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Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by showru
nners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. It is an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fi
re, George R. R. Martin's series of fantasy novels, the first of which is titled
A Game of Thrones. It is filmed in a Belfast studio and on location elsewhere i
n Croatia, Iceland, Malta, Morocco, Northern Ireland, Spain, Scotland, and the U
nited States, and premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17, 2011. The s
eries completed airing its fifth season on June 14, 2015, and has been renewed f
or a sixth season.[5]
The series is set on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos, and interwe
aves several plot lines with a large ensemble cast. The first narrative arc foll
ows a civil war among several noble houses for the Iron Throne of the Seven King
doms; the second covers the attempts to reclaim the throne by the exiled last sc
ion of the realm's deposed ruling dynasty; the third chronicles the rising threa
t of the impending winter and the legendary creatures and fierce peoples of the
North.
Game of Thrones has attracted record numbers of viewers on HBO and attained an e
xceptionally broad and active international fan base. It has received widespread
acclaim by critics, particularly for its acting, complex characters, story, sco
pe, and production values, although its frequent use of nudity, violence, and se
xual violence has attracted criticism. The series has won 26 Primetime Emmy Awar
ds, including the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series in 2015 when i
t set a record for most wins for a series in a single year and numerous other awar
ds and nominations, including three Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, a
Peabody Award, and two Golden Globe Award nominations. From among the ensemble
cast, Peter Dinklage won two Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a D
rama Series and a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor Series, Miniserie
s or Television Film for his performance as Tyrion Lannister.

Contents [hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast and characters
3 Production 3.1 Conception and development
3.2 Writing
3.3 Adaptation schedule
3.4 Filming
3.5 Costuming
3.6 Visual effects
3.7 Sound
3.8 Title sequence
3.9 Language
3.10 Effect on location
4 Availability 4.1 Broadcast
4.2 Home video
4.3 Piracy
4.4 IMAX
5 Other media and products 5.1 Soundtrack
5.2 Accompanying material
5.3 Merchandise and exhibition
5.4 Video games
5.5 Other works based on the series

6 Reception 6.1 Cultural influence

Power and violence are central themes of Game of Thrones, and the great number
of weapons made for the series reflects this, some of which are shown in this ex
hibit.
Game of Thrones roughly follows the storylines set out in A Song of Ice and Fire
,[6] set in the fictional Seven Kingdoms of Westeros. The series chronicles the
violent dynastic struggles among the realm's noble families for control of the I
ron Throne. As the series opens, additional threats emerge in the icy North and
in the eastern continent of Essos.[2] The first season is a faithful adaptation
of the novel. Later seasons, however, began to diverge with significant changes.
According to David Benioff, the show is "about adapting the series as a whole a
nd following the map George laid out for us and hitting the major milestones, bu
t not necessarily each of the stops along the way."[7]
The novels and their adaptation derive aspects of their settings, characters, an
d plot from various events of European history.[8] A principal inspiration for t
he novels is the English Wars of the Roses[9] (1455 85) between the houses of Lanc
aster and York, reflected in Martin's houses of Lannister and Stark. Most of Wes
teros is reminiscent of High Medieval Western Europe, with its castles and knigh
tly tournaments. The scheming Cersei, for instance, calls to mind Isabella, the
"she-wolf of France" (1295 1358).[8] She and her family inspired Martin, as depict
ed in Maurice Druon's historical novel series The Accursed Kings, in particular.
[10] Other historical inspirations for elements of the series include Hadrian's
Wall (which became Martin's great Wall), the legend of Atlantis (ancient Valyria
), Byzantine "Greek fire" ("wildfire"), Icelandic sagas of the Viking Age (the I
ronborn), the Mongol hordes (the Dothraki), and elements from the Hundred Years'
War (1337 1453) and the Italian Renaissance (c. 1400 1500).[8] The series' great po
pularity has been attributed in part to Martin's skill at fusing these disparate
elements into a seamless whole that appears credible on its own terms as an alt
ernative history.[8]
"The Sopranos in Middle-earth" is the tagline that showrunner David Benioff joki
ngly suggested for Game of Thrones, referring to its intrigue-filled plot and da
rk tone combined with a fantasy setting that incorporates some magic and dragons
.[11] In a 2012 study of deaths per episode, the series was listed second out of
40 recent U.S. TV drama series, with an average of 14 deaths per episode.[12][1
3]

Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 10 April 17, 2011 June 19, 2011
2 10 April 1, 2012 June 3, 2012
3 10 March 31, 2013 June 9, 2013
4 10 April 6, 2014 June 15, 2014
5 10 April 12, 2015 June 14, 2015
6 10 April 2016[14] TBA
Cast and characters
Main article: List of Game of Thrones characters

Peter Dinklage (Tyrion Lannister) leads the principal cast from season two onwar
ds.
Like the novels it adapts, Game of Thrones has a sprawling ensemble cast, estima
ted to be the largest on television.[15] During the production of the third seas
on, 257 cast names were recorded.[16] In 2014, several of the actors' contracts
were renegotiated to include the option for a seventh season, and included raise
s that reportedly made the cast among the best-paid on cable TV.[17] The followi
ng overview reduces the list of characters in Game of Thrones to those played by
the actors credited as part of the main cast.[18]
Lord Eddard "Ned" Stark (Sean Bean) is the head of the Stark family whose member
s are involved in most of the series' intertwined plot lines. He and his wife Ca
telyn Tully (Michelle Fairley) have five children: the eldest, Robb (Richard Mad
den), the dainty Sansa (Sophie Turner), the tomboy Arya (Maisie Williams), the a
dventurous Bran (Isaac Hempstead-Wright) and the youngest, Rickon (Art Parkinson
). Ned's bastard son Jon Snow (Kit Harington) and his friend Samwell Tarly (John
Bradley) serve in the Night's Watch under Lord Commander Jeor Mormont (James Co
smo). The red-haired Ygritte (Rose Leslie), one of the Wildlings led by Tormund
Giantsbane (Kristofer Hivju), is Jon Snow's romantic interest, and Sam cares for
the young Wildling Gilly (Hannah Murray).[19]
People associated with the Starks include Ned's hostage and ward Theon Greyjoy (
Alfie Allen), as well as Ned's vassal ("bannerman") Roose Bolton (Michael McElha
tton) and his sadistic bastard Ramsay Snow (Iwan Rheon). Robb falls in love with
the healer Talisa Maegyr (Oona Chaplin), and Arya befriends the blacksmith's ap
prentice Gendry (Joe Dempsie) and the assassin Jaqen H'ghar (Tom Wlaschiha). Cat
elyn encounters the tall warrior Brienne of Tarth (Gwendoline Christie).[19]

In the capital of King's Landing, Ned's old friend King Robert Baratheon (Mark A
ddy) shares a loveless marriage with Cersei Lannister (Lena Headey), who has tak
en her twin, the "Kingslayer" Ser Jaime Lannister (Nikolaj Coster-Waldau) as her
secret lover. She loathes her younger brother, the clever dwarf Tyrion (Peter D
inklage), who is attended by his mistress Shae (Sibel Kekilli) and the sellsword
Bronn (Jerome Flynn). Cersei's father is the fabulously wealthy Lord Tywin (Cha
rles Dance), and she has two young sons, the cruel Joffrey (Jack Gleeson) and th
e kind Tommen (Dean-Charles Chapman). Joffrey is guarded by the scar-faced warri
or Sandor "the Hound" Clegane (Rory McCann).[19]
The king's "Small Council" of advisors includes the crafty Master of Coin, Lord
Petyr "Littlefinger" Baelish (Aidan Gillen) and the eunuch spymaster Lord Varys
(Conleth Hill). Robert's brother Stannis Baratheon (Stephen Dillane) is advised
by the foreign priestess Melisandre (Carice van Houten) and the former smuggler
Ser Davos Seaworth (Liam Cunningham). The wealthy Tyrell family is represented a
t court by the ambitious Margaery Tyrell (Natalie Dormer). In the southern princ
ipality of Dorne, Ellaria Sand (Indira Varma) seeks vengeance against the Lannis
ters.[19]
Across the Narrow Sea, siblings Viserys (Harry Lloyd) and Daenerys Targaryen (Em
ilia Clarke)
the exiled children of the king overthrown by Robert Baratheon
are
on the run for their lives, trying to win back the throne. Daenerys has been mar
ried to Khal Drogo (Jason Momoa), the leader of the nomadic Dothraki, and her re
tinue includes the exiled knight Ser Jorah Mormont (Iain Glen), her aide Missand
ei (Nathalie Emmanuel) and the sellsword Daario Naharis (Michiel Huisman).[19]
Production
Conception and development

