' J

Sizing & Selection

Control Valve Sizing

CONTENTS
Introduction
:
Nomenclature
Calculating Cvfor Liquids
Liquid Sizing Examples
CalculatingCv for Gases.

3-1
3-1
3-3
.,""
3-7
3-10
Gas SizingExamples
,
,
3-13
Calculating Cvfor Two Phase Flbw
3-15
Vapor Pressure Charts
3A-1
Steam Tables
3A-7
Fluid Property Correlation Constants
...3A-21
Pipa Data
3A-29

INTRODUCTION
Valtek uses a systematic method for selecting body
types, sizes, materials, pressure ratings and trim sizes
basad on flow characteristics.

'--"

Valtek control valva flow capacity (C) is basad upon the

industry standard, ANSI/ISA S75.01. This standard
and the corresponding measuring standards contain
Equations usad to predict the flow of compressible and
incompressible fluids in control valves. Slightly different forms of the basic Equation are usad for liquids and
gases.
Basic steps for sizing and selecting the correG valva
include calculating the required Cv' Equations for calculating Cv for both gases and liquids are found in ibis
section.
Valtek has programmed the ANSI/ISA sizing Equations
and procedures, making computer-aided sizing available on 18M-PC or compatible computers. These
programs permit rapid control valva flow capacity calculations and valva selection with minimal effort. The
programs also include exit velocity, noise prediction
and actuator sizing calculations. Sea Section 22 for
more details on computer-aided valva selection.

a valva with a one psi pressuredrop.'

Equationfor Cvis as follows:

Cv = flow

pressure drop
When selecting a control valva for an application, the
calculated Cv is usad to determine the valva size and the
trim size that will allow the valva to pass the desired flow
rata and provide stable control of the process fluido
Pressure

Profile

Fluid flowing through a control valva obeys the basic

laws of conservation of mass and energy, anct ;i/:1
continuity Equation. The control valva acts as a resuretion in the flow stream. As the fluid stream approaches
ibis restriction, its velocity increases in arder for the
full fJow to pass through the restriction. Energy for
ibis increase in velocity comes from a corresponding
decrease in pressure.
Maximum velocity and mnimum pressure occur immediately downstream from the throttling point at the
narrowest constriction of the fluid stream, known as the
vena contracta. Downstream from the vena contracta,
the fluid slows and part of the energy (in the form of
velocity) is converted back to pressure. A simplified
prefije of the fluid pressure is shown in Figure 3-1. The
slight pressure losses in the inlet and outlet passages
are due to frictional effects. The majar excursions of
pressure are due to the velocity changas in the region
of the vena contracta.

P1

(Valve
Pressure
Drop)

- - - Pv

NOMENCLATURE

".

The valva sizing coefficient most commonly usad as a

measure of the capacity of the body and trim of a control
valva is Cv' One C)s defined as one U.S. gallon par
minuta of 60 degree Fahrenheit waterthat flows through
Rev. 6/94

specific gravity at flowing temperatura

These instructions are designad to expose the usar to

the different aspects of valva sizing. The step-by-step
method outlined in ibis section is the most common
method of sizing.

Flow Capacity

Thegeneral

PVC

(VaporPressure)

(Pressureat Vena Contracta)

Figure 3-1: Pressure Profile of Fluid

Passing Through a Valve

3-1

,
,',
'" '

FL ""

--

".

,,- -'
'-- .

C-v-q

I'>P/G

f
q max

" - --

)1

Liquid Pressure Recovery Factor, FL

The liquid pressure recovery factor, FL' predictsthe
amount of pressurerecoverythat will occur between

I'>PCh

j I'>P/Gf
Figure 3-2: Choked Pressure Drop
Allowable Pressure Drop
The capacity curva shown in Figure 3-2 shows that, with
constant upstream pressure, flow rata, q, is relatad to
the square root of pressure drop through the proportionality constant Cv' The curva departs from a linear
relationship at the onset of "choking" described using
the Ffactor. Th~flow rata reaches a maximum, qmax'at
the fully choked condition due to effects of cavitation for
liquids or sonic velocity for compressible fluids. The
transition to choked flow may be gradual or abrupt,
depending on valva designo ANSI/ISA liquid sizing
Equations use a pressure recovery factor, FL'to calculate the L1PCh
at which choked flow is assumed for sizing
purposes. For compressible fluids, a terminal pressure
drop ralla, xT' similarly describes the choked pressure
drop for a specific valva.
When sizing a control valva, the smaller of the actual
pressure drop or the choked pressure drop is always
usad to determine the correGCv. This pressure drop is
known as the allowable pressure drop, L1Pa'
Cavitation
In liquids, when the pressure anywhere in the liquid
drops below the vapor pressure of the fluid, vapor
bubblesbgin tform in the fluid stream. As the fluid
,decelerafestpere is a resultant increase in pressure. If
this pressreis higher than the vapor pressure, the
bubblescollapse (or implode) as the vapor returns to the
liqUid phase. This two-stepmechanism
- callad
:cavifation - procjuces noise, vibration, and causes
"'erosion damage to the valva and downstream piping.

, .,Theonset of cavitation - known as rncipient cavitation

<"~ is the point when the bubblesfirst begin to form and
,;.
Advanced cavitation can affect capacity and
, ,,coJlapse.
.' "'valve performance, which begins at a L1Pdeterminad
from the factor, F. The point at which full or choked
cavitation occurs (severe damage, vibration, and noise)
can be determinad from Equation 3.3. Under choked
conditions, "allowable pressure ,prop," is the choked
.
pressure drop.
3-2
.'

"

,..
;

'(".

the vena contracta and the valva outlel. FL is an

experimentally determinad coefficient that accounts for
the influence of the valve's infernal geometry on the
maximum capacity of the valva. It is determinad from
capacity test data like that shown in Figure 3-2.

FLalso varias according to the valva type. High recovery valves - such as butterfly and ball valves - have
significantly lower pressures atthe vena contracta and
hence recover much farther forthe sama pressure drop
than a gleba valva. Thus theytend to choke (orcavitate)
at smaller pressure drops than gleba valves.

Liquid Critical Pressure Ratio Factor, FF

The liquid critical pressure rallo factor, FF'multiplied by
the vapor pressure, predicts the theoretical vena contracta pressure at the maximum effective (choked)
pressure drop across the valva.

Flashing
If the downstream pressure is equal to or less than the
vapor pressure, the vapor bubbles created at the vena
contracta do not collapse, resulting in a liquid-gas
mixtura downstream of the valva. This is commonly
callad flashjng. When flashing of a liquid occurs, the
inlet fluidis 100 percent liquid which experiences pressures in and downstream of the control valve which are
at or below vapor pressure. The result is a two phase
mixtura (vaporand liquid) at the valva outlet and in the
downstream piping. Velocity of this two phase flow is
usually very high and results in the possibility for erosion
of the valva and piping components.

Choked

....

Flow

Choked flow occurs in gases and vapors when the fluid

velocity reaches sonic values at any point in the valva
body, trim, or pipa. As the pressure in the valva or pipa
is lowered, the specific volume increases to the point
where sonic velocity is reached. In liquids, vapor
formad as the result of cavitation or flashing increases
the specific volume of the fluid at a tastar rata than the
increase in flow due to pressure differential. Lowering
the downstream pressure beyond this point in either
case will not increase the flow rata for a constant
upstream pressure. The velocity at any point in the
valva or downstream piping is limitad to sonic
(Mach = 1). As a result, the flow rata will be limitad to
an amount which yields a sonic velocity in the valva trim
or the pipa under the specified pressure conditions.

