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EPA CoST Training Guide

This document provides a training manual and user's guide for the Control Strategy Tool (CoST) software. It describes how to install the CoST client-server system, which uses Java, PostgreSQL database, and Tomcat web/application server. It then explains how to use the main features of CoST, including the Control Measure Manager to view, edit, create and manage data for emission reduction control measures, and the Control Strategy Manager to create, run, and analyze various types of air pollution control strategies. The manual is intended to train users on the capabilities and proper use of the CoST software.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

92 views139 pages

EPA CoST Training Guide

Uploaded by

Manav Anil Jain

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 139

Control Strategy Tool (CoST) Training Manual

and Users Guide

Work Assignment:
Contract No:
OMB Clearance No:
Version:

5-02
EP-D-07-102
2030-0005
1

Prepared for:

David Misenheimer
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
C439-02
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711

Prepared by:

Darin C. Del Vecchio

Institute for the Environment
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
137 E. Franklin St., CB 6116
Chapel Hill, NC 27599-6116

Date delivered: August 1 2012

EMAQ LOE (EPA Contract EP-D-07-102)

CoST Training Manual and Users Guide

Contents
Tables ............................................................................................................................................ iv
Figures ............................................................................................................................................ v
Acronyms ..................................................................................................................................... vii
1

Introduction......................................................................................................................... 1-1

Installing CoST Software and Data .................................................................................. 2-1

2.1 Background on the CoST Client-Server System ......................................................... 2-1
2.2 Downloading the Software Installation Package ......................................................... 2-2
2.3 Installing Java .............................................................................................................. 2-3
2.4 Installing PostgreSQL Database .................................................................................. 2-4
2.5 Installing Tomcat Web/Application Server ................................................................. 2-7
2.6 Installing CoST Application ........................................................................................ 2-9
2.7 (Optional) Removing CoST Installation Package...................................................... 2-11
2.8 Logging in to the EMF ............................................................................................... 2-11

Control Measure Manager................................................................................................. 3-1

3.1 Control Measure Manager ........................................................................................... 3-2
3.2 Viewing Data for an Existing Control Measure ........................................................ 3-11
3.2.1 Viewing the Summary Tab for a Control Measure ....................................... 3-12
3.2.2 Viewing the Efficiencies Tab for a Control Measure .................................... 3-14
3.2.3 Viewing the SCCs Tab for a Control Measure.............................................. 3-18
3.2.4 Viewing the Equations Tab for a Control Measure ....................................... 3-19
3.2.5 Viewing the Properties Tab for a Control Measure....................................... 3-21
3.2.6 Viewing the References Tab for a Control Measure ..................................... 3-23
3.3 Copying a Control Measure ....................................................................................... 3-24
3.4 Editing Control Measure Data ................................................................................... 3-25
3.4.1 Editing the Summary Tab for a Control Measure ......................................... 3-25
3.4.2 Editing the Efficiencies Tab for a Control Measure...................................... 3-27
3.4.3 Editing the SCCs Tab for a Control Measure................................................ 3-30
3.4.4 Editing the Equations Tab for a Control Measure ......................................... 3-32
3.4.5 Editing the Properties Tab for a Control Measure......................................... 3-34
3.4.6 Editing the References Tab for a Control Measure ....................................... 3-37
3.5 Creating a New Control Measure .............................................................................. 3-39
3.6 Finding Available Control Measures for Specific SCCs ........................................... 3-40
3.7 The Pollutant Menu.................................................................................................... 3-41
3.8 The Cost Year Menu .................................................................................................. 3-42
3.9 Importing and Exporting Control Measure Data ....................................................... 3-42

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Control Strategy Manager ................................................................................................. 4-1

4.1 Introduction to Control Strategies ................................................................................ 4-1
4.1.1 Maximum Emissions Reduction Control Strategy .......................................... 4-5
4.1.2 Apply Measures in Series Control Strategy .................................................... 4-5
4.1.3 Least Cost Control Strategy ............................................................................ 4-5
4.1.4 Least Cost Curve Control Strategy .................................................................. 4-6
4.1.5 Annotate Inventory Control Strategy .............................................................. 4-8
4.1.6 Multi-Pollutant Maximum Emissions Reduction Control Strategy ................ 4-9
4.2 Managing Control Strategies ....................................................................................... 4-9
4.2.1 Opening the Control Strategy Manager......................................................... 4-10
4.2.2 Sorting and Filtering Control Strategies ........................................................ 4-11
4.2.3 Copying Control Strategies ........................................................................... 4-12
4.2.4 Removing Control Strategies ........................................................................ 4-12
4.2.5 Creating a New Control Strategy .................................................................. 4-13
4.2.6 Editing Control Strategies ............................................................................. 4-13
4.3 Inputs to Control Strategies ....................................................................................... 4-15
4.3.1 Inputs on the Summary tab ............................................................................ 4-15
4.3.2 Fields Automatically Set by CoST ................................................................ 4-17
4.3.3 Inputs on the Inventories Tab ........................................................................ 4-17
4.3.4 Inputs on the Measures Tab........................................................................... 4-25
4.3.5 Input on Constraints Tab ............................................................................... 4-29
4.4 Running a Strategy and Accessing Its Outputs .......................................................... 4-33
4.4.1 Running a Strategy ........................................................................................ 4-33
4.4.2 Viewing and Editing Properties of the Strategy Outputs .............................. 4-36
4.4.3 Summarizing the Strategy Outputs................................................................ 4-40
4.4.4 Exporting the Strategy Outputs ..................................................................... 4-46
4.4.5 Analyzing the Strategy Outputs .................................................................... 4-46
4.4.6 Creating a Controlled Emissions Inventory .................................................. 4-48
4.4.7 Creating Custom Strategy Outputs ................................................................ 4-50
4.5 Outputs of Control Strategies..................................................................................... 4-50
4.5.1 Strategy Detailed Result ................................................................................ 4-50
4.5.2 Strategy Measure Summary .......................................................................... 4-56
4.5.3 Strategy County Summary ............................................................................ 4-58
4.5.4 Controlled Emissions Inventory .................................................................... 4-59
4.5.5 Strategy Messages ......................................................................................... 4-59
4.6 Summaries of Strategy Inputs and Outputs ............................................................... 4-63

Control Strategy Exercises................................................................................................. 5-1

5.1 Importing an Emissions Inventory (or County List File)............................................. 5-1
5.2 Running a Maximum Emissions Reduction Strategy .................................................. 5-2
5.3 Running a Strategy with a Hypothetical Measure ....................................................... 5-2
5.4 Examining Cobenefits .................................................................................................. 5-3

Example SQL Statements for Creating Row Filters ....................................................... 6-1

References ............................................................................................................................ 7-1

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Tables
Table 3-1. Columns on the Control Measure Manager................................................................ 3-5
Table 3-2. Components on the Summary Tab of the View Control Measure Window............. 3-12
Table 3-3. Components on the Control Measure View Efficiency Record Window ................ 3-16
Table 3-4. Components on the Control Measure Equations Tab ............................................... 3-20
Table 3-5. Components on the Control Measure View Efficiency Record Window ................ 3-22
Table 4-1. Summary of Strategy Algorithms ............................................................................... 4-3
Table 4-2. Key Columns of the Control Strategy Manager ....................................................... 4-11
Table 4-3. Tabs of the Edit Control Strategy Window .............................................................. 4-14
Table 4-4. Fields on the Control Strategy Summary Tab Automatically Set by CoST ............. 4-17
Table 4-5. Tabs of the Dataset Properties View and Edit Windows ......................................... 4-20
Table 4-6. Examples of Row Filters (Data Viewer window) and Inventory Filters
(Inventories tab of the Edit Control Strategy window) ........................................................ 4-23
Table 4-7. Constraints Common to Multiple Control Strategy Types ....................................... 4-29
Table 4-8. Excerpt from the gdplev Table Used to Convert Data between Cost Years ........... 4-51
Table 4-9. Columns in the Strategy Detailed Result.................................................................. 4-52
Table 4-10. Columns in the Strategy Measure Summary .......................................................... 4-57
Table 4-11. Columns in the Strategy County Summary ............................................................ 4-58
Table 4-12. Columns in the Strategy Messages Output ............................................................. 4-60
Table 4-13. Example of Strategy Messages Output................................................................... 4-61
Table 4-14. Example of Strategy Measure Summary Data ....................................................... 4-62
Table 4-15. Example of Strategy County Summary Data ......................................................... 4-62
Table 6-1. Examples of Row Filters (Data Viewer window) and Inventory Filters
(Inventories tab of the Edit Control Strategy window) .......................................................... 6-1

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Figures
Figure 2-1. CoST/EMF Client-Server System ............................................................................. 2-1
Figure 2-2. Installation Package Zip File Folder and File Structure............................................ 2-2
Figure 2-4. Login to the Emissions Modeling Framework Window ........................................ 2-11
Figure 2-5. Register New User Window................................................................................... 2-12
Figure 2-6. EMF Main Window ............................................................................................... 2-13
Figure 3-1. Manage Menu of EMF Main Window ...................................................................... 3-2
Figure 3-2. Control Measure Manager before Control Measures are Loaded ............................. 3-3
Figure 3-3. Control Measure Manager with Control Measures ................................................... 3-4
Figure 3-4. Control Measure Manager showing Control Measure Details .................................. 3-5
Figure 3-5. Filter Rows Dialog .................................................................................................... 3-7
Figure 3-6. Control Measure Manager with Filter Applied ......................................................... 3-8
Figure 3-7. Show/Hide Columns Dialog ..................................................................................... 3-9
Figure 3-8. Format Columns Dialog .......................................................................................... 3-10
Figure 3-9. Summary Tab of View Control Measure Window ................................................. 3-12
Figure 3-10. Efficiencies Tab of View Control Measure Window ............................................ 3-14
Figure 3-11. View Efficiency Record Window ......................................................................... 3-16
Figure 3-12. SCCs Tab of View Control Measure Window ...................................................... 3-19
Figure 3-13. Equations Tab of View Control Measure Window ............................................... 3-20
Figure 3-14. Properties Tab of View Control Measure Window............................................... 3-21
Figure 3-15. View Property Record Window ............................................................................ 3-22
Figure 3-16. References Tab of View Control Measure Window ............................................. 3-23
Figure 3-17. View Reference Record Window.......................................................................... 3-24
Figure 3-18. Summary Tab of Edit Control Measure Window ................................................. 3-26
Figure 3-19. Efficiencies Tab of Edit Control Measure Window .............................................. 3-28
Figure 3-20. Edit Efficiency Record Window ........................................................................... 3-29
Figure 3-21. SCCs Tab of Edit Control Measure Window ........................................................ 3-30
Figure 3-22. Select SCCs and Filter Rows Dialogs ................................................................... 3-31
Figure 3-23. Equations Tab of Edit Control Measure Window ................................................. 3-33
Figure 3-24. Properties Tab of Edit Control Measure Window................................................. 3-35
Figure 3-25. Edit Property Record Window .............................................................................. 3-36
Figure 3-26. References Tab of Edit Control Measure Window ............................................... 3-37
Figure 3-27. Edit Reference Record Window............................................................................ 3-38
Figure 3-28. Add Reference Record Window ........................................................................... 3-39
Figure 3-29. Exporting Control Measures Dialog ..................................................................... 3-43
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Figure 3-30. Browser ................................................................................................................. 3-44

