Bituminous mixes
French mix design
Method and overview
for empirical or fundamental specifications
Yves BROSSEAUD LCPC Nantes France -
Outlines
French mix design:
An example of performance based mix design
methodology
Main performance characteristics of asphalt mixes
Documents of reference :
European French Asphalt mixes
Asphalt mix design guide
National guide for the application of European standards
Conclusion
2/67
An example of performance based
methodology
French Bituminous
Mix Design Methodology
Principle
One material type for each need
Optimized with performance based criteria
In relation with its use on the road
Method used in France since more than 20 years old
4/67
Mix design
and Composition
Standard
Performances
Gradation & Binder content
Lab study
designers choice
100
90
ECF
BBSG
BBM
BBTM
BBUM
BBDr
80
70
Paasing [%]
Formulation tool:
Gyratory
Compactor
(PCG)
60
50
40
30
20
10
Sieve [mm]
0
0.1
10
Typical grading curves
5/67
Mix design Formulation method
Components selection
(aggregates, filler, binder, additives)
Check of their properties
performance class
Minimum binder content defined by standard
K Richness modulus (linked to the binder film thickness)
Level of mix design study
defined in contract
Check of the performance versus the selected
class of the product French (European) standards
6/67
Performances tested
One test per property
Gyratory compactor (PCG)
workability and compactability assessment
Immersion compression (Duriez) test
Water sensitivity
Wheel tracking test
Rutting resistance
Direct tensile or 2 point bending test
Stiffness
2 points bending test
Fatigue resistance
7/67
Design steps
Selection and identification of components
Choice: gradation & binder content
Compactability test (gyratory)
Level 1
Duriez test
Level 2
Rutting test
Level 3
Modulus test
Level 4
Compaction
Water
sensitivity
Rutting
Fatigue test
Formulation selected
Stiffness
Fatigue
8/67
Level 1 and 2 tests
Components selection
(aggregates, filler, binder, additives)
Check of their properties
performance class
Manufacturing and control of samples
Gyratory compaction test
Water sensitivity
Wheel tracking rutting test
Marshall
9/67
Marshall test
Preparation of samples in laboratory
Good control quality of mix :
composition, voids, homogeneity, ...
Accurate and Relevant Tests
Relevant comparison with in situ materials
Plate compactor: 400*600*150 or 180*500*25 100
EN 12697-33
ex NFP 98-250-2
Mixer BBMAX 80
EN 12697-35 ex NFP 98-250-1
Vertical gamma Bench
EN 12697-7
11/67
ex NFP 98-250-5
Compactability characterisation
Gyratory compactor
Standard (NF 12697-31
ex NFP 98-252)
Characterisation of void %
reduction under axial force +
gyratory shear
Mix design by adjustment of void
content according to product
standards
Estimation of site void content
Vsite = V(Ne)
Ne nbr of cycle as thickness [mm]
r = 0,95
R = 1,38 (% voids 60 g)
MLPC Gyratory shear compactor
12/67
Void content (%)
Typical result
13/67
Interpretation
of gyratory compaction test
Conformity study of a
mix in relation to
product standard
specification for each
material type ( NFP 98130 to 141)
Void content
Pass
Failed
Failed
14/67
Void content versus layer thickness
In site compaction process
% voids
12 cm
8
6
4
5
10
20
2
16
26
Number of passes
15/67
Gyratory compactor test: specifications
14
10
8
6
Correct
4
Out of spec
EME 2
EME 1
GB 3
GB 2
BBME
BBAGG
(binder)
BBAC
0
BBAC
Voids %
12
16/67
Water sensitivity : Duriez test
Standard EN 12697-12 exNFP 98-251-1
Two compaction processes
D< 14 mm H 190 mm, 60 kN, 5 min
D>14 mm H 270 mm, 180 kN, 5 min
Stored at 18 C, 7 days
in air (50 % moisture)
in water
Vertical compression (1 mm/s )
Ratio r/R (and % voids)
Repeatability and reproducibility
r = 0,08
R =0,13 (ratio of 0,73)
Decision to use of an adhesion agent
