Incidents of Mass Casualty Terrorism

compiled by Wm. Robert Johnston

last updated 5 December 2008
Chronological listing of identified terrorist incidents resulting in 100 or more fatalities
(all times local):
13 December 1921--A bomb was thrown at the Bolgard palace in Bessarabia (modern
day Moldova), killing mostly police and soldiers. [1] Fatalities: 100.
16 April 1925--A crowded cathedral was bombed in Sophia, Bulgaria, during a funeral
for a government official. The bombing, at the Sveta Nedelya Cathedral, was apparently
intended to kill the Bulgarian king who nonetheless survived. The premier and war
minister were among those killed. Bulgarian authorities concluded that the bombing was
conducted by Communists supported by the Soviet Union, and many Communists were
arrested and executed (reportedly at least 6,000 and 400, respectively) for the bombing.
[2] Fatalities: 160.
(Note: an explosion on 4 March 1960 destroyed a ship loaded with munitions in the
harbor of Havana, Cuba, killing 100; while attributed to sabotage by the Cuban
government, it is generally concluded to have been accidental.)
18 May 1973--A hijacked Aeroflot Tu-104 airliner exploded over Siberia. The airliner
was en route from Moscow to Chita. The hijacker set off a bomb in the passenger cabin
after his demands were not met, when the plane was about 150 km short of Chita. All
aboard were killed. Some reports have claimed, however, that the aircraft was shot down
by Soviet fighters while departing Soviet airspace. (Sources differ on the date and/or
number of fatalities.) [3] Fatalities: 100.
4 December 1977--A hijacked Malaysian Boeing 737 airliner crashed about 8:15 PM
near the Straits of Johore. The aircraft was descending when the hijackers shot both pilots
after which the airliner crashed in a swamp, killing all aboard. [4] Fatalities: 100.
20 August 1978--A group of Islamic extremists set fire to a crowded theater in Abadan,
Iran. The moviegoers were violating Islamist beliefs by watching movies during the
Islamic month of Ramadan. The single exit to the theater was locked with the assistance
of a theater employee while the building was set ablaze with incendiary bombs. A small
number of occupants were able to escape; most, however, were stampeded or died of
smoke inhalation or flames. [5] Fatalities: 477.
20 November 1979--Up to 500 armed gunmen occupied the Grand Mosque in Mecca,
Saudi Arabia, taking hundreds of worshippers hostage. Many of the gunmen were
connected to Saudi security forces. Saudi troops stormed the mosque on 4-5 December.
Hostage casualties included 26 killed and 109 injured; among Saudi soldiers, 127 were

killed and 451 injured. At least 87 of the gunmen were killed and at least 40 injured; of
those taken into custody, 67 were later simultaneously executed. [6] Fatalities: 240.
23 September 1983--A Gulf Air Boeing 737 en route from Karachi to Abu Dhabi crashed
after a bomb exploded in the baggage compartment. After the explosion, the plane
crashed in the desert near Mina Jebel Ali in the UAE about 3:30 PM during an attempted
landing. [7] Fatalities: 112
23 October 1983--Truck bombs exploded at both the U.S. and French Marine barracks in
Beirut, Lebanon. The troops were in Lebanon attempting to help end the civil war/unrest.
With Iranian and Syrian support, Islamic Jihad (or HizbAllah) had prepared two vehicles
with sophisticated shaped charges of Composition-B. At 6:17 AM a suicide bomber drove
a truck with a 300-kg charge into the U.S. Marine barracks near the Beirut airport. The
building was partially destroyed, killing 241 American servicemen and injuring 146.
Three minutes later, at 6:20 AM, a suicide bomber drove a truck with a 75-kg charge into
the French marine barracks, killing 58 and injuring 15. [8] Fatalities: 301.
14 May 1985--Tamil Tigers attacked crowds in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, with automatic
weapons. Those attacked were mostly Buddhist worshippers and monks at Sri Maha
Budhi. The terrorists were dressed in army uniforms and drove through the area firing
into crowds. [9] Fatalities: 150.
23 June 1985--An Air India Boeing 747 en route from Montreal, Canada, to London,
England, exploded in midair at 7:15 AM off the coast of Ireland, killing all 329 aboard.
The aircraft was about 180 km west of Cork, Ireland. About one hour earlier, a suitcase
taken off a Canadair flight from Vancouver, Canada, to Tokyo, Japan, exploded at the
Vancouver airport. Two baggage handlers were killed and 4 injured. It was concluded that
the suitcase bomb exploded prematurely, having been intended for transfer to an Air India
flight. Another bomb exploded at the Toyko International Airport before being transfered
from a Canadian jetliner to a flight bound for Bombay, India. The Indian government
believed Sikh extremists were responsible. [10] Fatalities: 331.
18 April 1987--Tamil Tigers ambushed and attacked Sinhalese on three buses, two
trucks, and a private van on a road in Sri Lanka near Alut Oya. Casualties numbered 127
dead and 64 injured. [11] Fatalities: 127.
21 April 1987--Tamil Tigers detonated a bomb at a bus depot in Columbo, Sri Lanka.
Casualties numbered 106 dead and 295 injured. This brought a four-day total of 248
killed by Tamil attacks. [12] Fatalities: 106.
29 November 1987--A Korean Air Lines Boeing 707 was destroyed in a bombing by two
North Korean agents. The two planted a bomb aboard the jet and deplaned in Abu Dhabi.
The plane exploded en route to Bangkok at about 11:30 AM while over the Andaman
Sea, killing all 115 aboard. The agents were arrested in Bahrain but consumed poison
concealed in cigarettes. The male died, but the female survived and later implicated North
Korea in plotting the bombing. [13] Fatalities: 115.

(Note: a series of explosions on 10 April 1988 in a munitions depot in Pakistan killed 150
and injured 3,000; while initially attributed to sabotage, it was later concluded to be
accidental.[14])
21 December 1988--Pam American Flight 103, a Boeing 747, was destroyed in flight by
a bomb at 6:56 PM. The plane was en route from London, England, to New York City,
carrying holiday and other travelers. An explosive device, using a sophisticated timedelay fuse, had been concealed in a portable radio in luggage originating in Malta and
transfered to the flight in Frankfurt, Germany. This exploded in a cargo hold after the
747's departure from London, with the aircraft rapidly disintegrating due to the damage to
the fuselage. All 259 aboard were killed, including 189 Americans. The mid-section of
the plane impacted the ground in Lockerbie, Scotland, destroying several buildings and
killing 11 more people and injuring 12. An intensive investigation eventually identified
two Libyan suspects; the Libyan government was implicated by evidence including the
timer used in the bomb. In 2004 Libya settled claims stemming from the bombing. [15]
Fatalities: 270.
19 September 1989--A French UTA passenger DC-10 was destroyed in mid-air over
Niger by the explosion of a luggage bomb at 2:00 PM. While en route from N'Djanen,
Chad, to Paris, the bomb exploded in the cargo area, causing the plane to break up and
crash near Bilma, Niger, 46 minutes after takeoff. The bomber is believed to be a man
from Congo who deboarded at N'Djanen, but Libyan state involvement is also suspected.
[16] Fatalities: 171.
27 November 1989--A bomb exploded aboard a Colombian Avianca Boeing 727
passenger jet departing Bogota, Columbia, en route to Cali, at 7:16. Exploding 5 minutes
after takeoff in a passenger seat, the bomb ignited fuel vapors and caused the plane to
crash, killing all 107 aboard as well as 3 on the ground. The bomb was planted by
members of the Medellin drug cartel, led by Pablo Escobar who was charged by the U.S.
in August 1992. The bomb may have been supplied by Islamic terrorists, based on
similarities to the one that destroyed Pam American Flight 103. Five passengers were
informants who had been targeted by the drug cartel. Two Americans were among those
killed. [17] Fatalities: 110.
3 August 1990--Tamil LTTE guerrillas attacked two mosques in Kathankudy, Sri Lanka.
While Muslims were in the two mosques for daily prayer, the guerillas surrounded both
mosques, one occupied by about 300, the other by about 40. The attackers fired through
the windows and used other weapons. About 109 were killed immediately with another
31 later reportedly dying of injuries; another 70 were injured. The attacks were part of a
series of attacks on Muslims in the area over a period of about a week, killing a total of
about 300. [18] Fatalities: 140.
13 August 1990--Tamil LTTE guerrillas attacked a mosque in Eravur, Sri Lanka, using
automatic weapons and other weapons. About 122 were killed, with reports of another 36
missing and 43 injured. [19] Fatalities: 122.