Figure 3-31. Import Control Measures Dialog .......................................................................... 3-46
Figure 4-1. Basic Steps for Running a Control Strategy ............................................................. 4-2
Figure 4-2. Manage Menu of EMF Main Window .................................................................... 4-10
Figure 4-3. Control Strategy Manager Window ........................................................................ 4-10
Figure 4-4. Filter Rows to Show Only Strategies Targeting NOx ............................................. 4-12
Figure 4-5. Summary Tab of Edit Control Strategy Window .................................................... 4-14
Figure 4-6. Inventories Tab of Edit Control Strategy Window ................................................. 4-18
Figure 4-7. Selecting Inventory Datasets for a Control Strategy ............................................... 4-19
Figure 4-8. Dataset Properties View Window for an Emissions Inventory ............................... 4-21
Figure 4-9. Data Viewer for an Emissions Inventory ................................................................ 4-22
Figure 4-10. Measures Tab of Edit Control Strategy Window .................................................. 4-26
Figure 4-11. Dialog to Add Specific Control Measures to a Strategy ....................................... 4-27
Figure 4-12. Measures Tab Showing Specific Measures to Include ......................................... 4-28
Figure 4-13. Constraints Tab of Edit Control Strategy Window ............................................... 4-31
Figure 4-14. Constraints Tab (for Multi-Pollutant Maximum Emission Reduction strategy
type) of Edit Control Strategy Window ............................................................................... 4-32
Figure 4-15. Edit Target Pollutant Dialog of Edit Control Strategy Window ........................... 4-33
Figure 4-16. Outputs Tab of Edit Control Strategy Window for Least Cost Strategy............... 4-35
Figure 4-17. Sample Outputs Tab for a Least Cost Curve Strategy .......................................... 4-36
Figure 4-18. View Data for Strategy Detailed Result ................................................................ 4-37
Figure 4-19. Summary Tab of Dataset Properties Editor .......................................................... 4-38
Figure 4-20. Keywords Tab of Dataset Properties Editor.......................................................... 4-39
Figure 4-21. Summarizing a Strategy Detailed Result .............................................................. 4-41
Figure 4-22. Available QA Summaries for a Strategy Detailed Result ..................................... 4-41
Figure 4-23. Edit QA Step Window to Create a Summary........................................................ 4-42
Figure 4-24. View QA Step Results Window ............................................................................ 4-43
Figure 4-25. KMZ File Generator .............................................................................................. 4-44
Figure 4-26. Analyze Control Strategy Window ....................................................................... 4-47
Figure 4-27. Analyzing a Least Cost Curve Output .................................................................. 4-48
Figure 4-28. Controlled Inventory for Maximum Emissions Reduction Example .................... 4-49
Figure 4-29. Controlled Inventory for Least Cost Curve Example ........................................... 4-49
Figure 4-30. Control Technologies used within a Least Cost Analysis ..................................... 4-65

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Acronyms
AQM ......................... Air Quality Model
CE ............................. Control Efficiency
CMAQ....................... Community Multiscale Air Quality model
CMAS ....................... Community Modeling and Analysis System
CoST ......................... Control Strategy Tool
CPT ........................... Cost per Ton
CRF ........................... Capital Recovery Factor
CSV ........................... Comma-separated values
DBF ........................... D-base Format
EC ............................. Elemental Carbon
EMF .......................... Emissions Modeling Framework
EPA ........................... Environmental Protection Agency
ESRI .......................... Environmental Systems Research Institute (creators of ArcGIS software)
FGD........................... Flue Gas Desulfurization
FGR ............................... Flue gas recirculation

FIPS........................... Federal Information Processing Standards

GDP........................... Gross Domestic Product
GIS ............................ Geographic information system
GUI ........................... Graphical User Interface
HEID ......................... Health and Environmental Impacts Division (of EPA)
IE ............................... Institute for the Environment (University of North Carolina)
LNB........................... Low NOx Burner
NAICS....................... North American Industry Classification System
NEI ............................ National Emissions Inventory
NSCR ........................ Non-Selective Catalytic Reduction
OC ............................. Organic Carbon
O&M ......................... Operating and Maintenance
ORL........................... One record per line
PM10 ......................... Particulate matter with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less
PM2_5 ....................... Particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less
PR .............................. Percent Reduction
RE ............................. Rule Effectiveness
RP .............................. Rule Penetration
SCC ........................... Source Classification Code
SCR ........................... Selective Catalytic Reduction
SIC ............................ Standard Industrial Classification
SNCR ........................ Selective Noncatalytic Reduction
SQL ........................... Structured Query Language
SMOKE..................... Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions modeling system
tpy ............................. Tons per year
UNC .......................... University of North Carolina

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1 Introduction
This document provides a training manual and users guide for the Control Strategy Tool (CoST)
software developed by EPAs Health and Environmental Impacts Division (HEID). CoST allows
users to estimate the emission reductions and costs associated with future-year control scenarios,
and then to generate emission inventories with the control scenarios applied [Misenheimer, 2007;
Eyth, 2008]. CoST tracks information about control measures, their costs, and the types of
emissions sources to which they apply. The purpose of CoST is to support national- and
regional-scale multipollutant analyses. CoST helps to develop control strategies that match
control measures to emission sources using algorithms such as Maximum Emissions
Reduction (for both single- and multiple-target pollutants), Least Cost, and Apply Measures
in Series.
The result of a control strategy run contains information that specifies the estimated cost and
emissions reduction achieved for each control measure-source combination. CoST is an
engineering cost estimation tool for creating controlled inventories and is not currently intended
to model emissions trading strategies, nor is it an economic impact tool. Control strategy results
can be exported to comma-separated-values (CSV) files, Google Earth-compatible (.kmz) files,
or Shapefiles. The results can also be viewed in a graphical table that supports sorting, filtering,
and plotting. The Strategy Detailed Results from a strategy can also be merged with the original
inventory to create controlled emissions inventories datasets that can be exported to files that can
be input to the Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) modeling system, which is
used by EPA to prepare emissions inputs for air quality modeling.
CoST is a component of the Emissions Modeling Framework (EMF), which is currently being
used by EPA to solve many of the long-standing complexities of emissions modeling [Houyoux,
2008]. Emissions modeling is the process by which emissions inventories and other related
information is converted to hourly, gridded, chemically speciated emissions estimates suitable
for input to an air quality model such as the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model.
The EMF supports the management and quality assurance of emissions inventories and
emissions modeling-related data, and also the running of SMOKE to develop CMAQ inputs.
Providing CoST as a tool integrated within the EMF facilitates a level of collaboration between
control strategy development and emissions inventory modeling that was not previously possible.
The concepts that have been added to the EMF for CoST are control measures and control
strategies. Control measures store information about available control technologies and
practices that reduce emissions, the source categories to which they apply, the expected control
efficiencies, and their estimated costs. A control strategy is a set of control measures applied to
emissions inventory sources (in addition to any controls that are already in place) to accomplish
an emissions reduction goal. These concepts are discussed in more detail later in this document.
CoST supports multipollutant analyses and data transparency, and provides a wide array of
options for developing control strategies. CoST uses a Control Measures Database to develop
control strategies, and provides a user interface to that database. CoST has been developed to
replace the older AirControlNET software. It has been applied to develop strategies for criteria
and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). CoST has been used in some very limited analyses for
greenhouse gases (GHGs). The main limiting factors in performing GHG analyses is the
availability of (1) GHG emissions inventories at an appropriate level of detail, and (2) control
measures for GHGs.

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CoST is an extensible software system that provides several types of algorithms for developing
control strategies:

Maximum Emissions Reduction

Multi-Pollutant Maximum Emissions Reduction
Least Cost
Least Cost Curve
Apply Measures in Series

The first four algorithms are typically used for point and area sources; the last one is usually used
for mobile sources, for which most control techniques are independent of one another.
This document provides information on how to use CoST to view and edit control measures and
how to develop control strategies. This includes how to specify the input parameters to control
strategies, how to run the strategies, and how to analyze the outputs from the strategies. For
additional information on other aspects of CoST, please see the following independent
documents:

Control Strategy Tool (CoST) Development Document: describes the algorithms

implemented in the software

Control Strategy Tool (CoST) Control Measures Database Documentation: describes the
contents of the Control Measures Database

Control Strategy Tool (CoST) Cost Equations Documentation: describes how CoST uses
control measure engineering cost equations

These documents, and additional information about CoST, can be found at: http://www.epa.gov/
ttn/ecas/cost.htm. A glossary of terms is included as an appendix to this document.

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2 Installing CoST Software and Data

2.1 Background on the CoST Client-Server System
Because CoST is fully integrated within the EMF, installing CoST is the same as installing the
EMF. There are two parts of the CoST/EMF system: a client and a server. For this guide, it is
assumed that you need to install both the client and the server.
In a client-server system, there is a client portion of the system that runs on your desktop
computer. The CoST/EMF client is a Java program that accesses software running on the
CoST/EMF server. Because it is written in Java, it requires that a recent version of Java be
installed on each users computer. The EMF server runs a PostgreSQL
(http://www.postgresql.org) database that stores information related to emissions modeling,
including emissions inventory datasets and a database of control measures. When a control
strategy is developed, new datasets and summaries of them are created within CoST, and
controlled emissions inventories can optionally be generated. These emissions inventories can be
exported from CoST and then used as inputs to the SMOKE modeling system, which prepares
emissions data for use in the CMAQ model. A schematic of the CoST/EMF client-server system
is shown in Figure 2-1.
Figure 2-1. CoST/EMF Client-Server System

CoST/EMF Clients
CoST/EMF Server

Future
Base Case
Emission
Inventory

Control
Measures
Database

Detailed
and
Summary
Reports

Control
Strategy
Tool

Control
Case
Emission
Inventory

SMOKE

CMAQ

Compute Server

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2.2 Downloading the Software Installation Package

The software installation package is a ZIP file (~250MB) that contains all the relevant supporting
applications and software required to run the CoST system on a Windows-based machine. CoST
requires Java Runtime Environment 6 (also known as JRE 1.6), Tomcat, and PostgreSQL.
The total space required for the software is 5GB. Around 1.5GB of space can be freed at the end
of the installation process. Make sure you have enough storage space (~40-50 GB) available to
allow for future usage with your own custom inventories and control measures in the CoST
system.
The software package can be downloaded via UNCs Community Modeling and Analysis
System (CMAS).
1. Download the installation package at the CMAS software download site:
http://www.cmascenter.org/download/software.cfm

2. Unzip the ControlStrategyTool.zip file into a known folder location.

Figure 2-2 lists the batch file and the folders that are located in the install zip file; these are
described below the figure.
Figure 2-2. Installation Package Zip File Folder and File Structure

Install_EMF.bat - bat file to install the EMF Client and Server

\control_measures - contains measures in the database (note: These are already installed)
\database_backup - contains a backup of the database
\EMF_Client - includes client installation package (all the Java libraries etc.)
\EMF_Server - includes the emf.war file that will be pushed to the tomcat server
\inventories - contains inventories
\java_jre - includes the Java JRE installation package

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\postgresql - includes the PostgreSQL installation package and postgresql jdbc driver
\tomcat - includes the Tomcat installation package

2.3 Installing Java

3. Go to the java_jre directory and double click the executable file, jre-6u30-windowsi586.exe.
Follow the installation steps as illustrated in the following figures.

Click Install to accept the license agreement and start the installation process.

Click Close to finalize the installation process.

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Click I Agree to continue to the next step.

Expand the Tomcat option and check the Service Startup and Native components and
then click Next. Note by checking Service Startup, this important step will make sure
the application server is available on startup when the machine is rebooted.

The default settings are sufficient, click Next to continue to the next step

The default location is sufficient, click Next to continue to the next step.

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The default location is sufficient, click Install to install the Tomcat web server.
Remember this folder for later use in Step 2-6.

Once the program files have been installed click Next to finalize installation process.

When you reach the end, click Finish. The Tomcat application server is now installed
and ready for the CoST system application. This CoST application will be installed in
the next step.

2.6 Installing CoST Application

6. Go to the root directory where the zip file was installed and find the Install_EMF.bat
executable file. Edit the bat file and change the following variables to match your
computers settings:

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SET EMF_CLIENT_DIRECTORY=C:\EMF_State
SET EMF_DATA_DIRECTORY=C:\EMF_State_Data
SET POSTGRESDIR=C:\Program Files\PostgreSQL\9.1
SET TOMCAT_DIR=C:\Program Files\Apache Software Foundation\Tomcat 6.0

The EMF_CLIENT_DIRECTORY variable contains the location where the EMF client
application will be installed. This is the location where you will find the actual program
to run CoST.
The EMF_DATA_DIRECTORY variable contains the location where the EMF data files
(e.g., inventories and control measure import files) will be installed.
The POSTGRESDIR variable contains the location where the PostgreSQL application
was installed.
The TOMCAT_DIR variable contains the location where the Tomcat application was
installed.
7. Next, you will execute the batch file via the command prompt. For Windows 7 and
Vista, right click the command prompt and choose Run as administrator. For Windows
XP, run the command prompt through normal means. Go the root folder of the install
package.
C:\>cd C:\cost_software_installation_root_directotry
From there, execute the Install_EMF.bat by running the follow command:
C:\>C:\cost_software_installation_root_directotry>Install_EMF.bat
Note: This installation process can take around 30-40 minutes to finish. During the
installation process, you will be prompted once (see Figure below) to enter the
PostgreSQL superuser password, postgres. You will be prompted three times to enter
the emf user password, emf. The emf user password will be required when creating the
database, restoring the database backup, and when executing some SQL UPDATE
statements to the new database.

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11. Next, go to the directory containing the EMF client application; this was specified in the
batch file via the EMF_CLIENT_DIRECTORY variable. Edit the EMFClient.bat batch
file to match your computers settings:
set EMF_HOME=Location of EMF client application (e.g., C:\EMF_State see
EMF_CLIENT_DIRECTORY environment from Step 6)
set JAVA_EXE= Location of Java runtime application (e.g., C:\Program Files\Java\jre6\bin\java, note
that the directory is C:\Program Files\Java\jre6\bin and java is the Java runtime application)

12. Run the client by double clicking on the bat file EMFClient.bat. Instead of the using the
default system login, we recommend creating a new user by clicking the Register New
User button as shown in Figure 2-4.

