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MI L- HDBK-205A
15 JULY
1985
SUPERSEDING
MI L- HDBK-205
11 JUNE
MILITARY
PHOSPHATE
1957
HANDBOOK
AND BLACK
OXIDE
COATING
OF
FERROUS
Me
Alkverable
data
required
I)
ISTRIBLITIONSTATEMENT A
METALS
by this document.
AREA
MFFP
Approved [OT public release; distribution unlimited.
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MIL-HDBK-205A
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
WASHINGTON, DC 20301
Phosphate and Black Oxide Coating

of Ferrous Hetalg
HIL-HDBK-205A
1. This Milltary Handbook is approved for uee by all Departments and A.genc]es
of the Department of Deferme.
edditions, delet]ons) and any
2. Beneflczal comments (recom.mendatlons,
pertinent data which may be of use in improving thie document should be
addresged to: Director, Army Meterials and Mechanics Research Center,
ATTN: ANX?IR-SMS,Watertown, Meewchusette 02172-0001, by using the
self-addreeeed Standardizatlon Document Improvement Proposal (DD Form 1426)
aPPe8r111Sat the end of this document or by letter.
)
ii
MIL-HDEIK-205A
FOREWORD
This handbook provides E wcrking knowledge of phosphate and black oxide
coatings of ferrous metala a9 used by the Department of Defense for equipment
and ordnance. lt 19 not intended to be an exhaustive treatiee on the subject,
but rether to furnish detailed information on phosphate and black oxide
coatinge that have proved seti9fectory in service, It ie intended to
supplement, but not replace, varioua apecificationa and standarde covering
these continga.
A eurvey of military ueere of phosphate and black oxide coatings was
conducted. Consequently, the infomnetion contained in thie handbook describee
processing procedures, chemical control methode, cleaning oparation9 end
equipment used by the military.
iii

PIIL-HDBK-205A
GENERAL REFERENCES
Federal and Military specifications and standards are government publications
and are available frem the Naval Publication and FOIUISCenter, 5801 Tabor
Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19120.
Aerespace Material Specification are available from the Society of Automotive

Engineere, Inc., 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096,
ASTM apecificatione snd standards mey be obteined from the American Society
for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103.
) I
iv
MIL-HDBK-205A
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
cENERAL REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iii
iv
Section
1.
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 . .
1.2 CLEANINC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 CONDITIUNINC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . .
1.4 PHOSPHATE COATINGS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5
BLACK OXIDE COATINGS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.
CLEANING.
2.1
CLEANINGMETHODS. . . . ;.
. . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2
CLEANING,EQUIPMENT. . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - .
12
3.
CONDITIONING PRIOR TO PHOSPHATE COATINC
. . . . . . . . . . . .
14
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
1.1 GENERAL
>.1 GENERAL
3.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . .
CLEANING SYSTEMS WHICH LEAVE MANY ANODIC AREAS ON THE

KETAI,SURFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -.
. .
15
CLEANINC SYSTEMS hWICH LEAVE FEW ANODIC AREAS ON THE

METAL SURFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
4.
PHOSPHATE COATINGS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
4.1
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
4.2
PROCESSING TANKS AND EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
4.3
PHOSPHATE COATING PROCESS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
4.4
MAINTENANCE OF THE PHOSPHATINC TANK AND CHEMICAL

CONTROL OF THE PHOSPHATING SOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
3.3
PIIL-HDBK-205A
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Centd)
Page
4.5
KAIIfTENANCEOF THE CHROMATE RINSE
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
4.6
CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF PHOSPHATING AND CHROMATE

RINSINC SOLUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
4.7
INSPECTION OF PHOSPHATE PARTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
4.0
CO~ON DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED IN PHOSPHATE

COATING PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
5.
BLACK OXIDE COATINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
5.1
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
5.2
EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
5.3
PROCESSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
vi
MIL-HDBK-205A
List of Figures
Title
Seetion
Page
Vapor degreaser
2.2.2
13
Abr.asl
ve throuing wheel
2.2.7.5
16
Phosphate tank (cross Section)
4.2.2.2
20
Tumbling barrel (side view)
4.2.3
21
Tumbling barrel (end view)
4.2.3
22
Rotating drum with internal

screw (side view)
4.2.9.2.3
Rotat]ng drum with internal

screw (end view)
4.2.9.2.3
28
Phospheting unit cleaning

0ption9
Phosphating sequence
4.3.3
31
10
Black oxide tank
5.2.1.1
60
11
Black Qxlde procesg
5.3.1
62
Figure
vii
29
MIL-HDBK-205A
1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Ceneral. Protective coatings composed of ineoluble phosphate crystals

or iron oxideg are applied to ferrous metal parts by a number of component
processes In wh]ch varying types cf chemical solutions are used. (The iron
oxide coatings are commonly known aa black oxide coatings.) The following
three stageg are normally used to apply the coatings. These are:
Cleaning and pretreatment
Coating
Preservation Treatment
The ~b.iectivecf the coating prbceag is to provide an economical beae for
subsequent.treatment which will protect parts from corrogion resulting from
abrsgltinor exposure tc molature and perspiration.
The zinc or manganese phosphate coatings are formed on the parta by dipping
the 1ron or steel parts In a solution of zinc or manganese dihydrogan
phosphate containing an oxidizing agent such aa nitrate. The PH of tha
aolut]on ranges from ?.0 to 2.5. Aa iron is dissolved from the part by the
acidic solution, the PH of the solution adjacent to the part increaaes until
the insoluble phosphate coating ig deposited on the part. In the spray
operation the reactions are similar and occur at the interface between the
solut.
]on and the gurface cf the parts being treated.
The insoluble phosphate involved in the phosphate processes are of three
types. An inscluble phosphate consisting of zinc, manganeae or iron
monohydrogen phosphate ia precipitated at a pH of about 4. This meterial ie
found in the sludge in the bottom of the tanks and in the scale on heating
surfaces and tank walls. The monohydrogen phosphate salts are soluble in an
excess of phosphoric ac~d and serve as a buffer to prevent the accumulation of
excess phosphoric acid in tha proceaaing bath. The phosphate coatings, normal
phosphate salts, ~re formed at a PH of approximately 5.8 and are nOt eaailY
disgolved in phGaphcric acid even when exposed to an excess of that acid.
The zinc base phosphate coatings conaigt primarily of two cryatala
[Zn~Fe(P04)2:4H20antiZn~(PG4)2:4H20]. The proportions of the
two crystals vary depending upon many factora. hew factOra includa: The
composition of the phoephatlng bath, the temperature of the phoaphating bath,
and the gurface preparation which detec?aineathe number of aitea on which the
crystala form.
The mangnnese base phosphate coatlnga have not been aa well characterized aa
the zinc base phosphate coatinga but it ia believed that the crystal
compusltion is simzlar.
Water c,fCrystallization will be lcat when the phogphate coating is expoaad
to elevated temperature. Thie loss results in a non-adherent powde~ coating
nnd a subsequent decreage in ccrrosion resistance. Expoaura of no ore than
15 minutes to temperature in air of 225F (107CC) will not advereely
affect a zinc phosphate coating Corresponding temperature for anganeae
phosphate ccatings ia 375GF (190CC). Expcaure at these temperature for
longer times or for ghorter times at higher temperatures will cauae a decreaee
in corrc,9ionresistance.
1
MIL-HDBK-205A
The black oxide coatings are formed by immersing the iron or steel parts In
a solution where the iron or steel surface is converted to cm.oxide, generally
believed to be Fe3 04. The bath for Class 1 treatments IS a concentrated
solution of 9odium hydroxide and sodium nitrate. The bath for cla99 3
treatments 1s a molten bichromate salt, u9uallY potassiw bichromate. Tne
bath for claas 4 treatments i9 a concentrated 9olution of 9odium hydroxije and
proprietary sulfur compound9 which form an oxide-sulfide coating.
The phosphate coatings are intended to provida supplementary resistance by
holding a corrosion resistant finish such aa an oil >n the vo]ds of the
cxyatalline coating. Recent work haa demonstrated that the phosphate coating
itself prot-ideasome temporaxy corrosion resistance Independent of the o]1.
To obtain coatinga (pho9phate or bleck oxide) with the aximum corrosion
re9iatance, it ia nece9aary to remove all foreign matter from the part and
process the part in a properly controlled chemical bath. On perta to be
phosphate the surface must be conditioned to ensure that the cryataIline
coating haa the deaired structure. The preferred ay9tem is to remove all
grease and oil, clean with abrasive blaating and proceaa in a properly
controlled bath.
Phoaphate coating9 meeting TT-C-490 are commonly suggested as the ba9e f~r a
paint specified by the procuring agency. The presence of the phosphate coating under the paint film aid9 in preventing underfilm corrosion and increase9
the durability of the paint film.
The black oxide coatings are commonly finished with a corrosion resistant
Gil. Both phcsp.hstear.ti
black cride co~tings nre used on a variety of
military parta. Some examplea of applications are listed in the Append)x.
Any of thaae protective coatings will be ineffective if their cont]nuiLy ~s
broken by surface defects that serve as points of entry for corroaive
aubstancea. Such imperfections are unavoidable unlea9 the metal 9urface is
completely free of dust, grit, oil, acid and alkaline residues, rust, and
other contaminant before the protective coating ia applied.
1.2 Cleanin&. Thorough cleaning of the metal surface 1s of prime
importance in the application of any of the coatings described in this
handbook. With few exceptions, the method9 followed for the removal of
specific conteminanta are aimilar in all syat,ems. Thus, the cleaning methods
deecribad In this handbook apply to all the protective coatinga described.
1.3 Conditionin&. Some cleaning methods which are u9ed to remove certa>n
types of Boil will cauae the formation of coarse crystalline pho$phate
coatinga which give inferior corrosion resistance. The uae of these cleaners
IS required to remove the soil. The uae of a grain refinement treatmemt
chemical will change the surface and will result in a corrosion resistant
crystalline structure. The material commonly used for this purpose ahead of
zinc phosphate treatment is sodium monohydrogen phosphate containing titanium
phoaphate. The material commonly used prior to manganeae phosphate treatment9
is a manganeae phosphate. In order for thase chemica19 to have tha de9ired
affect on the coatin8 fomation, they are specially treated during manufacture.
Conditioning aalta increaae the number of 9itea at which the phosphate coating
iz formed, thus producing a fine uniform coating rather than e coarse
crystalline coating.
~
KIL-HDBK-205A
1.4 Phosphate coatings.

1,4.1 Manganese base phosphate coating, DOD-P-16232, type H. This
phosphate protective costing, which ranges in color from gray to black
depending upon the alloy being treated with high carbon alloys being darker,
ia used cn iron and steel. The manganeae base phosphate coating, although
more reslatant to heat than the zinc base phosphate coating, decomposes
between 375F (lgOOC) and 4250F (2160C). The coating may be applied
to 911 clean ferrous metal parte with the exception of springs having a wire
diameter less than one-eighth Inch (lam) and barrel bores, Patent No. 4194929,
Technique for Peeaiveting Steinless Steel, describee e procedure for phosphating etalnlesa steel. This phoephate coating is commonly used with a
petroleun base, supplementary finish on article9 or sections of articles not
recelvlng paint. If the pho9phete coeted Item is to be painted, no petroleum
or wax baeed finish should be used prior to the application of the peint, as
the petroleum or wax will interfere with the edhesion of the paint to the
part. Mangane9e phosphate coatinge are alao used to improve the wear
re91$tance or sliding surfece9 which are under heavy loed euch es gear teeth.
These coatings 9hould not be ueed on roller or ball bearings.
1.4.2 Z>nc base phoephate coating, EOD-P-16232, type Z. This phosphate
in color from gray to bleck depending upon
protective coating, uhich ranues
the elloy, IS used on iron end eteel. It i9 euitable for explication to parta
where contact with elkaline materiale or exposure to temperature in exceee of
225? (1050C) is not expected. The maintenance of the equipmant is eaeier
with the zinc based phosphate then with the manganese based phosphate. Aleo,
zinc phosphate coatings normally provide greater corroeion registence then
!WWWrese phosphate Caa$:ngS, with or wit!mut supplemental coatir,gs.
1.4.3 Phogphate coating for paint baae, M-C-49O,type I. This costing
process congists of a chemical treatment which uroduces a uniform, adherent,
cryetal
line, pho9phate coating on iron and steel surfacee. The color of the
coating ranges from gray to black depending upon the alloy. The coating
Inhlblts corroa]on, retards the prcgrese of filifoxm and underfilm corrosion,
increases adhesion, and results in greater durability of applied peint
flmshes. The surface to be treeted must be clean and free of rust, scale,
dirt, paint or similar contaminant. The coatmgs ueed for TT-C-490, Type I
nommally ere much lower In ceating weight than thoee meeting DOD-P-16232.
1.5 Black Oxide Coatings,
These coatings are particularly eulted for use on
mo~&lpa-or
bearing surfaces) which cannot tolerate the
dimensional bu]Id-up of the more rust-resistant coatings, They are not
recommended for weapons going into long-term 8torege because of their poor
corrosion resistance.
1.5.2 Alkel~ne cxldi~ing process (for wrought iron, plain cerbon, end low
alloy steels), MIL-C-13924 cless 1. Thi9 coeting ie applied by immereing the
cleen ferrous metel parta in an aoueoua elkeline oxidizir&!beth at temperature In the range of 2850 to 290~F (1400 to 1430C). The-perta ere
then rinsed >n water, dipped in a chromete rinse golution and dried. This
coailng IS applicable to plein carbon steel, most 10V alley ateels test and
m=illeableIrons.
3
MIL-HDBK-205A
1.5.3 Fused salt oxidizing process (for corrosion resistant steel alloys
which are heated to 9000F (4280C) or higher MIL-C-13924, Class 3. This
coating is applied by immersing the clean parte in molten dichrocnatesalts at
temperatures ranging from 825F (4400C) to 8500F (4550C). Temperiu
can be done in conjunction with the blackening at temperatures up to 9000F
(482C) end is applicable to chrcmium stainless steels with drew
temperature abeve 9~0F (4820C).
1.5.4 Alkaline oxidizing process (for 300 series corrosion resiatent

alloYs), MIL-C-13924, Class 4. This coating is applied by immersing the clean
parta in the aqueous alkaline oxidizin8 bath at temperatures in the 250 to
260F (1210 to 1270C) range.
2.
CLEANING
2.1
Cleaning methode.
2.1.1 General. Surfece preparation io one of the most importent factors

affecting the performance of the protective coeting. The selection of an
appropriate Cleanlns method for ferrous metals depends cm three important
factors:
The type and quantity of the greaee, oil, and other soil
The equipment available, and
The residual effact of the cleaner on the coating produced
CAUTION: Protection from eolvent eplaehing and projected particles is
required. Goggles are the minimum protection and must be worn.
!.lee,fsce @hielcla,rubber aprona, rubber gloves, rubber boote,
etc., must be used If needed.
Sacondary, but very practical conaiderationa include coat, quantities of parts
involved, etc.
In general, there are three types of surface contaminants which must be
removed to obtain adheaion of the protective coating. They are:
Greaee, oil, drawing compounds, and dust from rolling,
fozming, extruding, machining, handling, etc.
Rust and mill scale, and
Salta or othar chemicsla which may or may not be visible but which eerve
aa nuclei for rust fomstion.
No single cleaning procesB removes all of the surface contaminants
encountered. Therefore. proper selection as well ae the order of application
of any combination of cleaning processes met be made. The best way to
understand how a cleaning method or mathoda ie selected is through knowledge
of the properties and limitations of the various cleaning materla19 avalleble
commercially. Therefore, in this chapter the varioue mechanical and chemical
surface cleaning methode and eauipment presently in uae will be outlined. It
should be noted that abrasive bla~ting is recommended (and for some item9
cwquired) aa a final cleaning process prior to heavy phosphste coatiqg
(mD-P-16232).
UIL-HDBK-205A
I
2.1.2 Solvent cleaning. Before adopting any 8olvent cleaning procedure, an
Investigation of the h.9Z8rd8involved and the regulations is8ued by the EPA
and/or OSHA pertaining to the use of the solvent9 being considered should be
completed.
Solvent cleanlng IS one of the oldest method8 u8ed fOT the removal of aO1l
from a metal surface. The 8olvent8 employed cover a wide class of ChetiCa18
xncludlng mineral 8plrits, chlorinated hydrocarbons, etc. All solvent8 axw
potentially hazardous and 8hould be used under such conditions that their
concentration In the air being breathed by the worbnen ia within safe limits.
Benzene, ga9011ne, and carbon tetrachloride should be avoided becauee of their
toxlclty or flammability. Solvents readily remove oi19 and grea8ea, are
eaaily applled, and the necessary equipment occupies a minimum of apace.
Unfortunately there are 8ome seriou8 diaadvantage8 inherent in solvent
cleaning which impose limitations on its use. The8e di8advantagea include:
Both eolvent and applicator are soon contaminated and therefore

instead of removing oil completely, only redistribute it.
Solvent cleaning IS expensive If carried out properly. Effective

solvents have a high initial cost, distillation for re-u9e i8
expen91ve, and losse9 may be expected.
Only oils and grea8e8 are removed. No rust or scale ie removed.

Rust et]mulators, soaps, and selts mey not be removed by 8ome
solvents in which cese they must be removed or neutralized by
other menn~.
The fumeg frcm some of the best solvents are toxic or represent
long or short term health hazard8 in many instance8. Thi9
1nclude9 mo8t chlorinated solvents and aromatxcs.
Some chlorinated solvents are decomposed by heat in contact with
water and metal, fomn]nR hydrochloric acid whxch attacks the
equipment and stimulete8 corroeion of clean parts.
The methods Kenerally used In 8olvent cleaning!ar8 outlined in paregraph8
2.1.2.1 and 2.1.2.2.
2.1.2.1 D]pplng. In d]pping operations, parta are immersed in either cold
or warm eolvent. Usually two or more tanks are used for preliminary cleaning
WIth the remainder used for rinsing. When the solvent in the fir8t tank
become8 contaminated, it 9hould be discanted. The next tank should then be
u8ed for the preliminary cleaning and the clean solvent used for the final
rinse.
2.1.2.2 Vapor degreaaln~. Gleaning materia18 by vapor degraaaing conaiats
of removing oi18 and greases from the part by 9u9pending it in the vapor of
chlorinated solvents. The vapors conden8e on the relatively cold metal
8urface and the condensate di9S01ve8 and rin9e9 off tha grea9e and other aoila
soluble in the 9olvent.
KIL-HDBK-205A
Equpment for vapor degreaslng IS specially engineered by the equlprent

manufacturers for proper heat input to control the .eolventllquid and vapors.
Mechxnea are built with one or more compartment as required by the proce9s.
For continuous production, unit9 are conveyorized and normally enclo9ed.
Equipment for this type of cleaning la described briefly In sect]cn 2.2.2 and
mu9t be designed and assembled to enable the user to comply with all EPA and
OSHA regulations. Vapor degreaaing equipment ia available meeting OSHA nnd
EPA requirements.
2.1.3 Alkali cleanin&. Alkali cleanzng i9 usually more efflclent, cheaper,

