Percentage Basics

Percentage
Basics

Curriculum Ready

www.mathletics.com

Copyright 2009 3P Learning. All rights reserved.

First edition printed 2009 in Australia.
A catalogue record for this book is available from 3P Learning Ltd.

ISBN

978-1-921861-42-0

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Percentages allow us to compare the size of one quantity in relation to another!

Give two examples where you have seen percentages used or mentioned?
Write what you think it meant in the situation you saw it being used.

When white light enters a glass prism, the light is split up (dispersed) into different colours.
Describe in as many different clear ways as possible, how much of the dispersed white light is green.
W

hit
el
igh
t

Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Indigo
Violet

Work through the book for a great way to do this

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How does it work?

Percentage Basics

Proper fractions to percentages

Percent (%) = for every (per) 100 (cent)
In fraction terms, this means the denominator is equal to 100.
5
` 5% = 5 for every 100 = 100

Since the values are compared to 100, the whole amount is represented by 100%
For many percentage calculations, you will need to change fractions into percentages.
So, just write as an equivalent fraction with a denominator of 100!
Here are some examples involving proper fractions and percentages:
(i)

11 = 11%
100

(ii) 30 = 30 ' 2
200 ' 2
200
= 15
100
= 15%

(iii) 1 = 1 # 2
50
50 # 2

Divide numerator and denominator by 2

Equivalent fraction with 100 in denominator
Numerator < denominator <
100%

Multiply numerator and denominator by 2

= 2
100

Equivalent fraction with 100 in denominator

= 2%

Numerator < denominator <

100%

(iv) 25 = 25 # 4
25
25 # 4

Percent signs means for every 100

Multiply numerator and denominator by 4

= 100
100

Equivalent fraction with 100 in denominator

= 100%

Numerator = denominator = 100%

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How does it work?

Your Turn

Percentage Basics
P E RC

...../...../20
....

Proper fractions to percentages

T AGE % P

Write these fractions as a percentage.

a

CTIONS
RA
T

9 =
100

40 =
100

75 =
100

100 =
100

Write these percentages as a fraction in simplest form.

a

7% =

50% =

13% =

20% =

100

75% =

78% =

29% =

25% =

=
100

Simplest Form

14% =

Simplest Form

100
Simplest Form

Simplest Form

55% =

Simplest Form

45% =

Simplest Form

PE R F
RO

EN

Simplest Form

68% =

Simplest Form

Simplest Form

Write these as equivalent fractions with a denominator of 100 and then as a percentage.
a

6 =
200

6 '

200 '

80 = 80 '
400
400 '

150 = 150 '

500
500 '

100
=

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How does it work?

Your Turn

Percentage Basics

Proper fractions to percentages

3

Write these as equivalent fractions with a denominator of 100 and then as a percentage.
d

7 = 7
10
10

5 = 5
50
50

10 = 10
25
25

100
=

Write these fractions as an equivalent percentage (show your working).

a

1
2

=
d

3
25

3
4

198
200

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3
5

=
h

=
e

50
2500

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27
300

=
i

10
10

355
500

How does it work?

Your Turn

Percentage Basics

Proper fractions to percentages

Here are two other calculator-friendly methods
(i) Multiply the fraction by 100 and then simplify.
Multiply fraction by 100 and add a percentage sign
: 2 = ` 2 # 100j %
5
5
= 200 %
5
= 40%

Simplify the fraction to get percentage

(ii) Since a fraction = numerator ' denominator, we can also do this calculation:
(numerator ' denominator) # 100
: 1 = ^^1 ' 10h # 100h %
10
= 10%
Percentage value
5

Use your calculators to find the matching percentage fish. Draw straight lines joining their lips to
solve this:
What is the name given to the punctuation mark / used in modern percentage signs?

17
68

48%

9
15

%
24

44%

S
O

42
140

z
a
R

Percentage Basics
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17
20

%
60

85%

x
a

Q
U

L
12
25

1
25 1

X
z

6
25

25%

30%

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How does it work?

