Conditional sentences

Conditional sentences are sometimes confusing for learners of English as a second

language. Watch out:
1.
2.

Which type of conditional sentences is it?

Where is the if-clause (e.g. at the beginning or at the end of the conditional
sentence)?
There are three types of conditional sentences.
Type

Condition
I

condition possible to fulfill

II

condition in theory possible to fulfill

III

condition not possible to fulfill (too late)

1. Form
type

if-clause

main clause

Simple Present

will-future or (Modal + infinitive)

II

Simple Past

would + infinitive *

III

Past Perfect

would + have + past participle *

2. Examples (if-clause at the beginning)

type

if clause

main clause

If I study,

I will pass the exam.

II

If I studied,

I would pass the exam.

III

If I had studied,

I would have passed the exam.

3. Examples (if-clause at the end)

type

main clause

if-clause

I will pass the exam

if I study.

II

I would pass the exam

if I studied.

III

I would have passed the exam

if I had studied.

* We can substitute could or might for would (should, may or must are sometimes
possible, too).

I would pass the exam.

I could pass the exam.

I might pass the exam.

I may pass the exam.

I should pass the exam.

I must pass the exam.

OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY MODAL VERBS
What are modal verbs?

Modals (also called modal verbs, modal auxiliary verbs, modal auxiliaries) are special verbs which
behave irregularly in English. They are different from normal verbs like "work, play, visit..." They
give additional information about the function of the main verb that follows it. They have a great
variety ofcommunicative functions.
Here are some characteristics of modal verbs:

They never change their form. You can't add "s", "ed", "ing"...

They are always followed by an infinitive without "to" (e.i. the bare infinitive.)

They are used to indicate modality allow speakers to express certainty, possibility,
willingness, obligation, necessity, ability

List of modal verbs

Here is a list of modal verbs:

can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must

The verbs or expressions dare, ought to, had better, and need not behave like modal auxiliaries
to a large extent and my be added to the above list

Use of modal verbs:

Modal verbs are used to express functions such as:
1. Permission
2. Ability
3. Obligation

4. Prohibition
5. Lack of necessity
6. Advice
7. possibility
8. probability

Examples of modal verbs

Here is a list of modals with examples:

Modal Verb
must

Expressing
Strong obligation
logical conclusion / Certainty

must not
can

prohibition
ability
permission
possibility
ability in the past
polite permission
possibility
permission
possibility, probability
polite permission
possibility, probability
lack of necessity/absence of
obligation
50 % obligation

could
may
might
need not
should/ought
to

advice
logical conclusion
had better

advice

Example
You must stop when the traffic lights turn red.
He must be very tired. He's been working all
day long.
You must not smoke in the hospital.
I can swim.
Can I use your phone please?
Smoking can cause cancer.
When I was younger I could run fast.
Excuse me, could I just say something?
It could rain tomorrow!
May I use your phone please?
It may rain tomorrow!
Might I suggest an idea?
I might go on holiday to Australia next year.
I need not buy tomatoes. There are plenty of
tomatoes in the fridge.
I should / ought to see a doctor. I have a
terrible headache.
You should / ought to revise your lessons
He should / ought to be very tired. He's been
working all day long.
You 'd better revise your lessons

Remember

Modal verbs are followed by an infinitive without "to", also called the bare infinitive.

Examples:

You must stop when the traffic lights turn red.

You should see to the doctor.

There are a lot of tomatoes in the fridge. You need not buy any.

PROCEDURE TEXT

Procedure text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a
sequence of actions or steps. It explains how people perform different processes in a
sequence of steps. This text uses simple present tense, often imperative sentences. It also
uses the temporal conjunction such as first, second, then, next, finally, etc.
The generic structures of procedure text are :

Goal/aim ( or title)

Materials (not required for all procedural texts)

Steps (the actions that must be taken)

Other definition:
A procedure is a specified series of actions or operations which have to be executed in the
same manner in order to always obtain the same result under the same circumstances (for
example, emergency procedures). Less precisely speaking, this word can indicate
a sequence of tasks, steps, decisions, calculations and processes, that when undertaken in
the sequence laid down produces the described result, product or outcome. A procedure
usually induces a change. It is in the scientific method.
Language Features of Procedure Text
In the Procedure Text, we use SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE. And:
Use of imperatives (example: cut, dont mix)
Use of action verbs (example: turn, put, mix)
Use of connectives (example: first, then, finally, )
Use of adverbial phrases (example: for five minutes, 2 centimeters from the top)
Generic Structure of Procedure

1.