and less hazardoua than solvent c-leaning. Alkaline cleaner chemicals, which
are formulated to perforn a variety of cleaning and pretreatment func:xons,
are soluble in water and used at elevated temperatures. These formulations
clean by saponifying certain oils and grease9 while their surface act>ve
additive component wash away other types of contaminant. Soi1 removal is
:
accomplx9hed through detergency or sapcmif]catitin,rather than sclven,:y. SC,:
is removed mainly by displacement from the 9urfece rather than by direct
solution, as in solvent cleaning. One of the desirable characterlstzcs of an
alkaline cleaner is its ability to maintein reasonably high alkal]nity desplte
the introduction of acidic 8011s or consumption of the alkali in the
saponification of oils. Since no sirgle aikaline salt has all the necessary
propertie8 (i.e., high PH. buffering action, rinsability, wettinp,and
emulsifying action, detergent properties, etc.), blended alkaline cleaners are
almost exclusively used today. These blends will differ depending on the
cleaning problem of any given meterial, the kind of 9oil to be removed, and
tha equipment availeble.
1
Temperature ie an importent consideration in the application of any alkel]ne
cleaner. Heat enhances the activity of the cleaner and improves the
effectiveness of the alkaline cleaner components. S08p9 formed by
saponification of fatty ecid9 are soluble in water and are readily removed by
rin9ing with water. Alkaliea are less effective than solvents for remov>ng
heavy or carbonized oils, rust inhibitive oils, etc. Alk81ina cleancra can be
formulated to remove rust by immer9ion or electrolytic methods. (See
FIIL-C-14460.
) Removal of heavy rust will require electrolytic ection. The
methods used in alkaline cleaning are outlined in paragraphs 2.1.3.1 to
2.1.3.3.
2.1.3.1 Diuping. In dipping operations, the contaminated parts are
immersed in hot alkaline solutions contained in tanks. The use of two tanks
is recommended. Some mechanical agitation is desirable to increnae the
effectiveness of thi9 method of alkaline cleaning. One simple metho!dof
supplying thi9 agitation ia to maintain the cleaner at a rolling boll.
Alkaline cleanera in a dip proce9s ere usually used at concentration of 4 to
10 ounces per gallon (3o to 75 gram Per liter), and at temperatures ramsiw
from 1800F (820C) to a roiling boil. Tanks 9hould be equipped with an
overflow weir 80 that oil and other floating contamination can be 9kimmed or
overflowed periodically. See section 2.1.EJ.3concerning di9p0aal Of the
ekimmings from the alkaline cleaner .eolu
tion8.
)
6
mlL-mBK-205A
2.1.3.2 Pressure spraying. In the spray process the contaminated parts are
sprayed with the alkaline cleening solution, usually in a mechanical system.
The .alkellnecleanlng 9olution is pumped from a heated re9ervoir and applied
to the metal under pres9ure through an array of nozzles. Alkaline apray
cleaners are generally focmlated with low foaming surface active agents to
elininate excessive foaming. Alkali concentrations used in power apraying
are, in general, considerably lower than those used in other ethods. Onequarter to 2 ounces per gallon (2 to 15 grama per liter) ia the usual
concentration range recommended. Recommended temperatures range from 160F
to 1800F (7o0 to .90cC)
, and cleanlng time ranges from 30 to 75 .eeconda.
2.1.3.3 Electrolytic cleanin&. Electrolytic cleaning is seldom used ahead
of phosphate treatment due to the tendency for thla type of cleaning to
ccndition the metal 9urface such that non-uniform coatinga are produced
(phosphate co~tinga cona19ting of larga crystals .saparatedby uncoatad
areas). !dhenelectrolytec cleaning is u9ed ahead of pho9phate treatment, it
ia necessary to follow it with conditioning treatment aa described in Section
3 which ensure the formation of the desired coating cry9tal structure.
Electrolytic alkallne cleanlng generatea large quantities of gas close to the
soil and is, consequently, very effective in providing a high level of
mechanical 8E1tation. The ga9 can be generated at the anode or cathode
depending on the system employed. While a greater volume of gaa ia evolved at
the cathode, there 1s a tendency to deposit 9mall quantities of impurities.
The trend hna recently developed to combine cathodic and anodic cycles
although atra]ght anodic cleaning has been effectively used. High
conductivity is important 90 electrolytic cleaners usually contain cauatic
soda. The electrolytic cleaners ere used at higher concentrations than other
alkaline cleaning methods. Recommended concentration range from 6 to 14
ounces per gallon (45 to 105 grams per llter) and temperature range from
1800F (B20C) to a roll~ng boll. In this method of cleaning, a reasonable
amount of foam is de9irable to hold down the ist that is generated by
electrolysis.
2.1.4 Emulslon cleanin~. Emu19ion cleaning methods are designed to bring a
goil into contact with both an organic solvent and water solution of surface
active agenta, so that the water and solvent goluble soils may be dissolved,
and the aolla dispersed in a water medium prior to being flushed avay by a
water rinse. In general, these cleaners leave a thin residue of en oily
nature. When 8 protective coating is to be applied to the parta, this film
must,be removed by an additional cleanxng operation. In other in9tances, it
is de9irable to have this light film of oily material to provide some ru9t
protection during in-plant storage.
Because of the nature of the emulslorm, there are no convenient methods for
the control of the concentration of these cleaners other than perfoniance
checks.
While these cleaners are more effective in spray equipment, they have been
ueed in dipping tanka. In dipping in9tallationa, the emulsion cleaner9 ahov
9ome effectivenea9 at dllutlona close to 1 to 10, and at temperature of
160KIto 2000F (710 to g30c). In apray cleaning, the tank may be
140e to lEIOOP(60n to k330C)
. Above these temperature, golvent
evaporation becomes a problem. A hot water rinse ia recommended following
enulsion cleaning.
7
MIL-HDBK-205A
In emulsion cleaners the solvent is present in the form of very fine

droplete dispersed in the water solution and stabilized by surface active
egente. In general, the solvents used are of the hydrocarbon type so that
flammability becomes a problem but in emulsion cleening the solvent is so well
dispersed in water that a moderate flash point eolvent can be ueed et
temperature as high as 160F (83C) without much denser. This cleener
concentrate consiets of emulsifying agente, eurface ective egent9, organic
aolvent9, and, in 8ome fonnulation9, water. These formulations emu19ify when
mixed with water. Emuleion cleaners are used at concentretiona ranging from 1
part of concentrate to 10 to 200 parta of weter.
2.1.5 Steam cleanin&. Steam cleaning ia quite often used to remove soil
when the parta to be cleaned do not lend themselves to aoak or epray cleaning
and the improved quality of cleaning over hand cleaning is desired. In steam
cleaning, steam or hot water under preegure, elong with detergent, is
directed againet the work to be cleaned through a hose fitted with an
appropriate nozzle. The detergent u9ed can be cauatic enough to remove all
oil paint as well a9 dirt, grease, smudge, soot, etc. The surface to be
cleaned should be wetted to allow the cleaning compound to loosen foreign
matter which is later removed by a cleaning paa9. In applying the cleaning
compound, the speed of spraying 9hould be comparable to that used for spr8y
painting. Several rapid passes are better than one very slow paes. Since
large emounta of eteam and chemicala are coneumed in this type of cleaning,
the coat may be several time8 that of immereion or spray cleaning.
CAUTION: The operators of 8teem cleaning equipment must
wear protective clothing aa well a9 face and eye
protection to avoid burns frnm the steam, the hot
equipment, and/or the cauatic solutions.
2.1.6
Phosphoric Acid Cleaning.
2.1.6.1 Brueh cleani~. The waah-off type material is commonly applled by

hand using bruahee or aponge9 when; production ia small or infrequent, the
area to be treated is lnrge, and the most economical and practical application
is by hand.
The uae of the brueh-on ethod require9 cleaning of the metal before using the
phosphoric acid if a heavy coating of greaee or drawing compounds are
present. For mild rust, a concentration of 1 volume of acid cleaner to 1 or 2
volumes of water ehould be used. Experience will indicate the mo9t effective
concentration to uee. The diluted cleaner ia applied with a brush or sponge
end the surface thoroughly scrubbed. More than one application may be
neceaaary. Before the cleaning eolution drxea, it ia rinsed with clean water
in a tank or with running water from a hose.
CAUTION: For eafety raaaons, the operatora ust use
face 9hielde, rubber gloves, rubber aprons,
and rubber boots when ue.ingthe9e ateriala.
Care must be taken to protect adjacent
equipment.
MIL-HDBK-205A
2.1.6.2 Spray application. The nonfoemng type solutions are applied by

spraying a solution of the chemical on the parts. The operating solution is
prepnred by dllut~ng the concentrate with water. The normal dilution i8 1
volume of concentrate to 3 volumes of water. However, experience may indicate
tha& greater or smaller dilutlone should be used, The solution is .xppliedat
temperatures of about 1500F (650C). Thle type of application ia normally
use in a spray tunnel in which the part9 are transferred from stage to stage
by a conveyor. Theee stages consist of a spray alkali cleaning, a water
rinee, a phosphoric ncxd pickle, another water rinse, a conditioning compound
treatment (Section 111), a zinc phosphate treatment, another water rinee
followed by a chromate rin9e. After the chromate rinse the part ie dried. It
should be noted that some of these stagea are omitted at times.
2.1.6.3 Immersion cle.sning. Immersion tank type
for parts w]th medium to large production which can
immersion tnnks. The recommended dilution i9 three
vO~~e 0[ the cOncetr.gte. However, experience may
less dilution is preferred.
eolutions are recommended

be conveniently treated in
volumes of water per eech
Indicate that greater or
CAUTION: For safety reasons, the operators must wear

face ahield9, rubber glovee, and rubber
boots when ueing theee chemicale.
2.1.7 Acid pickli~. Acid cleaning ie not recommended as a method of
clennlng lf any other method WZ1l remove the 8oi19. When metal dieeolves in
acid, atomic hydrogen is relaased and a portion of this is absorbed or
dissolved In the metal. Any reeulting embrittlement of the metal, known as
liydrcgefi
efibrittlement,can result in breakage of steel under atrees ur>iess
the hydrogen 1s removed. Hydrogen removal ie usually accomplished with heat.
The temperature and times required to remove the hydrogen abeorbed during
p>ckllng may also destroy the corrosion resistance of the phosphste coatings.
For this reason, pickling should never be employed before a phoaphating
operat]on wh]ch 1s used to meet DOD-P-16232 without permieaion of the procuring
agency. The higher temperatures used in the black oxide treatments will
normally dr]ve off the abeotbed hydrogen from most hydrochloric acid picklee.
Thie acid is frequently used prior to black oxide treatment$ to remove all
traces of corrosion.
Spec]al provlsions shall be required to handle embrittlement when treating
stael parts with an ultimate tensile etrength of 200,000 pai (1379 MPa) or
above. Sae 5.1.5.
In ncld plckllng, metals are immersed In acxd 8olutions for the purpoee of
removing oxides and/or scale. The var>oue acids used in commercial pickling
are sulfurlc, hydrochloric (murietic), nitric, phoephorlc, and mixturee of
these acide. Sulfuric acid, becauee of its 10M coet, high boiling point,
Svallabillty, and general suitability, 19 used widely in the pickling of mild
and low carbon ateala. Pickling i9 usually carriad out by immarsing the work
in SU1table pickle baths. However, the same factore apply if the pickling
solution is aprayed or flowed over the work or if the work ia pulled through
baths of Rcld aa ~n the continuous pickling of strip 9teel. Acids suitable
for pickling not only remove scale from tha bees metal but alao attack and pit
it. When t.hleoccure, metal and acid ara wasted, and more smut develops which
ust be removed before subsequent coating treatment. To prevent the formation
of smut, Inhlb]tors, such as dibutylthiourea or proprietary materiala are
9
MIL-HDBK-205A
frequently recommended. When inhibitors are used, care must be taken to

prevent the inhibitor from being carried into the coating treatment bath.
.(phosphateor black oxide). Careful control of the amount of metal removed by
controlling the acid concentration, time in the acid, and the temperature, is
preferred as the means of avoiding excess pickling of the parts but when some
areas are heavily rusted or scaled and other areas are not, the use of an
inhibitor may be necessary.
Before pickling, oils, grease, and surface conteminanta should be removed by

solvent or alkali cleaning. After pickling, the work should be thoroughly
rinsed. Then the metal should be treated to give a surface suitable for the
treatment which are to follow.
When acid pickling is used, provision for safe handling of the9e hazardous
materials must be provided. Workmen must wear eye protection, face shields,
acid resistant clothing, gloves, and boots. Provlsicn for the removal of the
fumes released must be provided. Copies of the applicable EPA and OSHA
regulating should be obtained and provision made to comply vith them.
The rate at which acid eolution approaches saturation with iron varies
depending upon production conditions. Eventually it becomes nece9sary to
discard the spent pickle solution. Local regulations vary as to the treatment
required. Provision must be made to comply vith these regulations.
2.1.6 Abrasive blasting. Blast cleaning consiata of cutting, chipping, or
abrading the surface through the high velocity impact of abrasive particles
against the surface. Ordinarily, no other cleaning is necessary on pieces
th=t have been b]a~t ~ie=ned. !?s:0:,
mill scale, znd cltipaint, are remved.
On parts which are contaminated with grease or oil, decreasing ig required
before blast cleaning.
There are three methods that can be used to accelerate and discharge the
abrasive from the equipment:
Discharging the abrasive in a stream of high pressure gas such as a>r,
Discharging the abrasive in a 9trecm of high preseure liquid such es
water,
Discharging the abraaive centrifugally from the periphe~ of a
rotating paddle wheel traveling at a high peripheral speed.
In blast cleaning operating, the impact veloclty of the abrasive a~a]nst
the metal should correspond to itg eet effective abrasion level which depends
upon the particle size, ehape, herdne99 and its breakdown rate. The key to
obtaining economical blaet cleening rates lies in the proper selection and use
of the abraaive. The abraaive used ay be metallic, siliceoug (containing
free silica), or nonmetallic synthetic (containing no free silica). lihen
aluminum oxide abrasivea are used, care must be taken to remove all ebra9ives
and abrasivedusts from the parts before they are immerged in the phosphate
solution. The aluminum can dissolve In the phosphate bath and inhibit the
coating formation. Abra9ives may be any one of three shapes (shot, grit, or
setishape ebrasive) or may consigt of a mixture of ahapeg.
10
UIL-HDBK-205A
Some of the important factors which help to determine the abrasives to be

ueed are:
Type of metal to be cleaned
Shape of the part
Kind of material to ba removed
Leas of abraaive
Breakdown rate of the abrasive
cost of reclaiming the abrasive
Hazards asaociate~ with uee of the abrasive
CAUTION: Any abrasive cleaning system should be
designed to protect the workers from the
dust. This ia particularly important if
silica containing abrasiva9 ara u9ed.
All mill ecale, ruet, rust scale, paint or any other foreign matter should
be removed and the 9urface appear .ssa grayish metallic white, vary uniform in
color and slightly roughened. Abrasive blaating is required aa the final
cleaning before haavy coatings (DOD-P-16232) ara applied.
2.1.8.1 Nozzle blaat cleaning. Nozzle blast cleaning utilizaa a fluid
medium to transport the abrasive. The fluid medium may be air or water.
Three types of nozzle blast cleaning unite are in general use.
2.1.5.1.1 Direct preaaure type. A compartment or tank is held under
constant pressure during the bls~ting operation. Abra9ive is fed under
pressure from the bottom outlet where the biaatlng stream of alr meets the
abrasive and carries it to the blast nozzle. Thi9 eystem offera many
edvanta~es over the gravity feed and suction feed units.
2.1.6.1.2 Suction Feed Type. The abraeive is drawn to the blast gun
through en Induction chember. In the induction chamber the abraaive ie fed to
the blaat gun by a small jat of compreaaed sir. The expanded air and abrasive
are paesed thrcugh a large nozzle and directed at the work. This system is
seldom employed in large applications.
2.1.El.
1,> Gravity Feed Type. The feed flows from a hopper at an elevation
gun through the induction chamber behind the larger nozzle of
above the blast
the suction blast gun similar to the one described in 2.1.9.1.2.
2.1.8.2 Wheel Blast Cleanin&. Lowest coeta are achieved by use of a wheel
blast cleanlng ayatem. The many advantages of wheel blaat cleaning over air
or nozzle blaat cleaning are sufficiently great to warrant the installation of
extena~ve wheel blaat machines where feaaible. One of the big mdvantagaa of
ueing wheel blaat cleaning equipment is the elimination of air compreaaora nnd
pipelines and attendant labor. Other advantage are in thescompactneaa and
ee~f-sufficiency of the nit as well as the ease Of starting, the simplicity
of the power supply, etc. The principle diaadvantagea of this type of
equipment are the high initial cost, the high maintenance cost and shut down
t]me for repair and maintenance. Where the equipmant ie used a high
percentage of the time, it will furni9h low co9t cleaning.
Twc typee of wheels are ueed, the batter type and the elide type.
In the
batter type, the abrasive is prcpelled by impact when it comas in contact with
the edge of the vanea. In the commonly used slide type, the abrasive is
11
MIL-HDBK-205A
charged through the hub of the wheel and slides on the vanes to the edge of
the wheel where it is projected at high velocity towards the work. The type
of abrasive used with the wheel blest cleaning equipment is usually metalllc.
2.1.8.3 Dieposel of spent cleaning media. Consideration must be given to
the proper disposal of spent cleaning media and the soil removed when eelecting a cleaning method. Mo9t cleaning procedures auapend the soils removed in
the cleaning edia and it i9 necessary to discafi the mixture periodically in
order to continue to remove coil. Selection of the diapoaal method will
depend upon the local waate disposal regulation, the cleaning method used,
and the soils being removed. Diacuaaion of the diapoeal procedures and
instructions is outaide the scope of this handbook.
2.2
Cleaning Equipment
2.2.1 General. Only the major equipment required for each method of
cleaning ined
in this eection. Further information concerning euch
equipment or any acceaaories needed may be obtained from current literature or
from manufacturers. The neceaaity to comply vith EPA and OSHA regulations and
to allow for treatment of the spent cleaning media for proper di9poeal should
be considered in the design and layout of any equipment.
2.2.2 Solvent Cleaning Equipment. Two or more solvent tanke are necessem
for immersion solvent cleaning. For vapor decreasing, equipment which is
specially engineered for proper heat input and control of solvent liquid end
vapor is required. Uachinea are built with one to three or occasionally more
compartment. Figure 1 illustrates a conventional degreaser with one
compartment. For all solvent cleaning, equipment for reclaiming or recycling
the solvent is needed, otherwise thi9 method of cleaning is prohibitively
expensive.
2.2.3 Alkali Cleaning Equipment. For immereion cleaning, tanks for the
eolution and equipment for heating the eolution are required. Tanks equipped
with electrodes or tumbling barrels with electrodes (ve!y effective fcr small
part9 where electrolytic and mechanical action are combined) and accessories
are required for electrolytic cleanxng.
There are two general methods of applying cleaning solutions by spray. The
most widely ueed method requirea two banks of nozzlea ounted on opposite
9ides of a conveyor. The nozzles may be mounted in vertical bank9 and
directed at the work being conveyed between them vith the eolution retumi.ng
to the heated reeervoir. A variation of this sy9tem has the banka of nozzles
mounted horizontally above and below a belt type conveyor. The eecond method
i9 de9cribed in section 2.2.5 and, in thie caae, only one nozzle la used and
the cleaner ie not reueed.
2.2.4 Rnulaion Cleaning Equipment. Emu1910n type cleeners are um~ by both
immersion and by spray. The equipment used ia similar to that used in alkali
cleaning (Section 2.2.3).
2.2.5 Steam Cleaning Equipmant. Equipment for eteam cleanlng u9ually
consists of a small flaah type boiler, a motor driven PUMP. and a water
supply. The unit ie normally mounted on wheels so that it can be easily moved
to the part to be cleaned. Various type9 of nozzle9 are available depending
on the type of cleaning problem.
12
HIL-HDBK-205A
I
I
1
I
I
DISTILLATE RECEIVER
AND
WATER SEPARATOR
1
I
I
------
SPRAY PUMP
---------
./
-3
HEATER =
FIGURE
1:
VAPOR
13
DEGREASER
WATER
JACKET
VAPOR
ZONE
LIOUID
RESERVOIR
ML-HDBK-205A
2.2.6 Acid-pickling Equipment. The materiels of construction for the

pickle tank, the rinse tank, and the heat exchamer mu9t be resi9tant to the
acid and temperature used.
2.2.7
Abrasive Blasting Equipment
2.2.7.1 Direct Pressure Type Equipment. In gener91, the equipment for

direct preaaure blast cleaning consists of a tank in which the abrasive is
stored under pregsure. The pre9sure on the abrasive forces it from the bottom
of the tank into a mixing chamber. In the mixing chamber a 9tream of a]r
picks up the abraaive and carrie9 it to the nozzle. The design of direct
preesure blast cleaning equipment is a specialized field. The services of
manufacturers should be drawn upon for installation of this type of
equipment. Their advice is particularly valuable in selecting abrasive lines,
hoses, mixing chambers, valves, nozzles and reclematlon,separation and
ventilation equipment.
2.2.7.2 Suction Feed Type Equipment. The construction and des],gnof
suction feed type equipment ie very simple. Operation of the equipment is
based on a vacuum created by compressed air passing through a small jet. The
vacuum drawa the abrasive into an induction chamber where it IS picked up by
air from a larger nozzle. The mixture of alr and abraeive is d]rected ~gainsl
the work through the blast gun.
2.2.1.3 Gravity Feed Type Equipment. Gravity feed equipment relles upon
the flow of abrasive from a hopper to the nozzle by gravity alone. The
conventional suction feed type equipment may be used fur grav]ty feed abras]ve
blasting *J.raising :F,
e abrasive 3upply to n Ic,:clabove th,
e g.ur.
. A fCCti
control may be necessav to prevent blocking of the feed IIne becau9e of the
exce99ive amount of abraeive.
2.2.7.4 Wet Bla9t Cleaning Equipment. For 9ome types of wet blast
c~eating, 9pecial equipment must be used. For other types, 9tand.arddry blest
unite can be employed. Specially de$i~ned wet blast equipment 19 Renerally
suitable for dry blasting. On the other hand, standard dry blaatlng equipment
1s usually not suitable for wet blast~ng.
2.2.7.5 Wheel Blast Equipment. The equipment for this type of cleaning
con9ists of an abrasive feeding mechanism, 9 vaned wheel which 9upplles the
final velocity of the abrasive, the drive a9sembly, and the wheel hou91ng.
Directional control of the stream is secured by varying the Want at uhlch the
abrasive is fed to the vanes. Figure 2 illustrates an abresive throwing wheel.
3.
CONDITIONING PRIOR TO PHOSPHATE COATING
3,1 General. The phosphate coatings conaiet of many small cryatels which
are formed on and adhere firmly to the metal surface. Each crystal grows from
a single point (a cathode) on the metal surface and continues to grow unti1 It
contacts a neighboring cry9tal. If there are few cathodee on the sur~9ce, few
cry9tals will be formed. Thus, large crystala are formed which are easily
broken and much of tbe 9urface i9 uncoated. If many cathodic sites are
present when the parts are introduced into the pho9phating bath many amel1
crysta19 are formed. The coatinga formed under these conditions ere lese
ea9ily broken (more resistant to abrasion). There ia less uncoated 9urface,
therefore, better corro9ion resi9tence re9ults.
14
MIL.HDBK-205A
3.2 Cleanlng avatems which leave many cathodic sites on the metal surface.
Solvent cleaning, (with the exception of vapor decreasing), emulsion cleaning
and abrasive bla9ting all appearto leave m&y cathodic sites on the 9urface.
The phosphate coatinga produced following the9e cleaning procedures consist of
small den9e crystals and are capable of meeting the required te9ts.
3.3 Clesning systems which leave few cathodic 9ites on the metal surface.
Strom caustic cleaner9, electrolytic alkaline cleaners, pickles, and vapor
degrea9ing appear to leave few cathodic 9itea on the metal surface. Pho9phate
coatings produced on these surfaces tend to be sparse in that there are
uncoated areaa between larga cryata19. The9e coatings frequently are not
capable of meet~ng the required tests.
3.3.1 The .a~ of c~nditi~ning agent9. The aurface9 referred to in Section
>.3 can be modified to produce the desired fine grain coatings by rubbing the
surface wilh a demp rag or by the uae of proprietary conditioning agenta. A
titanium-dioodiumphosphate complex (U.S. Patent 2,310,239-Jernetedt) is
effective with zinc phosphate processes and can be obtained from many of the
aupplier9 of phosphate coating chemicala. A proprietary chemical which
produces a similar affect when used before manganese phosphate coating
chemicals ia aleo available.
4.
4.1
PHOSPHATE COATINGS
Introduction
4.1.1 Char8cter~stics. Phosphate coatings consist of crystalline,

