Contents
BITUMEN TESTS..................................................................................................... 1
Abstract................................................................................................................. 1
Introduction........................................................................................................... 2
Softening point of bitumen ( Ring and Ball ) BS 2000; Part 58:2000......................3
Objective............................................................................................................ 3
Apparatus:.......................................................................................................... 3
Procedure........................................................................................................... 4
Results and calculation....................................................................................... 4
Discussions......................................................................................................... 4
Determination of needle penetration of bituminous material................................5
Objective............................................................................................................ 5
Apparatus........................................................................................................... 5
Procedure........................................................................................................... 5
Results and calculation....................................................................................... 6
Discussion.......................................................................................................... 6
Determination of viscosity of cutback bitumen BS2000; Part 72:1993..................7
Objective............................................................................................................ 7
Apparatus........................................................................................................... 7
Procedure........................................................................................................... 8
Results and calculations..................................................................................... 8
Discussion.......................................................................................................... 8
TEST PART 1B: CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST (CBR).......................................9
[BS 1377: Part 4: 1990]......................................................................................... 9
Introduction........................................................................................................... 9
Objective............................................................................................................ 9
Apparatus........................................................................................................... 9
Procedure........................................................................................................... 9
Results and calculation..................................................................................... 10
Discussion........................................................................................................ 13
CONCLUSION.................................................................................................... 13
References........................................................................................................... 14
BITUMEN TESTS
Abstract
Bitumen is a vital material for road top improvement. There is every need to perceive its
qualities to have profitable usage of this material. Doing collection of test, for instance,
softening point test, needle passageway test, and consistency test can find the way of the
bituminous material.
The needle penetration test is the utilization of a standard weight of 100g to a standard time
of 5sec to a standard temperature of 25oC of a needle entering a bituminous material. The
infiltration point and the assessment is in this way considered from the ordinary regard that
was gotten with reference to the illustration used as a part of the ring and ball test,
examination is made on the results and the passage record, PI was figured.
As consistency in thickness is a key property in bituminous pavement improvement, the test
diagram shows how bitumen carries on in various temperatures.
Introduction
Bitumen is a blend of natural fluids that is dark, exceedingly gooey, sticky item utilized for
clearing streets, waterproofing items. There are numerous tests which are led to check the
nature of bitumen. Bitumen is critical part of numerous development locales like streets,
roadways. Numerous tests are done to guarantee the nature of bitumen.
Softening point, penetration point and viscosity is tested and reported. Penetration is best
defined as the consistency of bituminous materials expressed as the distance in tenths of a
millimetre that a standard needle vertically penetrates a sample of the material under known
conditions of loading, time, and temperature. The penetration test is one of the best known of
all empirical tests and is widely used for the specification and for the site testing of road
bitumen.
The experiment also covers the softening point of bitumen using the ring and ball, and the
viscosity is the reverse of ease flow. The level of smoothness at the application temperature
incredibly impacts the capacity of bituminous material to spread.
Softening point of bitumen ( Ring and Ball ) BS 2000;
Part 58:2000
Objective
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the softening point of bitumen.
This was achieved by placing a 9.50mm diameter ball on a sample of bitumen held in a brass
ring.
Apparatus:
Steel balls 9.50mm diameter, weighing about 3.50g
Square shouldered brass ring
Ball guide
Ring holder
Bottom plate
Water bath with stirrer
Procedure
With the stirrer operating, heat was applied so that the temperature of the bath liquid
arose at 50C + per minute.
The instant temperature when the bitumen surrounding the ball reached the base plate
was recorded.
Results and calculation
Table of reading
Temperature C
Ball 1
55.5
Ball 2
55.0
Mean
55.25
Mean = (T1 + T2) / 2.
= (55.5 + 55.0) / 2
= 55.25OC 55.3oC in the nearest 0.2oC
Discussions
It is additionally a circuitous measure of thickness or, rather, the temperature at which a given
consistency is clear. The softening point esteem has specific centrality for materials which are
to be utilized as thick movies, like roofing materials. A high softening point guarantees that
they won't stream in administration.
