Engineering Mathematics II (2M03)
Tutorial 1
Marina Chugunova
Department of Math. & Stat., office: HH403
e-mail: [email protected]
office hours: to be assigned
September 13-14, 2007
Introduction to Differential Equations (1.1 Definitions and Terminology)
Problem (1.1: 16)
Verify that the function y(x) = 5 tan 5x is an explicit solution of the
differential equation y 0 = 25 + y 2. Give domain of the function y(x). Give
at least one interval I of definition. (domain of the solution y(x))
Solution
LHS: y 0 = (5 tan 5x)0 = cos252 5x
sin2 5x
2
2
RHS: 25 + y = 25 + (5 tan 5x) = 25(1 + cos2 5x ) =
LHS = RHS (solution is verified)
25
cos2 5x
Domain of the function y = 5 tan 5x is the real line except points where
cos 5x = 0, xn = 10
5 n.
Interval I of the solution y = 5 tan 5x can be chosen as ( 10
, 10 ).
Introduction to Differential Equations (1.1 Definitions and Terminology)
Problem (1.1: 23)
Verify that the family of functions y = c1e2x + c2xe2x is a solution of the
dy
d2 y
+ 4y = 0. Assume an appropriate interval I
differential equation dx2 4 dx
of definition.
Solution:
dy
2x
2x 0
2x
2x
=
(c
e
+
c
xe
)
=
(2c
+
c
)e
+
2c
xe
1
2
1
2
2
dx
d2 y
2x
2x 0
2x
2x
=
((2c
+
c
)e
+
2c
xe
)
=
(4c
+
4c
)e
+
4c
xe
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
dx
d2 y
dy
2x
2x
2x
2x
2x
2x
+4c
xe
4((2c
+c
)e
+2c
xe
)+4(c
e
+c
xe
)
4
+4y
=
(4c
+4c
)e
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
dx
dx
=0
(solution is verified)
Interval I of the solution y = c1e2x + c2xe2x can be chosen as (, +).
Introduction to Differential Equations (1.1 Definitions and Terminology)
Problem (1.1: 28)
Find values of m such that the function y = xm is a solution of the
equation: (a) xy 00 +2y 0 = 0 (b) x2y 00 7xy 0 +15y = 0. Explain your reasoning.
Solution:
y = xm y 0 = mxm1 y 00 = m(m 1)xm2
(a) xy 00 + 2y 0 = xm(m 1)xm2 + 2mxm1 = xm1(m2 + m) = 0
m2 + m = m(m + 1) = 0, m1 = 0, m2 = 1
two solutions are obtained: y = 1 and y = x1.
(b) x2y 00 7xy 0 +15y = x2m(m1)xm2 7xmxm1 +15xm = xm(m2 8m+15) = 0
m2 8m + 15 = 0, m1 = 3, m2 = 5
two solutions are obtained: y = x3 and y = x5.
Introduction to Differential Equations (1.1 Definitions and Terminology)
Problem (1.1: 30)
Determine whether the differential equation y 0 = y 2 + 2y 3 possesses
constant solutions. (Hint: for the constant solution y = c the derivative
y 0 = 0.)
Solution:
0 = y 2 + 2y 3, y1 = 1, y2 = 3
the differential equation y 0 = y 2 + 2y 3 possesses two constant solutions.
Introduction to Differential Equations (1.1 Definitions and Terminology)
Problem (1.1: 39)
Given that y =psin(x) is an explicit solution of the first order differential
dy
equation dx
= 1 y 2. Find an interval I of definition. (Hint: I is not
the interval < x < )
Solution:
dy
0
LHS: dx
=
(sin(x))
p
= cos(x)
RHS: 1 y 2 = cos2 x = | cos(x)|
LHS = RHS only if cos(x) 0.
The interval I of the solution can be chosen as [/2, /2].
Introduction to Differential Equations (1.2 Initial-Value Problem)
Problem (1.2: 8)
The second-order DE x00 + x = 0 possesses a two-parameter family of
solutions x = c1 cos t + c2 sin t. Find a solution of the second-order IVP for
the initial conditions: x(/2) = 0, x0(/2) = 1.
Solution:
Find constants c1 and c2 from the initial conditions:
x(/2) = c1 cos /2 + c2 sin /2 = c2 = 0
x = c1 cos t
x0 = (c1 cos t)0 = c1 sin t
x0(/2) = c1 sin /2 = 1, c1 = 1
solution of the second-order IVP is x = cos t.