non-reflective, water insolubie metal phosphates which are very adherenl lo
the base metal. The manganese and zinc phosphate coatings of MD-P-16232 are
impregnated with a rust-inhibiting oil, a solvent cut-back preservative, or
other epeclfled finish. The Type I phosphate coating of T1-C-49Oie not
oiled, eince thi9 coeting is used as a baae for paint.
15
MIL-HDBK-205A
IiF5iR.,,. 7LERDH?DE
SPOUT
...,,
..,......
:.
.\l
.
NR
/
ROTiTING
MEMBER
,.
-. .:..
..
,:
:.;
,..
.,,:.
............
.,
FIGURE
STATIONARY MEMBER
?:
ABRASIVE
16
THROWING
WHEEL
HIL-HDBK-205A
The manganese based phosphate coetings are more resistant then the zinc
based phosphate coatinge to high temperatures but should not be expoeed for
long times to temperatures above 3500F (175C). Zinc based phosphate
coatings should not be exposed for long times to temperatures skmve 2000F
(950C). The maintenance of the beet exchangers ie much easier with zinc
besed phosphate processee than with the msnganeee based phoephate proceesee.
The coetlnge meeting DOD-P-16232 are particularly effective in resisting
corro9ion between meting metal surface9, such a9 encountered in faetenere end
metslllc belt l]nks. These coat]ngs reduce the tendency for parte to
freeze. Neither of these costings ie recommended for .slkslineenvironment.
The color of the phosphate coatings rangee from grsy to bleck depending upon
the elloy end the dimensional buildup varies from O.MO1 to 0.W5
inch
(0.0225
to 0.0125 millimeters). When the psrte require close fit fOr proper
funcLi9nx~g, no allowance should be made for this buildup ea the ccyetala are
easllY broken end the parts quickly return to their originel uncoated
dimensions.
WARNING: When uorking with phosphating solutions and ealts, goggle9, face
shlelde, impervous rubber apron9, boots and glovee must be worn.
4.1.2 Adaptebillty. Phoephate cost>ngs may be applied to all ferroue metal
parte used in military m.eterialby normal proceeding procedure with the
exceptions noted In 4.1.2.1 through 4.1.2.6 below.
4.1.2.1 Springe. Sprlnge, primarily those hsving a small diameter, are apt
to become brlttle during the phosphating process. Thie applies SISO to leaf
sprlng9 and other parte of emall cross section that taicespring loade.
Cert8Jn aesembllee that contain springe which cannot be dieaesembled without
damaging the parte may be phospheted without disassembling.
Any sprzngs which are phosphstized should be relieved of hydrogen
embrittlement by holding them at room temperature for 120 houre or heating
them for eight hours at temperatures of 2100 to 2200F (1000 to 1040C).
4 .1.2.2 Nonferrous Metnle. The phosphate coatings deecribed in this
h8ndbook cannot be epplied to braes and copper. However, nonferrous metal
psrt9 euch 89 brass bushing9, which are permanently eesembled to iron or steel
components, will not normally be eeriously damaged during proceeding. A smell
amount of copper will be dis901ved in a normal operating phosphating bath and
large amounts may be diesolved If the free acxd ie high. The dissnlved copper
#i11 cause the coatings produced to be less resistant to corrosion than they
would heve been in the absence of copper in the bath. Brace, bronze, or other
nonferrous metal holding fixtures or baaket9 should not be ueed to hold pieces
of work wh]le ]n the phoephating tank.
To remcve copper from the phoephate bath, proceea batchea of degreased eteel
wool or clean 9crap iron for approximately 5 minutes. The steel wool or scrap
Iron should be removed as the copper plates out on tha metal.
f41L.HDBK-205A
4.1.2.3 Stainless Steel. This material cannot be successfully treated wzth

arivknown phosphate
treatment. However, stainless steel is activated by
.
.
blasting the metal surface with cast iron grit or cut 9teel b19st1ng abrsslve.
Particlea of ferroue metal abraaive are embedded in the corrosion resistant
phcaphatng
ateel eurfaca, causing a passive coating to form in a conventional
or oxalating solution. This may be desirable to make the stainleas steel
surface non-reflective and more corrosion resistant.
4.1.2.4 Gun Barrela. The barrels of ell weapona must be plugged before
phoephating. For thi9 purpose, silicone plugs, tapered wooden plugs, rubber
stoppers, or straight or tapered cork stoppers may be used. New corks should
be soaked for 15 mnutes et 2@J0F (950C) in a dilute solutlon of 9ode ash
and water to remove tannic acid, which ay cause discoloration of the Imrrel.
4.1.2.5 Gaa Ports. Gaa ports on automatic rifles must be plugged before
phoaphating.
4.1.2.6 Reprocessing Phosphate Parta. Abraaive blasting is a process for
cleaning and fini9hing of materials by propelling an abra9ive media in a dry
condition or auepended in a weter slurry. Aa a cleaning tool it has t}.e
ability to remove pho9phate coatings when required and will prepare that
surface for additional treatment. 1t is highly recommended that abrasslve
blaating be used for these oparationa.
4.1.3 Cleaning of Phosphete Coatings. After thie type of firosh has been
applied, it should be cleaned only with hot water and a surfactant or with
solvent-type cleanera such ae dry-cleening solvent, mineral spirits, or
de6reaaing 8olvent.
Phoephete coatings are soluble in alkali. Therefore, Csustlc soda, soda

aah, triaodium phosphate, and all other strong alkali materials must be
avoided, since they will destroy the phosphate finish.
4.1.4 Exercise of Aaeembled Ueapone. Refinished weapone should be operated
by hand until the moving parts work smouthly w]thout b>ndlng or undue effort.
4.2
Processing Tanks and Eauipment
4.2.1 General. The cleaning and other pretreatment operations preceedlng

the application of the phosphate coating have been described. This eection
covers the tanka and equipment used after the pretreatment operctions are
completed and includes those required for:
Phosphating,
Water rinsing,
Chromate rinsing, and
The application of the gupplementaxy preservative coating
4.2.2
Pho9phating Tank
4.2.2.1 Materials of ConstructIon. Since the phosphatlng aolutlon WI1l

corrode ild gtael, the tank should be constructed of stainlesa steel (typea
304, 316, >21, or 347), or plastic which i9 resistant to both the chemicals
and the temperature used in the process. If plaatic is used, the material
18
MIL-HDBK-205A
should be checked to be sure that no plasticizer are present which can leach
out and inhibit the phosphating reactions. A piece of the plastic, representative in composition, can be immersed in the phosphating solution at operating
concentration and temperature for 48 hours. The volume of the phosphating
solution and the size of the plastic part should be close to the relative
volume and area that will exist in the operating tank. Te9t pieces should be
run in this phosphate 9olution after it has been cooled, mixed thoroughly xith
the eludge formed, and reheated to be 9ure that the coating9 produced are
9atiafactory. Mild steel may be used to con9truct the tank but the life of
the tank will probably not exceed one year.
4 .2.2.2 Construction. The tank should be double-wall construction with
suitable insulation installed between the walla to conserve heat (Figure 3).
The tank should be provided with a cover to conserve heat. Draina are not
recommended in the pho9phate procea9ing tanks due to the tendency of the
sludge to Lnlerfere with clo9ing of the valves which leads to loaa of solution.
The dimensions of the tank are governed by the number and 9ize of tha parta
to be proce9sed. Provislnna should be made for et least 6 inches (15 centimeters) of sludge to accumulate on the bottom without contacting the work
rated processing barrel (F~gure9 4 and 5) ia to be
being proce99ed. If a perfc,
u9ed in the procea9ing system, the tenk 9hould be 8ized to accommodate the
perforated barrel and Its drive system.
4.2.2.3
be heated
under the
per80nnel
Tank heatin~. Under no circumatancea should any phoaphating tank

from the bottom. If bottom heating i8 u8ed, steam pockets will form
sludge. These pockets can erupt violently, throwing hot 8olution on
i.nthe vlclnlty.
Heating with entrance and exit pipes welded Into the tank wal18 is
ob.iectionablefor two reasons. The etreaaea due to temperature and
differential expan9ion of the metal can cau8e leaks to develop. The ramoval
of scale and sludge from the heating surfacea can M done only after the
processing solutlon ha9 been removed from the tank.
Excellent result8 have been obtained when the temperature differential
betwean heating surf.aceand the operating bath doe9 not exceed 500F
(looC).
Higher temperature dlfferentlala have adver8e affects on the
phosphate bath and may cau8e distortion of portiona of the tank and/or the
heater.
Mixed results have been obtained when the heat i9 supplied through the tank
walls by mean8 of either a jacketed tank or by attaching electric strip
heatera to the uutaxde of the tank. The electric heaters produce local area8
with a high temperature differential between the tank wall and the solution.
Excallent results have been obtained when the heat i8 supplied by a heating
medium circulating in a jacket around the tank as long a8 the temperature
differential ia le8s than 500F (100C). However, poor reaulta have been
obtained uith higher heat differentlela.
The u8e of electmc immersion-type heatera ahculd be avoided a9 the heating
surfaces are normally at high temperatures 8nd the high heat differential ia
harmful to the pho9phating solution.
MIL-HDBK-205A
I
I
UTION LEVEL
NSULATION
PORT
FIGURE
3:
PHOSPHATE
TANK
20
(CROSS
SECTION )
FIGURE
h:
TUMBLING
BARRELL
(SIDE
BASE
VIEW)
CYLINDER-PERFORATED
COVER-PERFORATED
7/GERs
SPEED
EDUCER
IFTING
ROD
HIL-HDBK-205A
HOIST
6.3 CU. FT. PORTABLE

TUMBLING BARREL
[
FIGURE
~ :
TUMBLING
BARRELL
22
(END
VIEW)
MIL-mBK-205A
Steam at 30 PSI (2.1 kg/sq cm) cr less is the most desirable source of heat
for a phosphating process. Downdraft gas heating units have been used
succes;
fuliy where-steam wss not available. Unfortunately, there is a high
heat differential between the heating tube and the phosphate bath end adveree
affecta occur in the phosphate solution. In addition, the removal of scale
and sludge is more difficult. Both the 9teem and the gas heating elements
must be so installed that they can be e89ily removed from the tank for the
removal of accumulated scale. The heating coil may be suepended on atrap iron
hringer9hooked over the tank edge and equipped with e lifting lug to
facilltate it9 remnval from the sclution. The coil should not be installed on
the tank bottom nor should steam return nipplea be cut through the tank wall.
A 9team trap should be placed in the return line et floor level to free the
coil of water. At least two acts of COIIS should be provided for each
phosphating tank to en9ure continuous operation, and these should preferably
be constructed of stainless steel to minimize scaling.
Effective steam heat exchangers are commercially available. These
exchanger cons]st of eteel plates welded together with paseages between the
plates through which the steam flows. These beet exchangers are light, eaey
to cleen, and CCCUPY less epace than pipe coils. Heat exchangers of thie
type, constructed of mild steel or of etainleee steel, are available. One
type consists of two sheets embossed to form a tube similar to a pipe coil
when the two sheete are joined. Another type ie manufactured by welding the
adges of the flat plates together, Intermittently spot welding the two aheete,
and inflating the eheete with hydraulic preesure to form pillows through
which the steam flows. Both of theee heat exchangers ere light, easy to
clean, and occupy less epace then the pipe coile.
Immerelon-t,vpedGwndraft .ge9heating equipment can be used for heating the
phosphatizing solution. The piping layout in this heating system ie eimilar
to that used for steam, but the ducts are much larger than the steam pipes.
They are removable for removal of scale end sludge.
4.2.3 Proce9slng Barrel. When the parts to be treated ere small, it is
frequently erpen9ive to place them individually on racks. A common eolution
to this problem is to pince the parts in 8 perforated barrel 9uch as that
shown ..nFigures 4 and 5. The parta are cleaned, rinsed, processed and,
occn910nallY, flni9hed without removal from the perforated barrel. The barrel
ia rotated while immersed i.nthe cleaning end proceeding eolution9. Rinsing
1s be9t nccomp?lsned by :mmerslng the barrel in tha rlnee solution, and then
removing It to allow the contaminated rinse solution to drain. This may be
repea:ed 2 OY 3 times for lmprov~a rlneing. Tc minimize abrstion of the
coating during processing it is sugge9ted thet the barrel be filled completely.
The des]gn flhownin Figures 4 and 5 combinee the reck to 9upport the bsrrel
nnd the mechanism to rotate the barrel in a single unit. An older design,
9tlll used ]n msny places, uees a frame mounted in the tank. The shafts at
each .?ndcf the barrel re9t in bearinge in the frame permitting the barrel to
be rotaed. A drlvlng mechaniam i9 mountedon the rear of the tank. The
barrel is placed in the frame end the rotating mechanism engages the ratchet
at,the end of the barrei so the barrel can be rotated. Thi9 de9ign requires
that a frnme and dr~ving mechaniam be preeent in each tank where the berrel ia
to be rctated. The speed of rotati~n ia normally one revolution every 3-5
minutes in t.~,e
phosphating bathe used to produce coatinge meeting DOD-P-16232.
23
MIL-HDBK-205A
Ventilating System. Steam end fumes rising from heated tanks

containing corrosive liquids muet be removed from the vicinity of operating
pereonnel. The required venti~.
ation is effectively accomplished with built-in
exh.euatequipment. The recommended type of exhaust system ha9 a slot-type
openiog on the rear of the tanks, air is fed acroe.sthe surfece from the front
and provision is made to scrub the fumes exh.euetedfrom the rear. The fan
capacity for these unit8 ie based on 200 cubic feet of air per minute for each
square foot of tank 9urface (10.6 cubic meters of .eirfor each equare meter of
surface).
4.2.4
4.2.5
Cold Water Rinse Tank
4.2.5.1 Construction. The cold water rin9e tank is constructed of mild

steel, ia provided with a bottom drain nipple, and hae a weir type overflow
eith discharge nipple.
4.2.5.2 Location. The tank ehould be located as close as possible to the
phoephatizing tank, thus reducing the time required to tranafer the work from
the phosphatin& solution to the rinse.
4.2.5.3 Water SuPPl~. The water supply to the cold water rinse
enter the tank on the side of the tank opposite the overflow. The
should be delivered cloee to the botton of the tank using a vacuum
other meane to prevent siphoning of water from the rinse tank into
line. Heating coils need not be installed.
tenk should
water
breaker or
the water
4.2.6 Chromate Rinse Tank. The chromate rinse tank is constructed of mild
steel with double walla end insulated 8idea and ends. It hes a heating coii
mounted on one side of the tank and a bottom drain. A water inlet fur
replacement of water lost by evaporation is installed at the top of the tank,
This tamk should be located adjacent to the cold water rinee tank.
4.2.7 Compressed Air Outlet. It may be advisable to use compressed air to

remove excea8 moisture from parta after the chromate ringe or to remove dust
left on grit or sand ble8ted parta. If compressed air is to be u8ed, an
outlet ehould be provided near the erea where the 8ir will be used The air
must be free of oil, moisture, and other contaminants. This can be
accomplished by installing a moisture trap and particulate filter before the
point of u8e.
4.2.8 Preservative Oil Tank. The tank holding the preservative oi1 can be
constructed of mild eteel. The oil being u8ed may require specific features
which would be unnecessary with other oils. When a weter displacing oil is
U8ed, a bottom drain may be required to remove displaced v8ter. Some cil in
water emulsion type oi18 work best when recirculated contmuoualy with the
emulsion overflowing into a sump from where it is pumped beck into the tank.
Some oil in water emulsiong are uged at elevated temperature to help dry the
parte. In these caeea heat must be supplied to the tank.
4.2.9
Autometed Immer8ion Lines
)
24
MIL-HDBK-205J!
4 .2.9.1 General. The preceding discussion has covered batch type

operations h
the immersion of the parts to be cleaned, rinsed, or
processed was controlled by an operator. In most cases he use9 a hoist to
handle the heavy loads but contro19 the treatment time and sequences. Uany
types of equipment are available in which the parts are transferred from
operation to operation without operator dependence.
4.2.9.2 Types of Automated Equipment. There are many different designs for
accomplishing the desired results. The most commonly used are of three
general types.
Tumbllng barrels automatically transferred from one station to the next
station
Rotatlne or oscillating open perforated drum9, automatically transferred
from station to station
Horizontal rotating drum with an internal screw which advance9 the parts
through the drum where they are immersed in the different solution9
4.2.9.2.1 Automated tumbling barrels. The tumbling barrels are basically
the same as those described in Section 4.2.3. The barrel, loaded with parta,
1s placed on the automated 9ystem where it is transferred to the processing
stages in the correct order and left in each stage for the proper time before
transfer to the next stage. The results are comparable to a manually
controlled system.
4.2.!!.
2.2 Open rotst:r.gcr oscillsiirs drum.
?hcsa systems uee drums
which sre open at the top making loading and unloading rapid and eimple but
the loosely loaded parts are subjected to more abrasion than when in a closed,
completely filled barrel. Heavy parts with sharp edges may be severely
abraded. To m]nlm]ze abrasion, parts should be tumbled as little as possible
when not immersed in liquid.
4.2.q.2.3 Horizontal drum with Internal screw. An example of this type of
un]t is shown in Fiuurea 6 and 7. Parta are fed into the rotating drum at the
entrnnce and are moved forweml as the drum rotates. The exterior shel1 of the
drum IS solxd in the processing and rinse 9tages. Scoops on the drum pick up
9olut10n from the tank and transfer It to the drum where the parts are kept
immersed for the designated time. The shell is perforated in the section9
fo~~owl~ the pr~cessl~ and rinse stages permitkzng the solution to return to
!,hetenk.
Parts are part]cul.srlysubject to abrasion when be>ng advanced by the 9crew
in drain areas where no solution cu9hions the part9 as they are tumbled. The
weight and design of the parts contribute to the severity of the abrasion.
4.2.10 Spray Process Systems. The 9pray method for application of
phosphate coatinga may be used when applying coatings meeting TT-C-490 but
never for coatings meeting DOD-P-16232. The spray method is normally used in
a conveycrlzed syetem.
The construction of the equipment for this type of application ia complex
and expensive. It is recommended that an experienced equipment builder be
consulted or contracted tc bu]ld the equipment to avoid costly mi9takes.
25
MIL-HDBK-205A
4.3
Phosphate Coating Process
Cleaning end Conditioning Before Phosphatin&. All parts must be

