ENMAX CPRS
How CPRS Works?
ENMAX CPRS
ENMAX TECHNOLOGY(SHANGHAI) CO. SHANGHAI, CHINA
Enmax CPRS
Enmax CPRS is a new technique, using dissimilar metals, to prevention
and removal of paraffin, scale and corrosion;
CPRS, Non-magnetic, non-electric, and no chemical required,
environmental friendly, is the state of art method to treat the crude oil
and industrial water;
The Enmax CPRS is comprised of nine dissimilar metals such as Cu, Zn,
and Ni, etc., which forms a special catalyst when placed in contact
with fluids
The metals act as a special catalyst to enable a change in the
electro-static potential of the fluids, inhibiting the binding forces
between particles in the fluids
Suspending solids and inhibiting the formation of scales, paraffin
and corrosion.
The metals are non-sacrificing during the reaction process
Scale
The deposit created as the thermodynamic changes of hard
water (heating or change in the pressure) is called as scale.
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and magnesium carbonate
(MgCO3) (with binders)are most common scales occurred in the
industrial water systems.
Scaling occurs when the chemistry and temperature conditions
are such that the dissolved mineral salts in the water are caused
to precipitate and form solid deposits. These can be mobile, like
a fine silt, or can build up in layers on the metal surfaces of the
systems.
Scale is a problem because it insulates and heat exchange
becomes less efficient as the scale thickens, which wastes
energy.
Scale also narrows pipe widths and therefore increases the
energy used in pumping the water through the pipes.
Scale Formation
Co2
Co32-
So42-
Sr2+
Mg2+
CaCo3
SrSo4
MgCo3
BaSo4
Condition
Changes
HCo31-
Misc.
Ba2+
Ca2+
Precipitated
Ca2+ + CO32- CaCO3
2HCO3- CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
2+
- MgCO
Mg + 2HCO3
3 + H2O + CO2
Ca2+ +
Scales
Electrochemical Cell Effect of CPRS
Cathode
Ca2+
HCO-
Anode
C1
Mg2+
CO32-
SO42-
When fluids pass thru CPRS and are in contact
with the dissimilar metals, the metals with
different electro negativity and the fluids
containing Ca2+, Mg2+, CO32-, SO42-, HCO-, C1will become an electrochemical cell.
The metal with higher electro negativity will
become anode, and the lower one will
become cathode, resulting in many micro cells.
Anode will lose electrons, and cathode will
acquire electrons, the ions in the fluid with
positive charges will move to cathode, the ions
with negative charges will move to anode, until
a new dynamic balance reached.
When Water is in contact with Dissimilar Metals
H2O
H2O
Ions wth +
Ions with -
Ca2+
e_
Ca0
When water pass thru CPRS, the
electrochemical cells will create many
micro electric field to polarize H2O to
form water dipoles;
As electro negativities of CPRS metals
are lower than the ions inside the fluids,
some electrons will lose into the water
to become free electrons;
These Water dipoles and free
electrons will replace some acquired
ions, CO32- HCO3-SO42- ,Cl -or
captured by the lower electro
negativity ion or colloid particles, Ca2+
Mg2+ SiO2Al 2O3, Fe2O3, which will
break away the binding of Ca2+
Mg2+ from CO32- SO42- and HCO3- , to
form Ca0 Mg0 .
How Prevention & Removal of Scale Achieved?
The water dipoles and free electrons
effect will:
Scal
e
Inhibit the binding between the positively
and negatively charged ions (Ca2+, Mg2+
and CO32-, SO42-), as well as binding
materials (SiO2, Al2O3 inside the fluids ;
Break down the Lattice between the
binding or bound ions to stop the
formation of scale;
Gradually breakdown the silica and
alumna from existing scale lattices, and
flush the deposits away with the fluids.
Microscopic Test of Water Sample
Untreated Water
Treated Water
Corrosion
Corrosion is a process that takes place
when essential properties within a given
material begin to deteriorate, after
exposure to elements that recur within
the environment. Most often, this
deterioration is noticed in metals and
referred to as rust.
Corrosion degrades the useful properties
of materials and structures including
strength, appearance and permeability
to liquids and gases, and could be very
detrimental to industrial equipment.
How Rust and Corrosion are developed?
Fe2+
Fe(OH)2
2(OH-)
1/2 O2
Fe2O3
Ru
st
1/2 O2 + H2O
Carbon Steel
Anode
Cathode
Loss of metal occurs in an anodic area (anode) of the
surface. In the case of iron, iron (Fe0) is lost to the water
solution and becomes oxidized to Fe2+ ion.
As a result of the formation of Fe2+, two electrons are
released from the Fe atom and flow through to a cathodic
area (cathode).
Oxygen (O2) in the water solution moves to the cathode and
completes the electric circuit by using the two electrons that
moved to the cathode to form hydroxyl ions (OH-) at the
cathodic area.
