Monod Equation
Plug Flow
1. Chlorine contact basin for disinfection
Where:
Q = 0.25 m3/s
A = channel cross section between baffles = 18 m 2
Rd = rate of microorganism kill in presence of chlorine = -kdX
X = concentration of microorganism at any point in contact reactor
Xo = influent concentration of microorganisms = 10 6 E. coli / 100 mL
Kd = 5/hr
Rc = rate of chlorine decay = -kcX
Kc = 10-5 (mg-chlorine/L)/(#/ 100mL)(hr)
*2 rate expressions, 2 constituents, 2 coupled mass balances
FIND:
a. Reactor volume and flow path length, L such that X L < 103 cells/100mL
b. Chlorine concentration which must be added to insure that there is
detectable chlorine at PFR exit (detection level = CL = 0.05mg/L)
SOLUTION:
1. Steady state mass balance on cells
XL = Xo exp (-kd)
= (1/kd)ln(Xo/XL) = (1/5)(hr)ln(106/103) = 1.4 hr
V = Qt = 0.25m3/s(3600s/hr)(1.4 hr) = 1,260 m3
L = V/A = 1260m/18 = 70m
2. Steady - state mass balance on chlorine
Monod Equation
Plug Flow
Monod Equation
Plug Flow
2. The growth rate of E. coli be expressed by Monod kinetics with m = 0.935
hr-1 and KS = 0.71 g/L.
Assume that YX/S is 0.6 g dry cells per g substrate.
CX0 is 1 g/L and CS0 = 10 g/L when the cells start to grow exponentially (i.e., at
t = 0).
show how CX, CS, and dCX/dt change with respect to time.
SOLUTION: *Using PFR
CS is varied from 10 g/L to 0.
CX is calculated using as CX = 1 + 0.6 (10 CS)
t is calculated using as follows:
0.935t =(
1+100.6
0.710.6
10
)
Cs
0.710.6
Cx ( )
+1 ln
+ ln
1+10(0.6)
1
( )
(50) dCS / dt = -(-rS)
(49) YX/S = rx/-rs
(46) CX = CX0 exp[(t-t0)]
Monod Equation
Plug Flow
3. The enzyme catalyzes the fermentation E substrate A (reactive),
obtaining R. Find size required mixed reactor for 95% conversion of a
feed stream (25 L / min) reagent (2 mol / L) and enzyme. Fermentation
Monod Equation
Plug Flow
kinetics at this enzyme concentration is given by A R
CA-rA = 0.1 / (1 + 0.5 CA)
Solution
Constant density System
m=
CaoCaf CaoCaf
=
ra
0.1Caf
1+0.5 Caf
Caf =Cao (1Xa )=2 ( 10.95 )=0.1
m=
V=
(20.1)(1+0.5 ( 01 ) )
=199.5 min
0.1(0.1)
mVo=4987.5 L=5 m2
Monod Equation
Plug Flow
4. You are given a microorganism that has a maximum growth rate (u m) of
0.39 hr-1. Under ideal conditions (maximum growth rate is achieved), how
long will it take to obtain 1 x 10 10 CFU/ml if you begin with an inoculum of 2 x
107 CFU/ml?
SOLUTION:
ln X = ut + ln X0
ln 1 x 1010 CFU/ml = (0.39 hr-1)(t) + ln 2 x 107 CFU/ml
t = 15.9 hr
5. An activated-sludge system is to be used for secondary treatment of
10,000 m3/d of municipal wastewater. After primary clarification, the BOD is
150 mg/L and it is desired to have not more than 5 mg/L of soluble BOD in
the effluent. A completely mixed reactor is to be used, and a pilot-plant
analysis has established the following kinetic values:
Y = 0.5 kg/kg
kd = 0.05 d-1
Assuming an MLSS concentration of 3,000 mg/L and an underflow
concentration of 10,000 mg/L from the secondary clarifier, determine the
following:
a) the volume of the reactor
b) the mass and volume of solids that must be wasted every day
c) the recycle ratio
SOLUTION:
a) Select
= 10 days
1/ c = [Y(S0-S)/( X)] - kd
1/10 = [0.5 kg/kg(0.15-0.005 kg/m3)/
( x 3.0 kg/m3)] - 0.05 d-1
= V/Q = V/(10,000 m3/d)
0.1d-1 = (0.02417)(10,000 m3/d)/V - 0.05 d-1
0.1d-1 = (241.67 m3/d)/V - 0.05 d-1
b)
V = 1,611 m3
= VX/(QWXu)
QWXu = VX/
Monod Equation
Plug Flow
QW= VX/( cXu)
QW= [(1,611 m3)(3 kg/m3)]/[(10 d)(10 kg/m3)]
QW= 48.3 m3/d
c) (Q+Qr)X = (Q+Qr-Qw)Xe + (Qr+Qw)Xu
= recycle factor, Qr/Q
Assuming solids in the effluent are negligible compared with the
influent and underflow: Xe = 0
Qr(Xu-X) = QX - QwXu
Qr = (QX - QwXu)/(Xu-X)
Qr = [(10,000 m3/d)(3 kg/m3)-483.3 kg/d]/
(10-3kg/m3) = 4,217 m3/d
= Qr/Q = 4,217/10,000 = 42%
6. Calculate the time it will take to increase the cell number from 10 4 CFU/ml
to 108 CFU/ml assuming a generation time of 1.5 hr.
SOLUTION:
The generation time is 1.5 hr, therefore determine the specific growth rate, u,
from equation 3.6:
2 = eut
ln 2 = u(1.5 hr)
u = 0.46 hr-1
Plug this into equation 3.4:
ln X = ut + ln X0
ln 108 CFU/ml = (0.46 hr-1)(t) + ln 104 CFU/ml
t = 20 hr