Goal : It is containt the purpose of the text. (example : How to make spagheti)

2.

Material or Ingredient : it is containt of the materials that used in the process.

(example: the material to cook omelette are egg, onion, vegetable oil, etc)

3.

Step : it is containt of the steps to make something in the goal. (example : first,
wash the tomatoes, onion)
Purpose of a Procedure Text
An anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions. A
particular course of action intended to achieve a result. Or To help us do a task or make
something. They can be a set of instructions or directions.
Example of Procedure :
How to make a sandwich (aim/goal)
You need (materials)
*
*
*
*

2 slices of bread
peanut butter
a banana
honey

What you should do are : (steps)

*
Take two slices of bread

*
*
*
*

Spread peanut butter

Cut up a banana onto small slices and put them on one of the slices
Pour some honey over the bananas
Put the other slice of bread on top
OFFERING HELP OR THINGS

Offering (FORMAL):
- Would you like something to drink?
- Would you like to go disco?
- Would you like to come along?
- Could I offer you a glass of lemonade?
- Would you mind joining us?
- Shall I get you a bottle of water?
- Would you like to leave a message?
Offering (INFORMAL):
- What can I get for you?
- Won't you have a pancake?
- Cheese sandwich?
- Chocolate?
- Have some?
- Like one?
Accepting an Offer:
- thank you
- yes, please
- I'd like it very much
- Thank you, I would ...
- That would be very nice
- I'm pleased to do that
- With pleasure
Refusing an Offer:
- No, thanks
- Not for me, thanks
- No, I really won't thank you
- I'd like to, but I have ...
- I'm affraid I can't thanks anyway
- It would be a great pleasure to ... But I'm afraid I have to ...

Passive Voice
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however,
who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however,
who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example
shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have
made a mistake.).

Form of Passive
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence

the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)

the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is
dropped)

Examples of Passive
Tense
Simple Present

Subject
Active:
Passive:

Simple Past

Active:
Passive:

Present Perfect

Active:
Passive:

Future I

Active:
Passive:

Hilfsverben

Active:
Passive:

Verb

Object

writes

a letter.

is written

by Rita.

wrote

a letter.

A letter

was written

by Rita.

Rita

has written

a letter.

has been written

by Rita.

will write

a letter.

will be written

by Rita.

can write

a letter.

can be written

by Rita.

Rita
A letter
Rita

A letter
Rita
A letter
Rita
A letter

Examples of Passive
Tense
Present Progressive

Subject
Active:
Passive:

Past Progressive

Active:
Passive:

Rita
A letter
Rita
A letter

Verb

Object

is writing

a letter.

is being written

by Rita.

was writing

a letter.

was being written

by Rita.

Past Perfect

Active:

Rita

Passive:
Future II

had written

a letter.

A letter

had been written

by Rita.

Rita

will have written

a letter.

will have been written

by Rita.

would write

a letter.

would be written

by Rita.

would have written

a letter.

would have been written

by Rita.

Active:
Passive:

Conditional I

A letter

Active:

Rita

Passive:
Conditional II

A letter

Active:

Rita

Passive:

A letter

Passive Sentences with Two Objects

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects
becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject
depends on what you want to put the focus on.

Subject
Active:

Rita

Verb

Object 1

Object 2

wrote

a letter

to me.

Passive:

A letter

was written

to me

by Rita.

Passive:

was written

a letter

by Rita.

.
As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. Thats why it is
usually dropped.

Personal and Impersonal Passive

Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the
passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.

Example: They build houses. Houses are built.

Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as
there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an
intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction therefore this passive is
called Impersonal Passive.

Example: he says it is said

Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In
English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know).

Example: They say that women live longer than men. It is said that women live longer
than men.
Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.

Example: They say that women live longer than men. Women are said to live longer
than men.
The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of
perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive
construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).
Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active
sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.

ENGLISH REMEDIAL

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE, OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY, PROCEDURE TEXT,

OFFERING HELP OR THINGS AND PASSIVE VOICE.

MUHAMMAD FADLI BADARUDIN

XII TEK 2