Percentage Basics

Decimals and percentages

To change a percentage to a decimal, just divide by 100:
5% = 5
100
5 = 5 ' 100
100
= 0.05

Writing the percentage in

fraction form shows why we
divide by 100 for the decimal

Percentage as a fraction

Fraction as a decimal

` 5% = 0.05

This chart shows how we convert between decimals and percentages:

Move decimal point 2 spaces right
0.05.
# 100

Decimal

0.05

Percentage

5%

' 100

0.05.
Move decimal point 2 spaces left
Lets look at two more examples moving in opposite directions.
Write these as their equivalent percentage or decimal:
(i) 20%
Divide by 100 to get equivalent decimal

20% = 20 ' 100

(ii) 0.4

= .2 0.

Move decimal point 2 spaces left

= 0.20

Equivalent decimal

0.4 = ^0.4 # 100h %

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Multiply by 100 to get equivalent percentage

= 0.40.%

Move decimal point 2 spaces right

= 40%

Equivalent percentage

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Your Turn

Percentage Basics

Decimals and percentages

1

Use all of the words below to describe how you write a percentage as an equivalent decimal.
decimal point

places

moved

divide by

S
GE

***D

N TA

CE
a

35%

75%

32%

4%

1%

9%

Use all of the words below to describe how you write a decimal as an equivalent percentage.
decimal point

AND PER

Write each of these percentages as their equivalent decimal.

LS

...../... 20....
../

I MA

EC

00

places

moved

multiplied by

Write these decimals as their equivalent percentage.

a

0.55

0.23

0.7

0.8

0.01

0.04

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Percentage Basics

Combo time: Decimals, fractions and percentages

We can combine what we know now to change values from fractions to decimals to percentages and back.
Write two equivalent values in simplest form for each of these:
(i) 65%

65% = 65
100
= 13
20

65% = 65 ' 100

= 0.65
Equivalent decimal

Equivalent simplest fraction

Remember:
Use smallest place
value for changing
decimals to fractions.

` 65% = 0.65 = 13
20
(ii)

0.28

0.28 = ^0.28 # 100h %

0.28 = 28
100
= 7
25

= 28%
Equivalent decimal

Equivalent simplest fraction

` 0.28 = 28% = 7
25
1

Fill in the gaps with equivalent values in simplest form:

Fra

cti

De

on

1
4

4
5

3
4

7
10

cim

al

0.25

en
tag
e

25%

0.5

0.18

Pe
rc

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60%

10%

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Percentage Basics

40%

90%

0.42

0.15

90
200

7
50

CENTAGE

ER

Write the two other equivalent values in simplest form for each of these:

...../...../20....

S, FR ACTI

AL

Combo time: Decimals, fractions and percentages

E
* D CIM

S AND

Your Turn

ON

How does it work?

Writing two other equivalent values in simplest form for each of these:
a

0.08

1
20

36%

6
25

84
300

60
1500

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Percentage Basics

Fractional and decimal percentages

Sometimes the equivalent fraction with a denominator of 100 has a decimal numerator.
'2
'2

3
200

Initial fraction

Equivalent fraction
(100 in denominator)

1.5
100

Remember: correct fractions

have whole numbers only in the
numerator and denominator.

#2
#2

Simply write the answer as the matching decimal and fraction/mixed numeral.
` 3
200

= 1.5% = 1 1 %
2
decimal

mixed numeral

Here are some examples involving proper fractions and percentages:

(i)

1 = 1 '2
200
200 ' 2
= 0.5
100
= 0.5% or

(ii)

Equivalent fraction with 100 in denominator

1%
2

Decimal and equivalent fraction form

25 = 25 ' 4
400
400 ' 4
= 6.25
100

Equivalent fractions with 100 in denominator

= 6.25% or 6 1 %
4

Decimal and equivalent mixed numeral form

Multiply or divide by 100 to change values between equivalent decimal percentages and decimals.
(iii) 34.25%
Divide by 100, move decimal point 2 places left

34.25% = 34.25 ' 100

= 0.3425
(iv) 0.056
0.056 = 0.056 # 100%
= 5.6% or 5 3 %
5

10

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Multiply by 100, move decimal point 2 places right

Decimal and equivalent mixed numeral form

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Your Turn

Percentage Basics

Fractional and decimal percentages

1

Write these as a percentage in decimal and proper fraction form.

2 =
400

4 =
500

3 =
400

%=
Decimal

3 =
750

Decimal

Proper fraction

%=

Proper fraction

%=

Proper fraction

Decimal

%=

Decimal

Proper fraction

Write these as a percentage in decimal and mixed numeral form.