'--

Reynolds Number Factor, FR

11

The Reynolds Number Factor, FR'is usad to correGthe

calculated Cv for non-turbulent flow conditions due to
high viscosity fluids, very low velocities, or very small
valva Cv .

Piping Geometry Factor, Fp

Valva sizing coefficients are determinad from tests run
with the valva mounted in a straight run of pipa whih is
the sama diameter as the valva body. If the process
piping configurations are different from the standard test
manifold, the apparent valva capacity is changed. The
effect of reducers and increasers can be approximated
bythe use of the piping geometry factor, FP'

~.
~

Velocity

Liquids

50 feet par second

Gases

Approaching Mach 1.0

Mixed Gases
and Liquids

500 feet persecond

The above figures are guidelines for typical applications. In general,smaller sized valves handle slightly
higher velocities and larga valves handle lower velocitieso Special applications have particular velocity requirements; a few of which are provided below.
Liquid applications - where the fluid temperatura is
clase to the saturation point - should be limitad to 30
feet par second to avoid reducing the fluid pressure
below the vapor pressure. This is also an appropriate
limit for applications designad to pass the full flow rata
with a mnimum pressure drop across the valva.
Valves in cavitating service should also be limitad to 30
feet par second to minimiza damage to the downstream
piping. This will also localiza the pressure recovery
which causes cavitation immediately downstream from
the vena contracta.

'-'

Expansion

Factor, Y

The expansion factor, Y, accounts for the variation of

specific weight as the gas passes from the valva inlet to
the vena contracta. It also accounts for the c~ange in
cross-sectional area of the vena contracta as the pressure drop is variad.

Ratio of Specific Heats Factor, Fk

As a general ruja, valva outlet velocities should be

limitad to the following maximum values:

.-."

Gas applications where special noise attenuation trim

are usad should be limitad to approximately 0.33.Mach.
In adclition, pipa velocities downstream fromthe valva
are critical to the overall noise level. Experimentation
has shown that velocities around 0.5 Mach can create
substantial noise even in a straight pipa. The addition
of a control valva to the line will increase the turbulence
downstream, resulting in even higher noise levels.

In flashing services, velocities become much higherdue

to the increase in volume resulting from vapor formation. For most applications, it is important to keep
velocities below 500 feet par secando Expanded outlet
style valves - such as the Mark One-X - help to control
outlet velocities on such applications. Erosion damage
can be limitad by using chrome-moly body material and
hardened trim. On smaller valva applications which
remain closed for most ofthe time - such as heater drain
valves - higher velocities of 800 to 1500 feet par second
may be acceptable with appropriate matarais.

The ratio of specific heats factor, Fk,adjusts the Equation to account for different behavior of gasesother than
air.
Terminal

Pressure

Drop Rallo, XT

The terminal pressure drop ratio for gases, xT'isused to

predict the choking point where additional pressure
drop (by lowering the downstream pressure) will not
produce additional flow due to the sonic velocity limitation across the vena contracta. This factor is a function
of the valva geometry and varias similarly to FL' depending on the valva type.
Compressibility

Factor, Z

The compressibility factor, Z, is a function of the temperature and the pressure of a gas. It is usad to
determine the density of a gas in relationship to its
actual temperatureand pressure conditions.

CALCULA TING Cv FO.RLlQUIDS

Introduction
The Equation for theflow coefficient(C)in
liquid flow is:

non"laminar

q~
Cv= F;J~
Where:

(3.1)

Cv = Valv~ sizing coefficient

Fp = Piping geometry factor

>

q = Flow rata, gpm

LiPa = Allowable pressure drop across
the valva for sizing, psi
Gj = Sp~cific gravity at flowing
temperatura

3-3

Table 3-1:Typical Valve Recovery Coefficient and Incipient Cavitation Factors

NOTE: Va/ues are given for full-open va/ves: See charts be/ow for part-stroke

'.'.

Globe

Yaldisk
Rotary Disc
ShearStream
Rotary Ball
CavControl

Over Seat
Over Seat
Under Seat
Under Seat

Full Area
Reduced Area
Full Area
Reduced Area

60 Open
90 Open

Full
Full

0.76
0.56

0.65
0.49

.36
.26

.71
.71

Full
Full

0.78
0.66

0.65
0.44

.51
.30

1.0
1.0

AII

0.92

0.90

N/A

AII
AII
AII

-1.0
-1.0
-1.0

N/A

0.87 to 0.999

-1.0
N/A
-1.0

.'

Under Seat
Over Seat
Under Seat

..

1.00

F. Flowto Open

0.80

1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

.2/Jd

(ni25df/3**
.040*
.035*

...

Fi

0.70

I F Flowto Close
I
i-'"

0.50

0.90

Fi Flowto Ope.!!.-

J
FL

11

"

0.60

'"

...\

J
ShearStream*

\.

0.70

"i

0.60

F. Flow to Close-

IJ

0.50

1"

0.80

0.70

Valdisk*
...

0.80

0.60

1.00

0.50

""

0.40

0.40

20

40

60

80

100

20

Globe Valve 'FLValues

40

Percent

Percent of Rated C v

Globe

The following steps shoul~ be used to compute the

correct Cv' body size andlrim number:

60

The allowable pressure drop, ~p a , acrossthe valve for

calculating

Cv' is the smaller of the actual ~p from

P1 -1?2

80

100

Open

FL

:;:: Liquidpressurerecoveryfactor
FF :;:: Liquid critical pressure ratio factor
Pv :;:: Vapor pressureof the liquid at inlet

temperature, psia
P1

:;::

Upstreampressure,psia

See Table 3-1for FLfactors for both full-open and partstroke values.

(3.2)

~
v

Where:

Use Equation 3.3 to check for choked flow:

- FFPV) ,

(3.3)

(3.4 )

Pe

Step2:Check for Choked Flow, Cavitation

and Flashing

:;:: FL2 (P1

60

Rotary Disc Valve FL Values

FF:;:: 0.96 - 0.28

PCh

40

Percent

Valve F.Values
Where:

20

FF can be estimated by the following relationship:

Equation 3,2and choked~P ch from Equation 3.3.

~P:;::

100

80

of Rated Cv

Step1: Calculate Actual Pressure Drop

3A

.70
.70
.75
.75

0.90

0.90

0.40

0.75
0.72
0.81
0.81

0.84 to 0.999

Fd

XT

** ns = number of stages

1.00

FL

F.I

FL
0.85
0.80
0.90
0.90

60 Open
90 Open
Over Seat

MegaStream
ChannelStream
Tiger-Tooth
* Typica/

Trim Size

Flow Direction

ValveType

va/ues

FF

Liquid critical pressure ratio

Pv :;:: Vapor pressure of the liquid, psia
Pe :;:: Critical pressure of the liquid, psia
:;::

(see Table 3-11)

<-

Where:

If ~Pch (Equation 3.3) is less than the actual ~P

(Equation 3.2) , use ~P ch for ~P a in Equation3.1.

~
1.0
\.

0.9

"""""

""""'

::J
en
en
Q)

C.
C5
<.J
:;:::
"5
""O
"5
o::::

.......