Introduction to Differential Equations (1.2 Initial-Value Problem)
Problem (1.2: 12)
The second-order DE y 00 y = 0 possesses a two-parameter family of
solutions y = c1ex + c2ex. Find a solution of the second-order IVP for
the initial conditions: y(1) = 0, y 0(1) = e.
Solution:
y = c1ex + c2ex, y 0 = c1ex c2ex
y(1) = c1e + c2e1 = 0, y 0(1) = c1e c2e1 = e
c1 = 12 , c2 = 12 e2
solution of the second-order IVP is y = 12 (ex e2x).
Introduction to Differential Equations (1.2 Initial-Value Problem)
Problem (1.2: 18)
Determine the region of the xy-plane for which the differential equation
dy
=
xy would have a unique solution whose graph passes through a
dx
point (x0, y0) in the region.
Solution:
Domain of the function
x 0, y 0.
Derivative
d
dy ( xy)
x
2 xy
xy consists of two parts: x 0,
1
2
r
x
y
y 0 and
. y = 0 is the discontinuity point.
dy
The region for which the differential equation dx
= xy would have a
unique solution can be taken as x 0, y > 0 or as x 0, y < 0.
Introduction to Differential Equations (1.2 Initial-Value Problem)
Problem (1.2: 22)
Determine the region of the xy-plane for which the differential equation
(1 + y 3)y 0 = x2 would have a unique solution whose graph passes through
a point (x0, y0) in the region.
Solution:
dy
x2
0
y = dx = 1+y3
Domain of the function
Derivative
d
x2
(
dy 1+y 3 )
x2
1+y 3
is [x, y] [(, +), (, +)]
3x2 y 2
(1+y 3 )2
The region for which the differential equation (1 + y 3)y 0 = x2 would have
a unique solution is [x, y] [(, +), (, +)]
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Introduction to Differential Equations (1.2 Initial-Value Problem)
Problem (1.2: 26)
Determinepwhether Theorem 1.1 guarantees that the differential equation y 0 = y 2 9 possesses a unique solution through the point (5, 3).
Solution:
Derivative
d
dy (
p
y 2 9) = y2
y 9
has discontinuity at the point y = 3 and it
violates the condition for the Theorem 1.1. The answer is negative.
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Introduction to Differential Equations (1.2 Initial-Value Problem)
Problem (1.2: 42)
Determine a plausible value of x0 for which the graph of the solution
of the IVP y 0 + 2y = 3x 6, y(x0) = 0 is tangent to the x-axis at (x0, 0).
Explain your reasoning.
Solution:
y 0 + 2y = 3x 6,
y 0 = 3x 6 2y,
y 0(x0, 0) = 3x0 6 = 0,
x0 = 2
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Introduction to Differential Equations (1.2 Initial-Value Problem)
Problems (1.2: 33-34)
(33a) Verify that 3x2 y 2 = c is a one-parameter family of solutions of
dy
the differential equation y dx
= 3x.
(33b) Sketch the graph of the implicit solution 3x2 y 2 = 3. Find all
explicit solutions and give intervals I of definition for them.
(33c) The point (2, 3) is on the graph of 3x2 y 2 = 3. Which explicit
solution from (33b) satisfies y(2) = 3.
dy
(34a) Solve IVP y dx
= 3x, y(2) = 4 and sketch the graph of the solution.
dy
(34b) Are there any explicit solutions of y dx
= 3x that pass through the
origin ?
Solution:
(33a)
(See the graph in the solution manual). Differentiating 3x2 y 2 = c with
dy
dy
respect to x we obtain : 6x 2y dx
= 0. It follows from here that: y dx
= 3x.
(33b)
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Solvingp
3x2 y 2 = 3 for y we get:
p
2
yp
3(x 1), 1 < x < , y2(x)p= 3(x2 1), 1 < x < , y3(x) =
1 (x) =
3(x2 1), < x < 1, y4(x) = 3(x2 1), < x < 1,
(33c)
p
The answer is y3(x) = 3(x2 1),
< x < 1.
(34a)
Find c in 3x2 y 2 = c using y(2) = 4.
3 4 (4)2 = c, c = 4.
The solution of IVP is 3x2 y 2 = 4. To sketch the graph see (33a) in
the solution manual.
(34b)
dy
dy
y dx
= 3x, dx
= 3x
y , y = 0 is the point of the discontinuity of the derivative.
The answer is negative.
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See you next week :-) !
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