Phylum Mollusca
Mollis- soft
Soft bodied animals
Solitary animals
Shell (calcium carbonate)
Open circulatory system
Univalve or snail shell
-
One piece structure
Gills: Respiration
Generalized gill consist of:
-
Bivalves or clam shells
-
Multiple structures (plates of chiton)
Most are free-living
In gastropods, cephalods and
bivalves, the hypostracum may be
nacreous (pearly).
Mantle skirt- peripheral outfold of
the mantle.
The body is divided into a small poorly
defined head.
Visceral mass- large dorsal, holds the bulk
of the digestive, reproductive, excretory, and
respiratory systems.
Central axis- attached to the mantle
along one edge, contains muscles,
blood vessels and nerves.
Gill filaments- leaflike, opposites of
the axis.
Each filament has an upstream
frontal margin and a downstream
abfrontal margin on the opposite
side.
Bipectinate- primitive gills.
Monopectinate- filaments on only
one side of the axis, (pectin=comb)
Foot- broad, flat, muscular.
Radula- rapslike, used to graze on the
biofilm of microscopic algae and other small
sessile animals.
Interfilamentary water spaces- separates
the filaments to their neighbors.
Mantle (pallium), secretes protein calcium
salts and mucus is also sensory.
Inhalant (infrabranchial)
(suprabranchial). Chambers
Shell low, conical cap covering the
dorsum of the generalized mollusk
Lamellae- exposed gill surfaces formed by
the combined edges of the filaments.
Spacious retreat,
Mantle epithelium secretes protein
and calcareous material to form the
shell.
Gills divided:
&
exhalant
Frontal lamella & abfrontal lamella.
Periostracumoutermost
layer,
composed of the protein conchiolin.
Ostratum- calcareous and inside is the
hypostracum (inner)
Cilia on the filaments generate a
water current that enters the mantle
cavity ventrally.
Lateral
ciliagenerates
the
respiratory current through the
mantle cavity.
Frontal cilia- generate a current
moving away from the gill axis,
transports particles trapped in mucus
off the frontal lamella and keeps the
gills surface clean. Pseudofeces
Abfrontal
ciliapseudofeces.
transporting
the
Hypobranchial glands mucus-secreting
epithelium.
Protostyle- mucus and embedded
fecal mass. Helps pull the mucous
string through the esophagus into the
stomach.
Coelom- skeleton
Pericardial cavity and gonocoelcontains the heart and gonad.
Afferent branchial vessel - unoxygenated
blood.
INTERNAL TRANSPORT:
Efferent branchial vessel- oxygenated
blood.
Osphradia- receptor cells monitoring the
water entering the mantle cavity. Water
sensory.
EXCRETION: heart-kidney complex
Foot: flat, muscular, ciliated creepsole.
Pedal hemocoel- blood sinus
Pedal retractor muscles
NUTRITION: microphagous browseruses its radula to scrape microscopic algae.
Odontophore- supports the radula (odonto=
tooth. Phore= to carry). Cartilage like.
Radula sac- ventral evagination of the floor
of the buccal cavity.
Stomach=
pear-shaped
sac
(digestive ceca) - absorption and
phagocytosis.
Gastric shield- protects the stomach
gastrodermis from abrasion whereas
the sorting field separates the
indigestible mineral particles from
nutritious organic particles.
Intestinal grooves: ciliated major
and minor typhosoles.
Renopericardial canal- connection
with the pericardial cavity.
Podocytes- filtration.
NERVOUS SYSTEM:
Radula- flexible, longitudinal ribbon of
transverse rows of tiny chitinous teeth.
Protractor & retractor muscles- moves the
odontophore and radula.
Hemal system- lacks cellular lining.
Open circulatory system.
Ganglion- consist of a cortex of cell
bodies and a medulla of axons
known as the neutrophil.
Cerebral ganglia- brain, sensory
nerves from the eyes, tentacle, and
statocysts.
Linked by: buccal ganglia (muscles
of the radula), pedal ganglia (foot
muscles), pleural ganglia (innervate
the mantle).
Commissure- connects the ganglia to
any other pair.
Esophageal ganglia- supply the gills,
osphradium and mantle.
Tetraneurons- four nerve cords.
Cephalic
sensory.
tentacles-
chemo,mecha,
REPRODUCTION: gonochoric
DEVELOPMENT: spiral,
cleavage.
Trochopore larva
holoblastic
The developing blastula bears the
characteristic molluscan cross of
cells.
Prototorch- conspicuous preoral
girdle of cilia, swimming organ, also
for collecting food.
Metatorch- second girdle of cilia,
posterior to the mouth.
Telotorch- third ring.
Pygidium- region consisting of the
telotorch and the area around the
anus.
Growth zone- lies between the
mouth and the telotorch.
SC: Chaetodermomorpha: oral shield,
foot lost. (Epimenia, chaetoderma,
epitemia,
falcidens,
limifossor,
scutopus).
C: Polyplacophora (many plates)
-
Mantle: covers the entire dorsal
surface of a chiton and secretes a
thin glycoprotein cuticle.
Planktotrophic- long lives, feed on tiny
suspended particles, living or dead.
Lecithotrophic- depend on yolk, short
life.
Velum- two lateral ciliated lobes.
Develops into a prototroch.
C: Aplacophora- wormlike marine molluscs.
-
Presence of calcareous
instead of a shell.
Girdle lateral portion of the mantle,
peripheral to the valves.
Shell:
-
spicules
Form spicule rather that shell.
Locomotion- ciliated
Foot lies on the pedal groove which
is lined cuticle.
Hemal system : open
Nervous system ladder like, pair of
cerebral ganglia.