15 =
200

13 =
500

17 =
400

47 =
500

10 =
400

30 =
800

26 =
500

Decimal

%=

75 =
400

Mixed numeral

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Mixed numeral

%=

Decimal

Mixed numeral

%=
Decimal

Decimal

Mixed numeral

%=

Mixed numeral

Decimal

%=

Mixed numeral

%=

Decimal

Decimal

Mixed numeral

%=

Decimal

%=

Mixed numeral

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11

Your Turn

Percentage Basics
IO

How does it work?

..

10.5% =

37.05% =

2.45% =

6.04% =

0.75% =

0.015% =

R .../
PE ..

Write these decimals as equivalent percentages.

a

0.025 =

0.0625 =

0.1185 =

0.4505 =

0.0705 =

0.0096 =

Write these as equivalent decimal and mixed numeral percentages.

a

%=

0.255=

Decimal

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Decimal

Decimal

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Mixed numeral

%=

0.555=

Mixed numeral

Mixed numeral

%=

0.084=

Mixed numeral

%=

0.218=

Decimal

Decimal

Mixed numeral

%=

0.5075=

Mixed numeral

%=

0.046=

Decimal

%=

0.085=

Decimal

Mixed numeral

%=

0.1025=

Decimal

12

NT 20....
E
C .../
MAL
CI

Write these percentages as equivalent decimals.

E
AG

A ND D E

FR A C

Fractional and decimal percentages

N AL

Mixed numeral

Where does it work?

Percentage Basics

Percentage of an amount
20
100
'of' means #

Calculate 20% of 10

# 10

=2

Using the equivalent fraction

or
0.2 # 10 = 2

Using the equivalent decimal

Here are two word questions involving percentage amounts:

(i) 60 pieces of biscuit crumbs were spilt on the floor.
If 80% of the crumbs were sucked up by a vacuum cleaner on the first sweep,
how many biscuit crumbs were sucked up?
80% of 60 = 80 # 60
100
=

4800
100

Multiply by equivalent fraction (or decimal)

Simplify fraction

= 48
Always answer
word problems
with a statement

` 48 biscuit crumbs were sucked up in the first sweep.

Since the whole amount in percentage terms = 100%, we can use this fact to simplify some problems.
(ii) During an 8 hour work day, Jee Un spends 90% of the time working. The rest of the time she is
taking breaks etc. How many hours does she spend each day doing non-work activities?
Jee Un spends 90% of the time working.
` she spends 100% 90% = 10% of the time doing non-work activities
` 10% of 8 = 0.10 # 8
= 0.8 hours

Multiply by equivalent decimal (or fraction)

or 0.8 hours 60 minutes = 48 minutes

` Jee Un spends 0.8 hours (48 minutes) each day doing non-work activities.
You could also have found 90% first, then subtracted that time from 8 hours.

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Your Turn

Percentage Basics
F AN A
E O
MO

Complete the steps for these percentage calculations:

25% of 20=

30% of 30=

30

PERCE
T *
N

...../...../20....

40% of 65=

'

65

65

45% of 40= 45

14

100

Calculate these percentage amounts using equivalent fractions only (show all working).
a

10% of 60

50% of 18

25% of 16

75% of 28

60% of 20

80% of 30

40% of 24

20% of 39

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AG

F AN A
E O
M

Percentage of an amount

PERC
EN
T *

AG

UN

UN

Where does it work?

Where does it work?

Your Turn

Percentage Basics

Percentage of an amount
3

Calculate these percentage amounts using equivalent decimals only (show all working).
a

20% of 40

30% of 20

50% of 32

35% of 80

25% of 44

75% of 18

21% of 30

19% of 25

Solve these percentage problems, showing all working.

a

At an Angels and Devils fancy dress party, 40% of the 45 people there were dressed as angels.
How many people wore angel outfits at the party?

15% of a 200GB (gigabytes) hard drive on a laptop is filled with Qians music collection.
How many gigabytes does her music take up in storage?

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Where does it work?

Your Turn

Percentage Basics

Percentage of an amount

Justin wrote a love poem containing a total of 150 words. If the word love represented 18% of
the words used, how many words were not the word love in Justins poem?