completely free of oil, grease, rust, residues, and other contaminant before
treatment with the phospheting solution. The tnethod9used for the removal of
such substances depend on the equipment and facilities available, the type of
ferrous metal of which the parts are made, and their service explication. See
Section 2.
4.3.1
Eech cleanlng medium and each cleaning method, such as w]ping, brushing,
abrasive blasting, pickling, etc. have different and distinctive effects On
the depth and deeign of the metal etching and the crystalline structure of the
phoaphete coating. This leads to the variation9 in the corrosion resistance
of the phosphate coatings. Therefore, the conditioning procedures used for
specific perts must be either baaed on experience or determined by trial. See
Section 3.
Several veriations in the conditiorung proce9aes that can be used
era illustrated in Yigure 8. The conditioning procedure which includes a
pickle ehown in Figure 8 muet not be ueed prior to heavy phosphete coatinge
(DOD-P-16232) without authorization from the purchasing facility.
The application of a phoephate finieh with maximum corrosion reaietant
qualities depends not only on the accurete control of the phoephating
that
solutions, but, particularly, on the cleaning and conditioning operating
precede the application of this coating. T.herafore,the conditioning
procedures de9cribed below muet be observed if the desired raaults are to be
obtainad.
4.3.1.1 For phosphate coatings meeting the requirement of DOD-P-162j2,
abra9ive blaating of all ~ork is necessary to obtain the best raaults.
Abrasiva blasting provida9 the ost sati9fectory surface for receiving the
phosphate coating and, if properly u9ed, will not change the dimensions of
most parts. Thin cross-9ection8 and surface 9moothne9a may require special
consideration during processing.
4.3.1.1.1 Dust on abrasive blaeted work should be removed with compressed
air. It mu9t not ba removed by wiping with a cloth or by bru9hing.
)
,
26
FIGURE
f):
SCOOP
ROTATING
DRUM
WITH
INTERNAL
SCRSW
.S.COOP
(sIDE
vIEw)
_ INTERNAL
SCREW
ROTATING
DRUM
MIL-HDBK-205A
SCOOP
- ROTATING DRUM
~lNTERNAL
SCREW
- SCOOP
/
L
SOLUTION
LEVEL
FIGURE
7 :
RoTAFrmG
DRUM
WITH
INTERNAL
SCREW
(END
VIEW)
)
2a
)IIL-HDBK-20>A
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I
MIL-HDBK-205A
4.3.1.1.2 Abrasive blasted work must not be touched by bare hands. Clean
cotton or rubber gloveg ghould be used when parts are turned on the blast
table or placed in bagkets or rackg uged for processing.
4.3.1.1.3
Abra9ive bla9ted wOrk mu9t not be deburred Or exp09ed in anY
manner to oil or any 9ubstance that will require removal by washing or rinsing
before phosphating.
4.3.1.2 In most in9tancea, oil and grease ara ramoved from the work by
vapor degrea9ing. However, 9ome soapa with ru9t preventative and greases
contain substances that are insoluble in the 9olvents u9ed. These substances
are not ramoved by vapor decreasing. If these goilg are present, othar
cleaning procedural have to be used. Vapor degraaging may still be included
in the cleaning sequence to remove the oil and grease.
Proceaaing Sequence. Cleaning materials, cleanlng procedures,
conditioning and cleaning equipment have bean described in Sections 2 and 3.
This section coverg the oparationa that follow the cleaning and conditioning
proceeaes and includes phosphating, water rinsing, chromate ringing, and the
application of the supplementary preservative coating (Figure 9).
4.3.3
4.3.4
Phoaphating PrOcesa
4.3.4.1 Materials. Pho9phating materia19 may be either a manganese-base or

a zinc-base phosphate chemical. The chemicala can be obtained by apeclfying
the dagired chemical meeting MIL-P-50CK12or from commercial sources which
eupply chemica19 capeble of producing coating9 meeting the requirements of the
Specification called for in the dravlng.
4.3.4.2
Preparation of the Phoephating Solution
4.3.4.2.1 BPe M and Z coatings (DOD-P-16232). Proper adherance to the

procedures listed in (a) through (g), for preparation of the pho9phating
solution ie necessary in order to prevent serious difficulty in the ]n~tinl
atege9 of use of the phosphating solution.
(a)
FI1l the tank with water to wxthin 6 inches (15 centimeters) of the
level at which it will ultimately be operated.
(b)
Heat the water to 1600F (710C). Do not exceed this temperature

during the preparation of the solution. This ia particularly
important with the zinc-basad chemicale aa the nitrate contant i9
higher in these chemicals than in the mangane9e-based chemicala. The
nitrate may be raduced to nitrite while the ferrous iron content is
10W.
(c)
Add the proper amount of phoephating chemical for the deeired

solution a9 show-nin Table I or aa recommended by the supplier of the
chemical.
(d)
Add the required amount of iron to the bath u9ing any of the
procedures given in 4.4.2.4.1.
30
HIL-HDBK-205A
Q
PRESERVATIVE
OIL
CHROMATE
RINSE
COLD WATER
RINSE
SPRAY RINSE
/////#
PHOSPHATIZING
SOLUTION
1- 1
.
1I
CLEANING AND
CONOITIONINC
I
I
L___
__
_J
NOTE: THE TYPE 1 TT-C-490 FINISH

IS NOT TO BE OILED. THIS FINISH WILL
BE THOROUGHLY
DRIED AFTER THE
CHROMIC AC ID RINSE, AND THEN PAINTEO
OR COATED WITH THE REOUIREO FINISH.
FIGURE
PHOSPHATING
31
SEQUENCE
MIL-HDBK-205A
(e)
(f)
Add water to the operating level, stir thoroughly, and remove a

sample of the solution for analysis. See 4.4.2 for manganese-base
and zinc-baee baths.
At this point, it is desirable to continue to u9e every means at hand

to rai9e the iron content of the solution to within the range of 0.2
to 0.4% for the mangane9e-type solution and 0.2 to 0.45% for the
zinc-type 901ution. When the iron content of the solution has
reached the lower figure in the concentration range indicated above
and the total acid has been adju9ted ae indicated in paragraph
4.4.2.1, the eolution is ready for use.
(g) The themoatat may then be set between 190F (EE30C)and 2100F
(99C) and the pho9pheting process mey begin.
(h) To meintain the concentration of iron in the sclution within the
designated percentage, the steam or other heat source should be shut
off when the 9olution ia not being used to proce9s parts. In the hot
9olution ferroug iron is oxidized by air to the ferric form which
forme in901uble ferric phosphate and drop9 out es 91udge.
TABLE 1.
Coating
Spcc:f:cll:icln
Material
Specification,
Quantity
iiequ]
retie
Type M
Type M
62 (16.4)
D3D-P-16232
Composition B
MIL-P-5CX302
Type Z
DOD-P-16232
Type Z
MIL-P-50002
40 (4.e)
in pounds per 100 gallons (kg per 100 l]ters)
in the free
The oxidation of the ferrous iron is accompanied by ~n increaee
acid content of the bath because for every unit of Iron oxidized, one uni~ of
phosphoric acid is released into solution. When work 18 being processed, the
free acid is normally consumed by the dissolving iron a9 rapidly as ].tis
formed. Under theee condition, there ie no significant chnnge in the free
acid content and the ferrous iron may tend to increase. If the aolutlon ]s
kept hot when no work i9 baing procassed, the ferreu9 iron may decrense and
the free acid increase. When the use of the phosphating solution i9 to be
discontinued, for ovarnight or a longar period, and the heat has been ahut
Off, water should be added to the solution until the .qUrfaceof the so]t>cn
is 3 to 5 inche9 (7.5 to 12.5 centlmetere) above oormal. This reduces the
rates of oxidation by cooling the solut,
ion and, at the same time, preventg
exceegive loss of water by evaporation which normally occurs during longer
periods cf cooling.
32
mlL-HDBK-205A
4.3.4.2.2 Type I coating

(TT-C-490). Preparation of the phosphating bath
is accomplished by following steps (a] through (g).
(8)
Fzll tank to within 6 Lnches (15 centimeters) of the operating level.
(b)
Add the proper amount of phcsphating material for the desired

solution as recommended by the supplier of the chemical.
(c)
Add water to the operating level.
(d)
Add any additional chemica19 according to the suppliers instruction,e.
(e)
Heat the snlutlon to operating temperature. The recommended

temperature for immersion processing is lEOOF to 1900F (820C to
t380c)and fnr spray processing is 1300F to 1750F (55C tO
79CC).
(f)
Stir thoroughly and take samples for analysis. See 4.4.3.
(g) Sodium nitrite accelerator. When specified in the operation of the

bath, add one nunce per 100 gallons (7.5 grams per 100 liters) of
sodium nitrite for lmmer9ion proceeding end twn ounces per lCQ
gallcn9 (15 grams per 100 llters) of sodium nitrite for spray
proce99in.gimmediately before proceeding work.
Some phc9ph&tlng proces8e9 make use of accele,rator9other than sodium
nitrite. The most commonly u9ed of the9e i9 sodium chlorate, This material
IS stable i~ tie concentrated pho9phate chemical while sodium mitrite ie not.
The fact that no erternsl accelerator is required aimplifie9 the control of
the bath but the costlog weights tend to be below the weight9 required to meet
TT-C-490.
4.7.4.3
proce~9ing Procedures
4.3.4.3.1 Type M Coal~w (DOD-P-16232).

(a) The work should be completely immersed xn the pho9phatizing bath and
ehould be kept between 2000 and 21o0F (930 to ggOC) for approximately
45 minutes. The chemical reactions involved in the formation of the-coating9
release hydrogen G09. The visible evolution of gas normal~j ceases w>thin 15
mlnute9 but the psrt9 ehould be left in the processing solution for 45 minutee
to produce ccatzngs WI15 the uaxlmum corrosion reelstance.
(b) Unlees previous experience with pert. nf like composition and
pretreatment ]ndlcate otherwise, a continuation of vieible gassing beyond a
pericd of 15 minutes may be an indication of high acidity, high iron content,
or poc<rclean]ng. In euch cases, the parts 9hould be removed from the bath,
thoroughly rinse?, and prepared for reprocessing as outlined in paragraph
4.J.2.6.
(t) ticrk loed9 should be as large as po9aible and the interval between the
removal of one load from the golution and the introduction of the next load
should be 8s scrt as pogs]ble. It 19 much more advantageous, frou the
standpoint cf aclution control, to operate the solution eteadily for one day,
than tc s>read one days work over two days.
33
MIL-HDBK-205A
(d) Evaporation losses should be replaced at least twice during the

proceeding of each load of work if no previsions for automatic level control
,areavailable. The electronic level controller is superior to the echanical
float type in the phosphating solution, becauae layers of phosphate scale form
on the floata and other mechanical parts of thaae device9. Water ahoulj be
added in frequent 9mall quantitie9 rather than in infrequent large quantities.
the work at intervala during processing minimizeg contact.

(e) Shating
marka. It alao ensurea the eecape of gag, which might collect in blind holes
or cavities and cau9e a poor or apotty finish.
4.3.4.3.2 Type z coeting (DOD-P-16232).
(a)
The temperature of this eolution should be maintained at 1900 tc
2050F (B!30to 960C). It ia best to eatabligh a temperature and ma]nta]n
on
it ao that less than a 50P (30C) variation will occur. The solut].
should not be allowed to boil.
(b) The clean work ia completely immereed in the aoluticn for approximately
x minutes. Shorter immersion periode produce coatinga WIth a suitable
appearance but such coatinga usually have subatendard corrosion resistence.
Longer immersion in the phosphating eolution will not provxde 8 significant
improvement in corrosion re918tance.
(c)
lhe processing
is
continued
as
in
paragraph
4.3.4.3.1 (c) through (e).
4.3.4.3.3 Type I coating (TT-C-490).

(a) Metala being prepared for this coeting should be cleaned by vapor
degreaeing, emulsion cleaning, or alkaline cleaning. In some instances it may
be desirable to clean with phosphoric ecxd In accordance with Method VI of
TT-C-490, using phosphoric acid solution complying with MIL-M-1057J3. After
cleaning, the metal must be rinsed with water to remove any solution on the
surfaces. Carrying cleaning solution into the processing eolution mill
destroy the chemical balance of the solutlon. This can result In excewive
use of chemical and/or loaa of the ability of the solution to produce a
satisfactory coating. If a strong alkaline cleaner or phosphoric ac]c la used
in the cleening sequence, a conditioning egent (Section 3) should be used
following the water rinse. It ehould be noted that baths have been developed
that operate at relatively low temperature, e.g. 1000F, for energy conservation.
(b) When treating parte by immersion, the properly cleaned parts should be
immersed for a minimum of three minutes in the phoaphating solution. The
temperature et which the proce9aing solution is operated should no! be allowed
to vary more than 5oP [30C). Thistemperature ie egtabliahed for each
installation and may vary from 1300 to 1650F (550 to 750C) in spray
installation and from l@OO to 1900F (820 to ~OC) in immersion
installation. Fluctuation of more than 50F (30C) will tend to produce
unsatisfactory results.
I
34
KIL-HDBK-205A
4.3.5 Water Rineing

4.3.5.1 Immerszon Water Rinsing. The w8ter in the immersion rinse tank ia
unheated and immersion time should be about one minute. Agitation of tha work
in the rinse water is more effective than additional time for thorough
rinsing. The most effective rinsing ia obtained by raiaing the parta out of
the mnse water and reimmersing them two or three timee. The rinse weter must
overflow continuously while being used. The tank should be completely drained
daily and filled uith clean water. Use of double counter flow rinses should
be considered for reduction of water consumption and more effective waate
treatment of smaller volume rinse effluents.
4.>.5.2 >ray Water Rinsing on Immersion Processing Lines. The time lag in
the transfer of work from the phosphating tank to the immersion rinse tank
should be a9 ehort a9 poseible to prevent the phoaphating solution from drying
and 09ettingup on the surface of the work. This eetting up ie mo9t
effectively prevented if a cold water rinse ia applied immediately after the
work i9 lifted out of the phosphating 8olution by either of the methods
deecribed below:
(a) Install a 9Yetem of spray nozzles positioned along the front and rear
edges of the phosphating tank. The8e nozzles should be approximately two feet
(60 centimeters) above the top of the tank and so directad that the cone of
the spray will fall within the confine9 of the tank. The sprays should be
controlled by a foot operated valve positioned euch that it and the power
hoist used to lift the work from the tank can be operated aimultaneoualy by
one man. After being phosphate for the required time, the work ia slowly
r8ieed frcm the sclution th~ough the cold tiataraprsy and then trunaferred to
the mmersion rinse tank.
(b) If a permanently .netalled tank spray eyatem ia not avaialble, the work
can be hand sprayed by means of a hose and attached nozzle.
(c) It is desirable to spray the parte until they are cool but the volume
of water required may cauae the phosphate solution to overflow. By using
nozzles vith the minmuun flow rate which givee complete coverage, the
phosphate eolution on the parte can be removed eo that no setting up of
phosphatlng chemicals cccurs even when the part ia still hot when the spraye
are shut off.
4.7.6
Chromate Rinse
4.3.6.1 Rinsee Controlled by Free Acid. The chromate rinee playe a ve~
important role in the corrosion reaiatance of the phosphate coatinga. Thia
rirwe
can be prepared by diaaolving 8 ounces of chromic acid (Cr~) or 4
ounces of chromic acid and 4 ounces (by weight) of 75$ phosphoric acid
of chromic acid or 30 rama of chromic
(H3P04) in 100 gallona (6o gram
acid and 30 grams of 75% phosphoric acid per 100 liters! of water. 1heee
baths are normally controlled by titrating the free acid (ace paragraph
4.6.2.3). A constant free acid concentration ia maintained by additione of
chromic acid or equal parts by weight of chromic acid and 75% phosphoric
acid. The corroeion reaistace offered by rineea prepared in thie manner vacy
from plant to plant. Hexavalent chromium ig the major contributor to the
corrosion protection provided by the rinse which will vary with the amount of
35
MIL-HDBK-205A
hexavalent chromium present in the rinse. The alkalinity of the water

available varies widely. Larger amounts of acid, and thus the hexavalent
chromium, are required where the alkalinity of the water ia high in otier tc
obtain the 9ame free acid.
Rinses with Controlled Chromate. The problem of verying hezevalen!

chromium levels can be eolved by the uee of commercially available solutions.
These are ueed to build up and maintain a con9tant chromate concentration in
waters with va~ing alkalinities by means of two solutione. One is e solution
of chromic acid and the other a eolution of e bichromate salt (usually a
calcium salt). The control procedure9 will be furnished by the supplier of
the chemicals end should include a test for hexavalent chromium end PH or free
acid.
4.3.6.2
Rinses Containing Trivelent Chromium. Rinse,qcontaining trivalent

chromium (U.S. Patent Nos. 3,222,226 and 3,279,958) are available which may or
may not contain hexavalent chromium. These rinsee, when properly controlled,
without
can be followed by a water rinse (deionized water is preferred)
reducxng the benefits provided by the chromate rinse. This makes poesible the
removal of any soluble salts which can cause problems under paint. See
4.8.4.2. This type of rinse is nonmally used with proces9es meeting TT-C-490.
4.3.6.3
4.3.6.4 Chromium Free Rin9es. Proprietary rinses which contain no chromate

are available for uae over phosphate co8tings meeting TT-C-490. The9e are
ueed where there are no provisions for disposing of the chromate selts and
where anodic or cathodic paints, which can be banned by the chr@mate salts,
are being ueed.
4 .3.6.5 Temperature. The temperature at which the chromate rinse :s
operated can vary widely and ia frequently selected on the basis of what IS
needed to obtein dry parts. Many parts are efficiently massive to reta]n
enough heat from a hot chromate rinse to cause the part9 to dry with no
further treatment other than to remove any chromate solution from recessed
areas. In these cases the chromate rinse is maintained at the temperature
required to obtain dry parta. When the parta are made of th]n sheet metal an
additional drying stage may be required in which caae the temperature of the
chromate rinse is not important but temperatures below 1300F (550C) are
seldom used.
4.3.7 DryinG. After tne work is removed from the chrcmate rlnee, it must
a water
be thoroughly dried before the finel finish is spplied unleaa
displacing oil is used. Even when the latter type of oil la used, most of the
moisture 9hould be removed from the parte before they are placed in the oil.
Parta being finished with e Type I finieh (TT-C-490) must not be oiled. Heavy
parts which retain heat will dry spontaneously when removed frnm a hct
chromate rinse. Thinnar metal parta may require a heated dry off. However,
the temperature of the dry off should not exceed 2250F (1070C) mth
DOD-P-16232 Type Z coatinge or 3750F (1900c) with DOD-P-16232 Type !4
coatinga. Small parts phosphate ,in tumbling barrel unite ay be dried
conveniently
by centrifuge,
preferably equipped with heated air circl~lation.
The last traces of moisture can be removed from parte which are to be oiled by
dipping them in a water displacing oil.
36
HIL-HD9K-205A
4.>.8 Preservative 011 DIP. The preservative oil dip is used only on parts
coated to meet IxID-P-16232. The parts should be oiled as soon as possible
after phosphatlrtg. The parts should be dried before oiling. However, the
degree of d~neaa required varies with the type of oil used.
Water displmclng oi1s can be used on parta with damp area9 where the
dry-off haa not removed all traces of moisture. For the beat corrosion
reslatance the water diaplsclng oil should be followed by a rust
preventative oil.
Other OIIS require that the parta be thoroughly dry before dipping in the
oil.
4.3.9 Fln]sh for TT-C-493 Type I Coatinga. Parta given a Type I (TT-C-490)
coating are to receive en organic coating and must not be oiled. Parta to be
pa]nted af:er assembly or 10 be held for a period of time should be given a
prime coat of paint immediately after phosphating.
4.4 Maintenance of the Phosphating Tank and Chemical Control of the
Phoaphating Solution
4.4.1 Maintenance of the PhosphfltingTanA
4.4.1.1 Sludge Removel. In the normal operation nf the phoepheting
process, a quantity of sludge Ie fonued. This sludge consists primarily of
ferric phosphate. However, in the operation of the process, partially soluble
phosphates are alao formed. These compounds act as
Iron and zinc or manganese
buftersin stabilization of the irnn, zinc, and free acid of the solution.
Complete removal of theee compounds from the solution permits large
fluctuations in the concentration of the constituents of the solution.
Therefore, sludge should not be completely removed from the tank. A
satisfactory method consist9 of removing a small portion with e hoe each day.
This prevents drastic chnnges in the solution and diaturbence of work
schedules. In eddition, the sludge should be stirred into the cold solution
before Lurnlng on the beet when atartlng production.
4.4.1.2 Level Control, Thermo-regulator Bulbs and Temperature Regulator.
Level controls, thermo-regulatorbulbs and temperature regulator must ba
removed periodically and all scale removed from the surfacea exposed to the
solutions. In no Instance should any reguletor or other device constructed of
lead, copper or its zinc and tin alloya be used in the phosphate solution.
Only etalnless steel or glaas equipment 9hould be used.
4.4.1.3 Coils. Scale on the coils may be removed by the u9e of a tool or
with the a]d of chemicals. Scale may be removed quickly by means of a tool
shaped to the contour of the coil and a 5 pound air hammer.
CAUTION: Eye protection should be worn when removing
scale in this manner.
The scale on coils can be removed more easily if the scale ie heated before
removal ia attempted. A simple way of heating the scale ia to run eteem
It is not immersed in the solution. (If the tank is
through the COI1 while
emptied, the coil cen be heated in place.)
37
MIL-HDBK-205A
Heating COZIS for the zinc-base phosphatlns solutlons ma? be cleaned

