CHAPTER 4: HEAT
4.1: UNDERSTANDING THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
1. The net heat will flow from A to B until the temperature of A is the (same, zero) as the temperature of
B. In this situation, the two bodies are said to have reached thermal equilibrium.
2. When thermal equilibrium is reached, the net rate of heat flow between the two bodies is (zero, equal)
3. There is no net flow of heat between two objects that are in thermal equilibrium. Two objects in
thermal equilibrium have the same temperature.
4. The liquid used in glass thermometer should
(a) Be easily seen
(b) Expand and contract rapidly over a wide range of temperature
(c) Not stick to the glass wall of the capillary tube
5. List the characteristic of mercury
(a) Opaque liquid
(b) Does not stick to the glass
(c) Expands uniformly when heated
(d) Freezing point -390C
(e) Boiling point 3570C
6.
(Heat, Temperature) is a form of energy. It flows from a hot body to a cold body.
7.
The SI unit for (heat, temperature) is Joule, J.
8.
( Heat , Temperature ) is the degree of hotness of a body
9.
The SI unit for (heat, temperature) is Kelvin, K.
10.
Lower fixed point (l 0 )/ ice point
11.
Upper fixed point( l
: the temperature of pure melting ice/00C
/steam point: the temperature of steam from water that is boiling under standard
100)
atmospheric pressure /1000C
Section B: Answer the questions by showing the calculation
1. The length of the mercury column at the ice point and steam point are 5.0 cm and 40.0cm
respectively. When the thermometer is immersed in the liquid P, the length of the mercury column is
23.0 cm. What is the temperature of the liquid P?
2.
The length of the mercury column at the steam point and ice point and are 65.0 cm and 5.0cm
respectively. When the thermometer is immersed in the liquid Q, the length of the mercury column is
27.0 cm. What is the temperature of the liquid Q? [Answer: 36.670C ]
4.2: UNDERSTANDING SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
1.
The heat capacity of a body is the amount of heat that must be supplied to the body to
increase its temperature by 10C.
2.
The heat capacity of an object depends on the
Temperature of the body
(a) .
Mass of the body
(b) .
Type of material
(c)
3.
The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat that must be supplied to
increase the temperature by 1 0C for a mass of 1 kg of the substance. Unit Jkg-1 0C-1
4.
5.
Q__
Specific heat capacity, c =
m
The heat energy absorbed or given out by an object is given by Q = mc
High specific heat capacity absorbs a large amount of heat with only a small temperature
increase such as plastics.
Explain the meaning of above application of specific heat capacity:
(a) Water as a coolant in a car engine
(i)
Water is a good example of substance with a high specific capacity. It is used as a cooling agent to
prevent overheating of the engine .Therefore; water acts as a heat reservoir as it can absorb a great
amount of heat before it boils.
(b) Household apparatus and utensils
1.
A metal has a low specific heat capacity.
2.
Its temperature increases easily when heated.
3.
The food or water can be heated faster.
4.
This is because only a little amount of heat is needed to heat the metal; therefore more heat is
transferred to the food.
5.
Examples : pot, frying-pan, filaments of kettles and others utensils
Think about it: Why the handles of utensils made of materials of high specific heat capacity, c.
SECTION B: Answer all questions by showing the calculation
1.
How much heat energy is required to raise the temperature of a 4kg iron bar from 32 0C to
520C? (Specific heat capacity of iron = 452 Jkg-1 0C-1).
Amount of heat energy required, Q = mc
=
=
4
2.
Calculate the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 0.8 kg of copper from
35 C to 60 C. (Specific heat capacity of copper = 400 J kg-1 C-1).
Amount of heat required, Q = mc
0
=
=
3.
Calculate the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 2.5 kg of water from
32 C to 82 C. (Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg-1 C-1).
Amount of heat required, Q = mc
0
=
=
4.
750g block of a aluminium at 1200C is cooled until 450C. Find the amount of heat is
released. . (Specific heat capacity of aluminium = 900 J kg-1 C-1).
Amount of heat released, Q = mc
=
=
5.
0.2 kg of water at 700C is mixed with 0.6 kg of water at 300C. Assuming that no heat is
lost, find the final temperature of the mixture. (Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg-1 C-1)
Amount of heat released, Q = Amount of heat required, Q
mc = mc
4.3 UNDERSTANDING SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT
4.4 UNDERSTANDING THE GAS LAW
1.
The kinetic theory of gas is based on the following assumptions:
(a) The molecules in a gas move freely in random motion and posses kinetic energy
(b) The forces of attraction between the molecules are ignored.
(c) The collisions of the molecules with each other and with the walls of the container are elastic
collisions.
4.4.1 Boyles Law
1.
Boyles law states that for a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of the gas is inversely proportional to its
volume when the temperature is kept constant.
2.
Boyles law can be shown graphically as in Figure above
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1.
Charles law states that for a fixed mass of gas, the volume of the gas is directly proportional to its
absolute temperature when its pressure is kept constant.
2.
The temperature -2730C is the lowest possible temperature and is known as the absolute zero of
temperature.
3.
Fill the table below.
Temperature
Absolute zero
Ice point
Steam point
Unknown point
4.
Complete the diagram below.
-273
Celsius scale (0C)
Kelvin Scale(K)
-273
273
100
373
( + 273 )
P/Pa
100
/0C
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1.
The pressure law states that for a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of the gas is directly proportional to
its absolute temperature when its volume is kept constant.
EXERSICE 4.4Gas Law
1.
A mixture of air and petrol vapour is injected into the cylinder of a car engine when the cylinder
volume is 100 cm3. Its pressure is then 1.0 atm. The valve closes and the mixture is compressed to 20
cm3. Find the pressure now.
2.
The volume of an air bubble at the base of a sea of 50 m in deep is 200 cm 3. If the atmospheric
pressure is 10 m of water, find the volume of the air bubble when it reaches the surface of the sea.
3.
The volume of an air bubble is 5 mm3 when it is at a depth of h m below the water surface. Given
that its volume is 15 mm3 when it is at a depth of 2 m, find the value of h. (Atmospheric pressure = 10 m
of water)
4.
An air bubble has a volume of V cm3 when it is released at a depth of 45m from the water surface.
Find its volume (V) when it reaches the water surface. (Atmospheric pressure = 10 m of water)
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5.
A gas of volume 20m3 at 370C is heated until its temperature becomes 87 0C at constant pressure.
What is the increase in volume?
6.
The air pressure in a container at 330C is 1.4 X 1O5 N m-2. The container is heated until the
temperature is 550C. What is the final air pressure if the volume of the container is fixed?
7.
The volume of a gas is 1 cm3 at 150C. The gas is heated at fixed pressure until the volume
becomes triple the initial volume. Calculate the final temperature of the gas.
8.
An enclosed container contains a fixed mass of gas at 25 0C and at the atmospheric pressure. The
container is heated and temperature of the gas increases to 980C. Find the new pressure of the gas if the
volume of the container is constant.(Atmospheric pressure = 1.0 X 105N rn2)
9.
The pressure of a gas decreases from 1.2 x 105 Pa to 9 x 105 Pa at 400C. If the volume of the gas is
constant, find the initial temperature of the gas.
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