Showrunners D. B. Weiss and David Benioff created the series, wrote most of its
episodes and directed some of them.
According to David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, the two came up with the idea of ada
pting George R. R. Martin's novels to the screen in 2006, after Benioff began re
ading the first novel, A Game of Thrones. He called Weiss to share his excitemen
t, and Weiss finished the thousand-page novel in "maybe 36 hours".[20] They succ
essfully pitched the series to HBO, and convinced Martin a veteran screenwriter
himself
in the course of a five-hour meeting in a restaurant on Santa Monica Bou
levard to agree to the idea. Benioff recalled they won Martin over with their an
swer to his question: "Who is Jon Snow's mother?"[20]
The series began development in January 2007.[21] HBO, after acquiring the TV ri
ghts to the novels, hired Benioff and Weiss to write and executive produce the s
eries, which would cover one novel's worth of material per season.[21] Initially
, Benioff and Weiss were to write every episode, save one per season, which Mart
in, who also joined as a co-executive producer, was attached to write.[21][22] J
ane Espenson and Bryan Cogman were later added to each write one episode of the
first season.[2]
The first and second drafts of the pilot script, written by Benioff and Weiss, w
ere submitted in August 2007[23] and June 2008,[24] respectively. While HBO foun
d both drafts to their liking,[24][25] a pilot was not ordered until November 20
08,[26] with the 2007 2008 Writers Guild of America strike possibly delaying the p
rocess.[25]

The pilot reportedly cost HBO between US$5 and 10 million,[27] and the total bud
get for the first season had been estimated at US$50 60 million.[28] In the second
season, the show obtained a 15% budget increase to depict the climactic battle
in the episode "Blackwater", which had a budget of US$8 million.[29][30] Between
2012 and 2015, the average episode's budget grew from US$6 million[31] to "at l
east" 8 million.[32]
Writing

George R. R. Martin, the author of A Song of Ice and Fire, is attached to the s
eries as a co-executive producer and wrote one episode for each of the first fou
r seasons.
Game of Thrones has used seven writers over the course of five seasons. Series c
reators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss are the showrunners and write the majority
of the episodes each season.[33]
A Song of Ice and Fire author George R. R. Martin wrote one episode in each of t
he first four seasons, but has not written an episode for the fifth or sixth sea
sons, as Martin wants to focus on completing the sixth novel, The Winds of Winte
r.[34] Jane Espenson co-wrote one episode for the first season as a freelance wr
iter.[35]
Bryan Cogman, who initially was a script coordinator for the series,[35] was pro
moted to a producer beginning with the fifth season. Cogman wrote at least one e
pisode for the first five seasons, and is the only other writer to be in the wri
ters' room with Benioff and Weiss; besides Vanessa Taylor, who was a writer duri
ng the second and third seasons. Dave Hill joined the writing staff for the fift
h season after previously working as an assistant to Benioff and Weiss.[36] Mart
in is not in the writers' room, but reads the script outlines and gives notes.[3
3]
Benioff and Weiss sometimes assign various characters to each writer; for exampl
e, Cogman was assigned Arya for the fourth season. From there, the writers spend
a few weeks writing a character outline, including what material from the novel
s to use and what the themes are. After the individual outlines are complete, th
e writers spend another two-to-three weeks discussing each main character's indi
vidual arc, and arrange them episode-by-episode.[33]
From there, a detailed outline is created and each of the writers work on a port
ion of it, to create a script for each episode. Cogman, who wrote two episodes f
or the fifth season, took a month and a half to complete both scripts. The scrip
ts are then read by Benioff and Weiss, who give notes, and then parts of script
are rewritten. All ten episodes are written before filming begins, as all the ep
isodes are filmed simultaneously, out of order, and using two separate units in
different countries.[33]
Adaptation schedule
Showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss intend to adapt the entirety of the st
ill incomplete A Song of Ice and Fire novel series. In March 2015, Benioff and W
eiss said that with the fifth season adapting all material from the novels publi
shed so far, Game of Thrones might begin outpacing A Song of Ice and Fire in the
sixth season. The series would then be based on an outline of the plot of the f
uture novels provided by Martin.[37] Overall, the series is to encompass more th
an seven seasons, according to HBO executive Michael Lombardo in July 2015, with
the showrunners aiming for eight seasons and HBO hoping for more.[38]