Therefore, the softening point of this bitumen is the calculated average point of 55.3oC.
Determination of needle penetration of bituminous
material
Objective
To determine the penetration value of three given sample of penetration grade bitumen.
To identify which of these three samples correlates to the bitumen used in the ring and ball
test and thus determine the Penetration Index of the bitumen.
Apparatus
Penetration apparatus: stand, penetration needle holder and weight
Timing device
Specimen tins
Water bath and transfer dish
Procedure
The samples were heated in the constant temperature bath for about 1-2hours.
With cleaned needle prior to each test, the specimen was placed in a transfer dish and
covered with water from the temperature bath. The transfer dish was then put on the
stand of the penetrometer.
The needle was carefully lowered until its tip made a contact with its image that was
reflected from the specimen surface.
The zero position of the needle was noted and the needle holder released for the
required time and the penetration in tenth of a millimetre was determined.
Results and
calculation
Penetration table
Sample
Average
Grade
69
68
68
68.33
60/70
68
68
68
68.00
60/70
69
69
67
68.33
60/70
Average penetration, A = (69+68+68)/3 = 68.33 68mm in nearest whole number
Average penetration, B = (68+68+68)/3 = 68.00 68mm in nearest whole number
Average penetration, C = (69+69+67)/3 = 68.33 68mm in nearest whole number
Discussion
The penetration of each sample is the calculated average. Therefore, the penetration of all
samples A, B, and C is 68 in grade 60/70.
Determination of viscosity of cutback bitumen BS2000;
Part 72:1993.
Objective
To determine the viscosity of a given sample of cutback bitumen
Apparatus
Viscometer cup and holder
Constant temperature bath
Thermometer
Receiver
Timing device
Procedure
The filled viscometer cup was placed in the constant temperature bath for 1.75
0.25h with the bath maintained at 40 1oC.
20ml of light mineral oil was placed in the receiver.
With the receiver in position under the cup, the bulb valve was lifted and suspended
on the valve support. The clock was started when the oil reached the 25ml mark and
stopped when the oil reached the 75ml mark.
Results and calculations
TemperatureC
60
170
Viscosity
754000
752000
754000
355.5
355.0
355.0
Average Viscosity (cP)
753333.33
355.17
Average viscosity at 60oC = (754000 + 752000 + 754000)/3
= 753333.33cP
Average viscosity at 170oC = (355.5 + 355 + 355)/3
= 355.17cP
Discussion
The average viscosity at 60oC and 170oC is 753333.33cP and 355.17cP correspondingly.
This implies the bitumen is a viscoelastic material.
It was observed from this practical that low temperature brings about high viscosity and high
temperature brings low viscosity.
TEST PART 1B: CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST (CBR)
[BS 1377: Part 4: 1990]
Introduction
The investigation that has been done is to decide California Bearing Ratio of subgrade soil
and assess the quality for outline of asphalt thickness. The safety measure that was set up
while doing this trial was to clean the openings of the base, mould and the punctured circle
altogether. This is on the grounds that we have to evacuate the polluting influences which can
bring about the diverse in quality of soil. Another precautionary measure is adjusting the
additional charge weight to the plunger so that the plunger can enter unreservedly into the
sample soil.
Objective
To illustrate the laboratory method by which the CBR of a soil is obtained by the preparation
and testing of a given sample of soil, at varying moisture contents.
Apparatus
CBR test ring
Loading frame
Oven
Mould with collar and base plate
Hammer 4.5 kg
Perforated plate
Procedure
A sample of 89.4kg was prepared and material from this sample was compacted in a standard
CBR mould, at the moisture content ranging from 0.635mm intervals to 7.62mm.
By compaction method at 10, 30 and 65 number of blows for 5 layers, the plunger was then
made to penetrate the specimen at a uniform rate of 1mm per minute and the readings were
taken and recorded.