2 October 1990--A Chinese Boeing 737 was hijacked and crashed during landing in
Guangzhou (Canton), PRC, about 9:15 AM. During a flight from Xiamen to Guangzhou,
a young man claimed to have explosives and demanded the pilot fly to the Republic of
China (Taiwan), clearing the other flight crew from the cockpit. The pilot circled the
Baiyin airport near Guangzhou, failing to convince the hijacker that fuel was insufficient
to reach the ROC. Apparently as the pilot finally attempted an emergency landing at
Baiyin, the hijacked wrestled for control of the aircraft. Upon touching down the 737
swerved into two other aircraft on the ground, a Boeing 707 and a Boeing 757, both
China Southwest Airlines. The 737 overturned, killing 84 of 104 aboard; another 48 were
killed on the 757. Those killed included 30 from the Republic of China. A total of 49
were injured. [20] Fatalities: 132.
12 March 1993--A series of bombings occurred in Bombay, India. At 1:30 PM a
powerful car bomb exploded in the basement of the Mumbai Stock Exchange building in
Bombay, India. The 28-story office building housing the exchange was set on fire and
many nearby office buildings were also severely damaged. About 50 were killed by this
explosion. Thirty minutes later, another car bomb exploded elsewhere in Bombay, and
from 1:30 PM to 3:50 PM a total of 13 bombs exploded throughout the city of Bombay.
All the bombs used RDX explosive; most were car bombs, while some were in scooters.
A bomb on a bus killed 80. Three hotels were struck by suitcase bombs left in rooms
booked by the terrorists: Hotel Sea Rock, Hotel Juhu Centaur, and Hotel Airport Centaur
(this bomb at 3:50 PM killed 2). Other targets included banks, government offices, an
airline office (Air-India Building), and a major shopping complex. Specific sites struck
included Zaveri Bazar, Century Bazar, Katha Bazar, Shiv Sena Bhawan, Plaza Theatre,
Nair Hospital, J. J. Hospital, and Bombay University. The jeep-bomb at the Century
Bazar exploded prematurely, foiling a plot by the departing group of terrorists to conduct
an additional attack with automatic weapons. The bombing at Shiv Sena Bhawan caused
no injuries. Hand grenades were thrown at Sahar International Airport and at Fishermen's
Colony, apparently targeting Hindus at the latter.
Official casualty counts were 257 killed and 713 injured; other sources reported 317
killed and 1,400 injured. Two days later a pair of unexploded bombs were found and
defused near a rail station. A local Muslim organized crime family was blamed; the
Indian government has concluded that Pakistan is sheltering some of those responsible.
By April 88 had been arrested; on 30 June 1995 India placed 124 accused conspirators on
trial, eventually trying about 200; on 20 February 2003 India arrested two more men
accused of being gang leaders behind the attack. [21] Fatalities: 317.
22 September 1993--About 6:30 PM a Transair Georgian Airlines Tu-154B was hit by a
missile while on approach to Sukhumi, Georgia. The aircraft crashed on the runway,
killing 106 of 132 aboard. The missile was fired by Abkhazian rebels. [22] Fatalities: 106.
19 April 1995--At 9:02 AM a explosion from a truck bomb caused the partial collapse of
the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The explosion
resulted from a 2,000-kg ammonium nitrate/fuel oil bomb in a truck parked in front of the
building. The 168 killed included 15 children in a day care center on the second floor, 30
visitors (including 4 more children), one person outdoors, and 3 people in nearby

buildings. Injuries numbered 675, including 166 in the Murrah building, 413 in nearby
buildings, 60 outdoors, and 36 in unknown locations. One rescue worker also died of
injuries sustained during recovery efforts.
Timothy McVeigh was arrested 30 km away at 9:10 AM on a traffic violation and
charged with the bombing on April 21. McVeigh held anti-government views and choose
the target as a federal building with a BATF office on the second anniversary of the
federal raid on the Branch Davidian compound in Waco, Texas. Outside experts have
questioned some conclusions of federal investigators and argue that demolition charges
would have had to have been emplaced within the building. [23] Fatalities: 169.
14 June 1995--About 75 Chechen guerrillas entered Budennovsk, Russia, and attacked a
police station, killing 42. The guerrillas then seized a hospital and took about 1,600
hostages. The terrorists killed 5 hostages on 14 June and 6 on 15 June (including 2 police
offiers). While about 400 hostages were released, Russian troops surrounded the hospital
and made two unsuccessful assaults over the next few days. These assaults freed about
200 hostages but resulted in many civilian casualties, most from a resulting fire in the
hospital. A deal was eventually negotiated with the guerrillas under which they were
permitted to return to Chechnya on 19 April with about 200 hostages, mostly women and
children, who were released at the Chechen border. Those killed include 18 policemen,
17 Russian servicemen, 94 Russian civilians, and about 14 terrorists; 415 civilians and 20
Russian troops were injured. [24] Fatalities: 143.
(Note: the 17 July 1996 mid-air explosion of TWA 800 off Long Island, New York, which
killed 230, has been ruled accidental by the U.S. government; some outsiders maintain
that terrorism cannot be ruled out. [25])
23 November 1996--An Ethiopian Boeing 767 passenger jet flying from Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia, to Nairobi, Kenya, crashed during a hijacking. The three hijackers, male, are
believed to have been Ethiopians and were drunk. The pilot was instructed to fly to
Australia but did not have enough fuel and was denied permission to land to refuel. The
pilot brought the plane down a few hundred meters off a resort beach at Moroni in the
Comoros Islands off Africa. The hijackers may have fought for control of the aircraft
during descent, contributing to the crash during ditching. People on the beach were able
to rescue 48 of the 175 aboard the plane. All the hijackers were believed killed. [26]
Fatalities: 127.
29 August 1997--Attacks on civilians at Hais Rais and Sidi Moussa, Algeria, killed 238.
[27] Fatalities: 238.
22 September 1997--An attack on civilians at Ben Talha, Algeria, killed 277. [28]
Fatalities: 277.
30 December 1997--An attack on civilians at Ami Moussa, Algeria, killed 272. [29]
Fatalities: 272.

4 January 1998--Attacks at Had Chekala, Remka, and Ain Tarik, Algeria, killed 172.
[30] Fatalities: 172.
11 January 1998--Attacks on a movie theater and mosque at Sidi Hamed, Algeria, killed
at least 103 and injured 70. [31] Fatalities: 103.
7 August 1998--Two U.S. embassies in Africa were bombed. In the morning a truck
carrying what may have been a 500-kg TNT charge was turned away from the front of the
U.S. embassy in Nairobi, Kenya. It was then driven to an alley behind the embassy
building where it was detonated, following an exchange of gunfire, at 10:30 AM. The
Ufundi Building, an office building adjacent to (but unaffiliated with) the U.S. embassy
collapsed. Most of the 291 deaths were in that building; 12 Americans in the embassy
were killed. Injuries throughout the neighboring blocks totaled 4,877 (including the U.S.
ambassador and 5 other Americans), with about 560 serious injuries.
At 10:39 AM, a truck with a similar bomb was confronted by guards outside the U.S.
embassy in Dar es Saalam, Tanzania. Access was blocked by a water truck so the bomb
was detonated outside the compound. All 12 killed there were Tanzanians. Another 77
were injured, including 1 American. Although the vehicle was outside the perimeter fence
the embassy building was severely damaged. The water truck was thrown into the
compound and the body of one occupant was never found, prompting speculation that
this vehicle was involved. The subsequent investigation concluded the attack was the
work of Al Qaeda, a state-supported Islamist terrorist group led by Osama bin Laden.
[32] Fatalities: 303.
13 September 1999--At 5:00 a bomb exploded in the Kashirskoye Shosse apartment
building in Moscow, Russia, killing 130 and injuring 150. Explosive had been placed in a
rented room in the building. The explosion was one of four similar attacks on apartment
bombings in a period of 12 days: the others occured on 4 Sept. (62 killed), 10 Sept. (92
killed), and 16 Sept. (17 killed), bringing a total of 301 fatalities for the four attacks. The
Russian prime minister initially attributed the attack to terrorists from the republic of
Chechnya. [33] Fatalities: 130.
31 October 1999--An Egypt Air Boeing 767 crashed off the coast of Massachusetts after
departing New York City bound for Cario. The crash occurred at 1:52 AM, 33 minutes
after takeoff near Nantucket Island. U.S. authorities have concluded that the Egyptian
relief first officer intentional crashed the aircraft. Flight data suggests that he shut off the
engines and put the aircraft into a steep dive; a second crewmember unsuccessfully
struggled for control of the aircraft, which broke apart from aerodynamic stresses and
crashed. [34] Fatalities: 217.
10 August 2001--Rebels derail and attack a train 130 km southeast of Luanda, Angola.
The train was derailed by a planted bomb and set on fire, after which Unita rebels
attacked the train. At least 152 were reportedly killed and 146 injured. [35] Fatalities:
152.

