Summary
Notes
for
Science
Form 4 Chapter 1
Scientific method
Observing a phenomenon
Identifying the problem
Makina a hypothesis
Planning the investigation
Conducting the experiment
Collecting data
Analyzing and interpreting data
Making a conclusion
observingphenomenon
identifyingproblem- phenomenon
hypothesis- Thethe, Thethe
planninginvestigation- hypothesis
conductingexperiment- investigation experiment
collectingdata- experiment
analyzinginterpretingdata- data
Analyzing & Interpreting
Conclusion- data hypothesis
Form4 Chapter 2
Body coordination
Nervous System ( )
Central Nervous System
Brain & Spinal cord ( )
Control the centre of nervous
system
Neurones
Peripheral Nervous System
Consists of nerves
emerging from the brain and
the spinal cord (Cranical
nerves and Spinal nerves)
Link receptors and
effectors with CNS
Sensory Neurone Send nerve
impulses from sensory organ /
receptors to CNS
Relay Neurone / Interneurone sends
impulses from sensory neurone to
motor neurone.
Motor Neurone Receive nerve
impulses from relay neurone and
send to effector
Structure of a neurone
Dendrite : receive impulse from other neurone
Dendron : transmit impulses from dendrite to cell body
Cell bosy : control all cell activities
Axon : transmit impulses out of cell bodu
Myelin shealth : - to ensure the impulses transferred in one direction
- to speed up transmission
Terminal dendrite : transmit impulses to dendrite of other neurone
Pathway of Nervous Impulses
Receptor
Reflex Action
Sensory neurone
CNS
Motor Neurone
Effector
Involuntary action does not go through brain
Fast
Reflex Arc :
Stimulus
Recepto
r
Sensory
neurone
Synapse
Relay
Neurone
synapse
Motor
neurone
Effector
Respons
e
Proprioceptor
A.k.a Strentch receptor
Found in muscle, tendons, ligaments, joints
Funtion : -maintain body balance & coordination
-Coordinate movements and make us aware of our position
Brain
Cerebrum() : control voluntary action
Cerebellum() : Maintain body coordination & maintain body balance
Medulla Oblongata : Controls involuntary action
Endocrine System (hormonal)
Endocrine Gland
Pituitary Gland
Hormone
Growth Hormone
Function
-Master gland
Thyroid Gland
Thyroxine
-promotes growth
-control metabolism rate
Pancreas
Adrenal Gland
Ovary
Testis
Insulin
Adrenaline
Progestrone & Oestrogen
Testrosterone
-stimulate growth
-Control blood sugar level
-increase heartbeat
-Female secondary sexual development
-Male secondary sexual development
Form 4 Chapter 3
Mitosis :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Chromosome thicken and shorten
Replication take place
Chromosome arrange at the equatorial plate of the cell
Chromatids move and divide to opposite poles of the cell, the cell start to separate
Two daughter cells produced
Meiosis :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Chromosome thicken and shorten
Replication & crossing over take place
Chromosome arrange at the equatorial plate of the cell
Chromatids move and seperate to opposite poles of the cell, the cell start to divide
Two daughter cells produced
Chromosome arrange at the equatorial plate of the cell
Chromatids separate and cells start to divide
Four daughter cells are produced
Mitosis
Meiosis
Place occurs
Cell division
Daughter cells
Genetic contents of
Somatic cells-roots and shoot tips
1
2
Same as parental cell
Reproductive cells in ovary, testis
2
4
Different from parental cell
daughter cell
No. of Chromosome
Crossing over
Variation
Same number as parental cell
No
No
Half number of parental cell
Yes
Yes
Functions
-Produce new cells for growth and replace
-Produce gamete for sexual
damaged cells
reproductions, ensure that the
chromosome number of a species is
maintained
Sex determination :
Male = XY
Female = XX
Formation of Twins
Identical Twins ; 1 ovum, 1 sperm, 1 placenta
Non-identical Twins : 2 ova, 2 sperm, 2 placenta
***Siamese Twins
Mutation
Chromosome Mutation :
1. Downs syndrome - extra chromosome 21, total chromosome 47 instead of usual 46
2. Klinefelters syndrome XXY, small testes and sterile
3. Turners syndrome XO, no ovaries, cant develop normal secondary sexual
characteristics.
