Data/Information/Knowledge Cycle
Data
Facts Without A Meaning
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Data, Information & Knowledge
Data
Data Elements & Processes
The raw facts; word(s), values,
actions, symbols, etc.
Logical
L
i l output
t t off a Transaction
T
ti
Processing System where Data is
collected, organized and reported
Knowledge
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Components Defines data
Data Flows
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Information
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The movement or flow of data through
the system
Data Analysis
Processing Logic
The understanding of information - To
Enable
Steps and rules used to transform data
into information
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Other Data Components
Internal
External
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Complete, Correct & Valid
Period
Current
Short to intermediate
Historical
Gathered From
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Data Focus - Distinctness of facts
Accuracy
Internal Data Sources
Sources
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Personal Experiences & Events or
other activity
Reports
p
& Memoranda's
Process and Procedures Manuals
Committees & Group Activities
Managers
Archived Records
Other Sources
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External Data Sources
Data Focus
Gathered From
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Client Transactions
Data Warehouses
Colleagues, Friends & Fellow
Professionals
Public and Private Agencies
Professional Meetings & Conferences
Books & Journals
Reports
Other Sources
External Focus
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i
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Internal Focus
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i
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Economic
Technology
Political
Social
Physical Assets
Human Resources
Security
Product
Inertial of Decisions & Views
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Data Analysis
Processing Logic
Policy for Writing up Sales
Access Price
Price--File by Part
Part--Number from the
Incoming--Order.
Incoming
C
Copy
Unit
UnitU it-Price
P i from
f
P
Price
Pricei -File
Fil -Record
FileR
d
into Unit
Unit--Price of Sales
Sales--Form.
Set SubSub-total to product of Unit
Unit--Price and
Quantity--Ordered.
Quantity
Set SalesSales-Tax to 3% of SubSub-Total.
Set Total to SubSub-Total Plus Sales
Sales--Tax.
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Basic; Pie, Bar, & Line Charts
Variations;
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Pareto A bar chart ranked by
importance
Hi t
Histograms
Frequency
F
distribution
di t ib ti
Scattergrams Relationship of two
variables
Time Series Measures over time
Control Charts Other graphic
representation of data
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Data Types
Counts
Quantitative Numerical values
Counts
Measures
Constants & Variables
Number of;
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Qualitative Word or phase descriptions
Visual Characteristic of Data
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Orders
Students
It
Items
sold
ld
complaints
Measures
Constance & Variables
Weight
Cost
Size
Grade
Mile
Interest rate
Pay Rate
Formulas
Days in a Year/Month
Holidays
Visual Characteristic of Data
Data vs. Information
Examples;
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Color
Shape
Area
Indicators
Red, Green, Blue
Square Circle
Square,
Circle, Triangle
Data
Information
Deposits, withdrawals, interest, and service
charges for a certain month, plus the forwarding
balance from the previous month
Moving images, dialog, music, and commentary
Bank Statement
Titles, subtitles, words, paragraphs, quotations,
and pictures
Names, email address, SID, phone number,
department, course, course-id, course-name
section, quarter, year, days
Loud obnoxious noises, a black and white vehicle
behind your vehicle, a uniform person driving,
blue lights flashing, PULL OVER on the speaker.
Midwest, South, North
Check marks, Binary, Choice
A police vehicle
directing you to
pull over
Efficient
Data
ElementComposition
Composition
Rich Data
Element
Information Purpose
Information
Television News
Report
Newspaper
Report
Class Roster
Purpose
Bank Statement
Reports how much money you had in your
account at the beginning of the month, the
amounts that you deposited or withdrew during
the month, bank charges, and how much you
have now.
T l i i News
Television
N
C
Communicates
i t (or
( tries
t i to
t communicate)
i t ) the
th
Report
what, when, how and (perhaps why of an event
to the audience.
Newspaper Report To inform the public
Class Roster
Provides the professor with name and contact
information for class members
Year-End Report
Attempts to tell an audience how well the
organization did in the previous year, why, and
what to expect in the future.
Value
Name
Precision
Data qualifier (e.g., greater than, )
Uncertainties (single or multi
multi--valued)
Measurement units (standard or custom)
Data history/management (Data
Dictionary)
Initialization scripts
Other attributes - names, symbols,
synonyms, presentation formats
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Knowledge
Knowledge, an Organizations Resource
Knowledge - the application of reasoned
analysis of information, and
Information does not produce
knowledge
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Complete
Accurate
Relevant and
Timely
Knowledge Based Society
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Knowledge
K
l d iimplies
li synthesis
h i off
information
Therefore, useful knowledge must be;
Called digital society or new economy
Brains not hands
Education is critical
Issues - Digital divide, privacy, etc
Knowledge Worker
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A well-educated professional who
creates, modifies, or synthesizes
knowledge in ones profession
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Information
Information
What is Information?
. . . The logical result of processing,
manipulating and organizing data in a
way that adds to the knowledge of the
receiver.. . . .
receiver
Processed Data with a Purpose
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Information Classes
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Users Responses to Information
Class 1 Derived from quantifiable facts
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Events and Transactions
Demographics
Product Reliability Statistics
Class 2 - From not quantifiable facts
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Descriptions; person or object
How things are done
Observations
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Interpret
Understand
Correlate
Extrapolate
Decide
Take Action
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Information Impact
Information Properties
Enables;
Attributes
Problem Detection
Qualities
Decision Making
Structures
Productivity Enhancements &
Knowledge Work
W
120
Information Qualities
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Information Attributes
Cost
ost--Effective
Accuracy
Relevance & Complete
Time
ime--sensitive
Reliability & Audibility
Detail, General or Specific
Level of summarization
Past/Present/Future
/
/
Internal Vs. External
Scope, Reliability and non
subjective
123
Information Structures
Structured Information
Structured
Unstructured
Semi structured
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124
some structured
d and
d
some unstructured`
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125
Detailed
Current
Concerned with past events
Highly accurate, not subjective data
Narrow range of facts
Internal activities
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Unstructured Information
Broad range of facts
Summarized
Less current
Concerned with future events
Includes subjective data
Outside and inside sources
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