0.8
0.7
0.6

O. 10 .20.30.40.50.60.70.80.901.00
P v = Vapor Pressure
P e = Critical Pressure

Step 4: Calculate Approximate Cy

Figure 3-3: Liquid Critical Pressure Ratio

Factor Curve
Table 3-11:Critical Pressures

(.,

Liquid
Ammonia

707.0
Argon
Benzene
710.0
Butane
551.2
Carbon Dioxide 1070.2
Carbon
Monoxide
507.1
Chlorine
1117.2
Dowtherm A
547.0
Ethane
708.5
730.5
Ethylene
FuelOil
330.0
Fluorine
757.0
Gasoline
410.0
Helium
32.9
188.1
Hydrogen

Liquid

Step 3: Determine Specific Gravity

Specific gravity is generally available for the flowing
fluid at the operating temperatura. The appendix provides fluid property data for 268 chemical com"pounds,
from which the specific;gravity, Gf can be calculated.

0.5

Critical
Press.
(psia)
1636.1

The required Cvfor flashing applications is determinad

by using the appropriate ~P allowable [~PChcalculated
from Equation 3.3].

Generally the effects of nonturbulent flow can be ignored, provided the valva is not operatjng in a laminar
ortransitional flowregion due to high viscosity, very low
velocity, orsmall Cv.lnthe eventthere is some question,
calculate the Cy,from Equation 3.1, a9suming Fp=1,and
then proceed to steps 5-7. If the ReYl3olds number

calculatedin Equation3.6a is greaterthan 40,000, FR

Critical
Press.
(psia)

Hydrogen
Chloride
1205.4
Isobutane
529.2
529.2
Isobutylene
Kerosene
350.0
Methane
667.3
492.4
Nitrogen
Nitrous Oxide 1051.1
732.0
Oxygen
823.2
Phosgene
615.9
Propane
670.3
Propylene
Refrigerant 11 639.4
Refrigerant 12 598.2
Refrigerant 22 749.7
Sea Water
3200.0
Water
3208.2

can be ignorad (proceed to step 8 after step 5.)

Step 5: Select Approximate Body Size

Bsed on Cy
From the Cv tablas in section 4, select the smallest body
size that will handle the calculated Cv .

Step 6: Calculate Valve Reynolds Number

Reyand Reynolds Number Factor FR
Use Equation 3.6a to calcultevalveReynolds
Factor:

Rev =

N4F

dq

..

(3.6a)

0-+1

.
.

v J FLC

1/1

FL2Cv'

Number

"-

LL

= Liquidcavitation factor

(Typical values for Fare given in Table 3-1)

P1 = Upstream pressure, psia
Py = Vaporpressureof the liquid,psia

N2 d4

0)

Use Equation 3.6b to calculate valva Reynolds Number

FactorFR if Rev< 40,000,otherwise FR = 1.0:

C

O0655

(3.6b)

It may also be useful to determine the point at which

substantial cavitation begins. The following Equation
defines the pressure drop at which substantial cavitation begins:

~P (cavitation) = F2 (P1 - Py)

(3.5)

In high pressure applications, alternate analysis may be

required; verify analysis with factory if ~P ~ ~P (cavitation) ~ 300 psi (globe valves) or 100 psi (rotary valves).

FR=1.044-.358

Where:

"

cvs
o,
vIo

C w = Laminar flow C v .
C =
vs

~ ~
Fs

(N

2/3

~P

(3.6c)

Cvt = Turbulent flow Cv (Equation 3.1)

Fs = streamline flow factor

3-5

Table 3-111:Piping Geometry Factors tor

Valves with Reducer and Increaser,

FP versus Cv Id2
d/D

e v Id2
4
6
8
10
12
14

.,

16
18
20
25
30
35
40

0.60
0.99
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.95

0.70
1.00
0.99
0.99
0.98
0.97

0.80
1.00
1.00
0.99
0.99
0.98

0.90
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00

0.92
0.90
0.87
0.85
0.79
0.73
0.68

0.94
0.92
0.90
0.89
0.84

0.96
0.95
0.94
0.92

0.98
0.97
0.97
0.96
0.94
0.91
0.89
0.86

0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96

0.89
0.85
0.81
0.77

0.63

0.95

NOTE: The maximum effective pressure drop (!1P

choked) mar be affected by the use of reducers and
increasers. This is especiallytrue of Va/disk va/ves.
Contact factory for critica/ applications.

Fd

2/3

fmL

Fs=

F2C2
L

10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40

0.50
1.00
1.01
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.06
1.08
1.10
1.17
1.27
1.44
1.75

Cv

Where:

= Valve inJet dameter, ihc~es

1.04
1.06
1.08
1.11
1.12
1.24
1.42
1.79
3.14

0.80
1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.07
1.10
1.12
1.22
1.37
1.65
2.41

0.90
1.00
1.01
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.08
1.13
1.20
1.32
1.50

~
(3.6e)

=F;J ~2

Fd =Valv8:stylem()difier(Tabl 3,-1)
'F$::::Lamirir, or streamline, flow factor
"q Flow rate; gpm

For laminar and transitional flow,note the!1P is always

taken as P1 - P2.

N2 = 890 when d is in,lnches

N4 =17,300, when q is in gpm and d ,In

Step 8: Calculate Piping Geometry Factor

inches

Ns

= 47 when q is in gpm and !1Pin psi

.t= absolute Viscosity,centipoise'

.
v == kinematicviscosity,centistokes
= l/Gf

Step 7: RecalculateCv,Using
NUmber Factor

Reynolds

Ifthe calculated,vaI~fERisless than 0.48, the flowis

consideredJaminar;'andtl1eCis equl to Cvs calculated
fror:nEquation 3.6c. If FR s gretE;j(thaq0,98, turbulent
flp\IY
can be assumed (F~'= 1.0);'iandCv is calculated
frbm Equation 3.1. Do not use the'pipirg geometry
.'

1.05
1.07
1.10
1.12
1.22
1.37
1.65
2.41

1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03

q;:

(3.6d)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04

0.70

d = Valve port inside diameter in inches

D = Infernal diameter of the piping in inches
(See Tables 3-VII and 3-VIII)

1/6

+1

0.60
1.00

Where:

N 2 d4

4
6
8

,v.

'"

".

If the pipe size is not given, use the approximate body

size (from step 5) to choose the corresponding pipe
size. The pipe diameter is used to calculate the piping
geometry factor, Fp' which can be determined by
Tables 3-111and 3-IV. If the pipe diameter is the same

as the valve size, Fp is 1 and does not affect Cv'

Step 9: Calculate the Final

Using the value of Fp' calculate
Equation 3.1 .

Cv

the required Cv from

Step 10: Calculate Valve Exit Velocity

The following Equation is used to calculate entrance or
exit velocities for liquids:

'JJJ

factor Fp if F R is less than 0.98. For values of FR betWeen

0.48 and 0.98, the flow is considered trahsitional; and

the Cvis calculatedfromEquation3.6e:

3-6

d/D

e v I d2

0.50
0.99
'0.98
0.97
0.96
0.94

0.79
0.74
0.69

Table 3-IV: Piping Geometry Factors tor

Increaser Only on Valve Outlet,
FPversus Cv I d2

v=

0.321 q
Av

(3.7)

Where:

Insert FL and FF into Equation 3.3:

= Velocity, ft/sec

q = Liquid flow rata, gpm

APch = (0.90)2 [314.7 - (0.93)(30)] = 232.3 psi

Av = Applicable flow area, in2

of body port (Table 3-VIII)

After calculating the exit velocity, compare that number

to the acceptable velocity for that application. It may be
necessary to go to a largar valva size.

