II SESSION 2015/2016
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Introduction
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Importance point
o It is estimated that the present consumption of
concrete in the world is of order of 10 billion tonnes
every year
o Human consumes no material except water in such
tremendous quantities.
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Why Concrete?
o The ability of concrete to withstand the action of water
without serious deterioration makes it an ideal
materials for building structures control, store, and
transports water.
o The ease with which structural concrete element can
be formed into variety of shapes and sizes.
o This is because freshly made concrete is of a plastic
consistency, which permits the material to flow into
prefabricated formwork. After a number of hours, the
formwork can be removed for reuse when the concrete
has solidified and hardened to a strong mass.
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Why Concrete?
o it is usually the cheapest and most readily available
material on the job
How Cheap?
o Depending on the components transportation cost, in
certain geographical locations.
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Why Concrete?
o Maintenance: Concrete does not corrode, needs no surface
treatment, and its strength increases with time; therefore,
concrete structures requires essentially no maintenance.
o Fire resistance: The fire resistance of concrete is perhaps
the most important single aspect of offshore safety and, at
the same time, the area in which the advantages of
concrete are most evident.
o Resistance to cyclic loading: In most codes of practice, the
allowable concrete stresses are limited to about 50 percent
of the ultimate strength; thus the fatigue strength of
concrete is generally not a problem.
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Primary Ingredients
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Secondary Ingredients
o Pozzolans
o Pigments
o Fibers
o Admixture
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Aggeregates
Make up the bulk of concrete volume
Important to durability, stability, appearance and strength of concrete
Can be fine or coarse
Can be stone or glass
Strongly influences Workability
Gradation is very important in mix design
Can be the most complex part of mix design
Most often overlooked or underestimated
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Aggeregates and Workability
Workability influenced by:
Particle shape
Particle roughness
Gradation/packing
Aggregate to paste ratio
Surface area
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Coarse Aggregates
Max. particle size 3/8 for 1.5 thick countertops
Smoother, rounder particles boost workability
Rough, angular particles inhibit workability but increase flexural strength
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Fine Aggregates
Sands have greater influence on workability, paste content and water demand than
coarse aggregates
Use more coarse sands (#8, #16, #30 sieve)
Finer sands increase trapped air (#50, #100)
Excessive fines (smaller than #100) can cause loss of workability and a potential for
higher w/c ratios to compensate
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Types of Aggregate Gradation
Well Graded: broad range of sizes
Poorly Graded: all one size
Gap Graded: two predominant sizes: small and large
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Cement
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Water
Use sparingly when designing mix
Use precisely when making concrete
Use liberally during curing
The less water used to make the concrete, the better the concrete.
Water is an important ingredient that
must be dosed carefully.
It is not used like salt and pepper are to
season the concrete to taste.
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The Rule of Water During Mixing
Too much dilutes
strength, color
More water = larger
particle spacing
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The Rule of Water During Curing
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Water to Cement Ration (w/c)
Determines strength and durability of concrete
Lower w/c ratios yield richer colors; higher w/c
ratios yield paler colors
High w/c ratio (more water) results in weak
concrete
This is because diluted cement paste is weaker and
more susceptible to cracking and shrinkage
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Ingredients Selection and Proportion
The relative proportions of the primary and secondary
ingredients influence:
strength
stability
workability
durability
aesthetics
ease of manufacture
forming techniques
cure times
and more
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Cement paste, mortar and concrete
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Types of Concrete
Based on unit weight, concrete can be classified into three
broad categories:
Normal-weight concrete (2400kg/m3)
Lightweight concrete (< 1800 kg/m3)
Heavyweight concrete (>3200 kg/m3)
Low-strength concrete: <20 Mpa compressive strength
Moderate-strength concrete: 20 - 40 MPa compressive
strength
High-strength concrete: > 40 Mpa compressive strength.
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Itaipu Dams
Located on the border between
Brazil and Paraguay)
Ambient Conditions
Yearly average temperature 21 C
Maximum Temperature 40 C
Mimimum Temperature -4 C
Volume of materials
Concrete 12.3 million m3
Earth moving 23.6 million m3
Rock excavation 32.0 m3
Embankments 31.7 million m3
The spillway, with a length of 483 m, was
designed for a maximum discharge capacity of
62,220 m3/s.
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Nervi structures
Sports Palace in Rome
Nervi was a pioneer of
ferrocemento or reinforced
mortar, where thin metallic
meshes are embedded in a
mortar to form structural
elements with high ductility
and crack-resistance
Thin panels were created with great flexibility,
elasticity, and strength capacity. The Palazzo dello
Sport built with a 100-m span and seating for 16,000
is a beautiful example of using such structural system.
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Petronas Tower
The 451.9- meter high structure composed of two, 88story structures and their pinnacles, optimized the use
of steel and reinforced
concrete.
In these calculations the energy content of cement is
assumed to be 1300 kwh/ton. The energy content of steel
is 8000 kwh/ton; six times the amount of cement and 2540 times of concrete.
- Reinforced concrete: 800-3200 kwh/m3
- Prestressed concrete: 700-1700 kwh/m3
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