11 September 2001--Four jetliners on domestic flights from northeastern U.S. airports

were hijacked and crashed, three into buildings. Four or five hijackers aboard each
aircraft used utility knives to subdue the crew, with a hijacker with flight training taking
control of each aircraft. At 8:46 AM American Flight 11 was flown into floors 94 to 99 of
the World Trade Center's north tower in New York City. At 9:03 AM United Flight 175
was flown into floors 78 to 84 of the Center's south tower. Both crashes resulted in fires
which eventually weakened the towers' structural steel, causing the complete collapse of
the south tower at 10:05 AM and the north tower at 10:28 AM. Most people not trapped
by the fires had been evacuated from the towers at that point; however, hundreds of
police officers and firefighters were in the towers. The World Trade Center collapse
caused fires and/or collapses of several nearby buildings, particularly World Trade Center
7 at 5:20 PM.
At 9:43 AM American Flight 77 was flown into the Pentagon in Alexandria, Virginia,
causing a fire and partial collapse of a limited section at 10:10 AM. This killed 125
Pentagon personnel, injured 200, and killed all 64 aboard the aircraft, including 5
terrorists. The section of the Pentagon that was struck was being renovated, contributing
to the low casualty count. Passengers on the fourth jetliner, United Flight 93, learned of
these events via cellular phones and attacked the hijackers; this aircraft crashed into a
field in Somerset county, south central Pennsylvania, killing all 45 aboard (including 4
terrorists), at 10:10 AM. The hijackers of this plane are believed to have intended to strike
a site in Washington, DC, most likely the Capitol Building.
Fatalities due to the Trade Center strikes remain uncertain at 2,759 dead; another 43
missing could not be conclusively linked to the World Trade Center site. These figures
include 343 firefighters, 60 police officers, 158 aboard the two aircraft, and 2,235
workers and visitors at the Trade Center. Fatalities aboard the aircraft include 88
passengers and crew on American Flight 11, 60 passengers and crew on United Flight
175, and 5 terrorists on each plane. Total fatalities at the Trade Center site include several
hundred citizens of foreign countries: 27 were foreign residents (11 of the UK); 568 were
born abroad. Foreigners included individuals from the United Kingdom, India, Columbia,
Pakistan, Israel, and Puerto Rico. Another 8,700 were injured, of whom 6,391 received
treatment. The attacks were conducted by Al Qaeda with the operation overseen by
Osama bin Laden. The United States subsequently assisted opposition forces in
Afghanistan in the overthrown of its Taliban ruling party, which has sheltered Al Qaeda.
[36] Fatalities: 2,993.
12 October 2002--A small homemade bomb exploded in front of a nightclub in Kuta, on
the Indonesian island of Bali. A few seconds later, at 11:30 PM, a large bomb in a Jeeplike vehicle exploded in front of another nightclub 30 meters from the first bomb. The
explosion severely damaged the nightclub and started a fire, causing gas cylinders inside
the building to explode and the collapse of the remaining structure onto survivors. The
fire spread to a nearby club and 20 other buildings. A few minutes after these explosions
a bomb exploded near the American honorary consulate in Denpasar but caused no
injuries. Fatalities were reported as 180 by 12 October, but eventually rose to 202 as
additional victims died of injuries. This included 88 Australians (of which 3 were
children), 38 Indonesians, 26 Britons, 9 Swedes, 7 Americans, 6 Germans, 4 Dutch, 3
Danes, 3 French, 3 Swiss citizens, 2 Canadians, 2 Japanese, 2 New Zealanders, 2 South

Koreans, and 1 each from Brazil, Ecuador, Italy, Singapore, South Africa, Taiwan, and
one other country. Another 350 were injured. In the following weeks, Indonesian
authorities arrested members of a radical Islamist group, some of whom indicated that
they had sought to target American tourists. Several of these individuals went to trial in
May 2003. [37] Fatalities: 202.
26 October 2002--Many hostages and terrorists were killed during attempted rescue of
hostages in the Nord-Ost theater in Moscow, Russia. On 23 October 41 Chechen
terrorists stormed a theater during performance of a popular play, taking about 800
hostages, including 75 foreigners. About 100 people in the theater were able to escape in
the first few minutes, but one woman was shot and killed by the terrorists and another
person was injured. The terrorists demanded the withdrawal of Russian forces from
Chechnya and released about 50 children and Muslim adults. One police officer was shot
and killed during the standoff. The terrorists set a deadline at dawn 26 Oct. and killed two
hostages as the deadline approached.
Russian counterterrorist forces pumped an incapacitating gas (fentanyl) into the
theater to induce unconsciousness before storming the theater shortly before the deadline.
All the terrorists were shot and killed, but not before shooting and killing two more
hostages. The fentanyl-based gas killed 124 hostages: some died immediately due to the
combined effect of the gas with medical conditions or vomited and suffocated while
unconscious; others died in hospitals over the next few days from complications
including liver poisoning. Hostages killed included 9 non-Russians: 1 from Armenia, 1
from Austria, 1 from Azerbaijan, 1 from Belarus, 1 from Kazakhstan, 1 from the
Netherlands, 2 from the Ukraine, and 1 from the U.S. In total, 129 hostages died and 653
were rescued. Of those rescued, 501 had been treated and released by 31 October; about
40 were seriously injured, but some were readmitted later. [38] Fatalities: 170.
29 August 2003--At about 2:00 PM, twin car bombs exploded outside the Imam Ali
shrine in Najaf, Iraq, killing 125 (although reports vary; some report only 83 to 94 killed).
An estimated 700 kg of explosives was used, ordnance left over from the Hussein regime.
Among those killed was Ayatollah Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim, a Shiite leader. About
500 were injured. Four men, two Saudis and two Iraqis, were arrested shortly after the
explosion, and another 15 were arrested in the next two days, including 6 Palestinians and
other foreigners; initial reports link those arrested to Al Quaeda. [39] Fatalities: 125.
1 February 2004--At about 11:00 AM, two suicide bombings in Irbil, Iraq, killed 109
and injured at least 240. One attack struck a crowd outside the offices of the Patriotic
Union of Kurdistan, the other struck the offices of the Kurdistan Democratic Party. Each
bombing was carried out by an individual with explosives strapped to his body. [40]
Fatalities: 109.
21 February 2004--Terrorists attacked a refugee camp in northern Uganda, killing 239
and injuring 60. The group, the Lord's Resistance Army, drove off the camp's militia and
then set fire to huts. Most of those killed were civilians hiding in huts set ablaze. [41]
Fatalities: 239.

27 February 2004--A bomb exploded on a ferry en route from Manila to Bacolod,

Philippines, causing a fire. The bomb, a 4 kg of TNT planted inside a television, exploded
shortly before 1:00 AM local time, about 2 hours into the voyage, while many passengers
were sleeping. Of 900 people aboard, at least 118 were killed and 9 injured. The Abu
Sayyaf group claimed responsibility; the group had previously demanded $1 million in
protection money from the shipowners. The Philippine government initially attributed the
fire to accidental causes. Two group members were arrested in March, and four others
were later arrested. The government did not acknowledge a bombing as the source of the
fire until November. [42] Fatalities: 118.
2 March 2004--Multiple suicide bombings at two locations in Iraq killed 188 and injured
430 (casualty figures remain uncertain, with reported fatalities ranging from 140 to 271),
in both cases at about 10:00 AM. Three suicide bombers attacked a shrine at Kadhimiya,
a suburb of Baghdad, killing 67 and injuring 200. Another suicide bomber struck a shrine
in Karbala, killing 121 and injuring 230. Crowds celebrating the Shia festival of Ashura
were targeted in both locations. The attacks may have involved the participation of
individuals from Iran. Between 29 and 40 of those killed were Iranian pilgrims. [43]
Fatalities: 188.
11 March 2004--Multiple bombings on trains in Madrid, Spain, killed 191 and injured
1,876 during morning rush hour. At 7:39 AM four bombs exploded on a train approaching
Atocha station, killing at least 59, while three bombs exploded on a train inside the
station, killing at least 30. Two bombs exploded on a double-decker train at El Pozo
station at 7:41 AM, killing at least 70. At 7:43 AM one explosion on a train at Santa
Eugenia station killed at least 17. Police defused three more bombs hidden in backpacks.
Reported figures included 192 dead as of 12 March; one infant died of injuries on 12
March and one person on 13 March. The death toll was revised from 202 to 190 on 23
March, and rose to 191 in early April; of those, 13 died in hospitals of wounds. Those
killed included 47 foreign citizens, including 8 from Romania, 5 from Ecuador, 4 from
Poland, 3 from Columbia, 3 from Peru, 3 from Morocco, 2 from the Dominican Republic,
2 from Honduras, and 1 each from Bulgaria, France, Cuba, Chile, and Guinea. Some
authorities quickly blamed Basque seperatists, although such an attack is inconsistent
with their past actions. However, a few days later five foreigners were arrested in
connection to the attacks. [44] Fatalities: 191.
24 June 2004--Multiple bombings in Iraq killed 103 and injured 324. In Mosul at least
four car bombs exploded at targets including the Wadi Hajar police station and location in
the al-Wakhas district. Terrorists also engaged in gun battles in Mosul. Other targets there
included the Iraqi policy academy, a second police station, and the al-Jumhuri hospital.
One U.S. soldier was killed and others injured. In Baquba near Baghdad armed men
attacked a police station with assault rifles and rocket-propelled grenades. Casualties
there numbered 13 killed and 15 wounded (including 2 U.S. soldiers killed and 7
injured). A similar attack on a police station in Ramadi killed 7 and injured 13; additional
groups of terrorists attacked other targets there and in Falluja killing 13 and injuring 2. A
U.S. Cobra helicopter was shot down in Falluja but there were no casualties. In Baghdad