Step 11: Recalculate

Changed

Cy 11Body Size

RecalculateCvif the Fp has been changed due to

Step 12: Select Trim Number

First identify if the valva will be usad for on/off or
throttling service. Using the Cv tablas in Section 4,
select the appropriate trim number for the calculated Cv
and body size selected. The trim number and flow
characteristic (Section 9) may be affected by how the
valva will be throttled. When cavitaiton is indicated,
retar to Section 14 to evaluate special trims for cavitation protection.

SIZING

At this point, also check for incipient cavitation using

Equation 3.5 and Table 3-1: "

= (0.81)2(314.7-30)=

AP (cavitation)

selection of a largerbody size.

LlQUID

SinGathe actual AP is less than APch' the flow is not

choked; therefore, use the smaller (or actual AP) to size
the valva.

187 psi

SinGaAP (actual) exceeds AP (cavitation), substantial

cavitation is occurring, but flow is not choked. Special
attention should be paid to material and trini sel~ction.
Step 3: The specific gravity for water is given as 0.94

Step 4: Calculatethe approximateCvFp usingEquation

3.1 and assumingFp is 1.0:

ev =soi

210
.94

= 33.4
,

Step 5: From the Gvtablas (Mark One, flow-under,

equal percentage, Class 600) select the smallest body
size for a Cvof 33.4, which is a 2-inch body.

EXAMPLES

Example One
Given:
Liquid

Water'

Critical Pressure (Pe)

Temperature...

3206.2 psia
2500 F

Upstream Pressure (P1)

314.7 psia

Oownstream Pressure (P2)

Specific Gravity

104.7 psia
0.94

Valva Action

Flow-to-open

$tep 6: Calcul:.tethe Reynolds Number Factor, FR'

using Equations 3.6a and 3.6e as required.
1/4

2
') (0' 9O) (33.4)2
(17 ,3() O) (1):(5 0Q
.'.,."
+1=114x106
'

'

'

Re=

"

,,,

"

",

,.

. " v:'(0.014(0.90)(33A)

"

,,

,',

,,
,,

,,

,', (890)(2)4

~
,

Step 7: SinGa Rev > 40,000, FR= 1.0andthe

lated CvF p remains as 33.4.

recalcu-

'

Line Size

4-inch (Class600)

Flow Rate

500 gpm

Vapor Pressure (Py)

Kinematic Viscosity (v)

30 psia
0.014 centistokes

Flow Characteristic

Equal Percentage

Step 8:Using the 2-inch body from step 5, determinethe

Fp using Table 3-111,where:
diO = 2/4 = 0.5 aMC
,

Id2 = 33.4/22 = 8.35

Therefore according to Table 3-111,

theF pis 0.97.

Step 1: Calculate actual pressure drop using Equation

(3.2).

Step 9: Recalculate the'fin'al(::,,:

AP = 314.7 psia - 104.7 psia = 210 psi

C =

Step 2: Check for choked flow. Find FLusing Table 31. Looking under "globe, flow-under," find FLas 0.90.

Next, estmateFF usingEquation3.4:

FF = 0.96 - 0.28

3206.2

= 0.93

-500
0.97

0.94"

:;,;

= , 34.5

210

Step 10: Using Equation 3.7, the velocity for a 2-inch

body is found to be nearly 51 ft(sec.Since this application is cavitating, damage may result in a 2-inch valva.
A 3-inch body reduces velocity to about 23 ft/sec which
3-7

Step 3: The specific gravity for ammonia is given as

is a more aqceptable value. How8ver, special trim may

be tequired to eliminate cavitation damage.

0.65

NOTE: In this example, a 2 x 4-inch Mark One -X might

Step 4: Calculate the approximate

3.1 :

also be chsen. It is less costly than a 3-inch valve and

tl)e larger outlets willlower the velocities. It will also be
less costly fo install in a 4-inch line.

Cy = 850

Step 11: SinGathe body size ha,schanged, recalculate

the Cyby following steps8and 9. The Fp for a 3-inch
body is nearly 1.0, and the final C"is 3304.

Cy using Equation

= 77.5

78.2
0.65

Step 12: Referringtothe C~tablas, a Cy33, 3-inch valva

would requireat least a Him number of L2q. Trim
number 2,Omayalso suffice andhave no reduced trim
price adder. Refer to Section 14 on special trims for
cavitation protection.

Step 5: From the Cytablas (Mark One, flow-over, linear,

Class 600) select the smallest body Bize for a Cy of 77 .5,
which is a 3-inch body.

Steps 6 and 7: Turbulent flow is assumed, so Reynolds

NumberFactoris ignorad,FR = 1.0.

'

Example Two
Given:

Step 8: With the 3-inch body and 3-inch line, Fp = 1.

Liquid

Ammonia

Critical Pressure (Pc)

Temperature

Step 9: SinGaFp = 1, the final Cy remains as 77.5.

1638.2 psia
,
20 F

Upstream Pressure (P1)

Downstream Pressure (P2)
Specific Gravity
Valva Action

Step 10: Using Equation 3.7, the velocity for a 3-inch

body is found to be ovar 38 ft/sec. SinGathis application
is cavitating, this velocity may damage a 3-inch valva.
However, sinGathe Bize is restricted to a 3-inch line, a
largar valva size cannot be chosen to lower the velocity.
Damage problems may result from such a system. A
cavitation control style trim should be suggested; sea
Section 14.

149.7 psia
64.7 psia
0.65
Flow-to-close

Line Size
Flow Rate

3-inch (Class 600)

850 gpm

Vapor Pressure (Pv)

Kinematic Viscosity (v)

FlowC,haractetistic

45.6 psia
0.02 centistokes
,

:'

Step 11: If cavitation control trim is not selected, Cy

recalculation is not necessary sinGa the body size or
trill1 style did not changa.

Linear

Step 1: Calculate ctual pressuredropusing Equation

3.2.

Step 12: Heferring to the Cy tablas, a Cy 77.5, 3-inch

valva would use a trim numberof2.000rthefull sizetrim
n!1mber 2.62. Use of this trim, however, could result in
cavitationdamage to body and trim; sea Section 14.

~p = 149.7 psia - 64.7 psia ==85 psid

Step 2: Check fer choked flow. Find FL using Table

3-1. Lookirig under "globe,flow-over," find FLas 0.85.
Next, estimate F::usingEquatioIl3.4:

F~ =0.96 - 0.28
"

5,6

..

.'

41638.2
"

Flashing Liquids Velocity Calculations

When the valva outlet pressure is lower than or aquel to
th,~saturation pressure for the fluid temperatura, part of
the fluid flashes into vapor. When flashing exists, the
following calculations must be usad to determine velocity. Flashing requires special trim designs and/or
hardened materials. Flashingvelocity greater than 500
ftlsec requires special body designs. If flow rafe is in lb/
hr:

=0.91

,,'.

",

"

Insert FL and F~>into Equation 3.3:'

~P9h (GhOk'd{=(O~8~Jd'[149.{'- (0.91 )(15.6)]

;sfnce'the

;, .-';

,..

"aduaf~P,)s

morethan

= 78.2 ps

"

...-

~p Ch" the flow is

chPke,dand cavitating; therefore, use the ~Pch'for ~Pa

, to sLzethe valva. SinGa the service is cavitating, special

'attentipn should be made to material and trim selection.