As of 2015, six seasons have been ordered and five have been filmed, adapting th
e novels at a rate of about 0.8 minutes per page for the first three seasons.[39
]
Season
Ordered
Filming
First aired
Last aired
Novel(s) adapted
Season 1 March 2, 2010[40] Second half of 2010 April 17, 2011 June 19, 2011 A Ga
me of Thrones
Season 2 April 19, 2011[41] Second half of 2011 April 1, 2012 June 3, 2012 A Cla
sh of Kings
Season 3 April 10, 2012[42] Second half of 2012 March 31, 2013 June 9, 2013 Abou
t the first two-thirds of A Storm of Swords[43][44]
Season 4 April 2, 2013[45] Second half of 2013 April 6, 2014 June 15, 2014 The r
emaining one-third of A Storm of Swords and some elements from A Feast for Crows
and A Dance with Dragons[46]
Season 5 April 8, 2014[5] Second half of 2014 April 12, 2015 June 14, 2015 A Fea
st for Crows and A Dance with Dragons, with some elements of A Storm of Swords[4
7] and The Winds of Winter[48][49]
Season 6 April 8, 2014[5] Second half of 2015 TBA TBA TBA
Seasons 1 and 2 each adapted one novel. For the later seasons, the creators conc
eive of Game of Thrones as an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire as a whole, r
ather than of individual novels.[50] This gives them the liberty to move events
back and forth across novels according to the requirements of the screen adaptat
ion.[51]
The five seasons filmed so far each consist of ten episodes, with an average run
time of 55 minutes per episode. The series' pilot and every season finale, bar t
he first, run for more than an hour apiece.
Filming

The walled city of Dubrovnik stands in for King's Landing from season 2 onwards

Ballintoy Harbour was redressed as Lordsport on the Iron Islands

The Azure Window at Ras-id-Dwerja, on Gozo, was the site of the Dothraki weddin
g in season 1.

Principal photography for the first season was scheduled to begin on July 26, 20
10.[2] The primary location was the Paint Hall Studios in Belfast, Northern Irel
and.[52] Exterior scenes in Northern Ireland were filmed at Sandy Brae in the Mo
urne Mountains (standing in for Vaes Dothrak), Castle Ward (Winterfell), Saintfi
eld Estates (the Winterfell godswood), Tollymore Forest (outdoor scenes), Cairnc
astle (the execution site), Magheramorne quarry (Castle Black) and at Shane's Ca
stle (the tourney grounds).[1] Doune Castle in Stirling, Scotland, was also used
in the original pilot episode for exterior and interior scenes at Winterfell.[5
3] The producers initially considered shooting the whole series in Scotland, but
eventually chose Northern Ireland because of the availability of studio space.[
54]
The first season's southern scenes were filmed in Malta, a change in location fr
om the sets in Morocco used for the pilot episode.[2] The city of Mdina was used
for scenes in King's Landing, and filming also took place at Fort Manoel (repre
senting the Sept of Baelor), at the Azure Window on the island of Gozo (the Doth
raki wedding site), and at San Anton Palace, Fort Ricasoli, Fort St Angelo and S
t. Dominic monastery (all used for scenes in the Red Keep).[1]
For the second season, shooting of the Southern scenes shifted from Malta to Cro
atia, where the city of Dubrovnik and nearby locations allowed exterior shots of
a seaside walled medieval city. The Walls of Dubrovnik and of Fort Lovrijenac w
ere used for scenes in King's Landing and the Red Keep. The island of Lokrum, th
e St. Dominic monastery in the coastal town of Trogir, the Rector's Palace in Du
brovnik and the Dubac quarry a few kilometers to the east were used for scenes s
et in Qarth. Scenes set north of the Wall, in the Frostfangs and at the Fist of
the First Men, were filmed in Iceland in November 2011, on the Svnafellsjkull glac
ier and near Smyrlabjrg and Vk on Hfabrekkuheii.[1]
For the third season the production returned to Dubrovnik in Croatia. The Walls
of Dubrovnik, Fort Lovrijenac and nearby locations were used for scenes in King'
s Landing and the Red Keep. One new location Trsteno Arboretum is the garden the
Tyrells use in King's Landing. The third season also returned to Morocco (previ
ously used in the pilot episode), including the city of Essaouira, to film Daene
rys' scenes in Essos.[55] The production employed three units ("Dragon", "Wolf"
and "Raven") filming in parallel, six directing teams, 257 cast members and 703
crew members.[16] One scene with a live bear was filmed in Los Angeles.[3]
The fourth season returned to Dubrovnik and included new locations in Croatia, s
uch as Diocletian's Palace in Split, Klis Fortress north of Split, Perun quarry
east of Split, Mosor mountain and Ba ka Voda further down to the south.[56] Filmin
g took 136 days, ending on November 21, 2013.[57]
The fifth season added Seville, Spain, as a filming location, which is used for
the fictional location of Dorne. The sixth season, which will begin filming in J
uly 2015, will return to Spain, and film in the cities of Girona and Peniscola.[
58]
Costuming