proper a car bomb killed 8 and injured 13; those killed included 4 members of Iraq's
national guard. [45] Fatalities: 103.
3 September 2004--A standoff involving hundreds of hostages held by Chechen terrorists
at a school in Beslan, North Ossetia, Russia, ended with heavy casualties. On 1
September at 8:30 AM about 32 terrorists (reportedly Chechens and at least 10 Arabs)
burst into Beslan School Number One at the conclusion of ceremonies opening the school
year and opened fire in the school courtyard. One male parent and one terrorist were
killed during the takeover. About 1,181 hostages, including about 855 children, about 60
teachers, and about 266 parents and others, were forced into the school gymnasium.
Adults were then forced to extract explosives and weapons placed under the gymnasium's
floor during the summer. At 10:50 AM the terrorists threatened to blow up the school if it
were stormed, placing children at windows as human shields. Two cars that approached
the school were attacked with grenade launchers; at least one driver was killed. About 12
adult males were taken to the second floor and shot, with one more escaping with injuries
by jumping out a window. Another person was killed outside the school and two died in
hospitals. About 8 were killed, including injured hostages taken from the gymnasium and
shot (one child and the remainder adults). Reportedly at some point during the day two
female terrorists blew themselves up in school hallways, killing a number of male
hostages; other information suggests that the group's leader remotely detonated the two
terrorists explosives to deal with dissent among the terrorists. The terrorists requested a
specific negotiator with whom they talked from 12:30 AM to 2:00 AM on 2 Sept., when
the terrorists ended negotiations. The terrorists negotiated with a former president of
Ingushetia region at noon and released 30 women and children at 3:40 PM. The terrorists
refused to accept food and water for the hostages, however, who resorted to drinking
urine while massed in the gymnasium; many suffered heat exhaustion and removed most
clothing.
The morning of 3 Sept. the terrorists agreed to allow an emergency vehicle to remove
bodies of those killed two days earlier, and about noon the vehicle approached the school.
As the vehicle was withdrawing, a bomb in the gym fell and exploded, prompting the
terrorists to shoot and kill two emergency workers outside. Some hostages fled the
building, drawing fire from the terrorists. Russian troops and local civilians fired on the
terrorists, with disorganization among the latter group. The terrorists detonated their
explosives with at least two explosions at 12:05 PM partially collapsing the gymnasium's
roof and a wall. Dozens of hostage deaths resulted from the roof collapse. At 12:14 PM
about 30 hostages escaped the school, including injured children. Some terrorists began
trying to escape at 12:46 PM, and another explosion occurred at 12:53 PM. Troops
entered the school around 1:00 PM, and hundreds of hostages fled with terrorists
continuing to shoot at them, producing many injuries. At 1:40 PM troops blasted a hole in
a wall to assist evacuation of the burning school building. Some terrorists escaped,
including some who took hostages in a house. The school was reported clear of hostages
by 2:15 PM, and at 2:25 PM troops attacked a house where 13 terrorists were believed
hiding. Explosions and gunfire continued near and within the school to at least 4:05 PM.
Most terrorists were killed in gunfire (two were killed by crowds of civilians), but some
were still firing from the school around noon and at least three were hidden in the
school's basement at 2:50 PM with child hostages. At 8:00 PM some children were still

being held hostage.

Operations were declared over at 10:40 PM, with at least one terrorist captured alive
and 30 terrorists killed; some reports claim 3 escaped. Final reports of the number killed
include 336 civilian hostages (of whom 16 died in hospitals); this includes 156 children,
19 teachers, and 161 other adult hostages, mostly parents and other relatives. In addition
2 police officers and 11 soldiers were killed. Reported injuries numbered 727 hostages,
about 18 soldiers, and at least 2 police officers. Those hospitalized peaked at 704
(including over 336 children). One survivor committed suicide shortly after 3 Sept., and
another committed suicide in early 2005. The school attack followed suicide bombings of
two airliners flying from Moscow on 25 Aug., which killed 90, and a suicide bombing in
Moscow on 31 Aug. which killed 10. [46] Fatalities: 366.
28 February 2005--A suicide car bombing occurred at 9:30 AM outside a medical clinic
in Hilla, Iraq, killed 135. The car was driven by a suicide bomber and detonated near a
clinic where hundreds of people were awaiting medical exams for government jobs,
including police jobs. Most of the casualties were among these people, although
casualties also occurred in a nearby market area. Early reports indicated 125 killed, with
the death toll later rising to 135. At least 125 were injured. [47] Fatalities: 135.
(Note: a stampede on 31 August 2005 at a Baghdad, Iraq, bridge during a religious
gathering killed 965; the reports of a suicide bomber which started the stampede were
false. [48])
14 September 2005--Multiple attacks in Baghdad, Iraq, killed 182 and injured 679.
Terrorists invaded homes in Taji before dawn, dragged people into the street, and shot 17
to death. In the Kadhimiya district about 6:30 AM a suicide bomber driving a van
attracted a group of mostly Shia workers with the promise of employment, then blew up
the vehicle, killing 114 and injuring at least 160. Later that morning in Adhmaiya,
Badhdad, gunmen killed 4 police officers. Rescuers responding to this attack were struck
by a suicide car bomber which killed 3 Iraqi soldiers and 4 police officers. About 10:00
AM a suicide bomber struck a convoy in west Baghdad, killing 3 soldiers. About 10:10
AM a suicide bomber attack in Shula, northwest Baghdad, killed 4 civilians and injured
22. At 1:22 PM an explosion occurred in downtown Baghdad, possibly targeting a US
military convoy; a subsequent exchange of gunfire with terrorists injured 14 Iraqi police
officers. About 2:00 PM two police stations in western Baghdad were attacked by
gunmen, injuring 3 police officers. A mortar attack in eastern Baghdad killed one civilian
in a car. A shooting attack killed an Iraqi army officer and injured one civilian in southern
Baghdad. At 9:55 PM a mortar attack on a market killed 2 and injured over 50. A suicide
bomber attacked a US Humvee in eastern Baghdad, injuring 2 US soldiers. Another
suicide bomber attack during the day failed to cause injuries. [49] Fatalities: 182.
5 January 2006--Over a period of an hour, bombings occurred in three Iraqi cities. About
10:00 AM a bomber wearing a vest loaded with about 9 kg of explosives, several
grenades, and ball bearings blew himself up between two shrines in Karbala. The
bombing took place about 30 meters from one shire in an area frequented by pedestrians
and street vendors. At least 63 were killed and 143 injured; 5 Iranian pilgrims were

among those killed. Also about 10:00 AM a roadside bombing killed 5 U.S. soldiers in
Baghdad. At 10:55 AM in Ramadi a bomber blew himself up in a group of 1,000
applicants for employment with the police. About 56 were killed and 60 injured. [50]
Fatalities: 124.
11 July 2006--Multiple bombs exploded during evening rush hour on commuter trains in
and near Mumbai, India. Eight explosions occurred on trains over a period of 11 minutes
beginning at 6:24 PM, spread 30 km through the western suburbs of Mumbai. The first
explosion caused limited injuries on a train near the Khar railway station in Mumbai at
6:24. Other explosions near downtown Mumbai occurred at 6:24 at Bandra station, 6:26
at Mahim, and 6:30 at Matunga. Further up the western rail line one explosion occurred
at Jogeshwari at 6:25, one at Mira Road at 6:29, and two at Borivali at 6:35. The
explosions, all in first class cars, used RDX and pencil-sized timers and were powerful
enough to significantly damage the train cars, each carrying up to 500 passengers during
rush hour. At Jogeshwai, the explosion occurred just as the train left the station, injuring
bystanders on the train platform as well; at the Matunga station, the explosion damaged
the train platform roof. The train system was quickly shut down by authorities and phone
services were disrupted, but both trains and phones were resuming operations about four
hours later. Recovery efforts were complicated by rains about an hour after the bombings.
Reports on 12 July indicate 200 killed and 714 injured. A few hours before the bombings,
8 tourists were killed and 39 tourists and others injured in grenade attacks by Islamic
terrorists in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, but there is no current indication of a link
between the attacks. [51] Fatalities: 200.
16 October 2006--A terrorist drove a truck loaded with explosives into a military convoy
near Habarana, Sri Lanka. About 340 navy personnel on leave were at the site in a
convoy of 24 buses when a suicide bomber drove a truck into the convoy and detonated
an explosive charge. Of 103 killed, 98 died at the site, 4 died en route to hospitals, and 1
had died in a hospital in Anuradhapura through 16 Oct.; another 150 were injured. Some
casualties, as many as few dozen, are believed to be civilians, including tea vendors, who
were present at the site. [52] Fatalities: 103.
23 November 2006--Multiple bombings took place in Sadr City, a Shia sector of
Baghdad, Iraq. At least three car bombs exploded over a period of minutes, one at a busy
square, one at a food market, and one near a bus stop. At least 202 were killed and about
250 injured. A short time later, a dozen mortars struck the Sunni Adhamiya district,
injuring 10. [53] Fatalities: 202.
22 January 2007--Multiple bombings took place in and near Baghdad, Iraq. Shortly after
12:00 a car bomb explode in the Haraj clothes market in Baghdad, followed seconds later
by a car bomb driven into the crowd by a suicide bomber; 88 were killed and 160 injured.
About 17:00 in a market in Baquba, a bomb hidden in a vegetable cart exploded and was
followed by a mortar attack; 12 were killed and 26 injured. Another mortar attack in
Baghdad killed one. [54] Fatalities: 101.