According to a recent zoo study, 58% of all the 800 fruit-eating animals seemed to prefer the
taste of bananas over the taste of apples. How many animals preferred the taste of apples?

A *W

Hint: calculate the total percentage of non-flour ingredients first

A set of balance scales currently has 245 grams on the heaviest side. If 20% of this weight
needs to be moved to the other side to make the scale balanced, what is the total amount of
weights on the scales?
Hint: find how much needs to be moved and then what it means to be in balance

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A *W

A pancake mixture contains 35% self-raising flour, 14% eggs and 6% butter.
The rest of the mixture contains milk. How many millilitres (mL) of
milk are there in 430mL of the pancake mixture?

*S*O*M*E
...../.
..../2
0....

*E

Try these trickier ones to earn an awesome passport stamp.

*S*O*M*E

Solve these percentage problems, showing all working.

*E

Where does it work?

Percentage Basics

Percentages greater than 100%

Now you have seen proper fractions as percentages, what happens when you have improper fractions?
For improper fractions, the percentage value will be greater than 100%.
So if you have 10% more than what you started with, you now have 110% of the starting amount.

These examples show that the method used is just the same as for percentage values smaller than 100%
(i) Improper fractions and mixed numerals:
480 = 480 ' 4
400
400 ' 4
= 120
100

Equivalent fraction with 100 in denominator

= 120%

Numerator > denominator > 100%

2 4 = 44
20
20

Equivalent improper fraction

= 44 # 5
20 # 5
2 whole (200%) + 4 = 20 ^20%h
20
100
= 220%

= 220
100

Equivalent fraction with 100 in denominator

= 220%

Mixed numeral > 100%

340% = 340
100

Equivalent improper fraction

= 3 40
100
= 32
5

Simplified mixed numeral

(ii) Decimals without leading zeros:

250% = 250 ' 100

No leading zero means the

number in front of the
decimal point is not 0.

Divide by 100 to get equivalent decimal

= 2.50.

Move decimal point 2 spaces left

= 2.5

Equivalent decimal, no leading zero.

1.75 = ^1.75 ' 100h %

= 1. 7 5 .%

Move decimal point 2 spaces right

= 175%

No leading zero, > 100%.

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Where does it work?

Your Turn

Percentage Basics

Percentages greater than 100%

1

Change improper fractions to their equivalent percentage.

a

25 # 5

25 =
20

125
=

20 # 5

100

= 125 %

Percentage

'2

320 =
200

'2

Equivalent fraction

Percentage

Equivalent fraction

30 =
25

720 =
300

9 =
5

576 =
200

Change these mixed numerals to improper fractions and then their equivalent percentages.
3

1 1 =
2

150
=

Improper fraction

1 4 =
5

2 12 =
25

100

= 150 %

Percentage

2 1 =
4

Improper fraction

Fraction

100

Percentage

Fraction

3 13 =
10

1 17 =
20

Change these percentages to their simplified equivalent mixed numeral.

120
a

120% =

20
=

100

Improper fraction

18

110% =

355% =

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2
=

100

Mixed numeral

270% =

Simplified

Improper fraction

475% =

192% =

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Mixed numeral

Simplified

Where does it work?

Your Turn

Percentage Basics

Percentages greater than 100%

4

Change each of these to their equivalent decimal or percentage.

a

124% = 124 ' 100 =

2.35 =

213% =

490% =

300% =

1.24

2.35 # 100

1.68 =

9.07 =

4.5 =

Combo time:
Use the same methods to change these fractional and decimal percentages that are greater than 100%.
a

212.5% as a decimal

105.75% as a decimal

165 1 % as a decimal
2

286 1 % as a decimal
4

3.105 as a decimal percentage

1.0535 as a decimal percentage.

2.125 as a mixed numeral percentage

1.902 as a mixed numeral percentage

3.004 as a mixed numeral percentage

2.0075 as a mixed numeral percentage

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Where does it work?

Percentage Basics

Recurring decimal percentages

Recurring decimals should be treated just like terminating decimals when changing to percentages.
Move decimal point 2 spaces right
0 . 3 3 . 3 3 3 ...
# 100

0.3o = 0.3333...