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3 Control Measure Manager

This section demonstrates the features of the Control Measure Manager. The CoST installation
already includes updated area- and stationary-source control measures. These measures can be
used as is during control strategy runs. The client user can also edit these measures, or import
their own measures to be used by CoST.
The Control Measure Manager allows control measure data to be entered, viewed, and edited.
The data that the Control Measure Manager is showing are stored in the Control Measures
Database (CMDB). The CMDB is stored as a set of tables within the EMF database. Control
measures can also be imported from files that are provided in a specific CSV format and
exported to that same format. Control measures store information about control technologies
and practices that are available to reduce emissions, the source categories to which they
apply, the expected control efficiencies, and their estimated costs. In CoST, the control
measures are stored separately from the emission inventory data and are matched with the
emission sources using a list of Source Classification Codes (SCCs) that are specified for each
control measure. The Control Measure Manager has the following major features:

Facilitates storing and maintaining control measure data

Shows minimum, maximum, and average control efficiency, cost per ton (based on year
2006 values), and average rule effectiveness and rule penetration

Displays other control measure attributes (e.g., abbreviation, major pollutant, source
group, equipment life, sectors, class)

Allows import of control measure information into the system from CSV files

Enables export of control measure to CSV files

In this section, you will learn how to:

View, sort, and filter a list of control measures from the Control Measure Manager
window

Find control measure that apply to selected SCCs

View the detailed data available for a control measure, including control efficiencies,
SCCs, cost equations, and properties

Copy control measures

Edit data for control measures

Create new control measures

Filter and display cost and control efficiency information for major and co-benefit
pollutants of the measures

See cost per ton information for different cost years

Export control measures data

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This section is presented as a series of steps so that it can be used as part of a training class
or tutorial on how to use CoST.

3.1 Control Measure Manager

We begin by opening the Control Measure Manager and exploring the buttons and menus in the
upper portion of the window.
1. To open the Control Measure Manager, choose Control Measures from the Manage
menu on the EMF main window (Figure 2-6), as shown in Figure 3-1. The Control
Measure Manager window will appear (Figure 3-2). When the window first appears, it
will be empty. Notice that the window appears within the EMF main window.
Figure 3-1. Manage Menu of EMF Main Window

Description

Pollutant

A pollutant (e.g., NOx, PM10) that the measure might control. Note
that any pollutant-specific information in the row is for this pollutant.

Max, Min, and

Avg CE

Maximum, minimum, and average control efficiencies for the

specified pollutant, aggregated across all locales, effective dates, and
source sizes.

Max, Min, and

Avg CPT

Maximum, minimum, and average cost per ton for the specified
pollutant aggregated across all locales, effective dates, and source
sizes.

Avg Rule Eff.

Average rule effectiveness aggregated across all efficiency records

for the specified pollutant.

Avg Rule Pen.

Average rule penetration aggregated across all efficiency records for

the specified pollutant.

Control
Technology

The control technology that is used for the measure (e.g., Low NOx
burner, Onroad Retrofit).

Source Group

The group of sources to which the measure applies (e.g., Fabricated

Metal Products Welding).

Equipment Life

Expected lifetime (in years) of the equipment used for the measure.

Sectors

An emission sector or set of EPAs emission sectors to which the

measure applies (e.g., ptipm, afdust, nonpoint).A sector represents a
broad group of similar emissions sources.

Class

The class of the measure. Options are Known (i.e., already in use),
Emerging (i.e., realistic, but in an experimental phase), Hypothetical
(i.e., the specified data are hypothetical), and Obsolete (i.e., no longer
in use).

Last Modified
Time

The date and time on which the information about the measure was
last modified in the editor or imported from a file.

Last Modified By

The last user to modify the measure.

Date Reviewed

The date on which the data for the measure were last reviewed.

Creator

The user that created the measure (either from the import process or
by adding it via the New button).

Data Source

A description of the sources or references from which the values

were derived. Temporarily, this is a list of numbers that correspond to
references listed in the References Sheet from when the control
measures were imported.

Description

A textual description of the applicability of the measure and any

other relevant information.

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7. To sort based on data in one of the columns, click on the column header. For example, to
sort based on the average control efficiency of the measure, first you may want to make
the Name column narrower so that the column labeled Avg CE comes into view on
the window, and then click on the column header for the Avg CE column. The table
will now be sorted by the values of Avg CE in descending order. Notice that
information about the currently specified sort is reflected in the line just under the
horizontal scrollbar for the table.
8. If you click on the header of a column (e.g., Avg CE) a second time, the sort order will
be reversed.
9. To perform a multicolumn sort, click the sort button
and then click Add to add an
additional column to sort by (e.g., Name). Notice that you can control whether the sort is
Ascending and whether it is Case Sensitive. Click OK once you have made your
selection. The data should now be sort according to the column(s) you specified.
10. To use a filter to limit the measures shown, click the button on the toolbar that looks
like a filter:

. When you do this the Filter Rows dialog appears (Figure 3-5).

- Enter a criterion for the filter by clicking Add Criteria.

- Click in the cell under Column Name to make a pull-down menu appear, from
which you may choose a column to filter on (e.g., Name).
- Click in the cell under Operation to see the available operations and, if desired,
select an operation (contains is the default).
- Enter a value in the Value cell (e.g., Scrubber). Note that the filter values are
case-sensitive (e.g., Measure names containing scrubber will not match a filter value of
Scrubber).
Figure 3-5. Filter Rows Dialog

11. To add a second criterion click Add Criteria again on the Filter Rows dialog (e.g., enter
Avg CE > 80). Note that if Match using is set to ALL criteria then only rows that
match all the specified criteria will be shown in the table after you click OK. If Match

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using is set to ANY criteria, then rows will be shown in the table if they meet any of the
criteria that are listed.
12. Click OK to close the Filter Rows dialog and to apply the selected filter. Figure 3-6
shows the table that results from the selections shown in Figure 3-5. Notice that the
currently applied filter is reflected in the line under the horizontal scrollbar of the table.
Figure 3-6. Control Measure Manager with Filter Applied

13. Open the filter dialog again by clicking the Filter rows button. Set Match using to ANY
criteria and then click OK to see what effect it has on the measures shown. Hint: you
should see more measures than when Match using is set to ALL criteria.
14. Open the filter dialog again by clicking the Filter rows button. Remove one of criteria by
clicking somewhere in one of the rows shown on the Filter Dialog and then clicking
Delete Criteria. Now click OK to have the less stringent filter take effect.
15. To select all of the control measures that meet your filter criteria, click the Select All
button on the toolbar:
. You will see that the checkboxes in the Select column are
now all filled with checks. You may select or deselect individual measures by clicking
their checkboxes in the Select column. In the next subsection, we will discuss operations
that can be performed on selected measures, such as viewing them and exporting their
data.
16. To unselect all of the measures, click the Clear all the selections button:
see that all of the checks in the Select column are now removed.

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17. To hide some of the columns that are shown in the table, click the Show/Hide columns
button:
. On the Show/Hide Columns dialog that appears (similar to the one shown in
Figure 3-7), uncheck some of the checkboxes in the Show? column and then click OK.
The columns you unchecked will no longer be seen in the table.
Figure 3-7. Show/Hide Columns Dialog

18. Click the Show/Hide columns button again and scroll down through the list of columns
at the top of the dialog to see others that are farther down the list. Select multiple columns
to show or hide by clicking on the first column name of interest, then holding down
the shift key, then clicking a second column name to select the intervening columns,
and then clicking the Show button or the Hide button to either show or hide those
columns.

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If you want to select columns that are not next to each other, you can hold down the
control key when you click your mouse, then when you are finished selecting click Show
or Hide. The remaining buttons on the dialog are not used frequently: (a) Invert will
invert the selection of highlighted columns. (b) The Filter section at the bottom can be
used to locate columns when there are hundreds of column names, but there are no tables
that large used in CoST.
19. Click the Format columns button,
, to open the Format columns dialog and examine
the options for controlling how data in the table are shown. For example, check the
checkboxes in the Format? column for one or more of the column names Avg CE,
Min CE, and Max CE (note that you may first need to unhide the columns if you
hid them in the previous step). Because these columns are all numeric, some controls
used to format numbers will appear in the lower right corner.
Next, change the Font to Arial, the Style to Bold, the Size to 14, the Horizontal
Alignment to Left, the Text Color to blue, the Column Width to 60, and the number
of Decimal Places to 0, and select significant digits. Once you have made all of your
selections, your dialog should look similar to the one in Figure 3-8; if so, click OK. The
columns that you had selected for formatting will have the attributes you specified on the
Format Columns dialog. In practice, this dialog is not used very often, but it can be
particularly helpful to format numeric data by changing the number of decimal places or
the number of significant digits shown.
Figure 3-8. Format Columns Dialog

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20. To remove the specified sort, the row and column filters, and the formatting, click the
Reset button:

21. If you are unsure of what a button does when using CoST, place your cursor over the
button and wait; in many cases, a small piece of text called a tooltip will appear. For
example, place your cursor over one of the buttons on the toolbar and hold it still.
You will see a tooltip describing what the button does. Many of the buttons and fields
used in CoST have tooltips to clarify what they do or what type of data should be entered.
22. If you wish to retrieve an updated set of control measures data from the server, click the
Refresh button at the upper right portion of the Control Measure Manager. Note that this
will also reset any special formatting that you have specified, but any sort and filter
settings will be preserved.

3.2 Viewing Data for an Existing Control Measure

In this section you will learn about viewing the detailed data for a control measure.
23. Before you can open a measure to view its data, you must select a measure of interest.
For example, on the Control Measure Manager, make sure the Pollutant Filter is set to
PM10, and then in the table locate the control measure and Source Group named Dry
Electrostatic Precipitator-Wire Plate Type;(PM10) Commercial Institutional Boilers
- Coal.
Hint: Using a filter on the name field to show measures with names that include Wire
may make it easier to find.
24. Click the checkbox in the Select column next to the measure you want to examine and
click the View button. The View Control Measure window will appear (Figure 3-9).
There are several tabs available on the window; the Summary tab will be shown by
default.

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Figure 3-9. Summary Tab of View Control Measure Window

3.2.1 Viewing the Summary Tab for a Control Measure

The Summary tab of the View Control Measure window contains high-level summary
information about the measure. Table 3-2 shows brief descriptions of the fields on this
tab.
Table 3-2. Components on the Summary Tab of the View Control Measure Window
Component
Name
Description
Abbreviation

Creator
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Description
A unique name that typically includes both the control technology used
and the group of sources to which the measure applies.
A description of the applicability of the measure and any other relevant
information.
A 10-character unique abbreviation that is used to assign the control
measure to sources in the inventory. Ideally, the abbreviation should be
somewhat readable so that the user has some idea of what type of
measure it is from reading the abbreviation (e.g., the DESP in
PDESPIBCL is short for Dry Electrostatic Precipitator, the IB is short
for Industrial Boiler, and the CL is short for Coal).
The name of the user who imported or created the measure.
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Component
Last Modified
Time
Last Modified
By
Major
Pollutant
Control
Technology
Source Group

NEI Device
Code
Class

Equipment
Life
Date
Reviewed
Sectors

Months

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Description
The date and time on which the information about the measure was last
modified in the editor or imported from a file.
The last user to modify the measure.
The pollutant most controlled by the measure. This is used to group the
measures only, and has no impact on how the measure is assigned to
sources.
The control technology that is used for the measure (e.g., Low NOx
burner). You can type a new entry into this field and then choose it from
the pull-down menu in the future.
The group of sources to which the measure applies (e.g., Fabricated
Metal Products Welding). You can type a new entry into this field and
then choose it from the pull-down menu in the future.
The numeric code used in the NEI to indicate that the measure has been
applied to a source. A cross-reference table to match the control measure
abbreviations and NEI Device Codes to one another may be created.
The class of the measure. Options are Known (i.e., already in use),
Emerging (i.e., realistic, but in an experimental phase), Hypothetical (i.e.,
the specified data are hypothetical), Obsolete (i.e., no longer in use), and
Temporary (i.e., the specified data are temporary and should be used
only for testing purposes).
The expected life of the control measure equipment, in years.
The date on which the data for the measure were last reviewed.
An emissions modeling sector or set of emissions modeling sectors to
which the measure applies. A sector represents a broad group of similar
emissions sources.
The month(s) of the year to which the control measure is applicable. This
is either All Months or a list of individual months (e.g., March, April,
and May for measures applicable only in spring months).