3 February 2007--A massive truck bomb was detonated in a Baghdad Shia market place.
The fuel truck used carried about one ton of explosives and was detonated in the Sadriyah
market around dusk, when the market was crowded with shoppers before curfew.
Eyewitness accounts claim the truck was detonated by a suicide bomber; official accounts
claim the truck was parked and remotely detonated. The market was an open-air market
in a narrow street between buildings; consequently, the blast was partially funnelled
along the street. Two buildings were destroyed and another ten buildings collapsed. As of
4 February casualties numbered 137 killed and at least 334 injured, with some of those
injured not expected to survive. [55] Fatalities: 137.
6 March 2007--Two suicide bombers attacked pilgrims in Hilla, and 12 other attacks
were made against Shi'ite pilgrims. The two bombings killed 105, and 32 were killed in
the other attacks; a total of 310 were injured. [56] Fatalities: 137.
27 March 2007--Two truck bombs exploded in Tal Afar, killing 152 and injuring 347.
[57] Fatalities: 152.
18 April 2007--Multiple bombings occurred in Baghdad, Iraq. About 4:00 PM a car
bomb was left and detonated at the same Shia market place struck in February; it was
detonated at the Sadriya market entrance, outside new concrete barriers, just as
construction workers rebuilding the market were leaving for the day. Many were killed in
vehicles that were set on fire outside the market. As of 19 April casualties were reported
as 140 killed and 150 injured, including many women and children. Three other
bombings occurred that afternoon: a suicide car bombing at about 3:00 PM at a Sadr City
checkpoint killed 35 and injured at least 27; a car bomb at a private Karrada hospital
killed 11 and injured 12; and a minibus bomb killed 2 and injured 8 in Al-Shurja. A bomb
exploded on a minibus in Rusafa, killing 2 and injuring 5. A suicide car bomber struck a
police patrol in Uaireej, south of Baghdad, killing 2 police officers and the bomber and
injuring 2 officers and 2 civilians. Total casualties are at least 193 killed and 197 injured.
[58] Fatalities: 193.
3-10 July 2007--Militants seized the Red Mosque in Islamabad, Pakistan, on 3 July.
Army troops surrounded the mosque on 4 July, and from 4-10 July about 1100 hostages
and some militants left the mosque, including about 437 women and children on 4 July
and 28 women on 10 July. Troops assaulted the compound on 10 July. Total fatalities
included 91 militants (including 1 woman), 10 soldiers, and 1 police officer. [59]
Fatalities: 102.
7 July 2007--Multiple bombings killed about 182 and injured 200. The first suicide
bombing north of Baghdad killed over 20; the second, in a market in Armili at 9:30 AM,
killed more than 140 with 20 more missing (including 25 children and 40 women) and
injured 270. [60] Fatalities: 182.
14 August 2007--Multiple truck bombings in Al-Qataniyah and Al-Adnaniyah, Iraq,
killed and injured hundreds. Four truck bombs reportedly carrying 2 tons of explosives
were set off within minutes of each other in the two small villages, targeting members of

the Yazidi sect in northern Iraq. Early reports said the trucks were gas tankers, but later
reports indicated they were garbage trucks driven into the two villages and announced to
be carrying food rations; after crowds gathered around the trucks, they were detonated.
Hundreds of clay houses were destroyed, burying many victims. Both villages were
largely destroyed, with 1,000 houses destroyed and 500 damaged. On 17 August the
Sinjar governor reported that 344 were known dead, with 400 injured and 70 others
missing. Subsequent estimates of the number of fatalities ranged from 360 to 500. On 21
August the Iraqi Red Crescent Society reported that between 500 and 525 were killed and
1,500 injured, of which perhaps 300 were injured seriously. Of 300 patients transported to
Sinjar, all had been taken home by relatives by 21 August, most fearing for their safety;
15 remained hospitalized at Tal Afar. [61] Fatalities: 520.
18 October 2007--Bombings occurred in a crowd greeting the former prime minister of
Pakistan in Karachi, Pakistan. Former prime minister Benazir Bhutto, a target of Islamic
militants, was in a motorcade moving slowly through crowds from an airport to the center
of Karachi. As the convoy approached a bridge, the streetlights were out. A terrorist threw
a grenade near the convoy; after the grenade exploded, he attempted to approach Bhutto's
vehicle before detonating 15-20 kg of explosives. This larger explosion occurred a few
meters from Bhutto's vehicle, setting a police escort van on fire, and breaking windows in
Bhutto's truck. Bhutto was reportedly uninjured, but 50 of her security guards were
killed. Two police vehicles were destroyed. Casualties, which included some children,
were being treated at six hospitals, with 139 killed (plus the terrorist) and 540 injured as
of 20 October. [62] Fatalities: 137.
17 February 2008--A suicide bombing at a dogfighting festival in Kandahar,
Afghanistan, kills over 100. A suicide bomber detonated a bomb in a group of about 500
men gathered in a field about 15 km west of the center of Kandahar city. The attack killed
police commander Abdul Hakim Jan (who may have been targeted by the bomber) along
with 10-50 other police officers. Total reported deaths were 105-125, of whom perhaps
80 died immediately with about 20 dying of injuries by the following day; at least 65
more were injured. [63] Fatalities: 105.
26-29 November 2008--Armed terrorists conducted multiple attacks on sites in Mumbai,
India, before taking hostages at three locations in a two-day seige. At least 10 terrorists
took over a fishing boat, killing at least one on the boat, and used the boat to approach
Mumbai. The terrorists came ashore in two small boats, reaching Cuffe Parade about
20:30 and dispersing in groups of 2-4 to attack several locations in downtown Mumbai.
About 21:30 two terrorists attacked Cafe Leopold with automatic weapons, killing or
injuring at least 13. Two other gunmen attacked the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus train
station with automatic weapons and grenades, killing at least 41 including 3 police
officers. These two then attacked the Cama Hospital, killing at least 2 hospital guards and
one police officer in the hospital, then surprising and killing several police officers in an
SUV between the Cama Hospital and adjacent Gokuldas Tejpal Hospital, including H.
Karkare, head of Maharashtra's Anti-Terrorist Squad. They took the SUV and fled about
21:45, engaging in random shooting and trading vehicles before encountering a police
roadblock near Chowpatty Beach where they killed one officer and injured another before

police killed one terrorist and captured the other. About 21:30 another pair of terrorists
attacked the Nariman House including the Jewish Chabad Lubavitch outreach center,
killing one and taking others hostage; they also tossed a grenade at a nearby gas station
and shot several people in the area attracted to the commotion. Five hostages at the
Chabad center were later killed. A taxi exploded north of downtown at Vile Parle; it was
not immediately clear if the taxi driver had been aware of the bomb.
About 21:45 two gunmen entered the Oberoi-Trident hotel, killing several staff and
guests and taking others captive. At the same time four gunmen attacked the Taj Mahal
Palace hotel. At both hotels gun battles between terrorists and police developed over the
next few hours, with the terrorists roaming the hotels and killing or taking more hostages;
hundreds of guests and staff were trapped in the hotels hiding or taken captive. Multiple
explosions occurred at both hotels and fires broke out at the Taj Mahal Palace, set by the
terrorists. At 07:30 on 28 November Indian commandoes entered the Nariman House,
gaining control of the site about 18:00 but finding 8 hostages dead. Indian authorities
reported taking full control of the Oberoi hotel at 11:00 on 28 November and the Taj
Mahal Palace at 07:30 on 29 November. Fatalities at the two hotels were at least 32 and
51, respectively. On 3 December explosives left by the terrorists at the Chhatrapati
Shivaji terminal were found and defused. Indian authorities have blamed the attack on
Pakistani terrorists.
A total of 174 were reported killed, including 14 Indian police, 6 Indian soldiers, 22
foreigners, 123 Indian civilians, and 9 terrorists. Foreigners included 6 Americans, 3
Germans, 3 Israelis, 2 Canadians, 2 French, and one citizen each of Australia, China,
Italy, Japan, Mauritius, Singapore, Thailand, and the United Kingdom (total of 22
foreigners may represent some of the preceding with dual citizenship). One terrorist was
captured. Some early figures based on reports from hospitals cited 900 injured;
subsequently Indian authorities reported 295-370 or 327 injured, including 23 foreigners
and at least 12 Indian police officers. [64] Fatalities: 174.