The costumes of Ygritte, Jon Snow and Tormund Giantsbane reflect the harsh clim
ate in which they are worn.

The rich dresses worn at the royal court in King's Landing advertise their wear
ers' wealth and status.

Functional weapons and armor, like Brienne of Tarth's (left), were manufactured
for the series.
The show's costumes are inspired by many cultures, such as Japanese and Persian.
Dothraki outfits resemble the Bedouin's (one was made out of fish skins to rese
mble dragon scales), and the Wildlings wear animal skins inside out like the Inu
it.[59] Wildling bone armor is made of molds taken of real bones and assembled w
ith string and latex resembling catgut.[60] While extras who portray Wildlings a
nd the Night's Watch wear hats as would be normal in a cold climate, main actors
usually do not so viewers can identify the characters. Bjrk's Alexander McQueen
high-neckline dresses inspired Dormer's unusual funnel-neck outfit, and prostitu
te costumes are designed to be quickly removed.[59] All clothing, whether for Wi
ldlings or for women at the royal court, is aged for two weeks to improve realis
m on high-definition television.[60]
About two dozen wigs are used for the actresses. Made of human hair and up to 2
feet (61 cm) in length, they cost up to $7,000 each and are washed and styled li
ke real hair. Applying the wigs is a lengthy process; Clarke, for example, requi
res about two hours to style her brunette hair with a platinum-blonde wig and br
aids. Other actors such as Gleeson and Turner receive frequent haircoloring. For
characters such as Daenerys (Clarke) and her Dothraki, hair, wigs, and costumes
are processed so they appear as if they have not been washed for weeks.[59]
Visual effects
For the large amount of visual effects in the series, HBO hired the VFX companie
s BlueBolt, based in Great Britain, and Screen Scene, based in Ireland, for seas
on one. Most of the environment builds were done as 2.5D projections, to give th
e viewer a good sense of perspective, but also to keep the amount of programming
from becoming too overwhelming.[61] The season one finale "Fire and Blood" was
nominated for an Emmy Award for Visual Effects in 2011.
Because the effects became more complex in the subsequent seasons, including CG
creatures, fire, and water, the job was passed on to Pixomondo of Germany. Start
ing with the second season, Pixomondo served as lead VFX producer. For season tw
o, nine of its twelve facilities contributed to the project, with Stuttgart serv
ing as the lead.[62][63] Additionally, some scenes were produced by Peanut FX (G
reat Britain), Spin VFX (Canada) and Gradient Effects (U.S.). The episodes "Vala
r Morghulis" and "Valar Dohaeris" earned Pixomondo the Emmy Award for Visual Eff
ects in 2012 and 2013, respectively.
For season four, HBO added Mackevision, also based in Germany, to the project.[6
4] The season four finale "The Children" won the Emmy Award for Visual Effects i
n 2014. Additional producers for season four included Rodeo FX (Canada), Scanlin
e VFX (Germany) and BAKED FX (U.S.). The muscle and wing movements of the adoles
cent dragons in seasons 4 and 5 were based largely on those of a chicken. Pixomo
ndo retained a team of 22 to 30 people, focusing solely on the visualization of
Daenerys Targaryen s dragons, with the average production time per season ranging
between 20 and 22 weeks.[65] For the fifth season, HBO also added Image Engine (
Canada) and Crazy Horse Effects (U.S.) to its list of main VFX producers.[66][67
]
Sound
Unusually for television shows, the sound team receives a rough-cut of a full se