25. When viewing a control measure (as opposed to editing a control measure), you cannot
make changes to any of the selections. However, you can review the available selections
for some fields. Click the arrows next to the fields Major Pollutant, Control
Technology, Source Group, and Class to see the available options for each of these
fields. Note that if you make a selection that differs from the original value on one of
these menus, the new value will not be saved when you close the window because you
are only viewing the measure data.

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3.2.2 Viewing the Efficiencies Tab for a Control Measure

26. Click on the Efficiencies tab to see the data that are available from this tab. You will see
a table with many columns. Each row in the table corresponds to a different efficiency
record in the database. An efficiency record contains cost and control efficiency
information about the control measure. In the example shown in Figure 3-10, notice that
the control efficiency and cost data (CPT) vary by pollutant. Scroll to the right to see
some of the other columns in the table that are not immediately visible.
If the cost or control efficiency varies over region or time, it is possible to specify
different records in the table for each Locale (i.e., state or county) or for each Effective
Date if the measure will be phased in over time. Different efficiency records can also
be entered to account for different source sizes using the Min Emis and Max Emis
columns.
Figure 3-10. Efficiencies Tab of View Control Measure Window

The Row Limit and Row Filter fields are helpful when there are hundreds or thousands of
efficiency records (e.g., some data may be county specific and available for multiple
pollutants). The Row Limit is the maximum number of records that will be displayed on the
page. For example, if there were thousands of records, it could take a long time to transfer all

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of those data from the server, so by default only 100 records will be transferred if the Row
Limit is set to 100.
27. To see how the Row Filter works, enter Pollutant=PM10 into the text field and then
click Apply. You will see only the record for PM10. These filters follow the syntax that
can be used in a Structured Query Language (SQL) WHERE clause. Note that the filter
may not seem necessary in this particular example that only has a few records, but if this
measure had entries for every county and pollutant as some mobile measure may have,
then the filter can be very helpful to wade through all the records. If desired, you may try
some other filters with this measure, such as:
Pollutant like 'PM%', Pollutant='PM10', or
Control Efficiency > 95.
Here are some examples of other types of filters that you may find useful that illustrate
other aspects of the syntax, although they may not all be applicable to this particular
measure:

Pollutant <> 'PM10'

Locale LIKE '37%'
Pollutant IN ('EXH__CO', 'EXH__VOC', 'EXH__PM10')

28. To see the data for an efficiency record in their own window: In the Select column,
check the checkbox for the PM2_5 efficiency record and click View. A View
Efficiency Record window will appear (Figure 3-11). The fields of the efficiency record
are shown in Table 3-3.
Notice that most of the fields in Figure 3-11 are set using text fields. The Ref Yr Cost
Per Ton Reduced is shown with a label because this value is automatically computed
for the reference year (currently 2006) according to the cost year and the specified Cost
Per Ton Reduced. Note that the cost per ton reduced should take into account the
specified rule effectiveness and rule penetration, which dilute the effectiveness of the
control measure, but are not taken into account when the Ref Yr Cost Per Ton Reduced
is computed. Other fields that are labels are Last Modified By and Last Modified
Time. These fields are automatically updated and tracked by CoST when someone edits
the efficiency record, although editing is done from the Edit Efficiency Record window
instead of the View Efficiency Record window.
Note: The efficiency records must be unique according to the contents of the
following fields: Pollutant, Locale, Effective Date, Minimum Emissions, Maximum
Emissions, and Existing Measure Abbreviation. This means that two records cannot have
the same values for all of these fields.

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Figure 3-11. View Efficiency Record Window

Table 3-3. Components on the Control Measure View Efficiency Record Window
Component
Pollutant

Locale

Effective
Date

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Description
The pollutant for which this record applies (emissions are either
decreased or increased). An asterisk appears beside this field because a
value for it must be specified.
A two-digit FIPS state code, or a five-digit FIPS county code, to denote
that the information on the row is relevant only for a particular state or
county. If left blank, it is assumed to apply to all states and counties.
The month, day, and year on which the record becomes effective. The
system will find the record with the closest effective date that is less than
or equal to the date of the analysis. If this is left blank, the record is
assumed to apply to any date.

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Component
Existing
Measure
Abbreviation

Existing NEI
Device Code
Cost Year
Cost per Ton
Reduced
Capital to
Annual Ratio
Ref Yr Cost
per Ton
Reduced
Control
Efficiency

Minimum
Emissions
Maximum
Emissions
Rule
Effectiveness

Rule
Penetration
Equation
Type

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Description
This field should be populated when the data on the row are provided,
assuming that a control measure has already been applied to the source.
The contents of the field should be the control measure abbreviation that
corresponds to the existing measure. The reason for this field is that the
efficiency of and cost of applying the measure may vary when there is
already a control measure installed on a source.
This is used in conjunction with Existing Measure and should specify the
device code used in the NEI that corresponds to the currently installed
device.
The year for which the cost data are provided.
The cost to reduce each ton of the specified pollutant.
The ratio of capital costs to annual costs. Applicable only for equationbased annualized costs.
The cost per ton to reduce the pollutant in 2006 dollars.

The [median] control efficiency (in units of percent reduction) that is

achieved when the measure is applied to the source, exclusive of rule
effectiveness and rule penetration. An asterisk is shown next to the field
because a value for the field is required, whereas other fields are optional.
Eventually, statistical distributions for percent reduction may be provided
to facilitate uncertainty analysis. Note that there are sometimes
disbenefits for certain pollutants as a result of the control device, so
control efficiency can be negative to indicate that the amount of a
pollutant actually increased.
The lower limit of emissions from the inventory required for the control
measure to be applied.
The upper limit of emissions from the inventory for the control measure
to be applied.
The ability of a regulatory program to achieve all the emissions
reductions that could have been achieved by full compliance with the
applicable regulations at all sources at all times. A rule effectiveness of
100% means that all sources are fully complying at all times. Rule
effectiveness can sometimes vary by locale.
The percent of sources that are required to implement the control
measure. Rule penetration might vary over time as a new rule is phased
in gradually, and can sometimes vary by locale.
The type of cost equation to use.

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Component
Capital
Recovery
Factor
Discount
Rate
Incremental
CPT
Last
Modified By
Last
Modified
Time
Details

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Description
The capital recovery factor to use. Applicable only for equation-based
annualized costs.
The discount rate used to compute the capital recovery factor. Applicable
only for equation-based annualized costs.
The cost to reduce a ton of the specified pollutant, when applied on top of
an existing measure at an emissions source.
The last user to modify the efficiency record.
The last date and time a user modified the efficiency record.

Text that specifies information about the source of data for this row or
reason they were changed.

Description
The value of the property.

3.2.6 Viewing the References Tab for a Control Measure

36. Click on the References tab to see the data that are available from this tab (Figure 3-16).
You will see a table with two columns. Each row in the table corresponds to a different
reference record in the database. A reference record stores source and reference
information that help create the control measure.
Figure 3-16. References Tab of View Control Measure Window

37. To see the data for a reference record in their own window: In the Select column,
check the checkbox for the first reference record and click View. A View Reference
Record window will appear (Figure 3-17). Notice that only field in Figure 3-17 is the
actual source/reference description that can be entered into a text field.
When you are done examining the information on the View Reference Record Window,
click Close.

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Figure 3-17. View Reference Record Window

3.3 Copying a Control Measure

In addition to viewing existing control measure data, it is possible to create new control
measures in CoST. One way to create a new measure is to copy an existing control measure
and then edit its data.
38. To copy a measure, we first need to find a measure that we want to copy. Start by
clicking the Reset button (
) on the toolbar of the Control Measure Manager to
remove any previously specified filters.
39. Next, uncheck the Show Details button at the top of the Control Measure Manager (to
speed the data transfer) and set the Pollutant Filter at the top of the Control Measure
Manager to the pollutant of interest (e.g., for the training pick NOX). For training
purposes, find the measure named Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction; ICI Boilers Natural Gas. Hint: You may want to apply a filter to the manager to make it easier to
find this specific measure.
40. Once you have found the measure you wish to copy, check the corresponding checkbox
in the Select column and then click the Copy button. CoST will create a new control
measure called Copy of the starting measure name your name unique #. A unique
abbreviation was also automatically generated for the measure.
41. To see your new control measure in the Control Measure Manager, Scroll to the top of
the window. If you do not see the measure, click the Refresh button at the top right of
the manager - this causes the manager to obtain updated data from the server. Note: if
you still do not see the measure named Copy of Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction; ICI
Boilers you may have a filter applied that is preventing this from showing up. If that is
the case, you would need to remove the filter to see your newly copied measure.

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42. If you wish, you may view the contents of your new measure at this time by selecting it
and clicking the View button, but we will edit the data for the new measure in the next
section, so you may not need to view it now.

3.4 Editing Control Measure Data

CoST allows you to edit the data on each of the tabs for a control measure that you created,
but not for measures that you did not create, unless you are an Administrator.
43. Find a measure that you want to edit. First, click the Clear all the selections button to
unselect any measures you may have worked with previously:
For training purposes,
find the new measure you just created using the copy button (Section 3.3) in the Control
Measure Manager and check the corresponding button in the Select column. Now,
click Edit to edit the data for the control measure. The Edit Control Measure window will
appear (Figure 3-18).

3.4.1 Editing the Summary Tab for a Control Measure

Like the View Control Measure window, the Edit Control Measure window has six tabs, and
the Summary tab is shown by default. The main difference between the View and Edit
windows is that you can actually change things from the Edit window, rather than just
viewing the information.
Notice that most of the fields have white backgrounds, which usually indicates that the field
is editable; fields that are not contained within boxes are set by the software and cannot be
changed by the user. In addition, there are Add and Remove buttons for the lists of Sectors
and Months.

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Figure 3-18. Summary Tab of Edit Control Measure Window

44. Change the Name of the newly created measure to reflect the name of the new measure
you intended to create (e.g., you might change the part of the name that deals with the
affected sources, such as Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction; ICI Boilers - Natural
Gas and Oil). Recall that measure names must be unique.
45. When the measure was copied, the abbreviation was set to a number that was known to
be unique so that it could be saved in the database. At this point, you should replace the
automatically generated Abbreviation for the new measure with one that has some
meaning to you (e.g., NSNCRIBNGO). Try to follow a similar naming convention as
the other measures, but your new abbreviation must be unique in the database.
46. Edit the fields of the measure as desired. For training purposes, change the
Equipment Life to 10, and the Date Reviewed to todays date, set the Class to
Emerging, and make any other changes you wish, such as entering a more detailed
Description.
47. Next click the Add button under the Sectors list to add another sector for the measure.
For example, from the Select Sectors dialog, choose ptipm (i.e., point sources handled by
the Integrated Planning Model) and click OK. You will then see the new sector added to

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the list of applicable sectors. Note that the sectors listed here are informational only; they
do not affect the use of the measure in control strategies in any way.
48. To remove a sector, click on the sector in the list and click Remove and it will no longer
appear on the list.
49. Adding and removing Months works similarly to adding and removing sectors. For
training purposes, specify some specific months to which the measure should apply (e.g.,
March, April, and May).
Note: the feature of setting specific months for which a measure applies is effective
when you are applying measures to monthly emission inventories. Specifying
months in this way is not effective when you are applying measures to annual
emission inventories.
50. To set the months back to All Months, select all of the months in the Months list by
clicking on the first month and then going to the last month and doing shift-click with
your mouse. Then click Remove.
51. Option to discard your changes: Now that you have changed information for the
measure, notice that an asterisk (*) appears after the measure name in the title for the
window. This means that CoST is aware that you have made changes. If you try to Close
a window on which you have made changes to the data without saving it, CoST will ask
you Would you like to discard the changes and close the current window? If you want
to discard (i.e., undo) ALL of the changes made since you started editing the measure,
click Yes. If you prefer to not to close the window so that your changes stay in-tact, click
No. For training purposes, click No.

3.4.2 Editing the Efficiencies Tab for a Control Measure

52. Go to the Efficiencies tab of the Edit Control Measure Window (Figure 3-19). The
buttons on the Efficiencies tab of the Edit window are different from those on the View
window. The available buttons are Add, Edit, and Remove. Notice the efficiency record
for the measure shown in Figure 3-19 is for only one pollutant, and that this record can be
applied only to sources emitting at least 25 tons/yr as specified in the Min Emis field.

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Figure 3-19. Efficiencies Tab of Edit Control Measure Window

53. Scroll to the right to examine additional fields on the window. Note that more of the
fields are filled in than we saw for the PM measure that we examined in Section 3.2. The
additional data allow CoST to compute the capital and operating and maintenance
(O&M) costs in addition to overall annualized costs when this measure is used in a
control strategy.
54. To edit an efficiency record, check the corresponding checkbox in the Select column and
then click Edit. The Edit Efficiency Record window will appear (Figure 3-20).

