1
Chapter 2 - Macromechanical Analysis of a Lamina
Exercise Set
2.1 The number of independent elastic constants in three dimensions are:
Anisotropic
Monoclinic
Orthotropic
Transversely Orthotropic
Isotropic
21
13
9
5
2
2.2
C=
S =
2.3
a)
3
23
31
12
10
9
b) Compliance matrix -
6.553
6.58
0 0 0
10.846 6.553 12.316 0 0 0
0
7 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 6
Msi
0.1935 0
0.05
0.3333
0.1333 0
0.1935 0.1333 0.3226 0
Msi
0.1429 0
0.5 0
4.423
0
6.39
0.05
6.731
=
10.846 0 0 0
0.25
8.269
13.675 6.39
kPa
0.1667
1
0.5
0.5 0.4 0
0.2 0
0.4 0.2 0.6 0
GPa
0.5 0.3
S =
c)
0.25 0
0.5 0
0.667
E 1 = 2 GPa
E 2 = 3.333 GPa
E 3 = 1.667 GPa
12 = 1
23 = 0.6667
31 = 0.6667
G 12 = 4 GPa
G 23 = 2 GPa
G 31 = 1.5 GPa
d)
W = 3.335 10
Pa
2.10
S =
4.902 10
1.127 10
1.127 10
5.405 10
1.789 10
204.98 4.28
Q=
1
2
12
17.35
=
103.59
536.70
18.59 0
m
m
4.28
2.11
5.59
GPa
GPa
2.12 Modifying Equation (2.17) for an isotropic lamina under plane stress -
0
0
1
G
Inverting the compliance matrix gives the reduced stiffness matrix E
E.
0
2
2
1 1
E.
Q
1
E
2
0
G
2.13 Compliance matrix for a two dimensional orthotropic material per Equations (2.87) -
12
E1
E1
21
E2
E2
0
1
G 12
Matrix inversion yields 1
.E
21. 12
21
.E
1
21. 12
1
12
.E
2
21. 12
1
21. 12
0
.E
0
G 12
Compliance matrix for three dimensional orthotropic material per Equation (2.70) -
12
13
E1
E1
E1
21
23
E2
E2
E2
31
32
E3
E3
E3
1
G 23
Matrix inversion yields C 11
G 31
1
G 12
32. 23
21. 32. 13
1
32. 23
21. 12
C 66 G 12
Proving Q11 C11 and Q66 = C66.
2.15
E 1 = 5.599 Msi
,
E 2 = 1.199 Msi 12 = 0.2600
G 12 = 0.6006 Msi
2.16
1
2
9.019 10
=
2.366
12
2.17
1
2
12
2.18
2.201
=
3.799
3.232
5.098
in
in
MPa
31. 12. 23
31. 13
.E
1
29.06 40.40
Q =
19.50
40.40 122.26 61.21
19.50 61.21
S =
GPa
41.71
6.383 10
2.319 10
4.195 10
2.319 10
3.925 10
4.676 10
4.195 10
4.676 10
9.063 10
S
S 22
2.19 11
S16 0
S12 S 12
1
GPa
S22 S 11
S26 0
S66 S 66
The values of c and s are interchanged for 0 and 90 laminas. The values of S11 and S22 are
interchanged also since the local axes for the 0 lamina are rotated 90.
2.20
A)
x
y
196.4
=
126.0
348.6
xy
1
2
6.098
MPa
12
6.340 10
7.36
9.800 10
329.73
113.40
12
c) Principal normal stresses produced by applied global stresses max
x
2
x
2
xy
max = 6.162 MPa
min
xy
min = 0.1623 MPa
Orientation of maximum principal stress 2. xy
.
1.
. 180
p
atan
2
x y
p = 35.78
Principal normal strains x
max
min
2
x
xy
2
y
max = 339.0
2
y
xy
m
m
min = 16.64
Orientation of maximum principal strain p
1.
2
xy
atan
.
. 180
y
p = 39.30
d) Maximum shear produced by applied global stresses x
max
xy
max = 3.162 MPa
Orientation of maximum shear s
1.
2
atan
.
. 180
xy
2. xy
s = 9.22
Maximum shear strain 2.
max
max = 355.7
Orientation of maximum shear strain s
1.
2
atan
xy
.