GavC.oritrolor ChannelStream$hould be considerad.

3-8

'-'

. V = 0,040
..

A,y

'W

.,,

1- ~

[(

100%

V2+ ~

Vg

100%

(3.8)

if the flow rata is given in gpm, the following Equation

can be usad:

Flashing Liquid Example

Assume the sama conditions exig as in Example

"-'

v=

q~ 1- 1~O%

) v.

+10;%

(3.9)

vj

Where:
V = Velocity, ft/sec
w = Liquid flow rata, Ib/hr
q = Liquid flow rata, gpm

OIl.3,

except that the temperatura is 3500 F rather than 2500

F. By referring to the saturated steam temperatura
tablas, you find that the saturation pressure of wate tlt
3500 F is 134.5 psia, which is greater than the outlet
pressure of 105 psia (90 psia). Therefore, the fluid is
flashing. SinGa a portion- of the liquid is flashing,
Equations 3.9 and 3.1Omustbe usad. x (% flashed) can
be determinad by using Equation 3.10:

Av = Valva outlet flow area, in2,sea Table 3-VIII.

V'2 = Saturated liquid specific volume (fP/lb at
outlet pressure)

h'1 = 321.8 Btu/lb at 3500 F

(from saturation temperatura tablas)

Vg2= Saturated vapor specific volume (fP/lb at

outlet pressure)

h'2 = 302.3 Btu/lb at 105 psia

(from saturatioh pressure tablas)

x = % of liquid mass flashed to vapor

hfg2 = 886.4 Btu/lb ~t 105 psia

(from saturatlon pressure tablas)

Calculating Percentage Flash

321.8

x =

The % flash (x) can be calculated as follows:

x=

h -h

( )
f1

f2

100%

(3.10)

h'92

'"

- 302;3

886.4

x 1909/0= 2.2%

Therefore, the velocity in a 3-inch valva can be determinad by using Equation 3.9:

Where:

x = % of liquid mass flashed to vapor

Vf2 = 0.0178 fP/lb at 105 psia

(from saturation pressure tablas)

h'1= Enthalpy of saturated liquid at inlet

temperatura

Vg2 = 4.234 fP/lb at 105 psia

(from saturation pressure tablas)

h'2= Enthalpy of saturated liquid at outlet

pressure
hfg2= Enthalpy of evaporation at outlet:
pressure

V =

(20)(500)
.

7,07

6_02%

1 ~.

.[.(. 100%

2.2Yco
.
0.0178 + - - 0

.(

. ... . ..J
- -:'10P%"

4.234
..

V = 156 ft/sec
For water, the enthalpies (hf1' hf2 and hfg2)and specific
volumes (Vf2and Vg2)can be found in the saturation
temperatura and pressure tablas of any set of steam
tablas.

Flashing velocity is less than 500 ft/sec, which is acceptable for Mark One bodies.
Hardened trim and
CavControl should algo be considerad.

J.,

3-9

CALCULAiJNGC

,'.'"

",

The following steps should be used to compute the

correctCv' body size and trim number:

FOA GASES

ij1trQduction
,

aecl:Useofcompressibility, gases and vapors expand

as thepressuredrops at the venacontracta, decreasing
their specificweight.
To account for the change in
specific weight, anexpansion factor, V, is introduced
into the valve sizing fOrmula. The forro of the Equation
used is one of thefollowing, depending en the process
variables available:

= 63.3

FpCvV

JxPl

Q = 1360 Fp C P1
v

(3.12)

Step 2: Check tor Choked Flow

Determine the terminal pressure drop ratio, xT' for that
particular valve by referring to Table 3-V.
Next, determine the ratio of specific heats factor, Fk' by
using the Equation below:
k

Fk =1.40

(3.13)

T1 Z
xMw

(3.11)

Where:
(3.14 )

Fk = Ratio ofspecific heats factor

k = Ratio of specific heats (taken from
Table 3-VI).

Where:

Calculate the ratio of actual pressure drop to absolute

inlet pressure, x, by using Equation 3.16:

w = Gas flow rate,lb/hr

Fp = Piping geometry factor
"

Cv = Valve sizing coefficient

V = Expansion factor
x = Pressure droo ratio

x = AP

x = RatiOof pressure drop to absolute inlet

pressure
AP = Pressure drop (P1 - P2)

P1 = Inletpressure, psia
P::, = Outlet pressure, psia

T1' :::;Absolute upstream temperature

A = (OE+ 460)
fa<;:tor

Mw = Molecular INeight
P1 = Upstream absOlute pressure, psia

,
'NOTE:The numercal constants in Equations 3.113.14 ar unit conversion factors.

Table 3-V: Pressure

"

3-,10

Choked flow occurs when x reaches the value of Fkxr

Therefore, if x is lessthan FkxT'the flow is not choked.
If x is greater, the flowis choked. If flow is choked, then
FkxTshould be used in place of x (whenever it applies)
in the gas sizing Equations.

Drop Ratios, XT

Valve Type

Flow,Direction

Trim Size

XT

Globe

Flow-to-close
Flow-to-close
Flow-to-open
Flow-to-open

Full Area
Reduced Area
Full Area
Reduced Area

0.70
0.70
0.75
0.75

60 apeA
, 90 Open
Under Seat

Full
.Full
AII

0.36
0.26
-1.00

90 Open

Full

0.30

High Performance
Butterfly
Multi-stage

"...'"

Where:

standard conditions

,"

(3.16)

P1

'Y1= Specific welght at inlet conditions, Ib/fP

Q = Gas flow in standard fP/hr (SCFH)
G9 = Specific gravllY ur gas relative to air at

Z = Compressibility

(3.15)

'

yj M xT Z
w

Based on the information available, select one of the

tour Equations: 3.11, 3.12, 3.13 or 3.14.

VJ G T Z

,p
v P1 V
w ==19".3.FC

Q = 7320 Fp C P l

'Y1

Step 1: Select the Appropriate Equation

Ball

.
Figure

3-4: Compressibility
(Reprodueed

Factors

tor Gases

with

Reduced

Pressures

from eharts of L.C. Nelson and E.F. Obert, Northwestern

Tr-1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
;...1.20
1.30
1.40
1:50
1.60

4.0
,/

v
V.J""

3.0

f..........

v/.

1.80
2.00

......

15
"t
lO

L--"
1-"

.....

LI.

v.

..--

:s 2.0

2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
5.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
15.00

.-

.;
U>

8U

!!?

Q.

E
o
o

1.0

tr()m O to 4()~..

Teehnologieallnstitute)

'

V
\ "f.&
T=

.00

A"

o
o

10

15

20

25

35

30

40

Reduced Pressure, Pr

Step 3: Calculate the Expansion Factor

l. "
'.'0'

1.02

The expansion factor, Y, may be expressed as:

,/

1.00

x
Y = 1--

0.98

(3.17)

To obtain the compressibility factor, Z, first calculate the

reduced pressure, Pr, and the reduced temperature, Tr :
P,
(3.18)

0.84

(3.19)
Te

T, =

Using the factors Pr and T r, find Z in Figures

.....

\
1\
\ \
\

I
/
1 I
I

",
\

"'"

.,"

In

"

",
1/

\
\
\

J
.'

1\

-1

T,

0.68

'\
I=

L\

j /
;;

11

'"

I :'J\

........

