CVEN1300

ENGINEERING MECHANICS

INTRODUCTION

STATICS, UNITS, CALCULATIONS & PROBLEM SOLVING

Todays Objectives:
Students will be able to:
a) Identify what is mechanics (statics and dynamics) .
b) Round the final answer appropriately.
d) Apply problem solving strategies.

Homework Tasks
Review Vectors
Dot Product
Cross Product

TEAM EXERCISE AND HOMEWORK

HOMEWORK:
Solve Problems in the Textbook at the
back of Chapters 1 and 2.
How
H
many?
?
Try at least 3-4 Problems from each section!

Homework Tasks

Based on what you know from Physics how would you design the cables A and B
required to support this weight of 100 kN? (i
(i.e.
e what is the required cross
crosssectional area for the cables? The Cables are made from steel and the maximum
stress these can take is 300 MPa)

FAj + FBj = 100

y

Cable A

FA

FAj
45o

FAj = FBj = 50 [kN]

FBj
FB
45o

FAi

FBi

100 kN

Cable B

FA = FB = 50/(cos 45o)
FA = FB = 70.7 [kN]

x
Stress = Force/Area
Area = Force/Stress
Area = 70.7
70 7 x 103/300
= 235.7 [mm2]

Introduction
Designing & constructing devices/structures:
Understand
U d
d the
h physics
h i underlying
d l i the
h designs.
d i
Use mathematical models to predict their
behaviour.
y &p
predict the behaviors of
Learn how to analyse
physical systems by studying mechanics.

Engineering & Mechanics

Knowledge of previous designs,
designs experiments,
experiments
ingenuity & creativity to develop new
designs.
designs
Develop mathematical equations based on
the physical characteristics of the
device/structures designs:
Predict the behavior
Modify the design
Test the design prior to actual construction

Engineering & Mechanics

Elementary Mechanics the study of
forces & their effects
Statics the study of objects in equilibrium
Dynamics the study of objects in motion

Retrace historical development of ideas

ideas.

Engineering & Mechanics

Applications in many fields of engineering:
Statics: equilibrium equations
Designing structures (mechanical & civil)

Dynamics:
y
motion equations
q
Analyze responses of buildings to earthquakes
(civil)
Determine trajectories of satellites (aerospace)

1. The subject
j
of mechanics deals with what
happens to a body when ______ is / are applied
to it.
A) magnetic
ti fi
field
ld
B) heat
C) forces
D) neutrons
E) lasers

2. ________________ still remains the basis of most

of todays engineering sciences.
A) Newtonian Mechanics
B) Relativistic Mechanics
C) Euclidean Mechanics
D) Greek Mechanics

Newtons Three Laws

First law---Equilibrium
q

When the sum of the forces acting on a particle is zero, its

velocity is constant. In particular, if the particle is initially
stationary, it will remain stationary.

Second law---Equation of motion

When the sum of the forces acting on a particle is NOT zero,

the sum of the forces is equal to the rate of change of the
linear momentum of the particle. If the mass is constant, the
q
to the product
p
of the mass of the
sum of the forces is equal
particle and its acceleration.

Newtons Three Laws

Third law---Free bodyy diagram
g
(FBD)
(
)

The forces exerted by two particles on each other are equal

in magnitude and opposite in direction.

Static analysis: First law + Third law

Dynamic analysis: Second law + Third law

WHAT IS MECHANICS??
Study of what happens to a thing (the technical
name is body)
body ) when FORCES are applied to it.
it
Either

the body or the forces could be large or small.

small

BRANCHES OF MECHANICS

Mechanics

Rigid
g Bodies
(Things that do not change shape)

Statics

Dynamics

Deformable Bodies
(Things that do change shape)

Incompressible

Fluids

Compressible

SYSTEMS OF UNITS
Four
F
ffundamental
d
t l physical
h i l quantities.
titi
Length,
Length mass,
mass time,
time force.
force
One equation
q
relates them,, F = m x a
We use this equation to develop systems of
units
Units
U it are arbitrary
bit
names we give
i to
t the
th
physical quantities.