Pedal pit- ciliated, mucus-secreting,
sensory function.
Oral shield- surrounds the mouth.
SC: Neomeniomorpha gills lost,
copulation, carnivore (euletheromenia,
lyratoherpia, neomenia)
Chitons or coat of mail mollucs.
Life adhering to rocks and shells.
Shell composed of eight overlapping
plates, which permits flexibility.
Lacks cephalic eyes.
Foot broad and flat.
Shell valves
Insertion plate- wing like
Articulamentum purely calcareous
layer that lies under the tegmentum
in the center of the valve but extends
laterally free of the tegmentum to
form the insertion plates.
Hypostracum second calcareous
layer.
LOCOMOTION: enrollment muscles (ball)
Mantle cavity & ventilation:
Each mantle cavity contains multiple
gills.
Inhalant aperture
Respiratory current- generated by the
gill cilia.
Nutrition:
Microphagus browsers that feed on
fine algae and other organisms.
Some are macroherbivores that feed
on seaweeds.
Magnetite- iron containing mineral.
Subradular
saca
smaller
envagination, contains the tonguelike, chemosensory subradular organ.
Esophageal glands- produce amylase
Anterior intestine & posterior
intestine (fecal pellets are found).
Nervous system:
-
Ganglia absent.
Tetranous ladderlike.
Circumentric ring
Esthetes- unique to chitons, consist of
groups of epidermal cells specialized for
sensory reception and support.
Reproduction: Gonochoric
C: Monoplacophora
-
Single bilaterally symmetrical shell
that varies in shape from a flattened
shieldlike plate to a short cone.
Feed on hard substances.
Weakly developed cerebral ganglia
C: Gastropoda
-
Snails and slugs
Torsion- 180 degrees counterclockwise
rotation or twisting of the visceral mass,
shell, mantle and mantle cavity.
Anus directly in the head.
Detorsion- 90 degrees
Conispiral- each whorl partially or
completely overlaps and encloses the
preceding whorl.
One layer covers the other.
Planispiral- old
Sanitation: anal pores
Siphon- selectively in choosing the
source of respiratory water.
Ancestral gastropod
-
Diotocardian heart.
Monotocardian
Nervous system:
(twisted)
Hypoathroid.
streptoneurons
Shell:
Columella- hollow cone coiled around the
central axis, holds everything together.
Aperture- large opening (outer&inner lip)
Torsion- 180 degrees counterclockwise
rotation of the visceral mass with respect
to the foot.
Body whorl- base of the cone.
Whorls- forming a spiral around the
center node.
Original shell= protoconch
Shell= planispiral- each coil is located
outside.
Columellar muscle- same as the pedal
retractor muscle
Exogastrically coiled- direction of the
coiling is anterior over the head.
Operculum- horny disk
Endogastric coiling- posterior to the
foot.
Spire- remaining whorls.
Adult- teloconch
Siphonal canal- accommodate the siphon.
Inner shell consist of calcium
carbonate crystals.
Nacreous layer- crystals are discshaped arranged in sheets.
Foot & Locomotion:
-
No large blood sinus
Tarsos muscle- sole of the foot,
composed of very fine muscle
bundles.
Propodium
Mesopodium
Metapodium
Feet=waves
Locomotion
-
Monotaxic waves- extend across the
entire width.
Ditaxic- half only.
Direct waves
Retrograde opposite
Nutrition & Digestion:
-
Jaws
Accessory salivary glands may be
modified as venom glands
Median tooth
Filter feeding
Reproduction:
-
Gonochoric
Veliger larvae
Nervous system:
-
Higher:
-
Taenioglossate (taenio=band)
Rachiglossate (rachio=spine)
Carnivores:
-
Proboscis
Zyngoneury- functional bilateral symmetry.
Rhinopores- sensory head tentacles.
C: Cephalopoda
-
Carnivores
Hooks or spines
Cuttlefish (10-12 rings of tentacles)
Form:
-
Siphon- moving
Appendages- tentacles
Visceral hump- conical posterior
cone.
Buoyancy- calcium carbonate, gas in
shell, ammonia.
Endocochleate- characterized
reduced internal shell.
Ectocochleatewell
calcareous external shell.
-
Ospharadia- water sensory.
-
Endocochleate:
developed
Nautillus- with permanent external
shell
Argonautes- temporary shell (eggs)
Siphuncle- strand of tissue enclosed
in a delicate calcareous tube,
Osmotic pump to remove liquid from
the chambers and replace it with gas.
Sutures
Archaeogastropods:
Radula is docoglossate (speartongue)
Some are rhipidioglossate (fan) each
row has an abundance of teeth.
Gastric cecum.
by
Phragmocone used for buoyancy
control
Rostrum- enclosed the phragmocone
and supports it
Proostracum- skeleton for miscle
attachment.
SO: sepiida- cuttlefish
-
Cuttlebone
Ink sac
Open circulatory system
Pelcypoda (hatchet foot)
Clams
2 halves (bivalvia)
Shell- calcium carbonate
Filter feeder
Benthic (attached)
O: Teuthoidea: squid
Mantle- covers the
dorsally, mantle skirts.
Inner fold: pallial(mantle),
Chitinous pen(gladius)
Appendages:
-
Eight arms
Suckers- stalked,
muscular.
cup
shaped,
Digestive system:
-
Beak- ventral jaws.
Cecum- absorptive pouch
Internal transport
-
Endothelium
Systemic heart
Nervous system:
Cranium compact and complex brain
Chromatophores- consisting of a central
pigment cells, colors.
Reproduction:
organ.
C: Bivalvia
hectocotylus-
intromittent
visceral
mass