2
Reduced

Pressure, Pr

Figure 3-5: Compressibility

Factors for Gase$
with Reduced
Pressures
from O to 6.

Te = Critical absolute temperature

(from Table VI)

1\ \

Absolute upstream temperature

...
:.'/

0.64

Tr = Reduced temperature

V
11=,1.5(

.~ 0.82
Q)

0.66

Where:

/
./
./
./
......

0.70
T =-

1,.....-

\ \1\
\
\ \
,
\

0.74
0.72

T1

"""....

I\.

\ 1\

o 0.78
U
0.76

Pe = Critical Pressure, psia (from

Table 3-VI)

I
U'

\ 1\

P1 = Upstream pressure, psia

.: 0.90

./

.....
'T.

-o
~ 0.88
LL
0.86

-"""

......

0.92

->-

,-

\\\\1 \

Q. O 80

P r = Reduced pressure

.....

...

0.94

Step 4: Determine the Compressibility

Factor

.....

\.'

0.96

NOTE: If the fIow is choked, use FkxT for x.

pe

.....

3FkxT

Pr=
Where:

/'
......

3-4 or

. (Reprodueed .from eharts of LC. Nelson and E.F. Obert,

Northwestern Teehnologieallnstitute)

3-5.

3-11

Table 3-VI: Gas Physical Data

Critical
Pressure
(psia)

Gas
Air
Ammonia

492.4
1636.1
707.0
1070.2
507.1
708.5
730.6
32.9
188.2
667.4
667.4
492.4.
732.0
-615.9

Argon
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
Ethane
Ethylene
Helium
Hydrogen
Methane
Natural Gas
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Propane
Steam

Step 5: Calculat.e

Critical

Ratio of
Molecular
Weight (Mw)

Temperature
(OR)
227.1
729.8
271.1
547.2
238.9
549.4
508.0
9.01
59.4
342.8
342.8
226.8
278.0
665.3
1165.1

..

3208.2

28.97
17.0
39.9
44.0
28.0
30.1
28.1
4.00
2.02
16.04
16.04
28.0
32.0
44.1
18.02

Cv

1.40
1.31
1.67
1.29
1.40
1.19
1.24
1.66
1.40
1.31
1.31
1.40
1.40
1.13
1.33

M (gas)=

Using the above calculations, use one of the tour gas

sizing Equations to determine Cv (assuming Fp is 1).

From the Cvtablas in the appendix, select the smallest

M (gas) =

1036 Av

body sizethat will handlethe calculatedCv'

(3.21)

a
M (air) =

the valva size, Fp s 1 and is not a factor.

(3.22)
1225 Av

If the pipa size is not given, use the approximate body

size (fromstep 6) to choose the corresponding pipa
size. The pipa size is usad to calculate the piping
geometry factor, Fp' which can be determinad by
Tables 3-111
or 3-IV. If the pipa diameter is the sama as

jT

wv
M (steam) =

(3.23)
1514 AvfT

Where:
M = Mach number

Step 8: Calculate the Final Cv

Cv'

Step 9: Calculate Valve Exit Mach Number

Equations 3.20, 3.21,3.22 or 3.23 are usad to calculate
entrance or exit velocities (in terms of the approximate
Mach number). Use Equations 3.20 or 3.21 for gases,
Equation 3.22 for air and Equation 3.23 for steam. Use
downstream temperature if it is known, otherwise use
upstream temperatura as an approximation.
3-12

jY;

..

Gg

Step 7:Calculate Piping Geometry Factor

(3.20)

5574A:) Mw
kT

Step 6: Select Approximate Body Size

Based on Cv

With the calculation of the Fp' figure the final

Specific
Heats (k)

a ,=FActual flow rafe, fP/hr

. (CFH, not SCFH; sea paga 3-13)
A = Applicable flow area, in2,of
v
body port (Table 3-VIII)
TJp,= Absolute temperatureo R, (OF + 460)
w = Massflow rafe, Ib/hr
v = Specific volume at flow conditions, fP/lb
G = Specific gravity at standard conditions
9

relativato air

Mw = Molecular weight
k = Ratio of specific heats

'*

,.
.

NOTE: To convert SCFH to CFH use the Equation.'

(P a)(Oa)

..~

Ta

."

.
.,".
.. '.' ~

Step 2: Referring to Table 3-V, the pressure drop'ratlO,

XI' is 0.75. Calculate Fkusing Equation 3.15 and x using...
Equation 3.16:

(Ps)(O)
(3.24)
Ts

Fk=

1.33 = 0.95
1.40

Where:

Pa = Actual operating pressure

a = Actual volume flow rata, CFH

Ts = Standard temperatura (520 Rankine)

Step 3: Determine Y using Equation 3.17:

After calculating the exit velocity, compare that number

to the acceptable velocity for that application. Select a
largar size valva if necessary. Refer to section 13 to
predict noise level.

y = 1-

Step 10: Recalculate Cyif Body Size

Changed

P =

140

3208.2

Recalculate Cv if Fp has changed due to the selection

of a largar body size.

Identify if the valva is for en/off or throttling service.

Using the Cvtablas in Section 4, select the appropriate
trim number for the calculated Cv and body size selected. The trim number and flow characteristic (Section 9) may be affected by how the valva is throttled.

.=0.04

450 + 460

Tr =

Step 11: Select Trim Number

Step 5: Determine Cvusiflg Equat'ion3.13 and assuming Fp is 1:

10,000
C =
v (19.3) (140) (0.70)

Example One

450 F
140 psia
50 psia
10,000 Ib/hr
,... Flow-to-open

..~

(910) (1.0)

= 47.0

(0.64) (18.02)

Step 6: From the Cvtablas (Mark arTe, flow-under,

equal percentage, Class 600), select the smallest
body size for a Cv of 47, which is a 2-inch body.

Steam

3206.2 psia
705.5 F
18.026
1.33
Equal percentage
2-inch (Class 600)
10.41

= 0;78,

705.5 + 460

Using Figure 3-4, Z is found to be 1.0

GAS SIZING EXAMPLES

Critical Pressure (Pe)

Critical Temperature (Te)
Molecular Weight (Mw)
Ratio of Specific Heats (k)
Flow Characteristic
Une Size
Specific Volume

~ 0.70

Step 4: Determine Z by calculting.. P.and

T r using
r
Equations 3.18 and 3.19:
.

vibration in valves/pipingresulting in equipment damage.

Upstream Pressure (P1)

Downstream Pressure (P2)
Flow Rate
Valva Action

0.64
3 (0.71)

"....

Caution: Noise levels in excess of 110 dBA may cause

Temperature

= 0.64

Therefore, FkxTis(0.95)(O.75) or 0.71. Since x is less

than FkxT,flow isnot choked. Use x in all Equations.

O = Standard volume flow rata, SCFH

Given:
Gas

140 - 50
140

x =

Ta = Actualtemperatura, R (OF + 460)

Ps = Standard pressure (14.7 psi)

'-.,

'u'

Steps 7 and 8: Since the pipa size is the sama as the

body, Fpis 1 and is not a factor. Therefore, the Cvis 47.
.

Step 9: The gas is steam, calculate the Mach number

using Equation 3.23. Assume a constant enthalpy
process to find specific volume at downstream conditions; from steam tablas, v = 10.41 ft3/lbat T2= 414F:
M=

(10,000) (10.41)
1515(3.14)j

= 0.74

414+460

Step 1: Given the above information, Equation 3.13 can

This is greater than Mach 0.5 and should be reviewed for excessive noise and use of noise reduc-

be usad to salve for Cv .

ing trim.