UNIT SYSTEMS
Define
D fi
3 off th
the units
it and
d call
ll them
th
the base units.
Derive the 4th unit (called the
g F = m x a.
derived unit)) using
We
W will
ill work
k with
i h one unit
i system in
i
statics: SI.

NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS
Must have dimensional homogeneity.
Dimensions have to be the same on both sides
of the equal sign,
(e.g. distance = speed time.)
Use an appropriate number of significant figures
(3 for answer, at least 4 for intermediate
) Why?
y
calculations).
Be consistent when rounding
g off.
- greater than 5, round up (3528 3530)
- smaller than 5, round down (0.03521 0.0352)
- equal to 5, see your textbook.

CONCEPT QUIZ

1 Evaluate the situation,

1.
situation in which mass (kg),
(kg) force
(N), and length(m) are the base units and
recommend a solution.
A) A new system of units will have to be formulated
B)) Only
y the unit of time have to be changed
g
from
second to something else
C) N
No changes
h
are required.
i d
D) The above situation is not feasible

CONCEPT QUIZ
2. Give the most appropriate reason for using three
significant
g
figures
g
in reporting
p
g results of typical
yp
engineering calculations.
A) Historically slide rules could not handle
more than three significant figures.
B) Three significant figures gives better than onepercent accuracy.
C) Telephone systems designed by engineers have
area codes consisting of three figures.
D) Most of the original data used in engineering
calculations do not have accuracy better than one
percent

PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY:

IPE, A 3 Step Approach
1. INTERPRET: Read carefully and determine what is
1
given and what is to be found/ delivered. Ask, if not
clear.
l
If necessary, make
k assumptions
ti
and
d indicate
i di t them.
th
2. PLAN: Think about major steps (or a road map) that
you will take to solve a given problem. Think of
alternative/creative solutions and choose the best one.
3. EXECUTE: Carry out your steps.
3
steps Use appropriate
diagrams and equations. Estimate your answers.
Avoid simple calculation mistakes.
mistakes Reflect on / revise
your work.

CONCEPT QUIZ
1. For a statics problem your calculations show the
final answer as 12345.6 N. What will y
you write as
your final answer?
A) 12345.6 N
B) 12.3456
12 3456 kN
C) 12 kN
D) 12.3 kN
E) 123 kN

2. In three step IPE approach to problem solving,

what does P stand for
A) Position
B) Plan
C) Problem
D) Practical
E) Possible

VECTORS

2D
VECTORS

2D VECTOR ADDITION
Todays Objective:
St d t will
Students
ill be
b able
bl to
t :
a) Resolve a 2-D vector into components
b) Add 2-D vectors using Cartesian vector notations.

READING QUIZ
1. Which one of the following is a scalar quantity?
A) Force
B) Position C) Mass D) Velocity

2. For vector addition you have to use ______ law.

A) Newtons Second
B)) the arithmetic
C) Pascals
D) the
h parallelogram
ll l

APPLICATION OF VECTOR ADDITION

There are four

concurrent cable forces
acting on the bracket.
How do you determine
the resultant force
acting on the bracket ?

SCALARS AND VECTORS

Scalars
Examples:
Characteristics:

Addition rule:

Special Notation:

mass, volume

Vectors
force, velocity

It has a magnitude

It has a magnitude

( iti or negative)
(positive
ti )

and
d direction
di ti

Simple arithmetic

None

Parallelogram law

Bold font, a line, an

arrow or a carrot

VECTOR OPERATIONS

Scalar Multiplication
and Division

VECTOR ADDITION USING EITHER

THE
PARALLELOGRAM LAW OR TRIANGLE
Parallelogram Law:

Triangle method
(always tip to tail):

How d
H
do you subtract
b
a vector?
?H
How can you add
dd
more than two concurrent vectors graphically ?