. 180
s = 5.70
m
m
2.21 = 34.98
2.22
E x = 2.272 Msi
xy = 0.3632
m x = 0.8530
E y = 3.696 Msi
m y = 9.538
G xy = 1.6 Msi
2.23
The maximum value of Gxy occurs at = 45
G xy 3 = 26.54 GPa
The minimum value of Gxy occurs at = 0
G xy 1 = 20.00 GPa
Displayed graphically -
Engineering Shear Modulus (GPa)
28
26
24
22
20
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Ply Angle ()
2.24 a) Graphite/Epoxy lamina
a = 11.60 %
b) Aluminum plate
80
90
b = 0.36 %
2.25 Given
a) Elastic modulus in x direction per Equation (2.112) G 12 = 10.10 GPa
b) Elastic modulus E x = 13.4 GPa
2.26
E x ( 30. ) = 4.173 Msi
2. 12
1
can be determined, G 12 and 12 cannot be determined individually.
b) Only
G 12
E1
2.27 Yes, for some values of , Ex < E2 if
and
E 2< E 1
2.28 Yes, for some values of , Ex > E1 if
G 12 >
2. 1
E1
12
2.29 Basing calculations on a Boron/Epoxy lamina
The value of xy is maximum for a 26 lamina.
Displayed graphically
G 12 <
E1
2.
E1
E2
12
2.30 Given
Tabulation:
LWR
E1x (Msi)
2
8
16
64
1.504E-1
1.803E-2
4.724E-3
2.998E-4
2.629
2.275
2.245
2.235
Graph of as a function of Length-to-Width ratio 0.3
Zeta
0.2
0.1
10
20
30
40
Length-to-Width Ratio (L/W)
Graph of Engineering modulus for Finite LWR as a function of -
50
60
70
Young's modulus for Finite L/W (Msi)
3.5
2.5
Ex
2
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Length-to-Width Ratio (L/W)
2.32
G 12 = 0.0488 GPa
b) From 35 ply data, one can find S11 and S12 for the lamina. However, for Equations (2.101a) and
(2.101b), there are four unknowns: S11, S12, S22, and S66. Therefore, one cannot find S66 nor, in turn,
the shear modulus, G12. Although the same is true in the case of the 45 ply, no manipulation of
Equations (2.101a) and (2.101b) will allow S66 to be expressed in terms of S11 and S12 for the 35 ply.
2.33 Elastic properties of Boron/Epoxy from Table 2.2 U 1 = 12.72 Msi
U 2 = 13.52 Msi
U 3 = 3.493 Msi
U 4 = 4.113 Msi
V 1 = 3.046 10
Msi
1
V 2 = 1.695 10
V 3 = 1.014 10
Msi
1
V 4 = 1.091 10
Msi
1
Msi
2.35 Given
Failure Criterion
Magnitude of Maximum
Positive Shear Stress
134 MPa
134 MPa
62.24 MPa
139 MPa
Maximum Stress
Maximum Strain:
Tsai-Hill:
Tsai-Wu (MisesHencky criterion)
Magnitude of Maximum
Negative Shear Stress
70.44 MPa
68.99 MPa
62.24 MPa
59.66 MPa
Off-axis Shear
Strength
70.44 MPa
68.99 MPa
62.24 MPa
59.66 MPa
2.36 The maximum stress failure theory gives the mode of failure. The Tsai-Wu failure theory is a unified
theory and gives no indication of the failure mode.
2.37 The Tsai-Wu failure theory agrees closely with experimentally obtained results. The difference between
the maximum stress failure theory and experimental results are quite pronounced.
2.38 Given
Maximum Strain:
Tsai-Wu (Mises-Hencky criterion):
TWMH
249.9. MPa
259.9. MPa
The maximum biaxial stress that can be applied to a 60 lamina of Graphite/Epoxy is conservatively
estimated at -249.9 MPa.
2.40 Given the strength parameters for an isotropic material
2
2
6.25. 12
2
1. . 1. 2 < T
2.41 Given the strength parameters for a unidirectional Boron/Epoxy system 2
Since H 12 < H 11. H 22 the stability criterion is satisfied.
2.42 The units for the coefficient of thermal expansion in the USCS system are in/in/F. In the SI system the
units for the coefficient of thermal expansion are m/m/C.
2.43
C1
C2
C12
0
=
1200
0
m
m
1
T 2_Offset = 54.30 C
2.44
x
y
10.403
=
6.653
6.495
xy
in
in
F
2.45 The units for the coefficient of moisture expansion in the USCS system are in/in/lbm/lbm. In the SI system
the units for the coefficient of moisture expansion are m/m/kg/kg.
2.46
x
y
xy
0.4500
=
0.1500
0.5196
m
m
kg
kg