3-13

NOTE: To convert SCFH to CFH use the Equaton:

(P a)(Oa)

(P5)(0)

Ta

Step 2: Referrillg to Table 3-V, the pressure drop':itfo,

XI' is 0.75. CalculateFkusing Equation 3..15 and x using-_Equation 3.16:

(3.24)
T5

Fk =

Where:
Pa
a
Ta
P5
O

= Actual operating pressure

= Actual volume flow rata, CFH
= Actual temperatur,OR (OF+ 460)

= Standardpressure(14.7psi)

1.33 = 0.95
1.40
140 - 50
140

= 0.64

Therefore, FkxTis(0.95)(0.75)
than FkxT, flow isnotchoked.

= Standard volume flow rata, SCFH

or 0.71. SinGa x is less

Use x in all Equations.

T5 = Standardtemperatura(520Rankine)
After calculating the exit velocity, comparethat number
to the acceptable velocity for that application. Select a
largar size valva if necessary. Refer to section 13 to
predict noise level.

Step 3: Determine Y using Equation3.17:

y = 1-

0.64
3(0.71)

~0.70
c'"

Caution: Noise levels in excess of 110 dBA may cause

vibration in valves/piping resultingin equipment damage.

Step 4: Determine Z bycalculatin"Q Prnd Tr using

Equations3.18

Step 10: Recalculate

Changed

Pr =

Recalculate Cv if Fp haschangeddueto the selection

of a largar body size.

(.

Tr =

Step 11: Select Trim Number

Identify if the valva is for en/off or throttling service.
Using the Cvtablas in Section 4, select the appropriate
trimnumber for the calculated Cv and body size selected. The trim number and flow characteristic (Section 9) may be affected by how the valva is throttled.

Example One
Given:
Gas

Steam

Temperature

450 F

Upstream Pressure (P1)

Downstream Pressure (P)
Flow Rate
Valva Action

140 psia
50 psia
10,000 Ib/hr
,... Flow-to-open

Critical Pressure (Pe)

Critical Temperature(Tc)
Molecular Weight (Mw)
Ratio of Specific Heats (k)
Flow Characteristic
Une Size
Specific Volume

3206.2 psia
705.5 F
18.026
1.33
Equal percentage
2-inch (Class 600)
10.41

Step 1: Given the above information, Equation 3.13 can

be usadto salvefor Cv .

140
3208.2

.~"0.04

450 + 460

= 0,78,

705.5 + 460

Using Figure 3-4, Z is found to be 1.0

Step 5: Determine Cvusing Equation 3.13 and assuming F p is 1:

10,000
C =
v (19.3) (140) (0.70)

GAS SIZING EXAMPLES

and3.19:

Cv if Body Size

(910) (1.0)

=47.0

(0.64) (18.02)

Step 6: From the Cvtablas (Mark One, flow-under,

equal percentage, Class 600), select the smallest
body size for a Cv of 47, which is a 2-inch body.
Steps 7 and 8: SinGathe pipa size is the sama as the
body, Fpis 1 and is not a factor. Therefore, the Cvis 47.
Step 9: The gas is steam, calculate the Mach number
using Equation 3.23. Assume a constant enthalpy
process to find specific volume at downstream conditions; from steam tablas, v = 10.41 fP/lb at T2= 414F:
~.-

M=

(10,000) (10.41)
1515(3.14))

= 0.74

414+460

This is greater than Mach 0.5 and should be reviewed for excessive noise and use of noise reducing trim.

3-13

Step 10: If bady size daes nat change, there is no.

65 + 460

Tr =

impact an Cycalculatian.

= 1.53

342.8

Step 11: Referring ta the Cytables, a Cy47, 2-inch Mark

One waulduse atrim number af 1.62. If naise is a
cansideratian, see Sectians 13 and 14.

Using Figure 3-5, Z is faund ta be abaut 0.86.

Step 5: Determine Cv using Equatian 3.14 and assum-

Example

ing Fp is 1:

Two

Given:
Gas

Natural Gas

Temperature
.

1314.7 psia
99.7 psia
2,000,000 SCFH

"""""""',"""""""""'"

Critical Pressure (P e)

672.92 psia

Malecular Weight (MJ

"
Ratia af Specific Heats (k)
Flow Characteristic
,0
.

Step 6: Fram the Cy tables (Mark One, flaw-under,

linear, Class 600), select the smallest bady size far a Cy
af 31.7, which is a 1 1/2-inch bady.

342.8R

16.042
1.31
Linear

Steps 7 and 8: Since the pipe size is unknawn, use 1

as the Fpfactar. Therefare, the Cv is 31.7.
Step 9: Since the gas is natural gas, calculate the Mach
number using Equatian 3.20:

,
Unknawn (Class 600)

Line Size

(297,720*)

M=

Step 1: Given the abave informatian, Equatian 3.14 can

be used ta salve far Cv'
Step 2: Heferring ta Table 3-V, the pressure drop ratia,
Xv is 0.75 byassuming a Mark One flaw-under. Calculate Fk using Equatian 3.15 and X using Equatian 3.16:
k

= 0.936

1.40

x= 1314.7 - 99.7
1314.7

= 0.92

Therefare,FkxTis (0.94)(0.75) ar 0.70. Since x is greater

than FkxT'flaw is chaked. Use FkxTin place af x in all
Equatians.

0.70

*NOTE: TacanvertSCFHfa CFH,use Equatan3.24.

Step 10: Mach numbers in excess af sanic velacity at
the autlet af the valve are nat passible. A larger valve
size shauld be selected ta bring the velacity belaw the
sanic leve!. Ta praperly size the valve, select a size ta
reduce the velacity ta less than 1.0 Mach.
Step 11: Using Equatian 3.20, salve far the recammended valve afea required far 0.5 Mach velacity:
297,720 CFH
0.5 M =

P =
r

3-14

= 1.97
667.4

(65 + 460)
16.04

#-

'\

Step 4: Determine Z by calculating Pr and T: using

1314.7

A = 16.3 in2
y

Salve far the valve diameter fram the afea by:

A. =
Equatians 3.18 and 3.19:

16.04

557411.31

= 0.667

3 (0.70)

= 6.61

(1.31)(65 + 460)

5574 (1.77)

Step 3: Determine Y using Equatian 3.17:

y = 1-

31.7

0.70

Flaw-ta-apen

CriticalTemperature(Te) """"C""""""""

F=

(16.04)(525)(0.86)

65 F

U~streamPressure (P1)
DQwnstreamPressure (P)
Flaw Rate """""""""',""""""'"
Valve Actian

(2,000,00)
C =
v (7320)(1314.7)(.667)

1td2

Ay

ar d =

"

(16.3)

=
1t
'

= 4.6 in.

1t

Thus a 6-inch valve is required.

Step 12: Referring ta the Cv tables, a Cv af 31.7, 6-inch
Mark One wauld use a trim number af 1.62. Since the
flaw is chaked, naise shauld be calculated fram Sectian
13, and special trim may be selected fram Sectian 14.