RESOLUTION OF A VECTOR

Resolution of a vector is breaking

g up
pa
vector into components. It is kind of like
using the parallelogram law in reverse.
reverse

CARTESIAN VECTOR NOTATION

We resolve vectors into
components using the x and y
axes system
Each
h component off the
h vector
is shown as a magnitude and a
direction.
direction
The directions are based on the x and y axes. We use
the unit vectors i and j to designate the x and y axes.

For example,

F = Fx i + Fy j

or F
F' = F
F'x i + F'
Fy j

The x and y axes are always perpendicular to each

other. Together,they can be directed at any
inclination.

ADDITION OF SEVERAL VECTORS

Step 1 is to resolve each
force into its components
Step 2 is to add all the x
components together and add
all the y components
together. These two totals
become the resultant vector.
vector
Step 3 is to find the
magnitude and angle of the
resultant vector.

Example of this process,

You can also represent a 2-D vector

with a magnitude and angle.

EXAMPLE

Given: Three concurrent

forces acting on a
bracket.
Fi d Th
Find:
The magnitude
i d and
d
angle of the resultant
force.
force
Plan:

a) Resolve the forces in their x-y components.

b) Add the respective components to get the resultant vector
vector.
c) Find magnitude and angle from the resultant components.

EXAMPLE

EXAMPLE

FR

CONCEPT QUIZ
1. Can you resolve a 2-D vector along two
directions,
d
ect o s, which
c are
a e not
ot at 90
90 to each
eac
other?
A) Yes, but not uniquely.
B) No.
No
C) Yes, uniquely.
2. Can you resolve a 2-D vector along three
directions ((say
y at 0, 60, and 120)?
)
A) Yes, but not uniquely.
B) No.
C) Y
Yes, uniquely.
i
l

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING

Given: Three concurrent
forces acting on
a bracket
Fi d Th
Find:
The magnitude
it d
and angle of the
resultant force.
force
Plan:
a) Resolve the forces in their xx-yy components.
components
b) Add the respective components to get the resultant vector.
c) Find magnitude and angle from the resultant components.

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING

FR

QUIZ
1. Resolve F along x and y axes and write it in vector
form. F = { ___________ } N
y
A) 80 cos (30) i - 80 sin (30) j
x
B) 80 sin (30
(30)) i + 80 cos (30
(30)) j
C) 80 sin (30) i - 80 cos (30) j

30
F = 80 N

D) 80 cos (30) i + 80 sin (30) j

2. Determine the magnitude of the resultant (F1 + F2)

force in N when
F1 = { 10 i + 20 j } N and F2 = { 20 i + 20 j } N .
A) 30 N

B) 40 N

D) 60 N

E) 70 N

C) 50 N

3D
VECTORS

Todays Objectives:
Students will be able to :
a) Represent a 3-D vector in a Cartesian coordinate
system.
b) Find the magnitude and coordinate angles of a 3-D
vector
t
c) Add vectors (forces) in 3-D space

READING QUIZ
1. Vector algebra, as we are going to use it, is based
on a ___________ coordinate system.
A)) Euclidean

B)) left-handed

C) Greek

D) right-handed

E) Egyptian

2. The symbols , , and designate the __________

of a 3-D Cartesian vector.
A) unit vectors

B) coordinate direction angles

C) Greek societies

D) x,
x y and z components

APPLICATIONS

Many problems in real-life

involve 3-Dimensional
Space.
Space

How will you represent

each of the cable forces in
Cartesian vector form?

APPLICATIONS
Given the forces in the cables, how will you determine
the
h resultant
l
force
f
acting
i
at D
D, the
h top off the
h tower?
?

A UNIT VECTOR
For a vector A with a magnitude
of A,, an unit vector is defined as
UA = A / A .
Characteristics
Ch
i i off a unit
i vector:
a) Its magnitude is 1.
b) It is dimensionless.
c) It points in the same direction as the
original
i i l vector
t (A).
)
The unit vectors in the Cartesian
axis system are i, j, and k. They
are unit vectors along the positive
x, y, and z axes respectively.