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Figure 3-20. Edit Efficiency Record Window

55. You can edit the values for the efficiency record as needed to reflect your new control
measure. For training purposes, enter 5000 as the value for Maximum Emissions, then
click Save. Notice that this value has been updated in the table in the Edit Control
Measure window. This means that the record will apply only to sources that emit between
25 and 5000 tons of NOx each year.
56. To add a new efficiency record, click Add. You will need to fill in the appropriate values
in the Add Efficiency Record window that appears. For training purposes, select CO2 as
the pollutant. Specify 06 as the Locale, 01/01/2015 as the Effective Date, and 10 as the
control efficiency. When you are finished, click Save. A new row should appear in the
table in the Edit Control Measure window. The effect of adding this record is to note that
there is a 10% reduction to CO2 when this control measure is applied, but only in
California (FIPS=06) starting on 01/01/2015.
57. To remove one or more efficiency records, click the corresponding checkboxes and then
click Remove to remove those records. For training purposes, click the checkbox in the
Select column for the record for CO2 that you just added. Next, click Remove to
remove that record. When ask to confirm if you are sure you want to remove the selected
record, click Yes. The record should disappear from the table.
When costs are specified for multiple efficiency records: If you have cost per ton values
specified for multiple efficiency records, they are additive when they are used in a control
strategy. For example, if a CPT is specified for both NOx and VOC for a measure, the total
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cost of applying the measure is the sum of (1) the cost per ton for NOx times the NOx
emissions reduced and (2) the cost per ton for VOC times the VOC emissions reduced.

3.4.3 Editing the SCCs Tab for a Control Measure

63. To remove equation information, click the Remove button. You will see a dialog that
says Are you sure you want to remove the equation information? So that you can see
how removing and resetting equation information works using the copied version of the
measure, click Yes. You will then see all of the equation information removed from the
Equations tab.
64. To add equation information to the measure, click the Add button on the Equations tab.
You will see a Select Equation Type dialog. Click the pull-down menu to see the
available types of equationsthere are at least eight different types and select the desired
equation type. For training purposes, select Type 1 EGU. You will see that there are
eight variables for this equation type. Note that the variables differ somewhat from the
variables for the Type 13 equation shown in Figure 3-23, and that the Type 1 equation is
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Figure 3-27. Edit Reference Record Window

75. You can edit the value for the reference record as needed to reflect your new control
measure. For training purposes, add some additional text to the Description, then click
Save.
76. To add a new reference to the control measure, click Add in the References tab, and the
Add Reference Record window will appear (Figure 3-28). You will need to either
choose a reference that already exists in the database, or add a new reference.
To choose an existing reference, click on the Use existing reference option and then
search for the reference by filling in the Text contains field, then click Search. When
you have located the correct reference, select the reference, and click Save to add the
reference. For this step, a new reference will be created instead of adding an existing one.
The next paragraph explains how to create a new reference.
To create a new reference, click on the Create new reference option and then type the
reference in the Description field, then click Save to add the reference. For training
purposes, click on Create new reference and then specify sample technical reference
for the Description. When you are finished, click Save. A new row should appear in the
table in the Edit Control Measure window.

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The Cost Year menu near the bottom of the Control Measure Manager controls the cost year
for which the cost data are shown in the manager. The default cost year is 2006. The cost
data are converted between cost years using the Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Implicit
Price Deflator, issued by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.
Details of the computation used are given in the Control Strategy Tool (CoST)
Development Document.
96. Change the cost year in the Cost Year menu from 2006 to an earlier year (e.g., 2000).
You will see that the CPT information decreases. If you then change the cost year to a
later year than the current setting (e.g., 2005), the CPT information increases.
Note that due to the method used to convert the costs between years, it is not possible to
show costs for a future year (e.g., 2025); costs can be shown only for years prior to the
current year. Also note that there is a 1- to 2-year lag between the current year and the
latest available cost year data, so you cannot specify the current year in this field.
Note that if an equation is specified for a measure, and there are no default CPT data
available for that measure, the CPT will not be shown in the Control Measure Manager
because it must be applied to an emissions source for the cost to be computed.

3.9 Importing and Exporting Control Measure Data

It is possible to export control measure data to a set of CSV files. To do this, you first need to
identify a set of control measures for which you wish to export data. You can export
measures based on specifically selected control measures via the Control Measure Manager,
or you can export measures associated to a certain sector.
97. For example, to export some measures that control PM10, set the Pollutant Filter on the
Control Measure Manager to PM10. Next, use the Filter Rows button the toolbar and
enter the following criterion: Name contains Fabric Filter. You should see about 52
measures in the manager.

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98. Click the Select all button on the Control Measure Manager toolbar, and then click the
Export button. The Exporting Control Measures dialog (Figure 3-29) will appear.
To export by selected measures, select the Export By Measure option . The list of
measures displayed for export are the same measures that were chosen from the Control
Measure Manager. Note its not necessary to click the Select checkboxes for these
measures, all measures shown in the list will be exported regardless if they checked or
not. To export by control measure sector, select the Export By Sector option, then
choose the various sectors to include in the export process.
For training purposes export by measure, so make sure the Export By Measure option is
selected to export just the preselected measures from the Control Measure Manager.
To specify the folder (i.e., directory) into which the CSV files will be written, type the
folder name into the Folder text field (or paste it in using Control-V). Alternatively, you
may use the Browse button to bring up the file and directory browser shown in Figure
3-30. To specify an export file prefix when naming the new export files, type the prefix
into the Prefix text field.
Figure 3-29. Exporting Control Measures Dialog

Figure 3-31. Import Control Measures Dialog

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4 Control Strategy Manager

This section demonstrates the features of the Control Strategy Manager. The Control Strategy
Manager allows control strategies to be created, edited, copied, and removed. A control strategy
is a set of control measures applied to emissions inventory sources (in addition to any
controls that are already in place) to accomplish an emissions reduction goal. Such goals are
usually set to improve air quality and/or to reduce risks to human health. In this section, you will
learn how to:

View, sort, and filter a list of control strategies from the Control Strategy Manager
window

Create control strategies

Edit control strategies to specify their inputs and parameters

Run control strategies

Copy control strategies

Remove control strategies

Analyze and summarize outputs from control strategies

This section is presented as a series of steps so that it may be used as part of a training class or as
a tutorial on how to use CoST. The numbered steps are the ones you are expected to perform,
while other material is provided for documentation purposes.

4.1 Introduction to Control Strategies

CoST automates the key steps for preparing control strategies. The purpose of developing control
strategies is to answer questions about which sources can be controlled and how much the
application of those controls might cost. For example, suppose you have a goal to reduce NOx
emissions for the Southeast in 2030 by 100,000 tons per year. CoST can help answer questions
related to this goal, such as:

What is the maximum emissions reduction achievable for NOx (i.e., is my reduction
goal less than the maximum possible reduction?), and what set of controls will achieve
this reduction?

What set of controls can achieve the goal at the least cost?

What does the cost curve look like for other levels of reduction?

What emissions reductions for the target pollutant would be achieved?

What are the emission reductions or increases for other pollutants of interest?

What are the engineering costs of applying the controls for a specific strategy?

What control measures are available for specific source categories and pollutants, how
much reduction does each one provide, and for what cost?

A future goal for CoST is to be able to answer this question: What is the optimum method for
achieving simultaneous targeted reductions for multiple pollutants?

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CoST can help answer the above questions when users set up and run one or more control
strategies. A diagram of the basic steps for running a control strategy is shown in Figure 4-1. As
illustrated in that figure, the inputs to a control strategy consist of:

a set of parameters that control how the strategy is run

one or more emissions inventory datasets (that have already been loaded into the EMF)

filters to limit the sources included from those datasets

filters to limit which control measures are to be included in the strategy analysis

constraints that limit the application of measures to specific sources based on the
resulting costs or emissions reduction achieved
Figure 4-1. Basic Steps for Running a Control Strategy

1) Input Basic Parameters (e.g.):

Type of Analysis

Outputs:

Cost Year
Target Pollutant

Detailed
Pairing of
Measures to
Sources

2) Select Strategy Algorithm (e.g.):

Maximum Emissions Reduction

Least Cost

6) Run
Strategy
Query

Least Cost Curve

Apply Measure In Series
3) Select Inventory Dataset(s):

Sectors (EGUs, point, area,

mobile)

Projection year (2020, 2030)

Filters for specific SCCs,
geographic areas, etc.

Control
Case
Emissions
Inventory
Various
Summary
Files

4) Select Control Measures:

Default is to include known measures

Can select certain technologies
5) Select Constraints (e.g.):

Max cost/ton controls (e.g.,

$20K/ton)

Min emissions size (e.g., 10 tpy)

Once the inputs have been defined, the strategy can be run on the EMF server. The method by
which the measures are associated with the strategies depends on the algorithm that has been
selected for the strategy. At this time, six algorithms are available to determine how measures are
assigned to sources:

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Annotate Inventory: assigns control measures to the inventory based on the control
efficiency specified for each source, and can be used to fill in control measure
information for inventory sources that are missing these details but have a control
efficiency assigned.

Apply Measures in Series: assigns all control measures that can be used for a source in
the specified order; this is often used for mobile sources, for which the control measures
are typically independent of one another.

Least Cost: each source can be assigned only a single measure to achieve a specified
percent or absolute reduction for the sources included in the strategy run, with the
minimum possible annualized cost.

Least Cost Curve: performs least-cost runs iteratively at multiple percent reductions so
that a cost curve can be developed that shows how the annualized cost increases as the
level of desired reduction increases.

Maximum Emissions Reduction: assigns to each source the single measure (if a
measure is available for the source) that provides the maximum reduction to the target
pollutant, regardless of cost.

Multi-Pollutant Maximum Emissions Reduction: assigns all control measures that can
be used for a source based on a specific target pollutant order (e.g., NOx first, PM10
second, VOC third, and SO2 last). Each source target pollutant can be assigned only a
single measure, and it must be the one that provides the maximum reduction, regardless
of cost. If a sources target pollutant was already controlled via a co-impact from a
measure applied during a previous target pollutant iteration, then no additional control
will be chosen for that specific sources target pollutant (e.g., if a NOx measure also
controlled VOC as a co-impact, during the VOC iteration no measure would be attempted
for this source, since it was already controlled via the co-impact).

Some of the key aspects of each of the strategy types are summarized in Table 4-1, and some
additional information on each strategy type is provided in the following subsections.
Table 4-1. Summary of Strategy Algorithms
Strategy Type
Annotate Inventory

Multiple
Inventories
Processed
independently

Apply Measures in
Series

Processed
independently

Least Cost

Will be merged

Least Cost Curve

Will be merged

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Typical
Sectors
Area,
nonpoint
Mobile:
Onroad,
nonroad
Area,
nonpoint
Area,
nonpoint

Measure
Assignment
One per source

Standard

Multiple per
source

Standard

One per source

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Standard, Least Cost Control Measure Worksheet

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Inventories

Strategy Type

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Typical
Sectors

Maximum
Emissions
Reduction

Processed
independently

Area,
nonpoint

Multi-Pollutant
Maximum
Emissions
Reduction

Processed
independently

Area,
nonpoint

Measure
Assignment
One per source,
to achieve
maximum
reduction of
target pollutant
One per source
target pollutant;
based on
specified target
pollutant order;
could be multiple
per source

Outputs
Standard

Standard

After the strategy run is complete, several outputs are associated with the strategy. The main
CoST output for each control strategy is a table called the Strategy Detailed Result. This
table consists of emission source-control measure pairings, each of which contains information
about the cost and emission reduction that would be achieved if the measure were to be applied
to the source. If multiple inventories were processed by the strategy, then there will be one
Strategy Result for each input inventory, unless the inventories were merged for a least cost run
(as indicated in the Multiple Inventories column Table 4-1). Also, there will be at least one
Strategy Detailed for each of the least cost iterations performed as part of a Least Cost Curve
run. In addition to the Strategy Detailed Result, two other outputs are produced for each strategy
run: the Strategy County Summary (which includes uncontrolled and controlled emissions), and
the Strategy Measure Summary (which summarizes how control measures were applied for each
sector-county-SCC-Pollutant combination). These three outputs are referred to in Table 4-1 as
the Standard outputs.
The Strategy Detailed Result table itself can be summarized on-demand in many ways using
predefined summary queries (e.g., by state, by county, by control technology). Users familiar
with SQL can also define their own custom queries. The Strategy Detailed Result table can also
be merged with the original input inventory, in an automated manner, to produce a controlled
emissions inventory that reflects implementation of the strategy. The controlled emissions
inventory includes information about the measures that have been applied to the controlled
sources and can be directly input to the SMOKE modeling system to prepare air quality modelready emissions data. Comments are placed at the top of the inventory file to indicate the
strategy that produced it and the settings of the high-level parameters that were used to run the
strategy.
Detailed information on specifying control strategy input parameters is given in Section 4.3.1.
Section 4.3.2 discusses fields automatically set by CoST. Section 4.3.3 addresses inventories and
inventory filtering. Section 4.3.4 discusses control measure filtering and custom overrides.
Constraints are discussed in Section 4.3.5. Running a strategy and accessing its outputs are
discussed in Section 4.4. Documentation for the various types of strategy outputs is given in
Section 4.5, and information about summaries of strategy inputs and outputs is given in Section
4.6.