Sources (list under construction):

1. The New York Times, 14 Dec. 1921.
2. The New York Times, 17 April 1925, p. 20:1; 18 April 1925, p. 1:2; 19 April 1925,
p. 1:8; 20 April 1925, p. 1:7; 23 April 1925, p. 1:2.
3. "Accident Database," [Link], on line
[[Link] "ASN Aircraft Hijacking
description 18 May 1973," Aviation Safety Network, on line [[Link] Oberg, James E., Uncovering Soviet
Disasters: Exploring the Limits of Glasnost, 1988, Random House (New York,
NY).
4. "Accident Database," [Link], on line
[[Link]
5. The New York Times, 21 Aug. 1978, p. 20; 22 Aug. 1978, p. 45; 23 Aug. 1978, p.
79; "Selected (Fire-)Bombings and Assault Cases: Incidents involving more than

100 fatalities," 2004, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, on line
[[Link]
6. Benjamin, Daniel, and Steven Simon, The Age of Sacred Terror, 2002, Random
House (New York, NY), pp. 87-90; Daly, John C. K., "Terror in the holy city:
analyzing the Al-Qaida attacks in Mecca," 26 Nov. 2003, Jamestown Project, on
line [[Link]
volume_id=397&issue_id=2898&article_id=]; MIPT, "Other group attacked
religious figures/institutions target (Nov. 20, 1979, Saudi Arabia)," 2001, MIPT,
on line [[Link] World Almanac and Book
of Facts 2005, 2004, World Almanac Books (New York, NY), p. 168.
7. "Accident Database," [Link], on line
[[Link]
8. Bodansky, Yossef, Target America: Terrorism in the U.S. Today, 1993, SPI (New
York, NY); Dobson, Christopher, and Ronald Payne, The Never-Ending War:
Terrorism in the 80's, 1987, Facts on File (New York, NY).
9. The New York Times, 15 May 1985, p. I 9:1; 16 May 1985, p. I 8:3; 19 May 1985,
p. I 12:3; U.S. DOS, Patterns of Global Terrorism 1985, Oct. 1986, on line at
MIPT [[Link]
10. "Accident Database," [Link], on line
[[Link] Dobson, Christopher, and Ronald
Payne, The Never-Ending War: Terrorism in the 80's, 1987, Facts on File (New
York, NY); The New York Times, 24 June 1985, pp. I 1:4, I 10:1; 26 June 1985, p.
I 1:5; 27 June 1985, pp. I 14:5, I 15:1.
11. The New York Times, 20 Apr. 1987, p. I 1:4.
12. The New York Times, 21 Apr. 1987, p. I 8:4; 22 Apr. 1987, p. I 1:2; 23 Apr. 1987,
p. I 14:1; 25 Apr. 1987, p. I 5:4.
13. "Accident Database," [Link], on line
[[Link] Dobson, Christopher, and Ronald
Payne, The Never-Ending War: Terrorism in the 80's, 1987, Facts on File (New
York, NY).
14. APELL, "Disasters by Category," 25 Sep. 2001, United Nations Environment
Programme, on line
[[Link] Chicago
Tribune, 12 Apr. 1988, p. I 3:2; 16 Apr. 1988, p. I 4:1; "Explosions kill 52 in
Pakistan village," 3 Aug. 2003, Softcom, on line
[[Link] The New York Times, 12 Apr. 1988, pp. I 1:5, I
12:4; 17 Apr 1988, p. I 3:1; The Washington Post, 13 Apr. 1988; May 6, p. A18a.
15. "Accident Database," [Link], on line
[[Link] Mickolus, Edward F., and Susan
L. Simmons, Terrorism, 1992-1995: A Chronology of Events and a Selectively
Annotated Bibliography, 1997, Greenwood Press (Westport, CT); MIPT, "Other
group attacked airports & airlines target (Dec. 21, 1988, United Kingdom),"
MIPT, on line [[Link] The New York
Times, 29 Dec. 1988, p. I 10:3; 31 Dec. 1988, p. I 3;1; 10 Oct. 1990, p. A 1:1;

"The victims of Pan Am 103," The Pan Am 103 Crash Website, on line
[[Link]
16. "Accident Database," [Link], on line
[[Link] BBC, 8 March 1999, "Libyans
tried for French airline bombing," BBC News, on line
[[Link]
17. "Accident Database," [Link], on line
[[Link] Mickolus, Edward F., and Susan
L. Simmons, Terrorism, 1992-1995: A Chronology of Events and a Selectively
Annotated Bibliography, 1997, Greenwood Press (Westport, CT).
18. The New York Times, 5 Aug. 1990, p. I 6:1.
19. The New York Times, 13 Aug. 1990, p. A 3:4.
20. "Accident Database," [Link], on line
[[Link] Mickolus, Edward F., and Susan
L. Simmons, Terrorism, 1992-1995: A Chronology of Events and a Selectively
Annotated Bibliography, 1997, Greenwood Press (Westport, CT); The New York
Times, 3 Oct. 1990, p. A 3:1.
21. "Bombay Bomb Blast Cases," Central Bureau of Investigation (India), on line
[[Link] "Bombay Bombing Wave," Kukui Roadhouse, on
line [[Link] "A Decade After the Mumbai Blasts,"
India Travel Times, on line
[[Link] Lakdawala, M. H.,
"Serial bomb blast story," Milli Gazette, on line
[[Link] Mickolus, Edward F.,
and Susan L. Simmons, Terrorism, 1992-1995: A Chronology of Events and a
Selectively Annotated Bibliography, 1997, Greenwood Press (Westport, CT);
Nixon Center, "Study Group: Seminar on Megaterrorism," 6 Feb. 1996, Nixon
Center for Peace and Freedom, on line; Robb, "Senate Resolution 278--Relating
to Pakistan," 7 Oct. 1994, Global Security, on line
[[Link]
22. "Accident Database," [Link], on line
[[Link]
23. Hoffman, David, The Oklahoma City Bombing and the Politics of Terror, 1998,
Feral House (Venice, CA); Injury Prevention Service, Oklahoma State
Department of Health, "Investigation of Physical Injuries Directly Associated
with the Oklahoma City Bombing," on line
[[Link] Mickolus, Edward
F., and Susan L. Simmons, Terrorism, 1992-1995: A Chronology of Events and a
Selectively Annotated Bibliography, 1997, Greenwood Press (Westport, CT).
24. "Budennovsk Mourns Those Killed in Basayev Band's Attack on the City in
1995," 14 June 2001, Pravda, on line
[[Link] "Budennovsk
Terrorism Trials Continues In Stavropol," 19 Oct. 2001, Pravda, on line
[[Link] Mickolus, Edward F.,
and Susan L. Simmons, Terrorism, 1992-1995: A Chronology of Events and a

Selectively Annotated Bibliography, 1997, Greenwood Press (Westport, CT); "The

taking of hostages by Chechen terrorists," 26 Oct. 2002, Pravda, on line
[[Link]
25. "Accident Database," [Link], on line
[[Link]
26. "Accident Database," [Link], on line
[[Link] CNN, "Bizarre ordeal recounted
in Ethiopian Airlines crash," 24 Nov. 1996, CNN World News, on line
[[Link]
27. Jahanhir, Asma, 2 Feb. 2000, "Civil and political rights, including questions of:
disappearances and summary executions: Report of the Special Rapporteur, Ms.
Asma Jahanhir," Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human
Rights, on lien
[[Link]
802568BA005BF7FF/$File/[Link]?OpenElement].
28. Jahanhir, Asma, 2 Feb. 2000, "Civil and political rights, including questions of:
disappearances and summary executions: Report of the Special Rapporteur, Ms.
Asma Jahanhir," Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human
Rights, on lien
[[Link]
802568BA005BF7FF/$File/[Link]?OpenElement].
29. Jahanhir, Asma, 2 Feb. 2000, "Civil and political rights, including questions of:
disappearances and summary executions: Report of the Special Rapporteur, Ms.
Asma Jahanhir," Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human
Rights, on lien
[[Link]
802568BA005BF7FF/$File/[Link]?OpenElement].
30. BBC, 6 Jan. 1998, "EU condemns new Algerian killings," BBC News, on line
[[Link]
31. Human Rights Watch, 1999, "Algeria," Human Rights Watch, on line
[[Link] Sidhoum, SalahEddine, March 2003, "Chronologie des massacres en Algerie (1994-2002),"
Algeria Watch, on line [[Link]
32. Bodansky, Yossef, Bin Laden: The Man Who Declared War on America, 1999,
Forum (Rocklin, CA); "Report of the Accountability Review Boards on the
Embassy Bombings in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam on August 7, 1998," January
1999, FAS, on line [[Link]
"Rescue dogs find mother and son in Nairobi bomb wreckage," 10 Aug. 1998,
The Examiner, on line
[[Link]
33. International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism, "International Terrorism
Database", 2004, International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism, on line
[[Link] Pavlov, Nikolai, "Muscovites Panic After Bomb Kills
118," 15 Sept. 1999, Yahoo! News, on line
[[Link]