chemically as indicated in (a) through (d) below:
(a) Remove the CO1l from the phosphating solution and place it In a narrow
mild-steel tenk just large enough to accommodate the coil Hith about three
inches (7.6 cm) of clearance on all sides.
(b) Att.schthe coil to a steem line.
(c) Fill the tank with a solution of the following composlt,on:
Rochelle Salts
Ceu9tic soda
Water
15 pound9 (6.82 K )
150 pound9 (68.18 fg)
100 pound9 (45.45 Kg)
(d) The steam in the coil must be regulated so thet the solution ie
maintained just below the boiling point. An automatic temperature control i9
required to avoid hazardous boiling of the highly caustic eolution. The heat
transfer efficiency of the coil increaee9 as the scele i9 dzssolved and
adequate manual control is nearly impo8aible.
Immediately aftar being cleaned, the coils should be rinsed with a hose,
followed by immersion in a water rinse tank. The cleaning solution will
gradually lose its strength and a heavy 91udge will accumulate on the bottom
of the tank. When this interferes with the coil cleaning, the 9olution should
be discarded, The cleaning eo:ution, when ready for disposal, contains 8
large amount of cauatic 9oda and phosphatea of iron and zinc P1U9 the Rochelle
aalta. The disposal of the solution must comply with all government, state
and local regulation concerning waste diapoaal.
CAUTION: Protective clothing and face and eye
protection must be used by operatore workinK
with this material.
4.4.2 Control of Phoephating Solutions. The manganese - base phosphate
solution i9 used in producing heavy manganese phosphate coatln~s and the
zinc-baae phosphate solution ia used in producing heavy zinc phosphate
coatinga. These coating9 meet the requirement of DoD-p-16232. Type M and
Type Z respectively. The pho9phating baths 9hould be operated in the
concentration ranges recommended In Table 2. The control measure for
adjuating the concentration are given in the following paragraphs:
HxL-HDBI(-205A
TABLE 2
Recommended Concentration Ranges
Phosphating Solution
Zinc-Baee
Manganese-Base
Free Acid, points(a) maximum
Total Acxd, points(aJ
Free Acid to Total Acid Ratio
Minimum
Optimlm
Iron
(ferrous), percent
5.0
26 to 30.0
5.5
26 to 30.0
1 to 5.5
1 to 6.0
0.2 to 0.4
1 to 5.5
1 to 6.o
0.2 to 0.4
(a) One point equals 1 ml of 0.1 N NeOH per 10 ml sample.
4.4.2.1 Total Acid. The total acidity of the phosph.stingsolution is

maintained ae follows:
Manganese - base phosphate 9olution - add a eolution of manganese
phosphate, manganese nitrate and phosphoric acid.
Zinc - base phosphate eolution - add a solution of zinc phosphate, zinc
nitrate and phosphoric acid.
The total acldlty of theee bath9,ig maintained within the limit9 shown in
Table 2. Small deviations are maintained by frequent small additions of the
above solutions. The amount of chemical required to increase the total acid
one point i9 2.1 pound9 per 100 gallons for the manganese - baee phosphate
eolutxon when ueing the chemical conforming to MIL-P-5CXM2 Type H,
Composition B, end 1.5 pound9 per 100 gallon9 for zinc - base phosphete
eolution when u9ing the chenical eeting MIL-P-5002 Type Z. When material
not covered by epecificetion is ueed, this information mey be obtained from
the suppller. It is advisable to add the phoaphating chemical in small
frequent additions rather than larger infrequent edditions. The bath ehould
be stirred thorougly after the addition of chemical.
4.4.2.2. Free Acid. Maintenance of the free acidity of the 8olution is of
great importance in the reactions involved in the coating formation. The free
acidity which tends to ri9e due to dissociation of the dihydrogen phosphate
ealts in water, reache9 n point where excessive etching of the work may
occur. This condition is generally accompanied by inability to produce a
complete coating within the normal processing period. Severe hydrogen
embrittlement may be encountered aa a result of the large amount of hydrogen
formed when th~s condition arises. High free acidity is caused by the
following:
(a)
(b)
(c)
Prolonged Idle periods during whichtha bath i9 heated but no work ia

proce9sed.
Overheating the solution.
Proces9xng small loads of work in a relatively large volume of
eolution.
39
HIL-HDBK-205A
Should the free acidity rise above the range desi~nated, corrections should
be made. The method u9ed will depend upon the concentration of the ferrous
iron ag described in the two methods below.
4.4.2.2.1 If the iron content is near or approaching the upper limits, add
B ounce9 per 100 gallons (60 grams per 100 liters) of mangenese carbonate
(manganeee - base phosphate) or B ounces of zinc carbonate (zinc - base
phosphate)for every point of free acid above the desired level. Mangane9e
carbonate (for manganese-base phosphate solution) or zinc carbonate (for
zinc-base phosphate solution) 9hould be weighed, placed in a bucket, weter
added and mixed thoroughly. The resulting 91urry should be stirred well and
distributed over the solution surface. This treatment w1ll reduce the free
acidity but it may have to be repeated 9everal times before the free acid
remains within the desired range.
4.4.2.2.2 If the Iron content of the solution is in the ltiwerpart of the
recommended range or below, the free acid can be reduced by processing iron as
de9cribed in 4.4.2.4.1.
4.4.2.3 Total Acid to Free Acid Ratio. The ratio of total acid to free
acid should be maintained above the limit of 5.5 parts total acid (i.e.. free
ecid plus combined acid) to one part frae acid. The ratio, for most rapid
reaiatance, ehould be held at approximately
coating action and begt corrogion
6 parts total acid to 1 part free acid. Should the free acidity tend to drop,
the cause is usually contamination of the bath with alkaline cleaning salts.
The source of the contamination must be located and eliminated. If the low
free acid is causing poor coatings, it may be necessary to discard the
contaminated phosphate bath and begin again WIth a new phospnaie SC.l
MIIon.
4.4.2.4 Ferrous Iron

4.4.2.4.1 Low ferrous iron. Ferrous iron can be introduced into the
phosphating eolution to build up a new solution or to raiae the concentration
in an existing bath by dissolving iron in the processing solution. The source
of the iron is.not important and the most readily available and cheapest
source can be used providing it is clean or can be cleaned before it is
immersed in the processing eolution. Rusty metal ehould be pickled ancl
thoroughly rinsed before being used. Steel wool, cast iron chips, scrup
steel, and steel ehavings can be placed in baskets and immersed until vigorous
ga99ing ceases. No ham is done by leaving the iron in the phosphate solutlon
after gassing ceases, but little iron Mill be dissolved after this point is
reached. Iron powder and steel dust are best added by placing a cloth across
the top of the tank eo that it is 2 to 3 inches (5 to 7.5 centimeters) below
the solution surface and scattering the powder or fine grit onto the solutlon
surface. Additione should be at a rate which maintains vigorous gaesing.
When finished, remove the cloth and discard any material remalnlng on it. One
pound of iron dis901ved in 100 gallona (120 grame per 100 liters) will raiae
the ferrous iron content O.12%. When introducing iron into a newly prepared
phosphating solution, the instructions for temperature given in 4.3.4.2.1
should be observed.
)
40
HIL-HDBK-205A
4.4.2.4.2 High ferrous iron. While processing work, the iron which is
dissolved during the coating action m8Y cause the concentration of the ferrous
iron to incre8s~ and eventually exceed the m8ximum level shown in Table 2.
The concentration of the ferrou9 iron should be reduced before the maximum i8
reached. The ferrous Iron content can be lowered by the addition of an
oxidizing agent such a9 hydrogan peroxide. If the ferrous iron content ia
lowered in this m8nner It la essential that mang8nese c8rbon8te (for m8nganaae
baae phoaph8te solution) or zinc carbon8te ( for zinc - baae phosphate
aclutlon) be added to neutralize the phosphoric 8cid vhen ferrous phosphate ia
oxidized to form insoluble ferric phosphate. The addition of 0.5 pounds of
35% hydrOgen peroxide to 100 gallona of proceaaing solution (6o grams per 100
liters) will lower the ferrous iron 0.05%.
CAUTION: 35% hydrogen peroxide ia a hazardoua material
and the precaution given by the supplier
must be observed.
The ~drogen peroxide should be diluted with water before being added to the
phoaphatlng solutlon. For every added unit of weight of 35% hydrogen
peroxide, two unlts by weight of umnganeae carbonate (for manganeae - base
phosphate solution) or two units by weight of zinc carbonate (for zinc - baee
phoph8te solutlon) 9hould be added. The manganeae CarbOn8be or zinc carbonate
should be separately mixed with water to form a slurry bafore addition to the
phO.$phatlu solutlon. (Do not mlx the hydrogen peroxide with either the
re than 0.05% ferrous iron should be
manganese or the zinc carbonate.) No IUO
removed at one time u8iw thla procedure.
Ari61ternstive rmthoi tc lower the ferrous iron concentration conai8t9 of
placarding a port~on of the bath, and restoring the bath to the proper total
ac>d following restoration of the level of the bath with water that haa been
thoroughly mixed Into the bath. This method requires proper treatment of the
discarded solution prior to disposal.
4.4.2
.4.3
Ferrous
Iron
vs.
nitrite accelerator. If a bath which i9 thought
to cents].nferrous iron is milky in appearance or a sharp and point ia not
ach]eved when teatlnR w]th potassium penmnganete, the bath may contain
nitrite instead of iron.
4.4.3 Control of Paint Baae Zinc Phosphate Baths (TT-C-490 Type I).
Zinc-based phosphate baths designed to produce coatinga used aa a baee for
paint (TT-C-490 Type I) are used In lmmerslon appllcationa and by spraying the
solutxon on the work which is enclosed in a tunnel. With few exceptions these
baths operate with nltrlte aa an accelerator and with no ferrous iron in the
batha. The fact that the sodium nitrite ia converted to volatile gaasea in
the pho9phate aolutiona requires aubatantial differences in the control of
immersion and spray proceaaes and the instructions for their control will be
given separately. See sect~ona 4.4.4.1 and 4.4.4.2.
The zinc phosphate batha which do not uae nitrite aa the accelerator are
seldom used on items being procured by the military and their control will not
be covered in this manual. If these proceages are being used, the control
procedures will be furnlahed by the wpplier.
MIL-HDBK-205A
4.4.3.1 Control of Immerglon Type Processes. As work i9 prGcesaed Ln the

solution, metallic acid phosphate, nitrate9, and free phosphoric acid are
con9umed in the formation of-the coatings. The bath nu~t be replenished from
time to time with the pho9phating chemical. Frequent emall addition9 of the
phosphate chemical will produce more uniform work than occa910nal large
addition9. Not more than one point variance should be allowed. The ~lroce99e9
are controlled by the operating temperature, the ab9ence of any ferrou9 iron,
the total acid, and the free acid (in decrea9i~ order of importance).
4.4.3.1.1 Temperature. Operation of these baths below 1700F (760C)
greatly increa9es the risk of ferrou9 iron accumulation in the bath.
Operation above lgOoF (@@C) is not harmful but increases the cost of
operation. The temperature 9hould not be pernntted to very ore than 50F
(30C).
Absence of ferrous Iron and presence of nltrlte. For proper
operation of the9e baths, some nitrite and no ferrou9 iron must be present.
4.4.3.1.2
4.4.3.1.3 Total acid. The total acidity of the bath 9hould be malntelned
at 19 to 21 points. The amount of pho9phating chemicals to increase the total
acid 1 point can be obtained from the supplier of the chemical.
4.4.3.1.4 Free ecid
4.4.3.1.4.1 High free acid. Free acid velues above 5.0 in a 20 point bath
may cauee poor coatings. They are normelly caused by exces9ive loss of
proce991ng 9olution due to leak9 or drag-out of 9olution on the parts being
processed. The 10s9 of solution 9hould be corrected and the free acid lowered
by adding sodium hydroxide (or soda ash). The free acid w>ll be reduced 1.0
points by the addition of 5.4 ounces of sodium hydroxide or 7.6 ounceg of soda
ash per 100 gallons of solution (40 grams of sodium hydroxide or 56 grams of
soda ash par 100 litere). The eodium hydroxide or soda ash must first be
dissolved in water to form a dilute solution before being added to the
phosphate solution.
Another source of high free acid which is occasionally encountered occurs
when pickling solution is carried into the phosphate eolution. The source of
the contamination should be determined and corrected and the free acid
adjuated with eodium hydroxide (or sode ash) a9 in the previous paragraph.
4.4.3.1.4.2 Low free acid. If the free acid drops below 2.5 In a 20 point
bath, the ost frequent cause is contamination by alkaline cleaner salts. Any
contamination should be eliminated. Normally, the bath WIII restore itself to
a proper free acid level after a few hours of operation and no further
adjustments should be neceseary. If the free acid drops below 2 it may be
neceasa~ to discard the bath and prepare a new golution. If the bath ig
dis+cerded,make sure that all waste dlspogal compliance requirements are met.
4.4.3.2 Control of Spray Type Procea9ee. A9 work ia processed in the
solution, metallic acid pho9phate9 and free acid are congumed In the formation
of the coatingg as in the immersion treatment. Control of the gpray type
42
MIL-HDBX-205A
processes differs from that for the immersion type due to the neces9ity of
continuously adding sodium nitrite to replace the nitrite which ie volatilized
a9 the solution 19 9prayed. Unle99 corrective step9 are taken, the 9odium
accumulates
in the bath and the zinc decreases if the total acid ia maintained
at a c0n9tant value. A satisfactory bath can be maintained baaed on the total
acid control if one nitrate ion i9 added (nitrate ie contained in the zinc
phosphate chenical)#for each 9odium ion added as sodium nitrite. (Us.
Patent, 2,351,605-R.C. Gib90n.) For beat re9ulta, both the phosphate chemical
and a solution of 9odium nitrite are added by means of small pumps capable of
feeding small meaeured amounts of chemical.
The spray type processes are controlled by the total acid, nitrite, the free
acid and the temperature (in decreasing order of importance).
4.4.3.2.2 Total acid. The total acidity of the bath 9hould be maintained
at 14 to 16 points. The supplier of the chemical will advi9e as to the amount
of chemical required to increase the total acid one point.
4.4.3.2.3 Accelerator (nitrite). Sodium nitrite accelerator must be added
continuously while processing parta in a spray process. (Avoid operating the
9praye and adding 9odium nitrite when no work ie being proceaaed.) The
concentration of the accelerator should be maintained at the lowest leval
which will produce a 9atiafactoqy coating. Thie level ia normally between 0.5
and 2.0. If it ia determined that concentration above 2.0 are required,
refer to the discussion below under free acid (4.4.3.2.4). The problems due
to Improper free acid (high or low) are frequently counteracted by increa9ed
accelerator concantretions at the expense of ueing needlessly large amounts of
chemical.
4.4.3.2.4 Free acid. The factora vhlch affect the free acid in immerslcn
type proceesea also affect the free acid in spray type proceaees. In
add]tion, In sprsy type processas, the continuous additiona of sodium nitrite
can cau9e high or low free acid depending upon the composition of the
phoaphatlng chemical findratio of phosphating chemical to sodium nitrite being
u9ed.
Frequently it is observed that satisfactory coatinge can be obtained by
operating with the accelerator at a higher level. While this produces
aati9factory coatings, Lt.does so at the cost of excessive usage of chemical.
4.4.3.2.4.1 Low free acid. Low free acid in the processing bath will
develop if fewer ions of nitrate are furnished by the phoephating chemical
than are necessary to compensate for tha sodium ions being added aa sodium
nltrlte. Low free acid values may also occur if exceaa nitrite ie present in
the phosphating chemical in the form of zinc nitrate.
The correction of low free acid due to e>ther of thesa problems requirea
formulation of the phosphate chemical concentration by the supplier.
4.4.3.2.4.2 High free acid. If the free acid is high enough to give an
acid ratio lower than 1 to 10 (i.e., 1 to 8) it may be difficult or impossible
to obtain a satisfactory coating. The free acid can be lowered with sodium
hydroxide aa discuaaed in 4.4.3.1.4.1.
43
MIL-HDBK-205A
The high free acid values are normally the result of one of two conditions.
If processing solution is lost due to leaks or is dragged out on the parts
being proce99ed, the problem of h~gh free acid and high consumption can be
corrected by eliminating the solution los9e9. If the phoephate chemical
concentrate contains axcess nitrate as nitric acid, the problem can be
corrected by the 9upplier of your chemical by reformulating the material.
4.4.3.2.4.4 Temperature. The spray type process will operate
satisfactorily at temperatures ranging from 1300F to 1600F (550C to
700C). The solution must be kept at the established temperature within
59F (30C) in order to produce consistent coatinga.
4.5 Maintenance of the Chromate Rinse. During operation of the chromate
rinse, evaporation cauaaa the aalt9 preeent in the water to tmome more
concentrated. In addition, chemicals dissolved from the coatings accumulate
in the chromate solution. The9e salte will be present in the solution @nd can
dry on the work as it ia removed from the chromate rinse. If present in
efficient quantities, failure in performance can reeult.
4.5.1 Control of the Chromate Rinse. The chromate solutions are controlled
with a free acid test combined, in some caeea, with a te9t for hexavalent
chromium. A total acid teet may be used a9 a guide for discarding the bath se
discuaaed above and In section 4.5.2. The use of both a free acid test and a
hexavalent chromium test permit9 excellent control and con9iatent re9ults but
requires the uae of two chromate concentrate with different acidities. These
are available from most euppliers of phosphate chemicals.
4.5.1.1 Free Acid. The free acid concentration ia normally maintained at
about 0.5 point with valuea aa low as O.2 and ae high ae 1.0 being uged
occasionally.
4 .5.1.2 Hexavalent Chromium. The test and optimum concentration will be

supplied by the auppliar of the chemical.
4.5.1.3 Total acid. The acid ia used aa an indicator es to when to discard
the bath. For further information 9ee the firat paragraph of this eection
(4.5) and paragraph 4.6.3.
4.5.2 Diepoeal of Chromate Solutions
4.5.2.1 Theee solution9, due to evaporation, accumulate salta pre9ent in
the water and a small amount of the diaaolved coating. When excaa$ive acnounta
of theee contaminants are preeent, they can cau9e failure of the finished
parte. To prevant failuree, all rinses muet be discarded whenever they become
contaminated. The final rinse shall be checked i+tleaat weekly and ehBll be
diecarded when the total acid reading riaee to more than 7 times the free acid
reading.
4.5.2.2 Common methods for determining when to discard the chromate
solution are basad on the free and/or total acid valuee. Diacardlng is
recommended when the total acid exceeds an e9tabliahed value or divided by the
frea acid exceeds an establi9had value.
These methods of determining when to discard the solutlons frequently require
discarding solutions which are capable of producing satisfactory reeults.
44
KIL-HDBK-205A
4.5.2.3 The CCSL of the chemicals 1s small and the cost of prep8ring new
soluti0n9 is relatively minor. However, since the spent solutions usually
must be treated to comply with waste d19posal regulations (see paragraph
4.5.2.4), the cost to accomplish compliance requiree thet the baths not be
discarded more often then necess8ry. The best procedure to u9e with e
particular beth is to extend the time of u9e one shift at a time while testing
all work processed. When it ha9 been determined that proce9s failures begin
to occur after a given period of uee, then aet up a schedule for discarding
before
thzs
failure
point
is reached.
the solutlon
4.5.2.4 Wa9te Dispo9el. The method of di9p09al of chromate aolutione
depends on the local waste disposal regulation and is beyond the ecope of
this handbook. Generally it will be necessary to reduce tha hexavalent
chrom>um, precipitate the trivalent chromium,
separate
chromium to trivalent
the precipitate from the liquid, and adjust the liquid to the proper PH.
The liqu]d can, In most caaes, be discharged Into the 9ewer but the
precipitated trivalent chromlu.mi9 normally shipped to a land fill 9ite.
4.6
Chemical Analyses of Phosphatlng and Chromate Rinsing Solutions
4.6.1 Analytical Reagent9. It is recommended that reagenta required in the

analysls of phosphatlng compounds be requisitioned Lf aveilable from chemical
supply houses. These are already made up to the proper strength. If local
laboratory facll>ties ere available, solutlona may be made up as outllned in
(e) through (j) below.
(a)
Methyl omnge-xylene cyanole Indicator: Diseoive 1 gram ethyl

orange and O.14 gram xylene cyanole in one liter of deionized water.
(b)
One percent phenolphthnlein indicator: Dis901ve 1 gram

phenolphthalein in 100 ml of alcohol.
(c)
One percent bromcreaol ereen lndicetor: Dis901ve 1 grem bromcresol

green in 100 ml of nlcohol.
(d)
0.4% brcmphenol blue indicator: Dis901ve 0.4 gram of bromphenol blue

in 6 ml of O.IN 9odium hydroxide diluted with E ml of deionized
water. When completely dissolved, dilute to 1000 ml with deionized
water.
(e)
Sulfurlc ecid, H2S04, 6 Normal: Sulfuric acid 6 N is made by

adding 1 part by volume of concentrated sulfuric acid to 5 psrta by
vclume of weter.
CAUTION: Always add the ecid to the water. Heat ia
generated when the acid mixes with water and
protective clothing and eye and face
protection should be worn when making this
material.
45
MIL-HDBK-205A
(f)
Sodium hydroxide, 0.1 Normal: Dissolve 4.O grams of C.P. 9odIum

hvdroxide in deionized water and dilute to one liter. Standardize by
titrating equal volumes of 0.1 N potaaaium acid phthalate,
KHC8H404, and the sodium hydroxide, using phenolphthale>n
indicator to a pink end point. The solution of sodium hydroxide must
be diluted with deionized water or strengthened by adding a
concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide, until the concentration 1s
adjusted to 0.1 Nox-Mal.
(is) Pote9sium acid phthalate, 0.1 Normal: Weigh exactly 10.2 grams of
carefully dried, chemically pure potaasium acid phthalate (Natlonel
Bureau of Standard Sample No. 84d) and tranafer to a 500 mlllllter
volumetric flask. Dissolve the salt in the flask, dilute to 500 ml,
and mix thoroughly. The resulting solution may be considered as
being 0.1 Normal.
(h)
Potassium permanganate solutlon, KMn04, 0.1E3Normal: We]gh 5.66

grams pota9sium permanuanate and diesolve in deionized water and
~iluteto a totai voltie of 1 liter. Mix well and allow to stand ]n
a dark bottle for a week. Siphon off the clear solutlon (or filter
through an asbestos filter) and standardize against known samples of
pure iron wire, previously weighed and dissolved in sulfuric scld, in
ab9ence of air. Titrete.the sample of iron solutlon with the KMn04
solution to a pink end point, and record the number of mls used.
Calculate as follows:
Gram9 of pure iron in sample x
I
purity of iron divided