Decimal

o
33.3333...% = 33.3%

Percentage
' 100

0 . 3 3 . 3 3 3 ...
Move decimal point 2 spaces left
It is usually nicer to write recurring decimals as a mixed numeral percentage where possible.
o = 33 1 %
` 33.3%
3
This table shows that there is a pattern for writing simple recurring decimals as fractions:
0.1o = 1
9

0.2o = 2
9

0.3o = 1
3

0.4o = 4
9

0.5o = 5
9

0.6o = 2
3

0.7o = 7
9

0.8o = 8
9

0.9o = 9 = 1
9

Here are some more examples with slight differences involving recurring decimals.
(i) Convert 0.001o to its equivalent percentage value.
0.001o = 0.00111...
= ^0.00111... # 100h %
Remember:
Change so the recurring
pattern starts from the
decimal point.

= 0.111...%
= 0.1o %
= 1%
9

Multiply the decimal by 100

Recurring decimal percentage

Percentage form from the table

o o to its equivalent percentage value

(ii) Convert 0.0164
o o = 0.016464...
0.0164
= ^0.016464... # 100h % Multiply the decimal by 100
The number of '9s' in
the denominator equals
the number of digits in
the repeating pattern.

20

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= 1.6464%
o o%
= 1.64
= 1 64 %
99

Mixed numeral form from the table

Percentage Basics
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Recurring decimal percentage

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Your Turn

Percentage Basics
RECUR

....
.../20
...../..

...
.... .... .

..

Use this table to help when answering these questions.

0.1o = 1
9
1

0.2o = 2
9

0.3o = 1
3

0.4o = 4
9

0.5o = 5
9

AGE

Recurring decimal percentages

IMAL PE
G DEC
RC

NT

N
RI

Where does it work?

0.6o = 2
3

0.7o = 7
9

0.8o = 8
9

0.9o = 9 = 1
9

Write these in their equivalent fraction form:

a

55.5o %

122.2o %

64.4o %

o o%
23.23

oo
8.08%

o
10.1o 2%

Use this table to help write these recurring decimals as their equivalent mixed numeral percentage:
a

0.002o

0.007o

0.025o

0.064o

0.08o

0.1o

0.3o

0.98o

0.26o

12 %
3

Write these mixed numeral percentages as recurring decimals:

a

24%
9

4 16 %
18

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Percentage Basics

One amount as a percentage of another

When comparing values such as scores out of a total amount, the results are often given as a percentage.
either

Score of 16 out of 20

Fraction

= 80
100
Equivalent fraction

= 16
20

= 80%

Percentage

or

= 0.8

'out of' means 'over'

Equivalent decimal

= 16
20

# 100

or

16 ' 20 # 100

If using a calculator, here are two ways to do it

Here are a few more varied examples.

These examples show that the method used is just the same as for percentage values smaller than 100%
(i) Calculate what percentage amount 15 is out of 50 without using a calculator.
15 out of 50 = 15
50
= 15 # 2
50 # 2

Equivalent fraction with 100 in denominator

= 30
100
= 30%
The calculator should be used for more complex calculations.
(ii) Deanne scored 23.5 marks out of a possible 30 in a recent competition. Calculate her
percentage score.
23.5 out of 30 = ^^23.5 ' 30h # 100h %
= 78.3o %
= 78 1 %
3

Equivalent mixed numeral percentage

` Deannes percentage score in the competition was 78 1 %

3
Percentages can also be rounded off.
(iii) Write 13 as a percentage out of 19, rounded to 2 decimal places.
13 out of 19 = ^^13 ' 19h # 100h %
= 68.421 052 63...%

= 68.42% ^ to 2 decimal placesh

22

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Remember:
If the next digit
is 5 or more,
round up.

What else can you do?

Percentage Basics

Calculate these percentage amounts, showing all you working:

a

5 out of 20

10 out of 25

128 out of 200

450 out of 500

OF ANOTHER

...../...../20....

PERCENTAGE

One amount as a percentage of another

AMOUNT AS A

****ONE****

Calculate these percentage amounts, leaving your answers as mixed numeral percentages:
a

12 out of 32

21 out of 24

25 out of 30

10.1 out of 40

Calculate these percentage amounts, rounding your answers to 2 decimal places:

a

4 out of 9

13 out of 33

8.9 out of 11

22.8 out of 34

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What else can you do?