Saradzhyan, Simon, "After One Year, Blast Probe Still Drags On," 15 Sep. 2000,
Moscow Times, on line at CDI [[Link]
U.S. DOS, Patterns of Global Terrorism 1999, April 2000, U.S. DOS, on line
[[Link]
34. "Accident Database," [Link], on line
[[Link] NTSB, "Aircraft Accident Brief,"
13 March 2002, NTSB, on line [[Link]
35. BBC, "Rebels claim Angolan train attack," 13 Aug. 2001, BBC News, on line
[[Link]
36. Rehm, Ronald G., William M. Pitts, Howard R. Baum, David D. Evans, Kuldeep
Prasad, Kevin B. McGrattan, and Glenn P. Forney, "Initial Model for Fires in the
World Trade Center Towers (NIST Interim Report 6879)," May 2002, NIST, on
line [[Link]
37. "Bali night club bomb kills 180," 13 Oct. 2002, Guardian Unlimited, on line
[[Link] BBC, "The
Bali bombing plot," 2 Oct. 2003, BBC News, on line
[[Link] BBC, "Bali death
toll set at 202," 19 Feb. 2003, BBC News, on line
[[Link] BBC, "Dead and
missing of island tragedy," 18 Nov. 2002, BBC News, on line
[[Link] FOX/AP, "At Least 188
Killed in Bali Nightclub Bombing; 2 Americans Among Dead," 13 Oct. 2002,
Fox News, on line [[Link]
Crompton, John L., "Ocular and adnexal injuries in the Bali bombing, 12 October
2002," Sept. 2003, on line
[[Link]
alth_sep03/ADFHealth_4_2_56-[Link]]; Turnbull, Wayne, "2002 Conventional
Terrorism Chronology: Incidents Involving Sub-National Actors Resulting in
Death or Injury," 2003, Center for Non-Proliferation Studies, on line
[[Link]
38. Engleman, Eric, "Two former hostages, one relative seek compensation for last
month's Moscow theater seige," 26 Nov. 2002, AP, on line at LexisNexis; Strauss,
Julius, and Ben Aris, "Little boy sparked raid on Moscow theater," 28 Oct. 2002,
Vancouver Sun, on line at LexisNexis; "Total of 501 fomer hostages from Moscow
theater siege released from hospitals," 31 Oct. 2002, NTIS, on line at LexisNexis;
Turnbull, Wayne, "2002 Conventional Terrorism Chronology: Incidents Involving
Sub-National Actors Resulting in Death or Injury," 2003, Center for NonProliferation Studies, on line [[Link]
Wines, Michael, "Gas killed 116 Russian hostages," 28 Oct. 2002, Chattanooga
Times, on line at LexisNexis.
39. BBC, "Four arrested over Najaf bombing," 30 Aug. 2003, BBC News, on line
[[Link] CBS/AP, "Mosque Blast:
19 Al Qaeda Nabbed", 31 Aug. 2003, CBS News, on line
[[Link] CNN,
"Two held in Najaf blast suspected of al Qaeda links," 30 Aug. 2003, CNN, on
line [[Link] IBC, 2005,

The Iraq Body Count Database, on line

[[Link] Salama,
Sammy, "Possible suspects and motives for the suicide bombings in Iraq," 30
March 2004, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, on line
[[Link]
40. AP, "Three Americans escape injury in Irbil bombing," 4 Feb. 2004, Houston
Chronicle, on line
[[Link] IBC, 2005,
The Iraq Body Count Database, on line
[[Link]
41. MIPT, "Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) attacked private citizens & property target
(Feb. 21, 2004, Uganda)," 2004, MIPT, on line [[Link]
incID=18324].
42. BBC, "Bomb cause Philippine ferry fire," 11 Oct. 2004, BBC News, on line
[[Link] BBC, "Confusion over
Manila ferry dead," 1 March 2004, BBC News, on line
[[Link] Goodenough, Patrick,
"Philippines concedes terrorists caused ferry disaster," 12 Oct. 2004,
[Link], on line [[Link]
Page=%5CForeignBureaus%5Carchive%5C200410%[Link]];
MIPT, "Abu Sayyaf group (ASG) attacked transportation target (Feb. 27, 2004,
Philippines)," 2004, MIPT, on line [[Link]
incID=19885].
43. BBC, "Iran warns pilgrims to avoid Iraq," 3 March 2004, BBC News, on line
[[Link] BBC, "Iraq Shias
massacred on holy day," 2 March 2004, BBC News, on line
[[Link] BBC, "Iraqis mourn
Shia massacre dead," 3 March 2004, BBC News, on line
[[Link] Drummond, James, "Iraqi
Shias turn out to mourn their dead," 3 March 2004, Financial [Link], on line
[[Link] IBC, 2005, The
Iraq Body Count Database, on line
[[Link] Muir, Jim,
"Iran's press divided on bombings," 3 March 2004, BBC News, on line
[[Link] Salama, Sammy,
"Possible suspects and motives for the suicide bombings in Iraq," 30 March 2004,
Center for Nonproliferation Studies, on line
[[Link]
44. BBC, "Four dead in Madrid suburb blast," 3 April 2004, BBC News, on line
[[Link] BBC, "Scores still in Madrid
hospitals," 22 March 2004, BBC News, on line
[[Link] BBC, "Spain struggles to
name its dead," 15 March 2004, BBC News, on line [[Link]
BBC, "Spain's PM vows to catch bombers," 11 March 2004, BBC News, on line
[[Link] El Mundo, 12 March 2004, 14
March 2004, on line [[Link] MSNBC, "Madrid bomb death toll

lowered to 190," 23 March 2004, MSNBC, on line

[[Link]
45. BBC, "Wave of attacks hits Iraqi forces," 24 June 2004, BBC News, on line
[[Link] MIPT, "Other group
attacked police target (July 28, 2004, Iraq)," 2004, MIPT, on line
[[Link]
46. BBC, "Agony as school death toll rises," 4 Sept. 2004, BBC News, on line
[[Link] BBC, "At a glance: Russian
school siege," 3 Sept. 2004, BBC News, on line
[[Link] BBC, "Eyewitness:
hostage terror," 3 Sept. 2004, BBC News, on line
[[Link] BBC, "High death toll in
Russia siege," 3 Sept. 2004, BBC News, on line
[[Link] BBC, "Russia to launch
Beslan inquiry," 10 Sept. 2004, BBC News, on line
[[Link] CNN, "Russia seige toll tops
350," 4 Sept. 2004, CNN, on line
[[Link]
Eckel, Mike, "Death toll rises in Russia school standoff," 4 Sept. 2004, Yahoo!
News, on line [[Link]
tmpl=story&u=/ap/20040904/ap_on_re_eu/russia_school_seizure&cid=518&ncid
=716]; FOX News, "Russian hostage crisis not over," 3 Sept. 2004, FOX News,
on line [[Link] Interfax, "Beslan
hostage crisis death toll likely higher than 150--Aslakhanov," 3 Sept. 2004,
Interfax, on line [[Link]
Interfax, "FSB fighting to crush Beslan militants' last position," 3 Sept. 2004,
Interfax, on line [[Link]
Interfax, "Official puts number of Beslan hostages at over 1,000," 4 Sept. 2004,
Interfax, on line [[Link]
Interfax, "Twenty hostages killed during first 2 days," 4 Sept. 2004, Interfax, on
line [[Link] Interfax,
"Vladikavkaz hospitals accommodating 456," 3 Sept. 2004, Interfax, on line
[[Link] ITAR-TASS, "376
former hostages remain in hospital, 207 dead identified," 5 Sept. 2004, ITARTASS, on line [[Link]
ITAR-TASS, "704, including 259 children, hospitalized after Beslan tradegy," 5
Sept. 2004, ITAR-TASS, on line [[Link]
NewsID=1212066&PageNum=0]; McDonald, Marc, "Russian town bears scars of
school attack," 6 March 2005, Dallas Morning News, p. 28A; The Moscow
Times, "Hot News," 5 Sept. 2004, The Moscow Times, on line
[[Link] Ostrovsky, Simon,
"'Can we shoot the dogs?'," 3 Sept. 2004, The Moscow Times, on line
[[Link] Saradzhyan,
Simon, and Simon Ostrovskyk, "30 women and children freed in Beslan," 3 Sept.
2004, The Moscow Times, on line
[[Link] Voitova, Yana,