3-D CARTESIAN VECTOR TERMINOLOGY

Consider a box with sides AX,
AY, and AZ meters long.
The vector A can be defined as
A = (AX i + AY j + AZ k) m

The projection of the vector A in the x-y plane is A.

The magnitude of this projection, A, is found by using
the same approach as a 2-D
2 D vector:
A = (AX2 + AY2)1/2 .
The magnitude of the position vector A can now be obtained as
A = ((A)2 + AZ2) =

(AX2 + AY2 + AZ2)

TERMS
The direction or orientation of vector A is defined by
the angles , , and .
These angles are measured between the vector and
the positive X, Y and Z axes, respectively. Their
range of values are from 0 to 180
Using trigonometry, direction cosines are found using the formulas

These angles are not independent. They must satisfy the following equation.
cos + cos + cos = 1
This result can be derived from the definition of a coordinate direction
angles and the unit vector.
vector Recall,
Recall the formula for finding the unit
vector of any position vector:

or written another way, u

= cos i + cos j + cos k .

ADDITION/SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS
Once individual vectors are written in Cartesian form, it is
easy to add or subtract them
them. The process is essentially the
same as when 2-D vectors are added.
F example,
For
l if

A = AX i + AY j + AZ k

and

B = BX i + BY j + BZ k ,

then

A + B = (AX + BX) i + (AY + BY) j + (AZ + BZ) k

or

A B = (AX - BX) i + (AY - BY) j + (AZ - BZ) k .

IMPORTANT NOTES
Sometimes 3-D vector information is given as:
a) Magnitude and the coordinate direction angles, or
b) Magnitude and projection angles.
You should be able to use both these types of
information to change the representation of the
vector into the Cartesian form, i.e.,

F = {10 i 20 j + 30 k} N .

EXAMPLE

Given: Two forces F and G are applied

to a hook. Force F is shown in
the figure and it makes 60
angle with the X-Y
X Y plane
plane. Force
G is pointing up and has a
magnitude
g
of 80 N with =
111 and = 69.3.
Find:
i d The
h resultant
l
force
f
in the
h
Cartesian vector form.
Plan:

1)Using geometry and trigonometry

trigonometry, write F and G
in the Cartesian vector form.
2) Then add the two forces.

Solution :

CONCEPT QUESTIONS
1. If you know just UA, you can determine the ________
of A uniquely.
uniquely
A) magnitude

B) angles (, and )

C) components (AX, AY, & AZ)

D) All of the above

above.

2 For an arbitrary force vector,

2.
vector the following
parameters are randomly generated. Magnitude is
0.9 N,, = 30, = 70, = 100. What is wrong
g
with this 3-D vector ?
A)) Magnitude
g
is too small.
B) Angles are too large.
C) All three angles are arbitrarily picked.
picked
D) All three angles are between 0 to 180.

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING

Given: The screw eye is
subjected
j
to two forces.
Find:

The magnitude and the

coordinate direction angles
of the resultant force.

Plan:
1)Using the geometry and trigonometry,
write F1 and F2 in the Cartesian vector form.
2) Add F1 and F2 to get FR .
3) Determine the magnitude and , , .

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING

F1z
F

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING

ATTENTION QUIZ
1. What is not true about an unit vector, UA ?
A) It is dimensionless.
B) Its magnitude is one.
C) It always points in the direction of positive X- axis.
axis
D) It always points in the direction of vector A.
2. If F = {10 i + 10 j + 10 k} N and

G = {20 i + 20 j + 20 k } N, then F + G = { ____ } N

A) 10 i + 10 j + 10 k
B) 30 i + 20 j + 30 k
C)) -10 i - 10 j - 10 k
D) 30 i + 30 j + 30 k