European standard used also indirect tensile test (EN 12697-12)
17/67
Level 2 : rutting resistance test
LPC Wheel tracking test
19/67
LPC Wheel tracking test
Wheel
Standard (EN 12697-22
ex
NFP 98-253-1
Influence of heavy, slow, channelled
traffic under high temperature
relevant correlation with site,
repeatability (r = 1,2 et R =1,3)
Test conditions:
Smooth tire, pressure 0.6 MPa
Load 5 kN, speed 1 cycle/s
Controlled temperature 60C
Rut depth measurement
20/67
Typical results with the LCPC wheel
tracking test
Rutting
Average
Regression
Number of cycles
21/67
Influence of binder content
22/67
Influence of binder type
23/67
Rutting resistance - specifications
Test @ 60 C
Base
Surface
20
Rut depth [%]
Out of spec
16
12
8
On spec
4
0
BBA
1
Number
of cycles
BBA
2
10 000
BBA
3
BBME
1
BBME
2
30 000
BBME
3
GB 2
to 4
EME
1-2
10 000
30 000
24/67
Level 3 and 4
Mechanical tests:
stiffness measurement (direct tensile test or 2 points
bending on trapezoidal samples)
Fatigue resistance test
Determination of bituminous mixes mechanical
characteristics for pavement structural design
Traffic direction
Wearing course
Base
Sub-base
,
(tension) ,
Bituminous
Layers
Thickness t
Stiffness E
Non treated
Natural soil
Need for stiffness characteristics and fatigue
resistance : admissible strain for 1 million cycles
26/67
Direct tensile test
Module (Mpa)
100000
10000
0C
10 C
1000
15C
courbe
matresse
100
0,0001
0,01
100
10000
Temps (s)
EN 12697-26 ex NFP 98 260-1
Direct tension on cylindrical specimen
Master curve (rheological behavior)
Modulus for pavement design (specification) 15C, 0,02s
27/67
Complex modulus test
100000
10000
1000
100
0,1
1,0
10,0
-10C
0C60C
10C
15C
20C
30C
40C
100,0
r = 335 MPa , R = 2750 MPa
(E = 15300 MPa)
Frquence (Hz)
EN 12697-26 ex NFP 98 260-2
2 points bending on trapezoidal samples, 4 repetitions
E pavement design 15C, 10 Hz
Master curve (rheological behavior)
28/67
Stiffness
Modulus [MPa]
Modulus @ 15C: complex (10 Hz) or tensile (0,02 s)
20000
18000
16000
14000 On spec
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
Out of spec
2000
0
BBA
1-2
BBA
3
BBME
1
BBME
2-3
GB 23
GB 4
EME
1-2
29/67
Fatigue test
Droite de fatigue
N o m b re d e c y c le s
10000000
1000000
Standard EN 12697-24 ex NF P 98-261-1
2 points Bending beam on trapezoidal samples
100000
10000
1000
10
B=56, b=25, t=2, h=250 mm
100
1000
Dformation
3 strain levels with 6 specimens each, 10C and 25 Hz
Strain calculated for 1 million of cycles 6
(better behavior for high 6)
r = 4,2 strain R= 8,3 strain
30/67
Fatigue test
Admissible strain @ 10 C and 25 Hz [strain]
150
6 [strain]
140
130
On spec
120
110
100
90
Out of spec
80
70
BBA 1
BBA 2
BBA 3
BBME
1
BBME
2-3
GB 2
GB 3
GB 4
EME
1
EME
2
31/67
Summary of French mix design
methodology
methodology:: different levels
32/67
Reference document for asphalt mixes
Asphalt mixes standards
General asphalt mixes NF EN 13108-1
Very thin asphalt mixes NF EN 13108-2
Porous asphalt NF EN 13108-7
Type testing NF EN 13108-20
Factory Production control NF EN 13108-21
French guide for the application of European
standards
French asphalt mix design guide
33/67
General asphalt mixes NF EN 13108-1
34/67
Type of performance for asphalt mixes
The asphalt mix standards NF EN 13 108-1 to NF EN 13 108-7
specifie 2 different performance approaches :
Empirical
Fundamental
added with general characterization
without combination with these 2 approaches
35/67
General Charactristics
General characteristics are :
Grading curve,
Void content,
Sensibility again water effect
Resistance to rutting
36/67
Empirical charactristics
Empirical characteristics are:
To specify the minimum bitumen content,
To precise the nature of bitumen (performance grade),
To fix an envelop for the grading at the specified seives.
