Integration & Differentiation
What you are given and what you need to know in C4
FORMULAE FOR EDEXCEL
2013/14
Integration & Differentiation
What you are given and what you need to know in C4
Recap of C3 facts
Exact Values of trigonometric functions
x (deg)
x (rad)
sin
cos
tan
30
1
2
3
2
45
60
3
2
1
2
90
180
-1
Rules and facts
1. Sin2x + cos2x = 1
Integration & Differentiation | 2013/14
2. Tan x =
sin
cos
1
3. Cosec x =
4. Sec x =
5. Cot x =
sin
1
cos
1
tan
cos
sin
Applying these rules
Dividing (1) by sin2x will give you: 1 + cot2x = cosec2x
Dividing (1) by cos2x will give you: tan2x + 1 = sec2x
(*) means the rule is given in the Edexcel Formula book
3
1
Differentiation
Parametric Equations
If y = f(t) and x = g(t), then:
dy dt
=
dt dx
Implicit Differentiation
When f(x,y) = g(x,y), differentiate implicitly: that is differentiate w.r.t. y and include
dy/dx . The solution can simplified where necessary.
Example: y2 = xy + x + 2
(Hint: Use the product rule for xy)
2
=1
+1+1
ax
( )
= ln()
Start with
y = ax
Take logs of both sides
ln(y) = ln(ax)
ln(y) = x ln(a)
Differentiate implicitly
= ln()
Rearrange and substitute for y
( )
= ln()
(*) means the rule is given n the Edexcel Formula book
Integration & Differentiation | 2013/14
Proof of a x
Integration
Rules for Integration
Integration by substitution
There is no simple rule for integration by substitution, you must follow these steps:
Youll be given an integral which is made up of two functions of x.
4 (
2 1)
Substitute u for one of the functions of x to give function which is easier to integrate.
= 2 1,
Next, find
, and rewrite it so that dx is on its own.
1
= 2, =
2
Rewrite the original integral in terms of u and du.
: 4 = 2
Integrate and substitute back for u at the end.
Integration & Differentiation | 2013/14
2 = 2 + = 2 (
2 1)
Integration by parts*
When u=f(x) and v=g(x), then:
Choose your u and v functions carefully to make the integral easier.
(*) means the rule is given in the Edexcel Formula book
Volume of revolution : Cartesian
2
= 2
1
This describes the volume generated when the curve of y = f(x) from x1 to x2 is rotated 360
about the x-axis.
Volume of revolution: Parametric
= 2
This describes the volume generated when the curve is defined by its parametric form (x(t),
y(t)) in the interval (a,b) is rotated 360 about the x-axis.
Integration & Differentiation | 2013/14
Both equations for the volumes of revolution can be adjusted for rotation about the y-axis by
substituting x for y and vice versa.
(*) means the rule is given n the Edexcel Formula book
Standard Integrals you should know :
1
( + ) =
(+1)
( + )+1 +
where n1
Exponential functions
= +
+
1 +
Other functions
1
= || +
1
1
= | + | +
+
()
= |()| +
()
This rule leads to these standard integrals (*) :
Integration & Differentiation | 2013/14
() = |() + cot()| +
() = |() + tan()| +
() = |()| +
(*) means the rule is given in the Edexcel Formula book
Using functions and derivatives
() = () +
( + 1) () [()] = [()]+1 +
Trigonometric Integration
Basics
Learn these facts and do not confuse them with the rules for differentiation.
sin() = cos() +
cos() = sin() +
Summary (+ constant)
()
Cos x
Sin x
Sin x
-Cos x
sec2(kx)
In formula book
tan (kx)
tan(x)
|sec()|
cot(x)
|sin()|
sec (x)
|sec() + tan()|
cosec(x)
|cosec() + cot()|
(*) means the rule is given n the Edexcel Formula book
Integration & Differentiation | 2013/14
y=f(x)
Applying these facts
By the chain rule:
[sin(+)]
= acos( + )
Hence:
cos( + ) = sin( + ) +
It follows that:
sin( + ) =
cos( + ) +
By the quotient rule:
[tan()]
Hence:
2 () = tan() +
Also:
2 () = k tan() + (*)
Thus:
2 ( + ) = a tan( + ) +
= 2 ()
Integration & Differentiation | 2013/14
(*) means the rule is given in the Edexcel Formula book