CALCULATING C FOR TWO PHASE FLQ,W

\.
t
I

Y,,'"

.Sfep3: C~lculate the Required Cyof the Valve

Introduction

w+w

The method of Cv calculation for two ph3.sefJow assumes that the gas and liquid passJhrough the valva
orfice at the sama velocity. The requrred Cv is determinad by using an equivaJentdnsity fer theHquid g'as
mixtura. This method is intended for use with mixtures
of a liquid and a non-condensable gas. To size valVes
with liquids and their own vapor at the valva ihlet will
require good engineering judgement.
Nomenclature:
Av= flow area of body port (Table 3-VIII)

~p a = allowablepressuredrop
qf= volumetric flow rafe of liquid, ff3/hr
q9 = volumetric flow rafe of gas, ff3/hr

CF v

Use the smaller

gf

63 . 3

)F; ~P=-a

OfP1- P2 anq PChfor Pa'

Step 4rSelect Body Size Based on Cy

Fromthe e v tablesin the appendix,selectthe smallest
,

body size that will handle the calculated Cv'

Step 5: Calculate Piping Geometry Factor

.

If the pipa size is notgiven, use the approximatebody size

'

(from step 6) to chosethe corresponding pipe size. The

pipa size is usad to calculate the piping geometry'factor,
Fp, which can be determinad by Tables 3-111or 3-IV. Ifthe

pipa diameter is the sama as the valva size, Fp is 1.

wf = liquid flow rafe, Ib/hr

Step 6: Caculate Final C

w 9 = gas flow rafe, Ib/hr

"

Gf = liquid specific gravity at upstream conditions

G9 = gas specific gravity at upstream conditions
T1

= upstream temperatura

Step1:

With the calculati?n ofthe 5p,'figure the final Cv'

,

".'

Where:

Pressure

,',

VeIocity
" "=

,(q+q)
~g
"",
,

'A

Drop

'-'

qf

62.4

Gf

.'

'.<'~
,,~

.~.

W9T1

qg= 27G
.

P2

Area = applicable flow area

The ~P afor liquid or gas is either P1- P2or the choked

pressure drop of the dominating phase if the valva is
choked. (See the gas and liquid choked pressure
Equations.)

After calculating the exit velocity, compare that number

to the acceptable velocity for that application. Select a
largar valva size if necessary.
'

Step 2: Calculate the Equivalent Specific

Volume of the Liquid-gas Mixture

Recommended two phase flow velocity limits are similar to those for flashing when the gaseos phase is
dominant. If liquid is the dominant phase, velocity of th~
mixtura should be less than 50 ft/sec in the body.

Where:

(f v )
v = ~
e

v
wf

First it must be determinad whether liquid or gas is the

continuous phase at the vena contracta. This is done by
comparing the volumetric flow rafe of the liquid and gas.
Whichever is greater will be the limiting factor:
If qf > qg'then ~Pa= ~Pa for liquid
If qg. > qf' then ~P a = ~Pfor
gas
a

~i

"

Step 7: Calculate U"teValve Exit Velocity

(O R)

Calculate theLimiting

,y

+ fv

Y2

f f

Step 8: Recalculate Cy if Body Size Changed

W
f=--11
9
(Wg+ w).

Recalc~late Cvif Fp has been changed due to the selection

of a largar body size.

ff =

Ste~9:

wf

v =

(Wg + wf)
T
1

(2.7 P1G9)

vf =

1
(62.4 Gf)

Y = gas expansion factor (Equation 3.17)

Select Trim Number

Identify if the valva will be usad for en/off or throttling

service. Using the Cvtablas in Section 4, select the
appropriate trim number for the calculated Cv and body
size selected. The trim number and flow characteristic
(Section 9) may be affected by how the valva is throttled.
" Special trim and matarais may be required if high noise
levels or cavitation are indicated.
3-15

'

Table 3-VII: Pipe Flow Areas, Ap (Square Inches)

Nominal
Pipe
Diameter

Schedule
10

30,

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

STD

XS

XXS

'/2

0.30

0.23

0.17

0.30

0.23

0.05

3/4

0.53

0.43

0.30

0.53

0.43

0.15

0.86

0.72

0.52

0.86

0.72

0.28

1'/2

2.04

1.77

1.41

2.04

1.77

0.95

3.36

2.95

2.24

3.36

2.95

1.77

7.39

6.61

5.41

7.39

6.61

4.16

12.73

11.50

10.32

9.28

12.73

11.50

7.80

28.89

26.07

23.77

21.15

28.89

26.07

18.83
37.1

51.8

51.2

50.0

47.9

45.7

43.5

40.6

38,5

36.5

50.0

45.7

10

82.5

80.7

78.9

74.7

71.8

68.1

64.5

60.1

56.7

78.9

74.7
108.4

12

,.

20

117.9

114.8

111.9

106.2

101.6

96.1

90.8

86.6

80.5

113.1

14

143.1

140.5

137.9

135.3

129.0

122.7

115.5

109.6

103.9

98.3

137.9

132.7

16

188.7

185.7

182.6

176.7

169.4

160.9

152.6

144.5

135.3

129.0

182.6

176.7

18

240.5

237.1

230.4

223.7

213.8

204.2

193.3

182.7

173.8

163.7

233.7

227.0

20

298.6

291.0

283.5

278.0

265.2

252.7

238.8

227.0

213.8

202.7

298.0

283.5

?4

434

425

411

402

382

365

344

326

310

293

425

415

30

678

661

649

663

602

574

542

513

.',

36

975

956

938

914

870

830

782

42

1328

1302

1282

1255

1187

1132

1064

Table 3-VIII: Valve Outlet Areas

Valve
Size

Valve Outlet Area, Av

(Square Inches)
Class
150

(inches)

Class
300

Class
600

Class
900

Class
1500

Class
2500

'/2

0.20

0.20

0.20

0.20

0.20

0.15

0.11

0.44

0.44

0.44

0.37

0.37

0.25

0.20

0.79

0.79

0.79

0.61

0.61

0.44

0.37

1'/2

1.77

1.77

1.77

1.50

1.50

0.99

0.79

3.14

3.14

3.14

2.78

2.78

1.77

1.23

7.07

7.07

7.07

6.51

5.94

3.98

2.78

12.57

12.57

12.57

11.82

10.29

6.51

3.98

28.27

28.27

28.27

25.97

22.73

15.07

10.29

50.27

50.27

48.77

44.18

38.48

25.97

19.63

10

78.54

78.54

74.66

69.10

60.13

41.28

28.27

12

113.10

113.10

108.43

97.12

84.62

58.36

41.28

14

137.89

137.89

130.29

117.86

101.71

70.88

50.27

16

182.65

182.65

170.87

153.94

132.73

92.80

63.62

18

233.70

226.98

213.82

194.83

167.87

117.86

84.46

20

291.04

283.53

261.59

240.53

210.73

143.14

101.53
143.14

24

424.56

415.48

380.13

346.36

302.33

207.39

30

671.96

660.52

588.35

541.19

476.06

325.89

855.30

962.11

907.92

42

1320.25

1194.59

NOTE: To find approximate fluid velocity in the pipe, use the Equation Vp= VvA/ Ap where:
Vp= Velocity in pipe
Av= Valve Outlet area Irom Table 3-VIII
Vv= Velocity in valve outlet
Ap = Pipe area Irom Table 3-VII
To lind equivalent diameters 01the valve or pipe inside diameter use: d =J 4AJrc, O=J 4A/rc

3-16

Class
4500

3/4

36

,,'

.'