CE 3205
Water and Environmental
Engineering
STILLING BASINS
Introduction
The stilling basin is an integral part of the
dam structure. It controls the velocity of
falling water on the downstream side of the
dam in order to prevent damage to the dams
foundation.
The energy contained in this rushing water is
dissipated in a concrete stilling basin in a
phenomenon known as hydraulic jump.
Hydraulic Jump
V2
y1
y2
V1
Lj
Introduction
Hydraulic jump is one of the most
frequently encountered phenomena of
rapidly varying flow. Formation of hydraulic
jump is usually required for energy
dissipation in stilling basins.
US Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) types I,
II, III, IV and V stilling basins have the
recommended design procedures.
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Importance of Stilling Basin
The basin protects the stream-bed from the destructive
energy of the hydraulic jump.
Excess water flows from dam via a spillway. When the
flow is released over the spillway structure, the potential
energy is converted into kinetic energy at the toe of
spillway. The flow is supercritical and has a very high
velocity and hence erosive power. Therefore, this energy
must be dissipated in order to prevent the possibility of
severe scouring of the downstream riverbed and
undermining of the foundations. The dissipation of kinetic
energy can be achieved by hydraulic jumped stilling
basins.
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Energy Dissipaters
Hydraulic Jump type induce a hydraulic
jump at the end of spillway to dissipate energy
Bureau of Reclamation did extensive
experimental studies to determine structure
size and arrangements empirical charts and
data as design basis
Design Considerations
The design of a stilling basin structure involves
Investigation of the river cross-section
Determination of the water depth in the river
Evaluation of the energy levels
Definition of the downstream channel
dimensions,
Calculation of flow depth and finally an
analysis of hydraulic jump in the stilling basin.
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Design Considerations
The equations that are used to
determine the flow depths are nonlinear and therefore required a timeconsuming trial-and-error method to
solve them.
However, water depths may be found by
utilizing
an
iterative
technique
commonly referred to as the Newton
Raphson iteration technique, which is
used to solve the system of non-linear
equations.
Depth of Flow Profile
NewtonRaphson technique can be used
to determine the flow profile of the
hydraulic jump type stilling basin
Spillway Bukit Merah Reservoir, Perak, Malaysia
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New Cronton Dam NY Stepped
Chute Spillway
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Karakaya Dam
12
Chute Spillway
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Side-Channel Spillway
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Burrinjuck Dam on the Murrumbidgee River near Yass.
Hydraulic Jump Formulas
Headloss Across the Jump
hL = y1 + V12/2g - (y2 + V22/2g)
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Flow in the Channel
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General Profile of the Stilling Basin
(a) Plan View
(b) Longitudinal Cross-section
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Stilling Basin
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Straight Drop Structures
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Straight Drop Structures
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Inclined Drops or Chutes
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Hydraulic Jump Energy Dissipater
Froude number
Fr = V/(gy)1/2
Fr > 1 supercritical flow
Fr < 1 subcritical flow
Transition from supercritical to
subcritical on a mild slope hydraulic
jump
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Characteristics of Hydraulic Jump
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Hydraulic Jump
Jump in horizontal rectangular channel
y2/y1 = ((1+8Fr12)1/2 -1)
y1/y2 = ((1+8Fr22)1/2 -1)
Loss of energy
E = E1 E2 = (y2 y1)3 / (4y1y2)
Length of jump
Lj 6y2
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Hydraulic Jump
Design guidelines
- Provide a basin to contain the jump
- Stabilize the jump in the basin:
tailwater control
- Minimize the length of the basin
to increase performance of the basin
- Add chute blocks, baffle piers and end
sills to increase energy loss Bureau of
Reclamation types of stilling basin
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Type IV Stilling Basin: 2.5<Fr<4.5
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Stilling Basin 2.5<Fr<4.5
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Type IV Stilling Basin 2.5<Fr<4.5
Energy loss in this Froude number range
is less than 50%
To increase energy loss and shorten the
basin length, an alternative design may
be used to drop the basin level and
increase tailwater depth
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Stilling Basin Fr>4.5
When Fr > 4.5, but V < 60 ft/sec, use
Type III basin
Type III chute blocks, baffle blocks
and end sill
Reason for requiring V<60 fps to avoid
cavitation damage to the concrete
surface and limit impact force to the
blocks
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Type III Stilling Basin: Fr>4.5
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Type III Stilling Basin Fr>4.5
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Type III Stilling Basin: Fr>4.5
Calculate impact force on baffle blocks:
F = 2 A (d1 + hv1)
where F = force in lbs
= unit weight of water in kg/m3
A = area of upstream face of blocks in
m2
(d1+hv1) = specific energy of flow
entering the basin in m.
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Type II Stilling Basin Fr>4.5
When Fr > 4.5 and V > 20 m/sec, use
Type II stilling basin
Because baffle blocks are not used,
maintain a tailwater depth 5% higher
than required as safety factor to
stabilize the jump
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Type II Stilling Basin: Fr>4.5
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Problem
A rectangular irrigation canal 10 m wide
carries a flow of 30 m3/s at a depth of
1.50 m. A drop structure is required, at
which the bed of the downstream canal
is 2.5 m lower than the bed of the
upstream canal. Sketch and carry out a
hydraulic design for a simple stilling
basin that ensures that the hydraulic
jump is contained at the foot of the
spillway.
Thank You
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