= Noxmality of KMnO~
by Mla of KMn04 x 0.0558
Store in absence of light,
(1)
(j)
Potassium permanganate solution, Kfin04,0.042 Normal: Prepare as

above using 1.32 grams of potassium pennangnnate or dilute 23> ml of
the 0.18 N KMn04 solutlon to 1 liter with deionized water and m>x
thoroughly. Store in the abeence of light.
4,4 blpyridine paper: Diesolve I gram of 4,4 blpyr]dine In 100 ml

of ethanol. Wet pieces of filter paper and allow the paper to dry.
Cut the paper into convenient size str]ps and store In a closed glass
jar.
4.6.2 Free Acid. The proper procedure for detennlrmng the free ac]d
depends upon the solution being tested. Select the proper procedure as
described below.
4.6.2.1 Free Acxd in Phosphate Beths Containing Ferrous Iron. Using a 10
ml volumetric pipette, transfer a 10 ml sample of the solution to an
Erleruneyerflack or beaker. Add 3 drops of methyl orange-xylene cyantile
indicator. Titrate with 0.1 N sodium hydroxide. The end point is a gray to
greenish-gray color. Record the number of mls of 0.1 N godlum hydroxide
uged. This number IS the number of points of free acid in the solution.
46
MIL-HDBK-205A
4.6.2.2 Free Acid in Phosphate Beths Containing Nitrite. Using a 10 ml

volumetric Diuette
tranafer a 10 ml eample of the solution to sn Erlenmeyer
. .
flask or beaker. Add 5 drops of bromphenol blue indicetor. Titrate with 0.1
N sodium hydroxide. The end point ia reeched when the yellow juet chengea to
bluish-green by daylight or blue-violet by incandescent light. Record the
number of mls of 0.1 N sodium hydroxide used. This number ie the number of
pointe of free ecid In the eolution.
4.6.2.3 Free Acid in Chromete Rinee Solutions. Using a 25 ml volumetric
uiDette transfer e 25 ml samule of the solution to an Erlenmeyer flack or
~e;ker. Add 4 dropsof brom~reeol green indicator. The eolution ehould
remain yellow. If it turne green or blue there ie no free acid present, end
additional chemical is required. When the solution rem.sineyellow, titrete
with O.1 N sodium hydroxide. The end point is the appearance of a permanent
green color. Record the number of mls of 0.1 N sodium hydroxide used. Thie
number ie the number of free acid points in the eolution.
4.6.3 Totel ecid. The procedure for determining the total acid depends
upon the 9olution being teeted. Select the proper procedure as described
below.
Totel Acid In Phosphate Bathe. Using e 10 ml volumetric pipette
trensfer a 10 ml eample of the eolution to an Erlenmeyer flask or beeker. Add
5 drops of phenolphthcileinindicetor. Titrate with 0.1 N sodium hydroxide.
The end point ie a perman.Sntpink colar. Record the number of ls of 0.1 N
eodium hydroxide used. This number is the number of points of totel ecid in
the eolution.
4. 6.3.1
Using a 25 ml volumetric pipette

4.6.3.2 Total Acid in Chromate Solutlons.
transfer a 25 ml sample of the solution to an Erlenmeyer flask or beaker. Add
5 drops of phenolphthale]n ]ndicator. Titrate with 0.1 N eodium hydroxide.
The end point is the appearance of a red or purple color. Record the number
of MIS of 0.1 N sodium hydroxzde used. Thi9 number ie the number of points of
total acid in the eolution.
4.6.A Determination of Nitrite and Ferrous Iron. Both nitrite entlferrous
iron react with potessium permanganete in en ecidic eolution and either mey be
present In 8 phosphate solutlon. This is eeldom e problem in the mangeneae
pho9phate type baths as nitrite eeldom develops in these bathe. In the zinc
phosphate type baths (and particularly thoee u9ed tc meet the requirement of
TT-C-490), either material may be present and the poteaeium permanganete
t]tration does not ind]cate which one is present. Therefore, a positive test
for one or the other ie de9irable. The preeence of ferrous iron can be
deternnned by wetting a 9trlp of paper impregnated with 4,4 bipyridine (see
paragraph 4.6.1) with the pho9phate 9olution. Ferrous iron ie pre9ent if the
paper turne pink or red. If the paper does not change cclor, and the
acidified sample reacta with potassium pensenganate, nitrite can be aesumed to
identification of
be present. There ie no simple test for the positive
nitrite but under the above condition, it can be aeeumed that it ie preeent
in a phc9phate solutxcn.
47
MIL-HDBK-205A
4.6.4.1
Ferrous Iron. Check for the presence of ferrous iron with paper
immersed with 4,4 bipyridine. If the paper does not change color seeparagraph 4.6,4.3. If the paper turns pink cr red use a 10 ml volumetric
pipette to transfer a 10 ml 9ample of the pho9phate solution into an
Erlenmeyer fla9k or beaker and add 10 ml of 6 N sulfuric scid. Titrate with
0.16 N potassium permanganate. The end point i9 a permanent pink color.
Record the number of mls of 0.18 N potassium pexmanganate u9ed. Divide this
number by 10 to determine the percent of ferrou9 iron Pregent.
4.6.4.2 Nitrite. Check for the pre9ence of ferrous iron with paper
~pregnated with 4,4 bipyridine. If the paper turna pink or red, it
indicates that ferrous iron is present and the ferrou9 iron must be removed in
order to operate with nitrite present. See paragraph 4.6.4.4 for prc,cedures
for removing the ferrou9 iron. When the paper does not change color, uee a 25
ml volumetric pipette to tran9fer a 25 ml sample of the pho9phate 9ol.
ution
into an Erlanmeyer flaak or beaker end add 50 ml of 6 N sulfuric acid.
Titrate with 0.042 N potassium pennanganata. Theend point occurs whan one
drop of potasaium permanganate produce9 a pink color which per8ists for 10
seconds. Record the number of mla of 0.042 N potasaium permanganete u9ed.
This ntunberrepresents the concentration of the nitrite.
4.6.4.3 Destruction of Unwanted Nitrite. When iron 1s processed in a hot
immersion type phosphate bath containing nxtrite, the result is normilly the
generation of additional nitrite. To develop ferrous iron in the bath, allow
the bath to cool below 1600F (700C) and allow the nitrite to escape either
by standing overnight or by bubbling air through the bath. Load the bath with
iron ae described in paragraph 4.4.2.4.1. When the minimum concentration of
ferrcus iron is present, tb.etemperature car,5C incro83ed tc the proper
operating level and production resumed.
4.6.4.4 To Destroy Ferrous Iron and Develop Nitrite. If the bath is

it is necessary
to make sure
that no
designed to operate with nitrite present
ferrous iron is pre9ent. Wet a 9trip of paper impregnated with 4,4
blpyrldlne with the phosphate 9olution. If the paper turns pink or red,
ferrous iron is present and must be removed.
If tha paper turns pink, the ferrous iron can be oxidized to in9@luble
ferric pho9phate with sodium nitrite. Add 2 ounce9 of sodium nitrite
dissolved in water for each 100 gallona (15 grams per lCKI1]ters) of
phosphating solution. Repeat if necessary until no test for ferrous iron is
obtained.
CAUTION: When add~ng sodium nitrite to a phosphate
bath containing ferrous iron, make sure that
the ventilating 9ystem i9 operating.
If the paper tuma red, the above procedure may produce large amounts of a
brown ga9 which con9ists of toxic oxide9 of nitrogen. In addxtlon, a large
volume of sludge will be produced.
The recommended procedure is to di9card the 9olution observing 16cal waete
di9posal regulations. Prepare a fresh phosphate solution.
48
PIIL-HDBK-205A
4.6.5 Hexavalent Chromium. The procedure for cc,ntrollinghexavelent

chromium can be obtained from the supplier of the chromate rinse chemicals.
The sugpller w1ll aivlse 8s to whether or net such a procedure is necessary.
4.7
Inspection of Phosphate Parts
4.7.1 Visual Inspection. To ensure work of acceptable quality, all work

should be visually lnapected before being oiled or painted. Good work may
range In colcr from gray to black depending upon the 811cY being treated but
should be un]fcnn in color except where a portion of the part has been
subjected tc,Iccallzed heat treatmant. These areaa ay be lightar or darker
In color. There should be no contact mark9 vhich show uncoated metal. Tha
phosphate ccat]ng should 9how no wh>te or greenish-white staina. Thase
streak9 are normally indications of inadequate rinsing of the processing
sclut]on from the surface cf the work.
4.7.2 Corrosion Resistance of the Phosphate Coati~
4.7.2.1 Salt Spray Test for Heavy Phosphate Coatings, KID-P-16232. The
phosphate parta st,ouldbe subjected to a 5% 9alt-9pray (fog) test a9
desc~lbed I; ASTM B-117. The phosphate coating9 should meet the sslt-spray
requirements of speciflcmtlons. Parts intended for dry (i.e., unoiled)
salt-spray corrosion tests ~hould be placed directly in teat without rinsing,
degraasing, or any treatment other than that which con9titutea a part of the
pruce99. Should tha 9urface have been contaminated in handling, the parts
should be thoroughly degreased, rinsed in tha chromate solution, dried and
placed d]rectly >n test.
4.7.2.2 Salt-Spray Test for Type I, TT-C-490. The phoaphated parts to be
tested should be coated uith the coating to be u9ed on the finiehed products.
These parts should satisfactorily paa9 the 5% salt-9pray requirement for the
apeclfication of the finnl coating used.
4.7.3
Determination of Phosphate Coating Weight Per Unit Area
4.7.3.1 Removal of Pho9phste Coatinge. Manganeae ba9ed coatinga (Typa M,

DOD-P-16232], zinc based coatings (Type Z, DOD-P-16232), and zinc based
coatings (Type I, TT-C-490), can allbe removed to determine the weight of the
phosphate coating or to examine the base atal by following steps (a) through
(f) below. Steps (a) and (f) can be omitted if the only concern is the
appearance of the base metal.
(a)
We]gh a suitable phoaphated part which ia clean ma

Calculate the entire surface area.
free from oil.
(b)
in a 5% solution of
Immer9e for 15 minutes at 1650F (740c)
acid in water. The chromic acid solution should be used only
once.
chromic
(c)
Rinse thoroughly zn two separate rinaea of clear deionized water.
(d)
Rinse in alcohol.
49
MIL-HDBK-205A
(e)
Dry in an oven or with clean compressed air.
(f) Weigh the 9tripped part.

4.7.3.2
Phosphete Coating Velghi. The weight of the phosphete coetlngs can
be calculated from the ebove data ae follows:
Phosphate Coating
(in mg per sq meter)
4.0
Weight LOSS (ln Mg)

Area of Part {in sq. meter$
Common Difficulties Encountered ~n Phosphete Coating Processe9
Ceneral. In all protective coating processes, 8 certain amount @f

difficulty m8Y be encountered, due to unobsemed errors in c8rrying out one or
more of the oper8tiona th8t directly influence the quelity of the work. This
section is devoted to brief deecriptlona of commonly encountered d]fflcultles
8nd the recommended corrective me8sures.
4.8.1
Visual Defects, The appearance of the ph0sph8te coatings may vary.

Some of these differences indicete 8 problem exists but other variations do
not reflect 8 difference In qu81ity.
4.8.2
4.8.2.1 Color. The color of the C08t1fIg9can vary from Crey to black.
Veri8tion i~or
is, by itself, not e cause for rejection and no attempt
8hould be made to metch the color of the coatings.
aud Frozefi
Assemblies.
Assemblies
muet. not
be
4.8..2.2 Rust Sieined
phosph.ated8s assemblies when the individual components c8n be tre8Led
separately. Where complete diseseembly is impossible due to riveting or
brazing, every precaution should be taken to prevent 011 from remeining
between the eurfaces prior to phosphating. Special 8ttention should te given
to rinsing the solution from these 8reae. When treating p8rt9 to meet
DOD-P-16232, a preservative compound of the weter displacing type should be
used after the phosphating.
4,8.2.3 Bare Areas on or Near Heated Areas (I.e. welds). These here 8reas
occur where oiled perts ere subjected to enough heat to bake the oil but not
enough to burn it off. This can be corrected by removing the 011 before
subjecting the part to heat or by removing the eurf8ce with the oil baked on
by abrasive blasting.
4.0.2.4 Coarse Crystalline Coatings. COarae cryatalllne ctiat]ngs9re not
cause for rejection if the part meet9 all requirements of the specification.
Unfortunately, these co8tinga frequently f8il to give adequate corros]on
protection
8nd corrective steua are then necessary. These coatings are
..
.
commonly the result of the cleaning procedure used. When alkaline cleanera
8re not thoroughly rinsed from the eurface before phosphate treatment, a
coarae crystalline coating may be produced, even when the alkallne cleaning
stage ia followed by 8braaive bla9ting.
When parts are pickled prior to treatment vlth a pho9ph8te process, Co8r8e
crystalline coatinga may be produced even with good rinsing. (Acid pickling
ahead of phosphate coating ia not recommended 8fld9huuld never be used WIthout
the approval of the purchasing facility,)
50
MIL-HDBK-205A
Even with good rinsing, some cleaners result in the formation of phosphate
coating9 which are more crystalline than desired. There are proprietary
pretreatment available which will help produce coatings with a fine cry9tal
structure when such cleanera are used. The9e frequently are referred to as
conditioning salta.
Powder on the Coatin&. This problem develops on parta
processed by immersion but not on part9 processed by spray. The phosphate
work may have e white powder on the coating covering the upper surface of the
work with the remaining aurfacea of normal color and nature. This condition
is the reault of sludge from the bath depositing on the upper eurfacea of the
work during processing. While a light dusty deposit of sludge cauaee no
aeriou9 dlfficultie9, heavy depo9ita prevent adequate rinsing of the work
surface. The most common causea for sludge depositing on the work are
agltatlon of the sludge which ha9 9ettled to the bottom of the tank due to
boiling the solution or disturbing the sludge by movement of the vork being
processed. The first of these can be corrected uith adequate temperature
control and the second by removel of excess sludge (ace paragraph 4.4.1.1.).
4.8.2.5
White
4.8.2.6 Streaks. The phoaphated pert may have streake which appeer to
follow the flow of solution draining from the part9. These atreaka may appear
as rust streaka, as sandy material, or as green or gray-white material. This
condition is generally the result of poor rin9ing. If the water rinse
followlng the phosphating bath ia allowed to become contaminated with
phosphating chemicals, streaks may occur. Streaks may aleo result lf
phosphating salts are trapped Ln recea9ed areaa of the parts and allowed to
drain out over the rinsed areas after removal from the rinse water.
This can be corrected in immersion processing by two methods or preferably
by a combination of the two: namely, rotating the work in the rinse water to
allow trapped aolutlon to escape and/or removing the parts from the rinse
water, rotating, and reimmersing. Streaka cen elao be formed when massive
parts are be]ng processed and the phoephate solution dries on the parts before
they get into the rinee water. This can be corrected by the use of the spray
rinse procedure de9crlbed in paragraph 4.3.5.2.
When this problem occurs on parta processed by epray, the problem can be
solved by adjusting the direction of the sprays in the water mnae andjor the
use of a mist rinse of fresh water at the exit end of the spray zone.
4.8.2.7. Mottled Streaks. Thla problem develops on parts processed by
mmereion but not on parta processed by epray. The phosphate parta may have
mottled etreaks of extremely thin, light colored phosphate over part or all of
the work surface. Streaks always ara directed towsrd the uppennoat portion of
the piece as It is euepended in the phosphating eolution. This difficulty ia
frequently encountered where alkeline cleanera are u9ed and oil ie allowed to
ccllect on the surface of the cleaner. It is alao encountered where heavy
ruat-preventive compounds are incompletely removed from receaaed, blind or
small holes, thraaded parta, or between joining 9urfacea. The oil, greaae, or
rust-preventive compound9 remain in the9e places through the abrasive bla9t
treatment and flow out when the part ia placed in the hot pho9phating solution.
51
MIL-HDBK-205A
4 .8.2.8 Scratches and Abrasions. This problem occur9 primar>ly when

treating parts to meet DOD-?-16232. When heavy parts are phosphate in a
tumbling barrel or rotating 9crew umt, considerable b.atterzng,scratching,
and abrading my occur. In 9uch instances, every effort should be made to
reduce the amount of tumbling but sufficient movement of the parts to 8vQid
contact marka is essential. When closed tumbling barrele are used, the barrel
should be filled as tightly as poaaible to reduce the movement of the pert9
during processing, It haa been found that, regardless of how tightly the
barrel ie packed, enough movement of individual parts occurs to prevent the
fomation of harmful contact marks.
rint9. This problem occurs primarily when treating perts to
m~~8~b~P-=
that haa been abrasive blasted in preparation for
phoephating ia very au9ceptible to fingerprints, which cause formation of very
thin, light colored deposita. Even when clean cotton or rubber gloves are
used, marks may be produced ty the wiping action of sliding the fingers over
the eurface. This wipimg action produces a thinner pho9phate costinR which
till retain less preventive finish.
4.B.5 Failure to Meet Corrosion Resistance or Coating Weight Requirements
of Specifications. When the coating appears to be uniform nnd ahowe nc,
ne of
but fails to mee~ the specified requirements, the
the preceding faults,
following possibilities should be inveetigated.
4.S.3.1 Is the bath being properly controlled a9 to temperature, total
acid, ratio of free acid to total acid and ferrous iron (or nitrite
acceler9t0r)?
4.8.3.2 Ha9 the bath been kept hot with little or no work being proces9ed?
If so, allow the bath to cool to below 1100F (440C), stir thoroughly to
mix the sludge with the solution, heat to operating temperature, and process
fre9hly cleaned parts.
4.8.3.3 Ha9 the chromate rinse been used too long a time? Prepare a fresh
chromate rin9e in a small container and comp8re the resulta obtained using the
fresh rinse with those obtained using the production tank.
4.8.3.4 Is a silicate containing cleaner being ueed? Silicate containi%
alkalzne cleaners are excellent in detergency, buffering, and abillty to keep
the removed solid in 8uspension. A problem can develop with these cleaners
due to absorption of carbon dioxide from the air, burner exhauata, or acid
introduced into the cleaner, A silicate containing cleaner contaminated in
this manner may deposit a jell-like material which may not be visible on the
surface of the parta, which ie not removed in the rinse stage. The presence
of this jell prevents the fomnation of a satisfactory phosphate coating. If
this ia auapected, it can be confirmed by taking a part which has been cleaned
and nn9ed, dipping the part in a 9olution containing approximately 5% by
weight of 9odium hydroxide in water for one inute, rinsing it in clean water,
and finally proceaslng it through the remainder of the phosphate system. If
this corrects the probIem, discard the cleaner solution (observin6 10cal waste
diapoaal regulations) and prepare a fresh cleaner solution. Elimlnate or
reduce the input of carbon dioxide or other acidic material into the cleaner.
If the problem continue9, change to 8 silicate free cleaner.
52
F!
IL-HDBK-205A
4.6.3.5 Drawn or Pressed Parts. These parts, including metal stampings,

are diff>cult to uhosuhate
because of the neture of their surface. Such rmrta
.
.
must be cleaned mechanically, preferably by abrasive blasting, in order to
remove the surface stresses developed in their manufacture. Highly caustic
alkalzne cleaners and alkaline deru$tlng must be followed by ebraaive
conditioner,
or wipins
to
blaating, abrasive tumbling, treatment with a metal
ensure
a anooth phosphate coating.
the phosphating solution? A
4.S.>.6 Are the parts clean before enterirg
cleaning solution which has been satisfactorily rsmoving the soil from the
work may cease to do 90. Two reascna for this are:
(a) A change in the soil present on the work and
(b)
An accumulation of coil in the cleaner until it can no longer remove

the 9011 from the work.
parts in a fresh cleaner solution. If this is successful,

Try cleanlng
discard old solution. If the fresh solution does not remove the 9oil, other
cleaning procedures should be investigated to find one which will remove the
soil. The possibility of changing the soil to one which is more eaaily
removed should also be ]nve91.
igated.
If ]t is necessary to discard a cleaner solution, make sure of compliance
with all waste disposal regulation.
4.8.3.7 Low Coating !ieighta. Phosphate coating weights below the minimum
specified can be caused by several conditicn~ including those listo~ below:
(a) Excessive use fifcondltionlngsalts in or following the cleaner.