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4.1.1 Maximum Emissions Reduction Control Strategy

The Maximum Emissions Reduction control strategy is the simplest of the strategy algorithms. It
assigns to each source the single control measure that provides the maximum reduction to the
target pollutant, regardless of cost. The strategy produces the three standard types of strategy
outputs, including a Strategy Detailed Result for each input inventory.

4.1.2 Apply Measures in Series Control Strategy

The Apply Measures in Series control strategy applies all relevant controls to a source, as
opposed to the Maximum Emission Reduction strategy, where only the most relevant measure
(with the best possible reduction for lowest cost) is applied to the source. The Apply Measures
in Series strategy is typically used for mobile sources, for which the input inventories are often
average day inventories specific to a given month, and for which there are often multiple
independent controls available for each source. Therefore, the measures are applied to the source
in series, one after the other. The order of application is based on the user-specified apply
order, but the system also considers the lowest cost and greatest control efficiency. Thus, the
cost factor in terms of dollars per ton of pollutant reduced is used to calculate the annualized cost
of the control measure when applied to a specific source.
The three standard types of outputs are generated after a successful strategy run: a Strategy
Detailed Result for each input inventory, a single Strategy Measure Summary, and a single
Strategy County Summary. Note that when input inventories contain average-day emissions data
for a month, the corresponding Strategy Detailed Result datasets will specify total monthly
emissions as opposed to average day emissions for each source; otherwise they will specify
annual emissions. The total monthly emissions are calculated by multiplying the average day
emissions by the number of days in the month. Regarding the two types of summary outputs, if
the input datasets have data for each of the 12 months, the summaries will provide annual
emissions.

4.1.3 Least Cost Control Strategy

The Least Cost strategy type assigns measures to emissions sources to achieve a specified
percent reduction or absolute reduction of a target pollutant for sources in a specified geographic
region while incurring the minimum possible annualized cost. This algorithm is similar to the
maximum emissions reduction strategy in that only a single measure is applied to each source.
For example, one measure might be selected for a source when trying to reduce the target
pollutant by 20%. However, if you were trying to obtain a 40% reduction of the target pollutant,
another more expensive measure that achieves a higher level of control might be selected for the
same source to meet the targeted level of reduction. If multiple inventories are specified as inputs
to a Least Cost strategy, they are automatically merged into one EMF dataset as an ORL Merged
dataset type. This allows the multiple inventory sectors to be considered simultaneously during
a single Least Cost run. Note that the merged inventory dataset will be truncated and repopulated
at the start of each strategy run, to ensure that the most up to date inventory data is included in
the run.
The Least Cost strategy automatically creates the same three standard output datasets, but it also
creates an additional output dataset called the Least Cost Control Measure Worksheet. This
output is a table of all possible emission source-control measure pairings (for sources and
measures that meet the respective filters specified for the strategy), each of which contains
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information about the cost and emission reduction achieved if the measure was to be applied to
the source. Examples of these tables are given in Section 4.5. This dataset will be used to help
generate a single Strategy Detailed Result (no matter how many input inventories were
processed) once the optimization process has been performed to achieve the desired reduction.
This dataset has the all of the same columns as the Strategy Detailed Result (see Table 4-9), in
addition to the following columns:

marginal: This column stores the marginal cost (dollars are given based on the specified
cost year) for the source-measure record. This is calculated according to the following
equation:
marginal cost = annual cost (for specified cost year) / emission reduction (tons)
Note that cost equations are used to compute the annual cost, when applicable and all
required input data is available. For target pollutant source-control pair records, the
annual cost will be the total of the annual costs for the target pollutant and any costs
associated with cobenefit pollutants.

status: This column contains a flag that helps determine which source-control records
should be actively considered during the strategy run.

cum_annual_cost: This column contains the cumulative annual cost for the source and
all preceding sources that have been included in the strategy (i.e., for which status is
null). This is only specified for target pollutant sources, but it also includes costs
associated with cobenefit pollutants.

cum_emis_reduction: This column contains the cumulative emission reduction for the
source and all preceding sources that have been included in the strategy (i.e., for which
status is null). This is only calculated for target pollutant sources. The emission
reduction is cumulated by following the apply_order in an ascending order.

If multiple input inventories are used for the least cost strategy run and the user requests to create
controlled inventories, there will be one controlled inventory created for each of the input
inventories.

4.1.4 Least Cost Curve Control Strategy

The purpose of the Least Cost Curve strategy type is to iteratively run Least Cost strategies so
that a cost curve of can be generated. Typically, a cost curve will show has the total cost of
emissions reduction and the cost per ton of emissions reduction increases as the desired level of
reduction increases. The input inventories are treated in the same way as the least cost run in
that the data from the inventories will be put together into an ORL Merged inventory prior to
performing any of the runs. The inventory filters and measure filters work in the same way as
they do for the other strategy types, as do the constraints that apply to all strategy types. The
main difference between the Least Cost and Least Cost Curve strategy types is in the
specification of constraints. Instead of specifying a single percent reduction or absolute
emissions reduction, three new constraints are used to control the run:

Domain-wide Percent Reduction Start (%): Specifies a percent reduction to be used for
the first Least Cost strategy to be run.

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Domain-wide Percent Reduction End (%): Specifies a percent reduction to be used for
the last Least Cost strategy to be run.

Domain-wide Percent Reduction Increment (%): Specifies an increment on percentages

to use between the first and last runs (e.g., if 25% is specified, runs will be performed for
25, 50, 75, and 100% reduction).

Additional runs can be added to a least cost curve strategy if you do not delete the previous
results when you rerun the strategy. Suppose that you generate a coarse cost curve (default
increment is 25%) and you find an area of interest that bears further examination. You can then
go back and specify different start, end, and increment to obtain more information (e.g.,
start=80%, end=90%, increment=2%) about that portion of the curve.
The types of outputs for a Least Cost Curve strategy are the following:
1) Strategy Detailed Result datasets for each targeted percent reduction. Note that several
results could have the same actual percent reduction if the targeted reduction exceeds the
maximum available reduction. As with a Least Cost strategy, the actual percent reduction
may not exactly match the targeted reduction due to the discrete nature of applying
specific controls to specific sources. CoST will ensure that each actual reduction is equal
to or greater than the corresponding targeted reduction.
2) Least Cost Control Measure Worksheet: this output is the same as the worksheet
produced for a regular Least Cost strategy run. Note that the same worksheet is used for
all targeted percent reductions and only the status column is updated to specify when
measure-source combinations are included in the current strategy.
3) Least Cost Curve Summary: this output dataset contains a row with cost and emissions
reduction information for each of the runs that was performed for the strategy. Rows are
added to this output if additional strategy runs are performed (e.g., to examine different
sections of the curve). The columns of this summary are: Poll, Uncontroll_Emis (tons),
Total_Emis_Reduction (tons), Target_Percent_Reduction, Actual_Percent_Reduction,
Total_Annual_Cost, Average_Ann_Cost_per_Ton, Total_Annual_Oper_Maint_Cost,
Total_Annualized_Capital_Cost, Total_Capital_Cost. Here, the Uncontroll_Emis
column contains the emissions from the original input inventory with all existing controls
backed out so that it represents the uncontrolled emissions. The columns starting with
Total are computed by summing all of the values of the corresponding column in the
Strategy Detailed Result for the pollutant specified in the Poll column. Examples of Least
Cost Curve Summaries are given in Figure 10 and Table 19.
4) Controlled Inventories: these output datasets may optionally be created based on any of
the Strategy Detailed Results that are available for the strategy. Thus, results
corresponding to any of the targeted reductions may be processed by SMOKE and the
resulting data used as an input to an air quality model. Note that for each targeted
reduction, individual controlled inventories will be created for each of the input
inventories.

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4.1.5 Annotate Inventory Control Strategy

The purpose of the Annotate Inventory strategy type is to specify what measures are likely to
have been used to achieve specified percent reductions in input inventories. The input inventories
are treated in the same way as the Maximum Emissions Reduction runs in that each inventory is
processed separately and separate results are created for each one. The inventory filters and
measure filters work in the same way as they do for the other strategy types. Note that the
selected target pollutant is important because only records for that pollutant will be annotated,
but CoST may be changed in the future to consider all inventory pollutants. Constraints are
applicable in that if the controlled source does not satisfy the specified constraints, it will not be
included in the result and another measure that does satisfy the constraints will be sought.
The outputs from the Annotate Inventory strategy type are an Annotated Inventory for each of
the input inventories. The annotated inventories have the same dataset types as the input
inventories. All of the source records for the specified target pollutant with nonzero control
efficiencies in the input inventory will appear in the annotated inventory and the control
measures column will be filled in for sources for which a matching measure has been found.
Note that the originally specified control efficiency fields and the emissions in the inventory are
not changed, even if the inventory efficiency differed from the efficiency specified for the
control measure. Once an annotated inventory has been created, a controlled inventory can be
created from the annotated inventory. Unlike the annotated inventory, the controlled inventory
will have all records found in the input inventory and can therefore be used as an input to
SMOKE.
One of the goals for CoST that has not yet been met is for the tool to be able to intelligently
make use of control measures that can be applied in addition to other controls (also known as
add-on controls). In order for the software to meet this goal, it is important for it to first be able
to determine whether there are any existing control measures on the emissions source and the
type of control device(s) used by the existing measures. Currently, a data gap exists in this area
for both the base year emissions inventories and the future year emission inventories which may
be used as inputs to a control strategy run. The NEI contains data fields to store this information,
and there is a limited amount of existing control efficiency and control device code data in the
base year NEI. However, these fields are not very well populated in the base year inventory for
sectors other than the EGU point sources, and the fields are even less well populated in the future
year modeling inventories. Generally, the control efficiency field is much better populated than
the control device fields. In addition, the control device codes that are stored in the NEI are a lot
less specific than the control measure abbreviations that CoST uses. Therefore, even if the
control device codes were well populated, these codes would need to be translated into the CoST
control measure abbreviations for CoST to really have the information it needs to properly apply
add-on controls.
To address the issue of unspecified control measures in inventories that can be input to CoST,
several steps have been taken. First, when CoST creates a controlled inventory, in addition to
filling in the information in the CEFF, REFF, and RPEN columns, CoST populates the Control
Measures, Pct Reduction, Current Cost, and Total Cost columns in the ORL inventory to specify
information about measures that it has applied. In this way, the controlled inventories created by
CoST always specify the relevant information about the measures that have been applied as a
result of a CoST control strategy. The Annotate Inventory strategy type is a second step that has
been taken to provide more information about existing control measures.
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When an Annotate Inventory strategy is run, CoST looks at the percent reduction specified by
the CEFF, REFF, and RPEN columns and uses the available control measures in the database to
try to determine what control measure has the closest percent reduction to the one specified in
the inventory. It then fills in the control measures column with the measure that was found.
Note that the originally specified control efficiency fields and the emissions in the inventory are
not changed, even if the inventory efficiency differed from the efficiency specified for the
control measure. If no measure was found, it leaves the control measure field blank. Once the
strategy has been run, a summary report can be generated with using the "Compare CoST to NEI
measures" query that shows the sources with non-zero CEFF values and the difference between
the inventory specified percent reduction and the percent reduction that the control measure that
CoST guessed had been applied to the source. It is important for the user to then examine
the results of this report to find cases where the specified control efficiency matches were
not even close and those for which no match was found. Both of these situations can indicate
that there is missing or incorrect data in the control measures database, or that the information in
the inventory was erroneous. The eventual goal of the Annotate Inventory strategy is to develop
a base year inventory with more complete existing control measure information.