37/67
Fondamental charactristics
Fondamental characteristics are essentially
measurements on mechanical performances:
stiffness modulus
fatigue resistance.
38/67
Empirical approaches : ex EB10-BBSG
Wearing course
EB10-BBSG
classe 1
Roulement
EB10-BBSG
classe 2
Roulement
EB10-BBSG
classe 3
Roulement
Liaison
Liaison
Liaison
Teneur en liant
minimale
Sensibilit leau
ITSR (I/C)
mthode B par compression
D (max) en mm
Liant
Grade
NF EN de rfrence
10
ITSR70
Vmin 5
Vmax 10
60
NF EN
13108-1
10
ITSR70
Vmin 5
Vmax 10
60
30 000 cycles
(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%)
P10
10
25
28
38
50
65
90
100
TLmin5,2
NF EN
13108-1
10
ITSR70
Vmin 5
Vmax 10
60
30 000 cycles
(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%)
P7,5
10
25
28
38
50
65
90
100
TLmin5,2
NF EN
13108-1
10
ITSR70
Vmin 5
Vmax 10
60
30 000 cycles
(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%)
P5
10
25
28
38
50
65
90
100
TLmin5.2
0,250
2,00
6,3
Nb cycles
{% vides plaque}
0 ,063
NF EN
13108-1
Classe
10 girations
Liaison
Essai dornirage
60C
tendue (%)
/Tamis caractristiques
V10G min11
Roulement
Pourcentage de vide
PCG
Caractristiques empiriques
Nb girations
EB10-BBSG
classe 0
Destination
Dsignation
Caractristiques gnrales
% %
10
25
28
38
50
65
90
100
TLmin5,2
Classe
39/67
Fondamental approaches : ex EB10-BBSG
Wearing course
Roulement
EB10-BBSG
classe 3
Liaison
Roulement
Liaison
Sensibilit leau
ITSR (I/C)
mthode B par compression
NF EN
13108-1
10
ITSR70
Vmin 5
Vmax 10
60
30 000 cycles
(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%)
P10
(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%)
Smin5500
(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%)
NF EN
13108-1
10
ITSR70
Vmin 5
Vmax 10
60
30 000 cycles
(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%)
P 7, 5
(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%)
Smin7000
(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%)
NF EN
13108-1
10
ITSR70
Vmin 5
Vmax 10
60
30 000 cycles
(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%)
P5
(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%)
Smin7000
(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%)
D (max) en mm
Nb girations
EB10-BBSG
classe 2
Liaison
Classe
Roulement
Liant
Grade
EB10-BBSG
classe 1
Caractristiques fondamentales
Norme NF EN de rfrence
Destination
Dsignation
Caractristiques gnrales
Pourcentage
de vide PCG
Essai dornirage
60C
Essai de module
15C
0,02s ou 10 Hz
Essai de fatigue
10C
25 Hz flex.2
Nb cycles
(% vides plaque)
(% vides plaque)
(% vides plaque)
Classe
Classe
Classe
6-100
6-100
6-100
40/67
Fondamental approaches : ex EB14-GB
Base or fundation layer
14
EB14-GB
classe 4
Assise
NF EN
13108-1
14
N b girations
Assise
NF EN
13108-1
Pourcentage
de vide PCG
C lasse
EB14-GB
classe 3
14
Sensibilit leau
ITSR (I/C )
m thode B par com pression
D (m ax) en m m
Liant
G rade
NF EN
13108-1
EB14-GB
classe 2
D estination
Assise
D signation
N orm e N F EN de rfrence
Caractristiques gnrales