"Painful search for Beslan's missing," 13 Sept. 2004, The Moscow Times, p. 1, on
line at [[Link]
47. BBC, "Iraq car bombing causes carnage," 28 Feb. 2005, BBC News, on line
[[Link] BBC, "Iraqi town
protests at bomb blast," 1 March 2005, BBC News, on line
[[Link] IBC, 2005, The Iraq Body
Count Database, on line
[[Link]
48. BBC, 31 Aug. 2005, "Iraq stampede deaths near 1,000," BBC News, on line
[[Link]
49. BBC, 15 Sept. 2005, "Baghdad reels from new bombings," BBC News, on line
[[Link] BBC, 17 Sept. 2005,
"Iraqi market bombing kills many," BBC News, on line
[[Link] BBC, 14 Sept. 2005,
"Scores killed in Baghdad attacks," BBC News, on line
[[Link] BBC, 16 Sept. 2005,
"Timeline: surge of Iraq violence," BBC News, on line
[[Link]
50. BBC, 5 Jan. 2006, "Iraq suicide bomb blasts kill 120," BBC, on line
[[Link] Hernandez, Nelson, and
Saad Sarhan, 6 Jan. 2006, "Insurgents kill 140 as Iraq clashes escalate,"
Washington Post, on line [[Link] Yacoub, Sameer, 6 Jan.
2006, "Suicide bombers kill 125 in day of violence," The Scotsman, on line
[[Link]
51. BBC, 12 July 2006, "India vows bombers 'will not win'," BBC, on line
[[Link] BBC, 11 July 2006, "Scores
dead in Mumbai train bombs," BBC News, on line
[[Link] Bloomberg, 11 July 2006
"Mumbai blasts kill at least 137, injure 450" [Link], on line
[[Link]
pid=20601087&sid=a5E2vQ0bwtWw&refer=home]; Business Standard, 11 July
2006, "Mumbai blasts: WR resumes; traffic eases," Business Standard, on line
[[Link]
leftnm=11&bKeyFlag=IN&autono=2849]; Business Standard, 11 July 2006,
"Mumbai blasts: Terror on the 5:36 slow," Business Standard, on line
[[Link]
leftnm=11&bKeyFlag=IN&autono=2845]; Gentleman, Amelia, 11 July 2006,
"Train bombs in Mumbai kill 130," The Daily Star, on line
[[Link] Indian Express, 12 July
2006, "Terror Tuesday," Indian Express, on line
[[Link] Mukherjee, Krittivas, 11 July
2006, "Mumbai train blasts kill over 160," Yahoo! News, on line
[[Link]
Kk0moE3ASLoy189A7AkB;_ylu=X3oDMTBiMW04NW9mBHNlYwMlJVRPU
CUl]; NDTV, 11 July 2006, "Serial blasts rock Mumbai, 146 killed," [Link],

on line [[Link]
template=terrorstrikes&slug=Serial+blasts+rock+Mumbai
%2C+146+killed&id=19794&callid=0&category=National]; Wani, Izhar, 11 July
2006, "Eight tourists killed, 39 hurt in grenade attacks in Kashmir's main city,"
Yahoo! News, on line [[Link]
52. BBC, 16 Oct. 2006, "Sri Lanka attack causes carnage," BBC, on line
[[Link] Jayasinghe, Amal, 16 Oct.
2006, "Sri Lanka's bloodiest suicide bombing kills 103 people," Yahoo! News, on
line [[Link]
53. BBC, 24 Nov. 2006, "Baghdad Shias mourn bomb victims," BBC, on line
[[Link] BBC, 23 Nov. 2006,
"Devastating blasts hit Sadr City," BBC, on line
[[Link]
54. BBC, 22 Jan. 2007, "Scores killed in Iraq bloodshed," BBC, on line
[[Link]
55. CNN, 4 Feb. 2007, "Iraqi Interior Ministry estimates 1,000 killed in one week,"
CNN, on line [[Link]
DPA, 4 Feb. 2007, "Baghdad bombing toll rises to 137, US urges crackdown,"
,i>RxPG News, on line [[Link]
56. Reuters, 22 Aug. 2007, "Chronology--Major bombings in Iraq since 2003,"
Reuters, on line [[Link]
57. Al-Khairalla, Mussab, 1 Apr. 2007, "Deadliest bomb in Iraq war kills 152,"
Reuters, on line
[[Link] Reuters, 22
Aug. 2007, "Chronology--Major bombings in Iraq since 2003," Reuters, on line
[[Link]
58. BBC, 19 April 2007, "Iraqi PM condemns Baghdad attacks," BBC, on line
[[Link] Frayer, Lauren, 19 April
2007, "Another suicide attack hits Baghdad after bloodiest day since US surge
began," [Link], on line
[[Link] Reuters, 19 April 2007, "Deadliest attacks in
Iraq kill 170," [Link], on line [[Link]
Semple, Kirk, 19 April 2007, "Wave of bombings continues in Iraq," New York
Times, on line
[[Link]
em&ex=1177128000&en=d776424710ea6380&ei=5087%0A].
59. [[Link]
60. [[Link]
[[Link]
d_in_north_iraq_as_blast_hits_shiite_village/];
[[Link]
61. BBC, 17 Aug. 2007, "Iraq bomb death toll reaches 344," BBC News, on line
[[Link] Cave, Damien, and James

Glanz, 21 Aug. 2007, "Toll rises above 500 in Iraq bombings," International
Herald Tribune, on line
[[Link] Kemick, April, 20
Aug. 2007, "London Yazidis shocked by Iraqi suicide attack," London Free Press,
on line [[Link]
Partlow, Joshua, 17 August 2007, "Iraqi Shiites, Kurds announce new political
alliance, Washington Post, p. A18, on line at Washington Post
[[Link]
Reuters, 22 Aug. 2007, "Iraqi Red Crescent says 500 killed in Yazidi attack,"
Reuters India, on line [[Link] Reuters, 22 Aug. 2007, "Chronology--Major bombings in Iraq
since 2003," Reuters, on line
[[Link] Williams, Carol J.,
15 Aug. 2007, "Death tolll passes 250 in Iraq bombings," Los Angeles Times, on
line [[Link]
62. BBC, 19 Oct. 2007, "Bhutto points finger over blasts," BBC News, on line
[[Link] CNN, 18 Oct. 2007, "Blasts
near Bhutto's convoy kill at least 124 in Pakistan," CNN, on line
[[Link]
l?eref=yahoo]; Gall, Carlotta, 21 Oct. 2007, "Hospitals full of victims and
solidarity with Bhutto," New York Times, on line
[[Link]
_r=1&oref=slogin]; Pennington, Matthew, and Paisley Dodds, 18 Oct. 2007,
"Blasts ner Bhutto kill 126 in Pakistan," Yahoo! News, on line
[[Link] VOA News,
20 Oct. 2007, "Pakistani police release photo of suspected Bhutto motorcade
bomber," VOA News, on line [[Link]
63. AP, 18 Feb. 2008, "140 killed in 2 days of bombings, Afghanistan's deadliest span
since 2001," International Herald Tribune, on line
[[Link]
page=2]; BBC, 17 Feb. 2008, "Scores killed in Afghan bombing," BBC News, on
line [[Link] Levitz, Stephanie, 19
Feb. 2008, "Bombing targets Canadians," The Star, on line
[[Link] Shah, Taimoor, and
Carlotta Gall, 18 Feb. 2008, "At least 80 are killed in Afghan suicide bombing,"
New York Times; Smith, Graeme, 18 Feb. 2008, "Suicide bomb exacts huge toll at
Kandahar dogfight," Globe and Mail, on line
[[Link]
NStory/Afghanistan/home].
64. Barchfield, Jenny, and Ramola Talwar Badam, 29 Nov. 2008, "Indian forces kill
last gunmen in Mumbai; 195 dead," Google News, on line
[[Link]
_EI57FBkQD94ONAIG0]; BBC, 29 Nov. 2008, "Police declare Mumbai siege

over," BBC News, on line [[Link]

BBC, 29 Nov. 2008, "Troops battle to end Mumbai siege," BBC News, on line
[[Link] Chandran, Rina, and Greg
Beitchman, 29 Nov. 2008, "Commandos mop up last of Mumbai militants,"
Reuters India, on line [[Link] Menon, Meena, and Rahi Gaikwad, 3 Dec. 2008, "As
seige ends, Mumbai mourns its dead," The Hindu, on line
[[Link] Pinglay, Prachi, 29 Nov. 2008,
"Mumbai police mourn their dead," BBC News, on line
[[Link] Pleming, Sue, 29 Nov.
2008, "Five U.S. citizens dead in Mumbai, more 'at risk'," Reuters India, on line
[[Link] The
Post, 29 Nov. 2008, "Mumbai nightmare lingers on," The Post, on line
[[Link]
fbshortid=3595&bcatid=14&bstatus=Current&fcatid=14&fstatus=Current]; PTI,
3 Dec. 2008, "Explosives recovered from CST: Police," The Hindu, on line
[[Link] Reuters, 29
Nov. 2008, "India says 22 foreigners killed in Mumbai attacks," Reuters India, on
line [[Link]
Sengupta, Somini, and Keith Bradsher, 29 Nov. 2008, "India Faces Reckoning as
Terror Toll Eclipses 170," The New York Times, on line
[[Link]
Times of India, 27 Nov. 2008, "Terror attacks in Mumbai; 80 dead, over 900
injured," The Times of India, on line
[[Link]
/articleshow/[Link]]; Trofimov, Yaroslav, Geeta Anand, Peter Wongcott,
and Matthew Rosenberg, 1 Dec. 2008, "India security faulted as survivors tell of
terror," The Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A8.