(b) Preaenceof surfactanta or pickling inhibitore in the phosphating
solutlon.
(c) When steam Le used for heeting, many plant9 use volatile inhibitors in
the boiler water to protect the steam lines from corrosion. A loose
comnectxon or 8 leaking steam coil can allow these inhibitors to get
into the cleaner, the water rin9e (before the phosphate), or the
phosphate solutlon. When present, the inhibitors can interfere with
the formation of a aati9factory coating. The supplier of your boiler
compound can provide chemicals which permit you to control the
corro9ion in the steam lines without the use of volatile inhibitora.
4.8.3..9 Determine if the poor corrosion re9~etance la due to poor corrosion
re91atance of the phosphate coati~ or poor corrosion reeiatsnce of the
of flniah being applied to the
supplementary finish. Is the correct amount
parts?
53
HIL-HDBK-205A
When treating parts to meet tKJD-P-16232,the weight of the finish can be

determined as follows: weigh a finished part, remove the finish with a
e.olvent,dry, and rewe>gh the part. The difference In the two weights is the
waight of the finish. If the specified amount of finish is present, compare
parta finished mth the materuil being used zn production WIth parta flniahed
with a freshly prepared finish. The finish may have been contaminated or may
have lost some of ita inhibitors.
Uhen traating parts to eet TT-C-490, the paint ah~uld be checked fcr f]lm
thicknese and ~he curing procedure should bechecked. If the preceding
appesre to be correct, firush a part with a ae.mpleof paint known to g]ve
proper results.
4.8.3.9 Chromate Stains. Chromate stains have the general appearance of
rust. Thesa ataina occur where the chromate eolution is ellowed to accumulate
and dry on the part. They seldom cause any problem when the mater ueed In the
chromate rinse contsins no dic+solvedsalts. When the water does contain
dissolved salts, theaa are also concentrated in the area of the chromate stain
and can accelerate the fomation of rust. This problem can be corrected by
using deionized water to build up.and repleni8h the chromate rinse aolutlon or
by removing any accumulation of the chromate rinse solution before it dries.
4.8.3.10 Effect of excessive heat on the corrosion resistance of the
This problem ia related to coatings for COD-P-16232. Zinc phosphate
-.
coatings should not ba expoeed to t,emperaturegin exess of 2250F (1050C)
for more than 15 minutes. !langanesephosphate coatings should not be exposed
to temperature in axceas Gf 575~F (190C) for mere than 15 minutes.
Longer expo.eureaat thaae temperature or shorter times at higher tem~leratures
of these
coatings.
can lower the corroaicn regiatance
NOTE: DOD-P-16232F (7 Novamber 197S) allowa parts with a zinc phosphate
coating to be bested 8 hours at 207-2250F (97-1070C) to rei>eve
hydrogen embrittlement, but it will alao reduce the corrogxon
resistance
of the coating. The alternative method of hold]ng the
part9 for 120 hours at room temperature ie the preferred method of
relieving hydrogen embrittlement~n phosphate parta.
4.5.3.11 Contaminated Grit Used for Abra9ive Blastin&. If the grit being
used for abraaive blaating becomes contaminated with grease or oil, the o]1
and grease will be driven into the surface during blasti% and satisfactory
coatinga will not be produced. Oil and greaae can get into the grit if o]I.v
or greaey parta are blaated or through leaking oeala in the equipment. If the
grit hae become contaminated, the source of the contamination must be
eliminated and the grit replaced with clean material.
4.6.3.12 Lime Draw-nWire. This problem occurs primarily on parts being
treated to meet DOD-P-16232. Many nuts and bolts are made from heavy wire or
rod which haa been drawn using lime aa e lubricant. When parts made from such
wire are cleaned, it ia usually necea9a~ to include a pickle in the cleaning
ay9tem. If aulfurlc acid ia used, insoluble calcium sulfate deposits on the
work and interferea with subsequent phoaphating. These parta can be
aucceasfully cleaned If B hydrochloric acid pickle la uged. The calclum
chloride which ia formed ia soluble and readily removed in the rlnae stages.
54
MIL-HDBK-205A
4.8.3.13 Case Hardened Parts. This problem alao is one encountered on

parts being treated to meet MD-P-16232. The problem generally occure when
phosphate coatings are used to replace plating. The tempering operation in
the heat treat is frequently omitted when the parts are to be plated as it is
necessary to bake the parts efter plating to relieve hydrogen embrittlement.
If the tempering operation is omitted prior to the phoephating operation, the
coatings produced will not provide the expected corrosion resistance. The
tempering operation i9 necessary to give the required physical properties ae
well a9 to permit proper formation of the pho9phate coatings.
4.8.3.14 Cast Iron and A11OYS Which Are Difficult to Treat. This is a
uroblem when treating part9 to meet DOD-P-16232. Caet parts such as
malleable, pearlitic-malleable, or caat iron, ca9t eteel and some alloYa which
are difficult to treat may fail to meet corrosion resistance requirement.
Caat iron, steel, or pearlitic malleable iron has a burned-in and sand-caat
surface or high slllcGn alloy cast surface, which mu8t be given a very
thorough blasting treatment to permit the pho9phate coating to be formed. In
addition, these metala may not completely phosphate in the time nonrmlly
required to pho9phate steel. In the treatment of the9e materials, a low free
acid phoaphating solution givea a con91derable advantage. Superior corrosion
resistance can be obtained on ca9t parte aa well as other steel parts by u9ing
either Procedure A or Procedure B.
Procedure A
(a)
Abrasive blast all parts,
(b)
Plan work schedules 90 parts mede of malleable or c.e9tiron will be

treated immediately aftar a period during which the phosphate
sGlution 1s Idle and ha9 been allowed to cool to reom temperature.
(c)
Add to the 9olution, prior to the shut down period, 0.5 pound Per 100
gaIIGs (75 gram9 per 100 litere) of either zinc carbonate (for
zinc-base solution9) or manganeae carbonate (for manganeae-ba~e
solutlong) and stir thoroughly.
(d) Turn on the heat to the tank. When the solution temperature reaches
170F (750C), place the work In the solution and raiae the
temperature to 205F (!350C)e9 quzckly a9 possible. Allow the
work to remain in the solution after reaching the operating
temperature for et leaat 45 minutes.
Procedure B
(e)
Airaslve bla9t all parta.
(f)
U9e .Inc or manganese carbonate to raise the ratio of total acid to

free ecld to 7.5 to 1 or higher.
(8)
Prcce9a a large load of parts (a large 9urface area).
(h)
Proce9s the critical part9.
55
MIL-tIDBK-2n5A
4.8.3.15 Heat Treated Parts. Satisfactory phosphate coatings may not form
on parts if oil wae presetc when the parts were subjected to heat during the
heat treatment. If oil is present or su9pected of being pre9ent on parts
which are to be heat treated, try removing the oil from 9ome parts, heat treat
these parta and follow them through the phosphating operaticn to determr:e
whether there i9 an improvement in the coatinga produced.
4.8.4 Paint failure9 - blistering and/or 9potting paint adhe9ion. The

paint adheaion failure referred to here occurs when the adhe9ion is checked
This type of failure i9 nonnelly
with tape and the paint pul19 away in spots.
the re9ult of a blieter having formed under the paint film destroying the
adhesion of the paint to the metal, To prevent this type of paint failure, it
i9 necessary to avoid tho9e condition9 which cause blisters to form.
Bli9tera form under paint when water 9oluble salts are trepped under the
paint film and the paint i9 expoeed to humid condition. Jatervapor can pass
through the paint film and, if a water soluble salt ie present, a 9olutlon is
formed which lifts the paint and form9 a bli9ter. When checked for adhesion
the paint ia lifted from these areaa even if the blister ia no longer evident.
I
To prevent this type of failure, it ia nece9aery to make 9ure that no water
soluble salta are on the sufiace.
4.t3.4.l Salts Left by Poor Rin9inE. If the rinse solutions are allowed to
become contaminated or trapped solutions are not completely removed, the
residue remaining on the 9urface may contain water soluble 9alt9 which can
cauae blistering. For corrective me8sures see 4.8.2.6.
4.8.4.2 Contaminated Chromate Solutions. The chromate aolutxon is normally
dried on the surface of the phosphate coated parta. If the chromate solution
ia prepared with water containing soluble salts, these 9slts wII1 accumulate
ae water is added to replace that lost by evaporation. The amount of water
soluble material left on the parta will increaee a9 these salts accumulate.
In areas of the parts where the chromate solution collects in streeks,
puddles, or bead9, this blistering problem can be of major importance.
Corrective 9tep9 are of three types:
(a)
Avoid allowing etreaka, puddlea, or beads of chromate 9olut10n to dry

on the parts.
(b) U9e deionized water to bu~ld up and replenieh the chromate r,noe.
(c)
the chromate rinse with a rinse of deionized water. If this

ia done, it i9 neces9ary to uae 9pecially formulated chromate
rinses. See 4.3.6.3.
FO11OW
4.8.4.3 Handlin&. Soluble 9alt9 can alao be left on the parts when they
ere handled with bare handa or dirty glove9.
56
HIL-HDBK-205A
5.
BLACK OXIDE COATINGS
5.1
Introduction
5.1.1. General. This type of coating is produced by convertiw the eurface

of iron and steel part9 to bleck iron oxide (Fe30 ) with a thickness of
f
This coating
Iesa than 0.0001 inch (0.09025 cm) according to 1!L-C-13924.
affords
very limited corroalon protection. The alloys that are given
MIL-C-13924
Claaa 3 and 4 coatinge have little need of added corrosion
protection. The metala that are given a MIL-C-13g24 Class 1 coating can have
the corrosion reaiatance improved by the application of a rust-preventiveoil.
build-up on the
Due to the fact that these coatings show only a alight
parts, they are suitable for moving parte that cannot tolerete a heavier
coating.
5.1.2 Charecterlstica. The coatinga produced by all three classea of
MIL-C-13g24 ere similar in composition and appearance. The three claeaee use
d]fferent chemic81s to treat the alloye.
5.1.2.1 Claes 1. Claes 1 coatings arc formed in an alkaline oxidizing bath
on wrought iren, plaln carbon, Iow EIIOY eteels and cast and malleable irons.
5.1.2.2 Claes 3.
corrosion r-cc
higher.
Cla9s > coatinga are formed in a fused ealt bath on

steel alloya which are tempered at %f20F (4820C) or
5.1.2.3 class 4. Claas 4 coatinga are formed in en elkaline oxidizing bath

on 300 eeries corrosion reaiatant eteel alloya.
5.1.3 Safety Precautions. The aefe handling of these chemicala requireo
caution due to different hazards at different phasee in their operation.
5.1.3.1 The baths are operated at temperatures ranging from 2500F
(1210C) in Clasa 4 batha to 8500F (4550C) in Clase 3 baths. Contect
with the9e baths can cause eevere bums. Uoisture on parta being introduced
into the operating baths can turn to steam and cause the hot chemicals to
eplash or erupt and anyone nearby can be burned. Operatore should wear
protective clothlng and no other personnel ehould be allowed in the vicinity
of the operating bath.
5.1.3.2
The ealts in the baths can cause chemical bums ae well aa thermal
In
case the hot salta are splaehed on anyone, the area contacted by
burn9.
the chemical should be flushed Immediately with water to remove the salta and
the affected area should be kept in vater or kept covered with wet compreaaee
which are constantly changed until medical attention can be obtained. If
mone
should
contact
the unheated
aaltat
the area of contact should ba vaahed
with water immediately. If there ia evidence of akin irritation, medical help
ghould be obtained.
57
KIL-HDBK-205A
5.1.3.3
The baths can solidlfy when allowed tc cool. when heat is applied
to a solidified bath there is danger of an eruption of molten salt thrDugh the
solid crust. Class 1 and Class 4 baths WI1l nonoally not sGlidlfy at room
temperature but may 9olidify at lower temperature or if allowed to become
more concentrated than normal. Cla9s 3 baths w1ll solldify at room
temperature and can be expected to erupt through the crust when being heated.
This type of eruption may also occur with the other beth9 if they have cooled
enough to ceu9e solidification.
5.1.3.4 Uhen cold, the Class 3 9alts mu9t be handled a9 toxic hexavalent
chromium compound9. The Clasa 1 and 4 compounds are ceuetic with oxidizing
be handled according to the instructions and cautiur.s
agenta and should
furnished by the supplier.
5.1.4 Disposal. The procesaang baths may hsveto be discarded f~r various
reaaons such aa equipment repair or discontinued operations. The chemicals
must be treated before dleposal and the rinse wetera may contain .smunts cf
9elta which will require that they be treated in order to meet the local waste
di9pos81 regulations.
5.1.4.1 Disposal of the Operating Baths. The Cla9e 1 and 4 baths are
nonmxlly slushy al room temperature and should be diluted with at least an
equal volume, snd preferably three or four volumes, of water before being
treated for dispo9al. Cles9 3 baths ara solid at room temperature. These
baths are best handled by ladllng them out, while hot, Into shallow trays 8nd
allowed to cool in thin enough layer9 that they can be broken up without
toc,la. THE SOLID SALT SHOULD NEVER BE STRUCK WITH A TOOL TO BREAK IT OR FOR
ANY OTHER ?UF!XEE. The 9=811 pieces can then be dissolved in weter and the
aolutlon treated for disposal.
5.1.4.2 Treatment for Disposal, Clessea 1 and 4. The alkaline portion of
these batha will have to ba treated to lower the pH to an acceptable range in
all locationa. The oxidizing portion of the baths mny requ]re treatment
dependimg upon the oxidizing chemical u9ed and the local regulations.
5.1.4.3
Treatment for Disposal, CI.9993. The waste disposal regulations
will normally require that the hexavalent chromium be reduced to trivalent
chromium and that the trivalent chromium be precipitated and rem~ved before
discharging the 9olution to the sewer.
5.1.5 Smbrittlement. bbrxttlement is seldom a problem WIth the black

oxide treatment9 but can become a problem with high strength steels.
5.1.5.1 High 9trength steel (Rockwell C 40 or greater hardness) mny fall
due to cauatic ambrittlamentif the part is proceaaed in the black oxide
bath under internal c,rapplied stres9.
5.1.5.2 Treatment of High Strength Steel. When specifying the treatment of
ateel uarts haviru?an ultimate ten9ile atrem?th of 2Cfl.000g9i (1379MPa) or
above,
the procur;ng agency may require that-the partsbe baked at j750 +
250F (19CfI . ]40C) for three hours or more cr given an equivalent
embrittleme~t relief treatment after the application of the oxide coating
and/or sbecifv
.
. that the parts be teated for embrittlement. If an
embrittlement relief bake i9 required, it shall follow the chromete rinse nnd
precede the supplementary preaerfative treatment.
58
141
L-HDBK-205A
5.2
Equipmerit
Processing Tanks. The tanks used to contain the black oxide

are
heated
by gas or by immersion electric heaters. The high cost
of heating these tanks makes the use of thorough insulation imperative. They
should be installed on a concrete slab and surrounded by a curb (or installed
in a non-combustible tray) providing adequate area to catch any drippings and
deep enough to contain the chemicals if a tank shouldfail.
5.2.1
chemicals
5.2.1.1 Gae Heated Tanks. Heat is supplied to gas heated tanke by burners
mounted beneath the tank (Figure 10). Greater heat efficiency can be obtained
by conducting the products of combustion around the sides of the tank u9ing a
eecond wall surrounding the tank. The products of combustion are then vented
to the flue. The tank should be surrounded by insulation to minimize heat
leas.
5.2.1.2 Electrically Heated Tanks. The immersion electrlc heatera must
have adequate capacity to heat the batha to operating temperature in a
reasonable time. Whet ia reasonable will vary with the production
requirament9. The heatera should be protected from mechanical damage by a
protective grating.
5.2.2 water Diffuser. This applies to Clasa 1 and 4 only aa water la not
added to Claae 3 baths, The addition of water to Cla9s 1 and 4 baths can
cauae apattering due to the rapid conversion of the water into steam by the
hot bath. Water can be safely added by adding it through a pipe with small
holee in it. The pipe should be mounted along the back side of the tank with
the holes directed toward the back wall. This allows e thin film of water to
flow down the b8ck wall into the bath away from the operator.
5.2.3
Rinse Tanks
5.2.3.1 Mist Rinse. If the use of a mist rinse ie found to be necessary

(5.3.2.3.3), it can be supplied either frOm a hand held nOzzle Or from nozzles
mounted a short distance above the bath eurface. The nozzles used must supply
only a small amount of water and must break up the water into extremely small
dropleta to prevent spattering of the hot bath.
5.2.3.2 Warm Water Rinse Tanka. The firat rinse following the black oxide
treatment is overflowed at a rate which perrnitaremoval of the salts but may
allow the water to be warmed by the hot parta. The tanka should be equipped
with draine to pemnit emptying when they become excessively contaminated.
Provision for heating the rinse used after the Claas 3 treatment is eesential
ag this rinse must be at about 190uF (fflOC)for proper removal of the
salt. (If necaaaary to obtain the required temperature, the overflow can be
diacoritinuedtemporarily.)
59
DRILLEDPIPEW~rERINLET
ANO HANGERS
wATER
N:AF&E
PARTLOW
CONTROL
MOT0R
OPERiTEO
VALVE
WAT:aREF:OBE
1
/
(i
?e:FvAtvE
/(
r
II
I
-.
Ii
r::
u//
ORILLEOPIPE
GM BuRNERS
. 1
I
/~
/
EA50 TMEhlOCOUPLES
ANO PILOTS
FIGURE
10:
BLACK
REAR vIEW
FRONT ANO SIOEwEWS
CUT AWAV & TAM
OXIDE
TANK
IIIIL-HDBK-205A
5.2.3.3 Cold Overflowing Rinse Tanks. These tanks should be equipped with
an overflow weir end a drain. The wster supply to the tank should enter on
the sxde opposite the overflow end should be dellvered close to the bottom of
the tank using a vacuum breaker or other means to prevent siphoning water from
the rinse tenk 1nt6 the water line. Heating coils need not be installed in
theee tanks.
5.2.4 Chromate Rin9e Tank. The chromate rinee tank ia constructed of mild
9teel and can be heated by gas, electric heaters, or eteam.
5.2.5
Thermonetera and Thennocouplea. The black oxide procee.singbaths
muet be maintained at the specified temperature. It is recommended thet a
dlel type thermometer be mounted where it can be reedily scan and that the
diameter be at lesat 5 inches (12.5 cm) for aaee of reading. The thermocouple
bulb shculd be mounted in a cfirnerof the tank end kept away from the tank
wall.
TrJrelieve the operator, the thermocouple temperature control is connected

to a motor-operated water valve which allovs water to be fed automatically
into the boillng solution whenever the contrel calls for it (i.e., whenever
the temperature rices above the set operating temperature).
Becau8e of the importance of clo9e temperature control in the black oxide
processes, particularly of Clasa 1, the accuracy of the indicating tbemometer
should be checked frequently. A reference thermometer should be available to
check the indicating thennometer9. A mercury thermometer can be used for this
purpose In Claaa 1 and 4 bath9 but a thermocouple 9hould be used in Class 3
baths.
5.2.6 Recks, Tumbllng Barrela, and Baaketa. The work being treated will
usually be placed in a tumbling barrel, a rack, or an open mesh baaket made of
mild steel (do not use stainless steel). These should be constructed to allow
good drainage. They must be welded, never noldered, and ehall contain no tin,
copper, zinc, lead or other non farroua metala.
5.3.1 Processing Sequences. After the parta to be proceaaed are cleaned of

all soil, etc., rinsed and moat or all water removed, they are immersed in the
processing bath for the specified time. Following the blackeniu treatment
they are given a warm or cool overflowing rater rinse, except Claaa 3 which ie
given 8 hit Water rinse prior to the cool rinee. The water rinse ia followed
by a chromate rin9e and the parts are dried and, if specified, dipped iiioil.
See Figure 11.
1
5.3.2
Procedures for Clase 1 and 4 Alkaline Oxidizing Preceaaee
5.3.2.1 Prepamtion of the Solution. Determine the voluma of solution

necessary to fill the tank to the working level. This ia nomnally about 6
inches (15 cm) below the top of tha tank. More apace nay be required when
processing long parts in a deep tank. Place ona third of this volume of cold
water in the tank. Slowly add about one third of the required amount (aa
recommended by the supplier of the chemical) of the black oxide chemicsl
required for the volume at operating level while stirring vigorously to
prevent caking.
61
FIIL-HDBK-205A
HOT ALKALI
CLEANER
vAPOR
DEGREASER
a
o
ACIO
PICKLE
HOT WATER
RINSE
HOT WATER
RINSE
SAND
BLAST
HOT ALKALI
CLEANER
PROCESSING
COLD WATER
RINSE
A
1
HOT WATER
RINSE
5+
HOT CHROMIC
ACID
SOLUTION
ORY
OIL
8.
FIGURE
!1 :
BLACK
62
OXIDE
PROCESS
I!IL-HDBK-205A
CAUTION: Wear goggles, rubber apron, rubber gloves end

face shield. Avoid edding large amounts or
lumps of chemical. Avoid causing the
solution
to splash or adding chemical rapidly
enough to cause the temperature of the bath
to exceed 200eF (g30C).
1
I
When the chemical is completely diesolved add an equivalent amount in the