Caractristiques fondamentales
Essai dornirage
60C
Essai de module
15C
0,02s ou 10 Hz
Essai de fatigue
10C
25 Hz flex.2
Nb cycles
(% vides plaque)
(% vides plaque)
(% vides plaque)
Classe
Classe
Classe
Vmin 11
10 000 cycles
(Vi= 7% Vs = 10%) (Vi= 7% Vs = 10%)
100 (Vi= 8% Vs = 11%)
Smin9000
6-80
P10
ITSR70
Vmin 10
10 000 cycles
(Vi= 7% Vs = 7%) (Vi= 7% Vs = 10%)
100 (Vi= 7% Vs = 10%)
Smin9000
6-90
P10
ITSR70
Vmin 9
100
ITSR70
30 000 cycles
(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%)
P10
(Vi=5% Vs = 8%)
Smin11000
(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%)
6-100
41/67
Base Hot Mix Asphalt : main performances
Stiffness modulus
(15C-10Hz) in MPa
Fatigue admissible strain
(@ 1 million de cycles)
11
0.65
10*
9,000
80.10-6
GB
Class 3
10
0.7
10*
9,000
90.10-6
GB
Class 4
0.7
10**
11,000
100.10-6
EME
Class 1
10
0.7
7.5**
14,000
100.10-6
EME
class 2
0.75
7.5**
14,000
-6
130.1042/67
Giratory. (Voids %)
C80 (D 10mm)
C100 (D 14mm)
C120 (D 20 mm)
G.B
Class 2
Type of mix
Rut depth
(60C-100 mm)
* 10.000 cycles (%)
** 30.000 cycles (%)
fundamental
Water sensitivity
r/R ratio
empirical
E
C
k
r
a
m
Example of CE marking information
for general requirements + empirical
or fundamental requirements
m
a
d
fu n
l
a
t
en
al
c
i
ir
p
m
43/67
Conformity control for Asphalt mixes
E
C
k
r
a
m
PRODUCER
NOTIFIED
BODY
44/67
Essential characteristics ((according
according with European directive)
for empirical specifications
E
C
k
r
a
m
45/67
Essential characteristics ((according
according with European directive)
for fundamental specifications
E
C
k
r
a
m
46/67
Description and classification for asphalt mixes
47/67
Uses of asphalt mixes
uses
48/67
Type Testing : or formulation proof
49/67
Validated period for mix design
Priode of validity 5 years without changing
Check new formula if some:
Changes in aggregates:
coarse aggregates:
properties shape, semi-crushed aggregate percentage,
wear resistance
in petrographic type
Density (> 0,05 Mg/m3)
fine aggregate: source , grading category, angularity
mineralogical type of filler
Changes in bitumen : bitumen grade
50/67
Type frequency test control for components
(QC)
E
C
k
r
a
m
51/67
Type frequency test control for asphalt
concrete NF EN 13108
-1 (QC)
13108-1
E
C
k
r
a
m
52/67
Type frequency test control for asphalt mixes
used on airfields NF EN 13108
-1 (QC)
13108-1
E
C
k
r
a
m
53/67
Conclusions
French mix design methodology is based on the
following performances :
Workability assessment (Giratory, central tool)
Water sensitivity
Resistance to permanent deformation
Stiffness
Fatigue
depending on the mix design study level asked in contractual
documents
Performances based mix design methodology allows
Optimization of mix design to the expected use of the
material
Evolution of techniques
54/67
Innovation
I whish you a very fruitful meeting on performance
requirements for asphalt mixes
Gracias por su atencin
Taxi in the world : world exhibition in Paris last week mondial de lautomobile)