4.1.6 Multi-Pollutant Maximum Emissions Reduction Control Strategy

The Multi-Pollutant Maximum Emissions Reduction control strategy assigns to each source the
single measure for each target pollutant that provides the maximum reduction, regardless of cost.
This process is performed for each target pollutant in an order specified by the user (e.g., NOx
first, VOC second, SO2 last). If a measure would control a pollutant that was already controlled
as a co-impact from a previous target pollutant analysis iteration, that measure will be excluded
from consideration during the source-measure matching process. For example, if measure ABC
controlled NOx (the first analyzed target pollutant) and VOC, and during the next pollutant
iteration (for VOC) measure DEF also controls NOx and VOC, this measure will not be
considered because VOC control was a co-impact from applying the ABC measure.
The inventory filter and county filter work differently for this control strategy than they do for
the other strategy types. The inventory filter and county filter can be specified separately for
each target pollutant, whereas for the other strategy types they are defined at the strategy level.
The Multi-Pollutant Maximum Emissions Reduction strategy produces the three standard types
of strategy outputs, including a Strategy Detailed Result for each input inventory.

4.2 Managing Control Strategies

The control strategies currently available within CoST are shown in the Control Strategy
Manager. The Control Strategy Manager allows you to see information about control strategies,
to create new control strategies, and also to edit, remove, and copy control strategies.

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4.2.1 Opening the Control Strategy Manager

1. To open the Control Strategy Manager, choose Control Strategies from the Manage
menu on the EMF main window (Figure 4-2) and the Control Strategy Manager will
appear (Figure 4-3).
Figure 4-2. Manage Menu of EMF Main Window

Figure 4-3. Control Strategy Manager Window

The Control Strategy Manager shows all of the control strategies currently available within
the EMF/CoST system in a sortable, filterable window. The columns shown in the window
are Select, Name, Last Modified, Is Final, Run Status, Region, Target Pollutant, Total Cost,
Reduction (tons), Average Cost Per Ton, Project, Strategy Type, Cost Year, Inv[entory]
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Year, and Creator. Descriptions of some of the columns are given in Table 4-2. The
remaining fields are described in detail in Section 4.3.
Table 4-2. Key Columns of the Control Strategy Manager
Column

Description

Name

shows the name of the control strategy.

Last Modified

shows the date and time on which the strategy was last changed.

Run Status

gives information about the strategy run. Possible options are:

Not started the strategy run has never been started;
Waiting a run has been requested, but it is waiting because other
strategies are running;
Running the strategy is currently running;
Finished the strategy run completed successfully;
Failed the strategy run started, but failed due to a problem.

Inv Year

shows the year of the emissions inventory that the strategy will process.

4.2.2 Sorting and Filtering Control Strategies

By default, the strategies are shown using a descending sort on the last modified date and
time, so that the most recently modified strategies appear at the top of the list.
2. To sort the control strategies on the total cost of the strategy, click on the words Total
Cost in the Total Cost column and the rows will re-sort so that the most expensive
strategies will be shown at the top. Click on the Total Cost column header again to
reverse the sort.
3. To see only strategies that were run with a specific target pollutant, click the button on
the toolbar that looks like a filter:
. When you do this the Filter Rows dialog
appears. Try entering a criterion for the filter by clicking Add Criteria. Click in the cell
under Column Name to make a pull-down menu appear; choose Target Pollutant.
You can change the operation used by clicking in the cell under Operation, but for our
purposes contains is the desired selection. Next, enter the pollutant of interest (e.g.,
PM2_5) in the Value cell.
Note that the filter values are case-sensitive (e.g., NOx will not match a filter value
of NOX). When you are finished, the Filter Rows dialog should look like the one
shown in Figure 4-4. After you click OK, the Control Strategy Manager will show only
strategies that targeted PM2_5.

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Figure 4-4. Filter Rows to Show Only Strategies Targeting NOx

4. Once you have reviewed the information available on the Control Strategy Manager,
click the Reset button

to remove the filter and sort that you had specified.

For more information on performing sorting, filtering, formatting, and other operations on
the table that shows the control strategies used for the Control Strategy Manager, refer to
Section 3.1.

4.2.3 Copying Control Strategies

Control strategies can be copied to create new control strategies, regardless of whether they have
been run. If you copy a strategy and then edit the newly created strategy, you will not be
changing any settings for the original strategy, so this is a safe way to start working with your
own strategies. When a strategy is copied, is retains all of the settings from the original strategy
except for the information on the Outputs tab, and the output summary information that is shown
on the Summary tab.
5. Click the Select checkbox next to one of the strategies (e.g., Least Cost Example) and
then click Copy. You will see that a new strategy has been added to the Control Strategy
Manager with the name Copy of original strategy name.
Note that if you had selected more than one strategy prior to clicking Copy, each of the
selected strategies would have been copied.

4.2.4 Removing Control Strategies

If you created a control strategy, or you are an EMF Administrator, you can remove the control
strategy from CoST. Strategies should be removed with caution, because there is no undo for
this operation.
6. To remove a control strategy, click the Select checkbox that corresponds to the strategy
and then click Remove. For training purposes, select the strategy you just copied in the
previous subsection. When you are prompted to confirm whether you would like to
remove the control strategy, click Yes. You will see that the selected strategy has been
removed from the table on the Control Strategy Manager.

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Note that if you had selected more than one control strategy before clicking Remove, all
of the selected strategies would have been removed.

4.2.5 Creating a New Control Strategy

7. To create a new control strategy, click the New button. A dialog will appear that asks you
to name the strategy. Enter a name that is different from any of the existing control
strategies (e.g., Least Cost 2017 NOx for Training) and then click OK.
An Edit Control Strategy window for your newly created strategy will appear. The
window has five tabs: Summary, Inventories, Measures, Constraints, and Outputs. This
window and how to fill in the information on these tabs is discussed in more detail in
Section 4.3.
8. Click Save to save your newly created strategy. You will be prompted to give values for
the following fields prior to saving.
- For Target Year, enter the year of the emissions inventory you plan to use (e.g., 2017).
- Select a Type of Analysis based on the goal of your strategy (e.g., Least Cost for
training purposes).
- Select a Target Pollutant for your strategy (e.g., NOX for training purposes).
9. Click Save to save your newly created strategy. Close your newly created control
strategy by clicking the Close button in the Edit Control Strategy window.
If you do not see your newly created strategy in the Control Strategy Manager, click the
Reset button on the toolbar to remove any filters that you may have applied previously..
If you still do not see your new strategy, click the Refresh button at the top right of the
Control Strategy Manager to obtain new data from the server.
After taking these steps, you can also try clicking on the top of the Last Modified column
and scroll to the top to find the most recently modified strategies.

4.2.6 Editing Control Strategies

Click the select checkbox next to a strategy that you created (e.g., one from the
previous subsection), and then click Edit. If you have permission to edit the strategy
(i.e., you are its creator or an Administrator), the Edit Control Strategy window will
appear with the Summary tab visible (Figure 4-5). Note that if you had selected multiple
control strategies before clicking Edit, they each would have opened in their own
window. The tabs on the Edit Control Strategy window are listed in Table 4-3. The
contents of these tabs are described in detail in Section 4.3.

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4.3.2 Fields Automatically Set by CoST

Some fields of a control strategy that appear on the Summary tab are set automatically by the
CoST software and are not specified by the user. Note that some of these summarize the results
of the strategy analysis, so information for them is not available until after the strategy has been
run. The automatically set fields are described in Table 4-4.
Table 4-4. Fields on the Control Strategy Summary Tab Automatically Set by CoST
Field
Creator
Last Modified Date
Copied From
Start Date
Completion Date

Running User
Total Annualized
Cost
Target Poll.
Reduction (tons)

Description
The name of the person who created the strategy.
The date and time when the strategy was last modified.
The name of the strategy that this strategy was copied from, if any.
The date and time on which the strategy run was most recently started,
or Not started if the strategy has never been run.
The date and time on which the strategy run was most recently completed. If the run has not completed, this field shows the run status of
either Not started, Running, Waiting, Completed, or Failed.
The name of the user who most recently ran the strategy.
The total annualized cost of applying the strategy.
The absolute emissions reduction achieved for the target pollutant, in
tons.

4.3.3 Inputs on the Inventories Tab

To specify the inputs for the strategy on the Inventories tab (Figure 4-6), follow the steps in this
section. To begin, click on the Inventories tab. The Inventories to Process table near the top of
the tab lists the emissions inventories for which the control strategy will be run. A control
strategy can have one or more emissions inventories as input. Before inventories can be selected
for use in the strategy, they must already have been imported into the EMF via the Import
button on the File menu of the EMF Main Window. The CoST application comes preloaded
with several ORL inventories for training purposes. The inventories must also have one of the
following EMF dataset types: ORL point, ORL nonpoint, ORL nonroad, or ORL onroad. ORL
stands for one record per line, meaning that each line of the file has information for a single
source-pollutant combination. Point inventories have information about emissions sources with
specific locations, which are specified using latitude and longitude. Nonpoint, nonroad, and
onroad inventories contain data aggregated to the county level. Note that IDA inventories are not
supported by CoST and need to be converted to ORL prior to use with CoST. The EMF database
stores the data for the emissions inventories along with metadata about the inventories in its
PostgreSQL (http://www.postgresql.org) database.

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Figure 4-8. Dataset Properties View Window for an Emissions Inventory

30. When you are finished examining the properties of the inventory dataset as shown on the
various tabs, click Close.
31. To view the inventory data itself (as opposed to just the metadata), check the select
checkbox for an inventory from the Inventories to Process table in the Inventories tab of
the Edit Control Strategy window and click the View Data button. This may take a
minute or two, but the Data Viewer window that shows the actual rows of data for the
selected inventory will appear (Figure 4-9). This is different from the metadata that was
shown in the Dataset Properties View window. Note that the View Data button is a
shortcut. The Data Viewer can also be brought up from the Data tab of the Dataset
Properties Viewer.

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Figure 4-9. Data Viewer for an Emissions Inventory

32. Inventories can have a lot of dataup to millions of rows. The fields in the upper right
corner of the window in the area labeled Current: provide information about how
many rows the inventory has, and which rows are currently visible. The Data Viewer
transfers only a small amount of data (300 rows) from the server to your desktop client to
keep the transfer time reasonable. It works similarly to a web search engine that shows
the results in pages, and the pagination arrows near the upper right corner of the window
facilitate moving between pages of data. Try using some of the pagination arrows in
the upper right corner to see how they work: go to first record, go to previous page,
give a specific record, go to next page, and go to last record.
33. You can control how the data are sorted by entering a comma-separated list of columns in
the Sort Order field and then clicking Apply. For training purposes, if you are using a
UNC laptop, do not specify a sort order because this function is very slow on these
laptops. It should be much faster on a true EMF server. Note that a descending sort can
be specified by following the column name with desc (e.g., ANN_EMIS desc, FIPS
will sort by decreasing annual emissions and then by county).
34. If you enter a Row Filter, and then click Apply, the Data Viewer will find rows that
meet the criteria you specified. Examples of the syntax for row filters are given in Table
4-6. See Section 6.0 for additional row filter examples. For training purposes, if you are
using a UNC laptop, do not specify a row filter because this function is very slow,
otherwise you may try some of the filters.

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Table 4-6. Examples of Row Filters (Data Viewer window) and

Inventory Filters (Inventories tab of the Edit Control Strategy window)
Filter Purpose

SQL Where Clause

Filter on a particular set of SCCs

scc like '101%' or scc like '102%'

Filter on a particular set of pollutants

poll in ('PM10', 'PM2_5')

or
POLL = 'PM10' or POLL = 'PM2_5'

Filter sources only in NC (State FIPS =

37), SC (45), and VA (51); note that
FIPS column format is State + County
FIPS code (e.g., 37001)

substring(FIPS,1,2) in ('37', '45', '51')

Filter sources only in CA (06)and

include only NOx and VOC pollutants

substring(fips,1,2) = '06' and poll in ('NOX', 'VOC')

or
fips like '06%' and (poll = 'NOX' or poll = 'VOC')

35. When you are finished examining the Data Viewer, click Close to close the window.
The next few paragraphs provide information on how the options at the lower portion
of the Inventories tab work, there are no training steps in them. The training exercises
start again with the next numbered bullet.
Some control strategy algorithms (e.g., Apply Measures in Series) are designed to process the
inventories iteratively and produce results for each inventory. However, the Least Cost and
Least Cost Curve strategy types can merge the input inventories from multiple sectors
together prior to processing them, thereby facilitating cross-sector analyses. The Merge
Inventories checkbox is shown in the lower right corner of the Inventories to Process
section, when multiple inventories will be merged together prior to applying the strategy
algorithm, such as for Least Cost or Least Cost Curve runs. Otherwise, each inventory will
be processed independently to create separate, independent results.
The fields in the Filters section of the Inventories tab of the Edit Control Strategy window let
you control whether the entire inventory is processed in the strategy or just a portion of it.
The Inventory Filter field allows you to specify a general filter that can be entered using the
same syntax as a Structured Query Language (SQL) where clause. Any of the columns in
the inventory can be used in the expression. Examples include: SCC like 212% to limit
the analysis to apply only to inventory records for which the SCC code starts with 212, and
FIPS like 06% or FIPS like 07% to limit the strategy analysis to apply only to
inventory records with Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) numeric statecounty codes starting with 06 or 07. Additional examples of filters are shown in Table 4-6.
Note that the Multi-Pollutant Max Emission Reduction strategy type the Inventory Filter
has been moved from the Inventories Tab to the Constraints Tab. For this Multi-Pollutant