Your Turn

Percentage Basics

One amount as a percentage of another

4

Grace was top of her science class when she correctly spelled 48 out of 50 scientific terms in a test.
What percentage of the terms did she spell correctly?

Luke made 16 good passes during one half of a football match in which he had possession of the
ball 25 times. What percentage of his possessions resulted in good passes being completed?

Ahmed had these free patterned covers to choose from when he purchased a new mobile phone:

What percentage of Ahmeds choices had striped covers?

Hint: compare how many covers are striped with how many covers there are in total

When white light enters a glass prism, the light is split up (dispersed) into different colours. According
to the diagram, what percentage of the dispersed light is green, rounded to 2 decimal places?

24

Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Indigo
Violet

hit
el
igh
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Percentage Basics

One amount as a percentage of another

8

A 3.6L jug of mixed cordial drink contains 0.82L of flavour syrup. What percentage of the mixed
cordial drink is syrup flavour, rounded to 1 decimal place?

In one particular song at a concert, the rhythm guitarist for The Lightening Lizards uses 14 of the
39 different chords played by her throughout the entire concert. What percentage of the chords
played are used in that one song, rounded to 2 decimal places?

10

Nicola checked the space she had available on a memory stick and found that so far, 12.6GB of the
16GB total memory had been used. What percentage of the memory stick storage space has Nicola
already used? Write your answer as a mixed numeral percentage.

11

What mixed numeral percentage represents the number of black hexagons in this picture?

12

A bag contains chocolates individually wrapped in different coloured foils. There are 4 pink, 6 green
and 8 red. What percentage of the chocolates are wrapped in pink foil?
Write answer as a mixed numeral.

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Your Turn

Percentage Basics

One amount as a percentage of another

Here is what we do if we want to find the remaining percentage amounts:
Twenty five of the thirty people who were rushing for the train successfully caught it. What
percentage of the people missed getting to the train on time?
25 out of 30 caught the train

` ^30 - 25h = 5 out of 30 missed the train

= 6^5 ' 30h # 100 @%
o
= 16.6%
= 16 2 %
3

Decimal percentage
Mixed numeral percentage

` 16 2 % the people rushing for the train missed getting to it on time.

3
13

Three students did not complete their Media homework of watching a TV news broadcast.
What percentage of students completed their homework if there are twenty five students in the class?

14

If thirty five of the sixty seven people at a meeting voted yes on a decision, what percentage voted
no? Answer accurate to 1 decimal place.

15

A movie cinema is showing: four childrens, three action adventure, two romantic comedies, and
five drama movies during one week. What percentage of the movies are not romantic comedies,
rounded to 1 decimal place?

16

19173 of the 41500 supporters at a sports game were barracking for the team that eventually won.
The remaining spectators all supported the team that lost. What percentage of the supporters left
the game disappointed that their team lost?
Write answer as a mixed numeral.

26

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Percentage Basics

Reflection time
Reflecting on the work covered within this booklet:
What useful skills have you gained by learning about percentages?

Write about one or two ways you think you could apply percentages to a real life situation.

If you discovered or learnt about any shortcuts to help with percentages or some other cool facts,
jot them down here:

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Cheat Sheet

Percentage Basics

Here is a summary of some important things to remember for percentage basics

Proper fractions to percentages
Percent (%) = for every (per) 100 (cent)
` 5% = 5 for every 100 = 5
100
Decimals and percentages
Terminating

Recurring

0.05.

0 . 3 3 . 3 3 3 ...
# 100

# 100

0.05

Decimal

Percentage

0.3o

5%

Decimal

Percentage

' 100

' 100

.05.0

0 . 3 3 . 3 3 3 ...

Fractional and decimal percentages

3
200

'2
'2

Initial fraction

Equivalent fraction
(100 in denominator)

1.5
100

#2
#2

Percentage of an amount

Calculate 20% of 10

'of' means #

20
100

# 10

=2

or

0.2 # 10 = 2
One amount as a percentage of another

Score of 16 out of 20

Fraction

Using the equivalent fraction

either

Using the equivalent decimal

= 80
100
Equivalent fraction

= 16
20
or

= 0.8
Equivalent decimal

= 16
20
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= 80%

Percentage

# 100

16 ' 20 # 100

If using a calculator

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o
33.3%

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