ason to work on, and they approach it like a ten-hour feature film. Season 1 and
2 each had a different sound team, but for the subsequent seasons, the same tea
m has been working on the sound.[68] For the show's blood and gore sounds, the s
ound team often uses a shammy. For dragon screams, they have used the sounds of
two tortoises mating, as well as dolphin, seal, lion and bird sounds.[69]
Title sequence
Main article: Game of Thrones title sequence
The series' title sequence was created by production studio Elastic for HBO. Cre
ative director Angus Wall and his collaborators received the 2011 Emmy Award for
Main Title Design for their work on the sequence.[70] It depicts a three-dimens
ional map of the series' fictional world, projected onto the inside of a sphere,
which is centrally lit by a small sun contained within an armilla.[71] As the c
amera swoops across the map and focuses on the locations in which the episode's
events take place, complex clockwork mechanisms let buildings and other structur
es emerge from the map and unfold. Meanwhile, accompanied by the title music, th
e names of the principal cast and creative staff are displayed. The sequence con
cludes after about one and a half minutes with the title card and brief opening
credits indicating the episode's writer(s) and director. The composition of the
title sequence changes as the story progresses, as new places are introduced the
y replace others that no longer feature as prominently or at all.[71][72][73]
Language
The Westerosi characters of Game of Thrones speak British English, often (but no
t consistently) with the accent of the English region whose geographic location
corresponds to the character's Westerosi region. For instance, Eddard Stark, as
Warden of the North, speaks in actor Sean Bean's native northern accent, while t
he southern lord Tywin Lannister speaks with a southern accent. Characters forei
gn to Westeros are often (although not always) played with a non-British accent.
[74]
While English is used to convey the common language of Westeros, the producers c
harged linguist David J. Peterson with developing the Dothraki and Valyrian lang
uages as constructed languages, based on the few words used in Martin's novels.[
75] Dothraki or Valyrian dialogue is subtitled in English. The BBC estimated tha
t, through the series, these fictional languages were heard by more people than
the Welsh, Irish and Scots Gaelic languages combined.[76]
Effect on location
Game of Thrones receives funding from Northern Ireland Screen, a government agen
cy financed by Invest NI and the European Regional Development Fund.[77] As of A
pril 2013, Northern Ireland Screen has awarded the show 9.25 million and accordin
g to government estimates, benefited the Northern Ireland economy by 65 million.[
78]
Tourism Ireland has a Game of Thrones-themed marketing campaign similar to New Z
ealand's Tolkien-related advertising,[79] and Invest NI and the Tourist Board[78
] also expect the series to generate tourism revenue. According to a government
minister, the series has given Northern Ireland the most publicity in its histor
y outside politics and the Troubles.[80] The production of Game of Thrones and o
ther TV series has also provided a boost to the creative industry in Northern Ir
eland, contributing to a growth of 12.4% in arts, entertainment and recreation j
obs from 2008 to 2013 (as opposed to 4.3% in the whole of the UK).[81]
Tourism organizations in other filming locations also reported notable increases
in bookings after their locations appeared in Game of Thrones. Bookings through

one web portal in 2012 increased by 13% in Iceland and by 28% in Dubrovnik, Cro
atia. In 2013, bookings increased by 100% in Ouarzazate, Morocco, where Daenerys
' season 3 scenes were filmed.[82]
Availability