Gene Mutation :
1. Colour blindness it gene is recessive and found in X chromosome, male > female
2. Albinism when a gene mutation occurs that interferes with melanin production, has
light coloured skin, pink eyes, white hair
3. Sickle cell anaemia less oxygen being transported by red blood cells
***Factors that cause Mutation : Radioactive substances, ultra-violet light, chemical substances
Variation
Discontinuous :
Continuous :
Form 4 Chapter 4
Endothermic (heat adsorbed) : Melting, Evaporation, Boiling, Sublimation ( particle )
Exothermic (heat released) : Freezing, Condensation, Sublimation ( particle )
Differences between Solid, Liquid and Gas
Arangement of the
Solid
Closely packed, fixed
Liquid
Loosely packed
Gas
Far apart from each
particles
Movement of the
position
Only vibrate
Move freely
other
Move freely
particles
Kinectic energy
Density
Ability to compressd
Forces of attraction
Low
high
no
strong
medium
medium
no
medium
high
Low
Yes
weak
between particles
Structure of Atom
Proton
Neutron
Electron
Mass
1
1
negligible
Charge
+ve
Neutral
-ve
Symbol
P
n
*** NUCLEON NUMBER = PROTON NUMBER + NEUTRON NUMBER***
Isotopes
Location
Nucleus
Nucleus
Orbit
***Same proton number but different neutron number
Use of isotope :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Iodine-131 : diagnose thyroid cancer
Cobalt-60 : kill cancer cells
Gamma ray : Sterilize medical equipment or surgical tools
Phosphorus-32 : trace the uptake of water and minerals in plant
Carbon-14 : determine age of plant
: carbon dating find out the age of ancient artifact
6. Irradiation : sterilize canned food, packet foods and processed food
7. Sodium-24 : detect the leakage of pipe / underground pipe
Substances
Atoms
Elements (metal/noble gas)
Molecules
Formed by at least 2 atoms
Ions
(metal + non-metal)
No charge
Not soluble in water
Force attraction between
(non-metal + non-metal)
No charge
Not soluble in water
Force attraction between
Have charge
Soluble in water
Force attraction between
particles is strong
Very high boiling point and
particles is weak
Low boiling point and
particles is strong
High boiling point and
melting point
Conducts electricity in solid
melting point
Cannot conduct electricity
melting point
Only conduct electricity in
and molten state
molten state
Metals and non-metals
Physical state
Surface appearance
Ductility
Malleability
Density
Melting and boiling point
Electrical conductivity
Heat conductivity
Tensile strength
Metals
Solid & Liquid(mercury)
Shiny
Ductile
Malleable
High
High
Yes
Good
High
Non-metals
Solid, Liquid & Gas
Dull
Not ductile
Not malleable
Low
Low
No
Weak
Low
Uses of metals :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Zinc : casing of batteries
Aluminium : cooking utensild
Iron : vehicles, bridges and railway tracks
Tin : plate iron cans
Lead : cable wrappers, electrodes for car batteries
Copper : kitchen utensils, electric wires and water pipes
Silver : coins, photographic film and jewellery
Gold : jewellery
Use of non-metals
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Diamond : to cut glass
Sulphur : to make fertilisers
Chlorine : disinfectant in swimming pools and water purification for plants
Graphite : pencil lead
Nitrogen : insecticides
Purifying Substances
Two ways : Distillation & Crystalllisation
Distillation:
Distillation = boiling + condensation
-separation of petroleum into different
fraction at different temperature
-separation of pure alcohol at the
boiling point 78C from a mixture of
alcohol and water
*** Porcelain chips is to break bubbles
Condenser = liebig condenser
Crystallisation :
A proses of producing crystals froma saturated solution
Cooling the saturated slowly produces large crystal
Can be used to obtain and purify common salt
Form 4 Chapter 5
Physical change does not involve new substances, revisable
Chemical change involve new substances, not revisable
*** Endothermic : absorb heat (ammonium chloride)
*** Exothermic : release heat (sodium hydroxide)
Equations:
Metal + water = metal hydroxide + hydrogen
Metal + hydrochloric acid = metal chloride + hydrogen
Metal + nitric acid = metal nitrate + hydrogen
Metal + Sulphuric acid = metal sulphate + hydrogen
Metal + acid = Salt + hydrogen
Metal + oxygen = metal oxide
Carbon + metal oxide = metal + carbon dioxide
Reactivity series of metals
Potassium
Iron
Sodium
Tin
Calcium
Lead
Magnesium
Copper
Aluminium
Silver
Carbon
Gold
Zinc
Platinium
Extraction of metals
Tin oxide = tin ore
Coke = carbon
Limestone is used to remove
impurities
Furnace is heated up to 1400C
Slag= impurities
Hot wasted gasses = oxygen
(left), carbon
dioxide/furnace gas(right)
Molten tin is channeled out from
the furnace
Tin oxide + Carbon = Tin +
Carbon dioxide
Electroplating
***Anode might be copper, silver or chromium
***Electrolyte might be copper (II) sulphate or Silver Nitrate
Anode become thinner
Cathode cover with a layer of brown(copper) or silver(silver) solid
Using small electric current to ensure the brown or silver coated on the cathode
Coating key in industry
Purification
Anode = impure metal (mass decrease)
Cathode = pure metal (mass increase)
The production of electrical energy by a simple cell
Two different metals dipped in an electrolyte give a voltmeter reading.
Chemical energy
Electrical energy
Various type of cells
Cells
Dry cell
Advantage
-Light and easily
Disadvantage
-not long-lasting
Usage
Radio, calculator,
carry along
-not rechargeable
torch
Lead-acid
-constant current
-rechargeable
-heavy and expensive
Vehicle
accumulator
-supplies high
-Electrolyte(sulphuric
voltage for long
acid) will corrodes
period
spills over easily (can
-long-lasting
kill people)
-not rechargeable
-supply higher
-more expensive
Silver oxide-zinc cell
current than dry cell
-long-lasting
-not rechargeable
Watch
Nickel-cadmium
-constant current
-long-lasting
-expensive
Mobile phone
battery
-rechargeable
Alkaline battery
Watch, toy, torch