9ame water. Continue until the required amount has been added. Add cold
water to bring the solution up to operating level. While stirring, heat the
to the specified
operating
temperature.
eolution slowly to boiIing and adjust
See 5.3.2.2.1.
5.>.2.2 Processi~. The clean work must ba completely immersed for the
specified time in the processing solution which is boiling at the correct
temper81ure. The work should be lowered into the proce9eed beth 91OW1Y to
ellow any water remaining on the part9 to evaporate before contacting the hot
bath. When proceeding in Class 3 baths, the parts must be completely dry.
Any water contacting the hot bath will be trrsnsfoxmedinto steam and cauee
spattering of the hot chemicel. While parts may be wet when introduced into
Class 1 and 4 baths, epecial cere mu9t be used when hmersing tubular parte eo
that the water Znslde the tubes doe9 not erupt toward9 the operator.
5.3.2.2.1 Solution temperature control. The correct operating temperature
may vary depending upon the chemicel ueed and the metal being treated but
Clags I baths arc normally operated at 265 to 2900F (140 to 1430C).
Temperature over 3000F (14g0C) tend to build up rad iron oxide in the
bath and on the proceaaed phrts. To lower the boiling point, add water te the
bath using e water diffueer such ae that described in 5.2.2.
TO raise the
boiling point, add more chemical by adding it slowly over the surface of the
bath to avuid localized boiling and splattering of the eolution.
CAUTION: Never diesolve the chemical in water to make
additions. Thi9 will cauee eruptiona.
5.3.2.2.2 Ventilating syetem. A good 9ystem for removal of fumes ie
required with all three types of blackening hth9. The recommended system for
Class 1 and 4 bathe i9 similar to that for pho9phating bathe (see 4.2.4). The
Clas9 3 bathe srhouldbe totally enclosed and good ventilation can be obtained
with lees air movement.
5.3.2.2.3 Excessive boiling and 9plashin&. Exceaaive boiling and

splattering may occur in a freshly prepared beth or when long parts are being
proces9ed in a deep tank. When the excessive boiling is caused by a newly
prepared bath, the problem can be controlled by preceeaing smaller loada lese
frequently until the boiling no longer i9 exceesive. When the exceeeive
boiling is cauaed by long parte in a deep tank, it till be necessary to allow
more free beard between the top of the tank end the eolution level.
Sludge removal. InaolubIe iron oxidee till settle in the bottom
of the proce.e91ngtank a9 91udge. This eludge muet not be allowed to
accumulate. The common method for removing this sludge i8 to lift it out with
e hoe or 9imllar tool.
5.3.2.2.4
63
!41L-HDBK-205A
5.3.2.2.5 Smut on the work. The insoluble oxides will accumulate .99e 9cum
on the surface of the tank and if carried out on the work will appear as
smut. This scum can be removed with a tool similar to a steel duet pan.
Suepended eludge can eleo 9ettle on the vork and appear as smut. If thi9
happen9 the sludge should be removed ae described in 5.3.2.2.4.
5.3.2.2.6 Precautions. Non ferrous metals should not be introduced into

these bathe .59they may contaminate the baths end interfere with the formation
of the desired coating. Some metale will cauae violent boiling of the
procesaimg solution which can reeult in injury to the operators and
by-etandere. If the baths become contaminated to a point where aatisfectory
coatinge are not obtained, the chemical suppliers have proprietary chemicals
which will reetore the bath9 to operating condition in mo9t cases.
5.3.2.3 Rinai~
5.3.2.3.1 Vacm water rin9im&. When the work ia removed from the proce991ng
beth it should be transferred to the overflowing wano water rinse a9 ,quickly
a9 possible snd the psrte should remain in the rinse long enough to lower
their temperature sufficiently to prevent off-color (red) from developing.
Rin9ing is improved by agitation of the pr.rteandfor the rinse water and
reising the parts out of the water end reimmersing them.
5.3.2.3.2 Disposal of the warm water rinse. The warm water rinse mu9t be
discarded before it become9 too contaminated to adequately rinse the parts.
The frequency of diecardimg will depend upon the amount of blackening salt9
carried into it.. The contaminated rinse must be treated to meet the local
waste di9poeal regulation before being discharged to the sewer. See 5.1.4.2
or 5.1.4.3.
5.3.2.3.3 !!istrinsi~. If problems arise due to the processing solution

dcying on the parte before immereion in the wacm water, the uae of a fine mi9t
of water sprayed on the parta can tivercomethie problem (eee section
5.2.3.1). A very fine mist muet be used to avoid drop9 of water causing eteam
emptiona at the bath surface and to avoid dilution of the bath which would
lower the boiling point.
5.3.2.3.4 Cold water rinee. Following tha warm watar rinse the parta are
rinead in e cold, overflowing water rinse to remove the last tracee of the
blackening salts. Agitetion of the part and/or the water and removal and
reimmersion of the part will improve the rin9ing.
5.3.2.4 Chromate Rinsin&. After the cold water rinse the parts are
immersed in a chromate rinee as deecribed in eection 4.5.
5.3.2.5 Dryi~. The chromate rin9ed parte muet be dried. The u9e of a hot
chromate rinse makee it poagible for many parts to dry spontaneously. If
necessary the ramaining beada of moisture can be removed tith dry, cl@an
comprae9ed air, by heating in a air circulating oven or by dipping into a
water-displacing oil.
5.3.3
Procedures for Claa9 3 Fused Salt Oxidizing Process
64
nlL-HDBK-205A
5.3.3.1 Preparation of the Bath. The required amount of salt will depend
upon the size of the pot which should be no larger then necessary to hold the
parts being treated and allow approximately 6 inchee (15 cm) of free board
between the bath surface and the top of the pot. The pot is imitially charged
by placlng approximately one quarter of the required amount of potaaeium
dichromete in the pot and heating it until it is liquid. Additions of similar
amounta should be made until the desired opereting leval ia reached bJ waiting
until each addition has liquified before makimg the next addition.
salt i9 then heated to the operating temperature of 8250
The molten
E5@F (4400 to 4550C).
to
CAUTION: When reheating the solidified beth, the

furnace door ust remain closed until after
the eruption of the liquid through the top
cru9t of the bath. This will occur at
approximately 4500F (232oc) The furnace
door must not be opaned except during the
process of inserting or removing work.
During these operations, an apron, lomg
sleeved clothlng, gloves, and a hood-type
face shield must be worn. Evary precaution
should be taken to ensure that the work ia
d~ before it is immersad in the molten salt.
5.3.3.2
Cleaning. All greaae, oil, scale, and shop dirt mat be removed
before processing. The clean parts ust be completely dry before introduction
into the molten aait. The praferred method of ensuring a completely dqy
surface ia to use abrasive blaeting 89 tha final claatimg step. Another
method la to hold the parts near the pot for the time required to evaporate
the last tracea of moiak.ure.
5.3.3.3 Pr0cea9i~. The clean dry parte are immersed in the molten salt
bath for 30 minutes, removed from the pot, allowed to drain and air cool for 8
to 10 mlnule9.
CAUTION: Any moisture WI1l create a hezerdoue apraying
or splattering. Caution must be exercised to
avoid the hazarda of molten drippings when
work ig transferred from the furnace
to the
cooling fixture.
5.3.3.4
Hot Water Rinse. After cooling, the parta ara rinsed in
non-overflowing hot water at lgOOF (880C). Rinsing ia improvad by
agitation of the parts and/or the water and by removal and reimmersion of the
parta.
Disposal of the hot water. Potaaaium bichromate will accumulate

this rinse and eventually adequate removal of the salts will no,longer be
posalble. The rinee should be diacherged before thie point ia reached.
Before discharging thi9 solution to tha sewer, it must be treated to meet the
local waste diapo9al reguletiona. See 5.1.4.3.
5.3.3.4.1
in
65
IHL-HDBK-205A
5.3.3.5
Cold Water Rinse. To remove the final trace9 of the blackening
salte, the parts are rinsed in a cold overflowing water rinse. after the hot
water
rinse.
Rinsing ie improved by agitation of the parts and/or the water
and by raising the part out of tha water and reimmersing it.
5.3.3.6 Chromate Rinse. After the cold water rinse the parts .mreimmereed
in a chromate rinse aa described in 4.5.
5.3.3.7
Dryin&. See 5.3.2.5.
I
Preparing Actlvlty:
Custodians:
Amy
Army - FIR
- KS
fiavy Air
SH
Force
- 20
Project No. MFFP-OO1O
Review activities:
Army - AR, AT, CL, Ml,
Nevy - AS, EC, OS, YD
Air Force - 99
Users:
Amy - AR, AT
Navy -AS
Air Force - 12! 70,
82,
84
I__
VP ID #06>7A/DISC @28A
( FOR AM?U?CUSE ONLY)
66
MIL-HDBK-205A
Bibliography
John Von Wazer
Phosphorous and Its Compounds Vol. 2

Interscience Publishers, New York, HY
Dale Cheever
The Chemistry of Phosphate Coatings

Society of Automotive Engineers, May 1970
W. R. Cavanagh
TheEvaluation of Phosphate Coatings for

Corrosion Protection and Appearancem
Society of Automotive Engineers, Hay 1970
How Do Phosphate Coatinge Reduce Wear on
Moving Parte
Society of Automotive Engineer8, Jan. 1967
Other Sources
Metals Handbook Vol. 2, Bth Edition
American Society of Pletale
14etalaPark, Ohio
Metal Finishing Annual Guidebook and
Directo~ Iaaue
Metals and Plaetica Publications
Iiackensack.NJ
Industrial Finishing
Hitchcock Publishing Co.
Wheaton. IL
67
MI L-HDBK- 205A
Index
section
4.8.2.8
Abrasion
4.8.3.11
2.1.8
4.8.4
2.1.9
4.6.1
4.8.2. >
Abrasive grit-conttinated
Acid pickling
Adhesion, 10SS of paint
Aluminum oxide abrasive
Analytical reagents
Bare areas near heated areas
Black oxide Coatiwa
c0mpo9iti0n
heat, affeet on
part9 treated - examplee
parts treated - purpose
Black oxide - eqU1pMent
rinse tmk9
processing tanks
water diffueer
Black oxide - pr0Ce9s
excessive boiling and splashing
operation
.qludgeremoval
smut on work
Blistering - paint
Cage hardened p8rt9
Chromnte rinse
control
5.1.1
1.1
1.1
1.5.1
5.2.3
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.3.2.2.3
5.3
s.3.2.2.4
5.3.2.2.5
4.8.4
4.8.3.13
4 .:.6
4.5.1
4.8.3.9
4.2.6
4.3.6.4
stains
tanks
Chromium free rinse
Cleaning
acid - pickling
abraaive bla9tinIl
alkali
2.1.8
2.1.9
2.1.4
2.2.3
2.1.4.3
2.1.4.1
4.8.3.4
2.1.4.2
2.1.5
2.2.4
4.1.3
2.1.7
2.2.6
2.1.3
2.2.2
2.1.6
2.2.5
2.1.3.2
electrolytic immeraiOn
silicate containi~ - problems
spray
emulEion
phosphate part9
phosphoric acid
solvent
steam
vapor degreaaiw
)
68
MIL-HDBK-205A
Index (Continued)
Compressed air
ConditioniM - prior to phosphate coating
4.2.7
1.3
Coerse
31.3
crystalline
coatings
:.0.2.4
4.8.3.7
4.0.3.14
4.0.3.5
4.0.3.10
5.1.5
Coating weight9 - low

Difficult to treet, perts
Drawn parts
Embrittlement
Ferrous iron
centrol
4.4.2.4
introduction xnto new bath

vs. nitrite
4.4.2.4.3
4.6.4.3
4.6.4.4
4.0.2.2
2.1.9
4.8.3.11
1.1
4.8.3.10
4.8.3.15
4.8.3.15
Frozen assemblies
Grit - abrasive
Heat, effect on co.stinge
Heat
Iron
Lime
Mist
treated perts
!SCC ferrG,u3ir~fi)
drawn wire
water rinse
4.8.3.12
4.3.5.2
5.2.3.1
5.3.2.3.3
4.8.2.6
4.8.3.9
Mottled streaks
Nitrite
contrcl
high concentr.stionbeing used
removal when ferroue Iron is deeired
Paint failures
PhGsphate coatings
cleaning phoephete co8ted parts
composition of coatings
gun barre19
beet - affect on
parts treated - examples
parte treated - purpose
reprocessing
9pr1ngs
te9ting
salt spray
coating weight
4.4.3.2.3
4.4.3.2.4
4.6.4.3
4.8.4
4.1.3
1.1
4.1.2.4
4.1.2.5
1.1
4.8.3.10
1.1
1.1
4.1
4.1.2.6
4.1.2.1
4.7.2
4.7.3
69
HIL-HDBK-205A
index (Continued)
4.4.2
Phosphete proces9e8 - COntrOl Of

ND-P-16232 Type H
MD-P-16232 &Pe Z
TT-c-490 Type I
immereion
epray
Phosphate prOCeSSiM
automated eyetems
cleaning aheed of phosphetin8
coil cleaning
conditioning ehead of phoephati~
equipment
heeting
level cOntrOllerB
materiele of construction
preparation of the solutions
DOD-P-16232
Types M and Z
m-c-490
We
4.4.3
4.4.3.1
4.4.3.2
4.2.9
4.3.1
;.4.1.3
4.2
4.2.2.3
4.4. 1.7
4.2.2.1
4.3.4.2.1
4.3.4.2.2
4.3.4.3.1
4.3.4.3.2
4.3.4.3.3
4.4.1.1
4.2.10
4.2.>
2.1.8
p.~.y
~.~.7
2.2.6
4.8.2.5
4.8.3.5
4.4.2.3
processing, MD-P-16232
We
proces9ins, DoD-p-16232 We
processing, TT-C-490
sludge removel
epray proceesins
tumbling barrele
Pickling
acid
phosphoric acid
M
z
Powder on phosphate coatings

Praaeed eteel part9
Ratio of total acid to free acid
4.1.2.6
4.8.2.2
2.1.6
2.1.7.1
2.1.7.3
2.1.9
4.4.1.3
4.4.2.4.2
Reprocessing phoaphated perte

Rust etained asaembliee
Safety precautions
4.6.1
4.6.4.4
5.1.3
5.3.2.1
5.3.2.2.1
5.3.2.2.6
5.3.3.1
5.3.3.3
)
70
HIL-HDBK-205A
Index (Continued)
4.8.2.8
4.8.3.4
5.3.2.2.5
Scratches
Silicate cleanere
Smut on black oxide coatings
Solution analyses
chromium - hexavelent
ferrous iron
free acid
nitrite
total acid
Specifications
DOD-P-16232
TT-C-490
MIL-C-13g24
Spray water rinsing
4.6.5
4.6.4
4.6.2
4.6.4
4.6.3
4.3.4.2.1
4.3.4.2.2
5.1.1
4.3.5.2
5.2.3.1
5.3.2.3.3
4.8.2.6
4.8.2.7
4.2.4
4.3.5.2
5.2.3.1
5.3.2.3.3
Streake
Ventilation
Water rinsing - mist or spray
71
MIL-HDBK-205A
Appendix
~~ples
of
the
se
of pho~Phate and Black Oxide Coatings On Military arts
phophate Proces9:
(Barrel Assembly, Trigger, Seer)
Machine Gun
Grenade Launcher
Machine Gm 50 Cal
Machine Gun 50 Cal
Machine Gun 7.62 ~
Squad Automatic
Weapons System
SAWS
Navy .gtandardmieeile motion chmber
Mark 32 torpedo
air flask
li*s
Hetallic belt
42 MM
Grenades
Hand Grenades
projectiles
M-16-A1
u-60
H-203
M-85
!42
H-240
Black
Oxide Proceea:
Cylinder, rifle, M-14
Spring, safety, M-14
Nut, cylinder, M-60
Extension, saa, 14-60
Spring, catch. M-60
Shield, aeei mechhnian,
)
72
amid-d
No7Yr:
nib f-
~kkm
ko -k
WY not
!equi
any portion
beA
on current
O! Ibe !efemwed
~w=!
conlmcb.
-vi-
Of d=u=n~.
Gmmttnu
document(c)
nOr @
mu-t
mibmitlsd on thb
or to unend
eontmclusl
form
W*-O
d~~-
do not cotiitule
Or c~fie*t~n
or imply wthorizstion
requirwaents.
(Fold
DEPARTMENT
do,
thb
II.,
OF THE ARMY
111111
FI
ht
TfO
STa TES
OWACIAL
l! NALTV
U31NE=
PO-
PRIVATE
uSE SYOO
BUSINESSNREIPLY
MAIL
F,RST
CLASS
POSTAGE
WILL
wAS8NGTOND
BE PAID
BY THE
DEPARTMENT
OF THE
ARMY
Army !faterials& Mechanics Research Center

Attn: AMXMR-SMS
Watertown, }bl 02172-0001
.
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Am

Mil HDBK 205a PDF

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Phosphate and Black Oxide Coating

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Aerespace Material Specification are available from the Society of Automotive

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1.4 PHOSPHATE COATINGS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

BLACK OXIDE COATINGS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CONDITIONING PRIOR TO PHOSPHATE COATINC

CLEANING SYSTEMS WHICH LEAVE MANY ANODIC AREAS ON THE

CLEANINC SYSTEMS hWICH LEAVE FEW ANODIC AREAS ON THE

PROCESSING TANKS AND EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PHOSPHATE COATING PROCESS

MAINTENANCE OF THE PHOSPHATINC TANK AND CHEMICAL

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Centd)

KAIIfTENANCEOF THE CHROMATE RINSE

CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF PHOSPHATING AND CHROMATE

INSPECTION OF PHOSPHATE PARTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CO~ON DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED IN PHOSPHATE

BLACK OXIDE COATINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Phosphate tank (cross Section)

Tumbling barrel (side view)

Tumbling barrel (end view)

Rotating drum with internal

Rotat]ng drum with internal

Phospheting unit cleaning

Black oxide tank

Black Qxlde procesg

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1.1 Ceneral. Protective coatings composed of ineoluble phosphate crystals

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1.4 Phosphate coatings.

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1.5.4 Alkaline oxidizing process (for 300 series corrosion resiatent

2.1.1 General. Surfece preparation io one of the most importent factors

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Both eolvent and applicator are soon contaminated and therefore

Solvent cleaning IS expensive If carried out properly. Effective

Only oils and grea8e8 are removed. No rust or scale ie removed.

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Equpment for vapor degreaslng IS specially engineered by the equlprent

2.1.3 Alkali cleanin&. Alkali cleanzng i9 usually more efflclent, cheaper,

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In emulsion cleaners the solvent is present in the form of very fine

Phosphoric Acid Cleaning.

2.1.6.1 Brueh cleani~. The waah-off type material is commonly applled by

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2.1.6.2 Spray application. The nonfoemng type solutions are applied by

eolutions are recommended

CAUTION: For safety reasons, the operators must wear

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frequently recommended. When inhibitors are used, care must be taken to

Before pickling, oils, grease, and surface conteminanta should be removed by

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Some of the important factors which help to determine the abrasives to be

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2.2.6 Acid-pickling Equipment. The materiels of construction for the

Abrasive Blasting Equipment

2.2.7.1 Direct Pressure Type Equipment. In gener91, the equipment for

CONDITIONING PRIOR TO PHOSPHATE COATING

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4.1.1 Char8cter~stics. Phosphate coatings consist of crystalline,

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4.1.2.3 Stainless Steel. This material cannot be successfully treated wzth

Phoephete coatings are soluble in alkali. Therefore, Csustlc soda, soda

Processing Tanks and Eauipment

4.2.1 General. The cleaning and other pretreatment operations preceedlng

4.2.2.1 Materials of ConstructIon. Since the phosphatlng aolutlon WI1l