Anodic reaction: Fe0 Fe2+ + 2e-
Cathodic reaction:1/2 O2 + H2O + 2e- 2(OH-)
Or e- + H+ HO
Fe2+ ,OH- combine to form ferrous hydroxide as follows:
Fe2+ +Fe2+ + 2OH- Fe(OH)2
When FeOH2"is oxidized: 2Fe(OH)2 + 1/2 O2 Fe2O3 2H2O
Water Dipoles Effect
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
O2 + H2O
Outer e- OF Fe
When water pass thru CPRS, the
electrochemical cells will create many
micro electric field to polarize H2O to
form water dipoles;
The positive end of the water dipoles
will be captured by the outer
electrons of the carbon steel surface;
A water film will be formed on the
surface of carbon steel to prevent any
further oxidation.
Free Electrons Effect
O2 + H2O
O2 + H2O
O2 + H2O
Fe2+
Fe2+
Fe2+
Fe2+
Fe2+
Fe2+
Fe2+
Carbon Steel
Fe2+ + 2e- Fe0
Corrosion can be inhibited if the iron is made
more negative compared to its surroundings,
forcing the anode areas to act as cathodes.
By the attraction of some of the extra
electrons in the water solution (supplied by
CPRS) onto the anodic areas, thereby
preventing the ionization of the Fe atoms.
The additional free electrons also dissolve
rust by breaking it into fine colloidal particles.
Chloride and H2S Corrosion
Cl2,
H2 S
Cl-,
CuS
If small amount of Chloride exists in the fluid,
the electrochemical cell of CPRS can
prevent the chloride corrosion as follows:
Zn + Cl2 Zn2+ + 2ClCl2 + H2O HClO + HCl
Zn + 2H+ + ClO- ZN2+ + Cl- + H2O
If small amount of H2S exists, in a similar way
the following will occur:
Cu + H2S CuS+ H2
If some other oxidizer, such as ozone,
bromine, iodine, exist, after CPRS treatment,
the related corrosions will be inhibited or
eliminated.
CO2 Corrosion
Carbon dioxide is soluble in water, in which it reversibly
forms H2CO3 (carbonic acid), which is a weak acid
since its ionization in water is incomplete.
The formation of H2CO3 will reduce the fluid PH and
produce CO2 corrosion as FeCO3:
CO2 + H2O H2CO3
H2CO3 H+ + HCO3HCO3- H+ + CO322H+ + 2e- H2 (Cathode reaction)
Fe Fe2+ + 2e-(Anode reaction)
The fluid treated by CPRS will generate OH-to
neutralize H+ and move pH up, which will be able to
control CO2 corrosion:
O2 + 2H2O + 4e- 4OH-
Paraffin and Asphaltene
As part of the composition of crude oil, paraffin
and asphaltene can be found in the majority of the
worlds crude oil.
When the crude oil is in the formation and kept at
formation temperatures, paraffin and asphaltene
stay as liquid or particles and do not pose much
problem.
As the paraffin and asphaltene move up along the
wellbore with crude oil, temperature drops, the
paraffin and asphaltene starts to solidify or become
larger particles.
Once paraffin and asphaltene starts to harden or
fall out of suspension, it must be treated or
considerable production decreases and other
related problems will result in the oil field
production, transportation and storage systems.
Paraffin and Asphaltene issues
Formation
Tubing String
Wellhead
Transportation
Metering
stations
Transfer
stations
Refineries
WAX/ASPHAL
TEN/WATER/
CLAY
BEFORE CPRS
Paraffin and asphaltene exist in the crude oil in
micelles;
The essential feature is that the polar groups (such
as S-negative and/or N-negative and/or Onegative containing groups) are concentrated
towards the center. This often is termed oil externalwater internal or water-in-oil emulsion.
When crude oils flow into a wellbore, its pressure
and temperature decreases. The
Center(Paraffin/asphaltene/water/clay) then
would be released from the water-in-oil emulsion,
with the paraffin solidifying and asphaltene growing
at the reduced temperature condition.
How CPRS Prevent the Paraffin/Asphaltene
Buildup?
WAX/ASPHAL
TEN/WATER/C
LAY
AFTER CPRS
As stated above, crude oils are made up of factions,
which contain paraffin, asphaltene and water.
When crude oil flows into a wellbore, pressure and
temperature are reduced. As the fluid cools, the
paraffin changes to a solid form and asphaltene will
grow, the deposits will obstruct the flow of crude
problems.
CPRS can provides an electrochemical change,
which stabilizes the water-in-oil emulsion structure
and prevents paraffin and asphaltene being
released from the micelle structure.
This allows the solution to move smoothly and cleanly
through the pipe without causing deposit problems.
Enmax CPRS
During the fluid treating process, the composition of
CPRS will generate electrochemical cells and provide
electrons to the fluid in catalytic manner to reduce
electron deficiencies in the fluid. This enables
electrochemical changes to occur that:
Prevent scale and corrosion formation
Dissolve existing scale and corrosion
Inhibition of undesirable oxidation reaction
Prevent paraffin and asphaltene deposit
Decrease gaseous content, and increase the
specific gravity of the crude
breakdown and leach away excessive waxes
and asphaltene.