10
Results and calculation
Container No.
Mass of wet soil + container (m2)
43.4
43.4
43.4
43.4
Mass of dry soil + container (m3)
39.2
39.2
39.2
39.2
Mass container (m1)
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
Mass of moisture (m2-m3)
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
Mass of dry soil (m3-m1)
34.6
34.6
34.6
34.6
12.14
12.14
12.14
12.14
m2 m3
m3 m1
Moisture content
Average moisture content
12.14
11
[Link] Blows
10
30
65
Mould No.
Mould+Sample
11160
11351
10950
Wt. of Mould
6497
6504
5941
Vol. of Mould
2124
2117
2121
Time
(h )
Date & Time
Swell (mm)
11/12/2015
8:00
0.00
0.00
0.00
24
12/12/2015
8:00
0.20
0.25
0.27
48
13/12/2015
8:00
0.24
0.27
0.30
72
14/12/2015
8:00
0.27
0.29
0.32
96
15/12/2015
8:00
0.30
0.35
0.37
Correction Loads
Test No
Penetration
5.0
2.5
5.0
2.5
5.0
[Link]
2.5
136
0
2040
1360
2040
1360
2040
Corr. Load
280
445
548
913
289
504
21.8
40.3
44.8
21.2
24.7
CBR
20.6
Max
21.8
44.8
24.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
Swell
Wet Unit Weight
B)/C
Dry Unit Weight
(100+MC)
(AWD
2.195
2.290
2.362
DD
1.958
2.042
2.106
100xWD/
50
45
40
35
30
CBR %
25
20
CBR Curve
15
10
5
0
1.95 1.97 1.99 2.01 2.03 2.05 2.07 2.09 2.11
dry unit density
12
Test
No.
Penet
.
mm
1
Std.
Load
Kg
10
Blows
30
Blows
Readin
g
Load
Kg
Readin
g
Load
Kg
65
Readin
g
Blows
Load
Kg
0.635
1.26
114
1.27
115
0.86
74
1.27
1.96
185
3.27
316
1.57
146
1.91
2.47
236
4.56
445
2.24
213
2.91
280
5.59
548
289
3.18
3.42
331
6.71
661
3.46
335
3.81
3.85
374
7.57
747
4.04
393
4.55
4.27
416
8.53
843
4.76
465
4.56
445
9.23
913
5.15
504
5.31
520
10.72
1063
5.95
585
2.54
5.08
1.360
2.040
6.35
7.62
2.585
8.89
10.16
13
Load vs Penetration
1200
1000
800
Load (Kg)
600
400
200
0
0
2.5
7.5
10
Penetration (mm)
14
Discussion
This test is used to review the nature of a sub-level, sub-base, and base thickness layer of a
pavement improvement. The results procured by these tests are used with the accurate twists
to choose the thickness of bitumen and its portion layers. This test covers the lab framework
for the determination of C.B.R. of compacted soil tests.
CONCLUSION
With everything taken into account, it was seen that in extending invasions of the sample soil,
the compaction will lessen. Accordingly, cutting down the penetration will offset the soil
specimen for the building of roadways. It is key for layout of pavement thickness and to
evade the roads from sedimentation of soil. It was similarly seen that there is assortment in
the nature of the sample as the blows are variable.
15
References
Ali, Liaqat (2009): Recent advancement in soil behavior, in situ test methods, pile
foundations, and tunneling. Reston, Va.: American Society of Civil Engineers.
Al-Qadi, Imad L; Murrell, Scott (o. J.): Airfield and Highway Pavement 2013. o.V.
McNally, Tony (2011): Polymer modified bitumen. Oxford: Woodhead Pub.
Metcalf, J. B (1976): Pavement materials - the use of the California Bearing Ratio test in
controlling quality. Vermont, Vic.: Australian Road Research Board.
Williams, F. M; Grimmer, L. E; McAdams, M. M (1967): A study of ductility characteristics
of bituminous material. Columbus: Department of Highways.
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