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Max Emission Reduction strategy its possible to specify the Inventory Filter different for
each target pollutant instead at the strategy level. Note that within the inventory filter, you
may use either upper or lower case to refer to the column names and for the SQL keywords;
the specified values within single quotes, however, are case sensitive (e.g., NOx is different
from NOX). Entering an inventory filter will not have an effect until the strategy is run.
Note that if you enter an inventory filter to include only specific pollutants, then
pollutants not specified by the filter will not be considered for the computation of coimpacts. In addition, pollutants like EC and OC that are not traditionally included in input
inventories will not be included in the results unless the inventory has been preprocessed to
include EC and OC.
The County Dataset field allows another way to filter the inventory. With this field you can
specify an EMF dataset containing a list of counties within which to consider applying
control measures during the strategy run. If the user selects a county dataset filter when
creating a control strategy, control measures will be applied only to counties that are included
in this list. The County Dataset pull-down will show as options the names of the available
datasets in the EMF that have the dataset type List of Counties (CSV). Note that CSV files
from which these county datasets are created must have at least two columns of data. Also,
the first row of the file must be the column names, and one of the columns must have a name
that starts with FIPS. CoST will assume that this column has the list of FIPS codes that
should be controlled. Make sure that leading zeros are present for FIPS codes less than
10000. Note that for the Multi-Pollutant Max Emission Reduction strategy type the County
Filter has been moved from the Inventories Tab to the Constraints Tab. For this MultiPollutant Max Emission Reduction strategy its possible to specify the County Filter
different for each target pollutant instead at the strategy level.
Note that only the records of the input inventories that pass both the inventory and county
filters will be considered for control measure application.
36. For training purposes, on the Inventories tab, specify the following Inventory Filter:
FIPS in ('45001', '45009', '45011'). Note that specifying a list of counties using the
Inventory Filter is an alternative to specifying a county dataset that has a list of counties
to consider controlling in the strategy (as show in the next bullet). If you just wanted to
control a few counties, you might use the Inventory Filter, but if you want to control
more than a few counties, the county dataset method is recommended. In addition, many
types of Inventory Filters can be specified using other fields of the inventory depending
on the needs of your analysis (e.g., SCC like '231%', or ANN_EMIS>5).
37. Examine the available county datasets by pulling down the menu and select one of
the datasets. After you have selected a county dataset, examine its properties and the
data themselves by clicking the View and View Data buttons.
38. If a county dataset is specified, a version of the dataset to use must be selected using the
County Dataset Version field, which shows the available versions of the selected
dataset. This selection is required because the EMF can store multiple versions of each
dataset. Examine the list of versions available for the dataset in the menu.
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penetration to 75% assumes that 75% of the sources are applying the measure and
would therefore result in 75% of the emissions reductions it would if it was 100%.

Specify a Region of applicability for the group of measures by selecting a county

dataset from the Dataset pull-down menu and a version of that dataset from the
Version menu. If you select a Region, the selected measures will not be applied in
any counties that are not listed in the dataset.

43. Once you have selected some the specific measures using the Select Control Measures
dialog and specified any desired overrides for those measures, click OK and the selected
measures will appear on the Measures tab. The tab will now look similar to that shown in
Figure 4-12. Note that only the table of specific measures and their properties is shown,
and the Classes to Include list is no longer shown. If desired, you may repeat the process
of selecting specific measures to add new sets of measures to the list of measures to be
used for the strategy. Each new group of measures selected can have different settings for
the order, RE, RP, and Region.
Figure 4-12. Measures Tab Showing Specific Measures to Include

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44. After you have selected specific measures, if you wish to change their order, RE, RP, or
Region properties, select the measures you wish to adjust and click the Edit button on
the Measures tab. An Editing measures dialog will appear and you can make changes to
their properties when they are used in the strategy.
45. To remove specific measures from the list of measures to be included in the strategy run,
check the corresponding Select checkboxes and then click Remove. When you are
prompted to confirm the removal, click Yes.
46. For training purposes, remove all of the individually selected measures by clicking the
Select All button on the toolbar and then clicking Remove followed by clicking Yes
when prompted. Make sure that Known is selected in the Classes to Include list. Now
the Measures tab should look like Figure 4-10 again.

4.3.5 Input on Constraints Tab

The Constraints tab (Figure 4-13) can be used to specify constraints for a control strategy to limit
how control measures are assigned during the strategy run. For example, the strategy could be set
up to not use any measures that cost more than $5,000 per ton (in 2006 dollars) for the target
pollutant. Alternatively, the user could specify that measures not be assigned to sources if the
measures do not reduce at least 1 ton of the target pollutant for the source. CoST evaluates the
constraints while the source is being matched with the control measures. For example, the
emission reduction achieved by applying a measure to a source is not known until the measure
and its control efficiency have been selected. Thus, constraint calculations are dependent on both
the inventory source and the measure being considered for application to the source. Note that
the term source here refers to a single row of the emissions inventory, which for point sources
is uniquely determined by FIPS, plant, point, stack, segment, and SCC, and for nonpoint sources
is uniquely determined by FIPS and SCC. Sources should not be confused with plants, each of
which can contain many sources.
Some settings for the strategy described in Table 4-7 are known as constraints. If the constraint
values are not satisfied for a particular control measure and source combination, the measure
under consideration will not be applied to the source, and CoST will look for another measure
that satisfies all of the constraints.
Table 4-7. Constraints Common to Multiple Control Strategy Types
Constraint Name
Minimum
Emissions
Reduction (tons)
Minimum Control
Efficiency (%)

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Constraint Description
If specified, requires each control measure to reduce the target pollutant
by at least the specified minimum tonnage for a particular source (down to
the plant+point+stack+segment level of specification); if the minimum
tonnage reduction is not attainable, the measure will not be applied.
If specified, requires each control measure used in the strategy to have a
control efficiency greater than or equal to the specified control efficiency
for a particular source and target pollutant.

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Constraint Name
Maximum 2006
Cost per Ton
($/ton)
Maximum 2006
Annualized Cost
($/yr)
Minimum Percent
Reduction
Difference for
Replacement
Control (%)

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Figure 4-15. Edit Target Pollutant Dialog of Edit Control Strategy Window

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to the major parameters of the control strategy, such as the COST_YEAR and the
STRATEGY_TYPE (these specific keywords are available in the list of keywords but are
above the portion of the window shown in Figure 4-20). There are also keywords for the
UNCONTROLLED_EMISSIONS, the TOTAL_EMISSION_REDUCTION, and the
ACTUAL_PERCENT_REDUCTION.
Figure 4-20. Keywords Tab of Dataset Properties Editor

The keywords in the Keywords Specific to Dataset Type section (the upper part of
window in Figure 4-20) typically contain directives on how to export the data or other
data values that are the same for all datasets of the same type. Typically ORL inventories
will have some of these keywords.
61. Note that when you have the Dataset Properties Editor open for a dataset, no other
users can edit that dataset. Similarly, if you have a control strategy or control measure

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open for editing, no other users can edit those items; users are able to view them,
however, if a view option is available.
When you are finished examining the other tabs, close the Dataset Properties Editor by
clicking Save if you wish to save the changes, or Close to close without saving changes.
If you are in the training class, click Close.

4.4.3 Summarizing the Strategy Outputs

Strategy outputs, particularly Strategy Detailed Results, but also the input emissions inventories,
can be summarized in many different ways. The ability to prepare summaries is helpful because
in many cases there could be thousands of records in a single Strategy Detailed Result or
emissions inventory. Thus, when the results of a strategy are analyzed or presented to others, it is
useful to show the impact of the strategy in a summarized fashion. Frequently, it is helpful to
summarize a strategy for each county, state, SCC, and/or control technology. The summaries are
prepared using the EMF subsystem that was originally designed to support quality assurance
(QA) of emissions inventories and related datasets, for which summaries are also needed. Thus,
each summary is stored as the result of a QA Step that is created by having CoST run a SQL
query. There are many predefined queries stored in the EMF as templates, so you do not need
to know SQL to create a summary. Summaries can be added from the QA tab of the Dataset
Properties Editor, although there is a shortcut available on the Outputs tab. Summaries are
discussed in more detail in Section 4.6.
62. Select the Strategy Detailed Result on the Outputs tab of the Edit Control Strategy
window and then click Summarize to create a summary of the result. This will cause the
Dataset Properties Editor for the detailed result to appear, but with the QA tab brought to
the front.
63. To add a new summary from the list of predefined summary templates, click the Add
from Template button and the Add QA Steps dialog will appear (Figure 4-21). To create
summaries of interest, click the mouse button on the summaries you wish to create
(e.g., select Summarize by Control Technology and Pollutant, Summarize by County
and Pollutant, Summarize by Pollutant). To select multiple summaries (as is illustrated
in the figure), hold down the Ctrl key while clicking your mouse on the ones you wish to
select, then click OK. The selected templates will be added to the table on the QA tab
(Figure 4-22).

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Figure 4-21. Summarizing a Strategy Detailed Result

Figure 4-22. Available QA Summaries for a Strategy Detailed Result

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64. To run the summaries that are listed on the QA tab, first select the summaries of interest
and then click Edit. The Edit QA Step window will appear (Figure 4-23). You do not
actually need to edit anything in this window, just click Run to start the QA summary
processing.
Monitor the progress of the QA step in the Status window at the bottom of the EMF
main window. Once the run is complete, click the Refresh button to populate the Output
Name, Run Status, and Run Date fields in the Edit QA Step window. Note: as an
alternative to clicking Run on several different windows, you can instead select a few
summaries and click Run on the QA tab. However, at this time, you still need to open the
QA summaries using the Edit button when you want to view their results.
Figure 4-23. Edit QA Step Window to Create a Summary

65. To see the summarized output, click the View Results button to bring up the View QA
Step Results window (Figure 4-24). From this window, you can sort and filter the results
in the same way you can on the Control Measure Manager and Control Strategy
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Manager. For example, click on the avg_cost_per_ton column header to sort on the
cost per ton. You can also show the Top N or Bottom N rows using the second and third
toolbar buttons from the left. The colorful toolbar buttons on the right support computing
statistics, creating plots (if you have the R software package installed on your client
machine), and saving the table and plot configurations.
Figure 4-24. View QA Step Results Window

66. If the summary you generated has the columns longitude and latitude (e.g., a plant, state,
or county summary), you can access an interface to create Google Earth-compatible
Keyhole Markup Language Zipped (.kmz) files by choosing Google Earth from the File
menu of the View QA Step Results window. The interface to create these files is shown
in Figure 4-25. Note that the following detailed result summaries have longitude and
latitude:

Summarize by U.S. County and Pollutant

Summarize by U.S. State and Pollutant

Summarize by Plant and Pollutant

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Figure 4-25. KMZ File Generator

67. In the Create Google Earth file window, select a Label Column that will be used to label
the points in the .kmz file. This label will appear when you mouse over a point. For a
plant summary this would typically be plant_name, for a county summary this would be
county, for a state summary, this would be state_name.

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68. If your file has data for multiple pollutants, you will often want to specify a filter so that
data for only one pollutant is included in the KMZ file. To do this, specify a Filter
Column (e.g., pollutant), and then specify a Filter Value (e.g., NOX).
69. Select a Data Column to specify the column to use to obtain the value when you mouse
over a point (e.g., total_emissions_reduction, total_annual_cost, or avg_cost_per_ton).
The mouse over information will have the form:
value from Label column : value from Data Column.
70. If you wish to limit the points shown in the file to include only those that reach a certain
size threshold (e.g., you do not want to show small sources or sources with a small
amount of reduction), you can specify a Minimum Data Cutoff. Points will only be
created for rows in the summary for which the value in the data column exceeds the value
given in minimum data cutoff. For example, if you selected total_emissions_reduction as
the Data Column, you might enter 1 as the minimum data cutoff to show only plants
with at least 1 ton of reduction.
71. If you wish to control the size of the points, you may adjust the value of the Icon Scale
setting to a number between 0 and 1. If this is your first time using the processor, we
recommend leaving it at the default setting of 0.3. Giving a value smaller than 0.3 will
result in smaller circles than the default and larger than 0.3 will result in larger circles.
72. If you are unsure of what some of the settings mean, place your mouse in the appropriate
field and a tooltip will appear that gives you some information about the field. Once you
have specified the settings (aside from the Properties file) click Generate and it will
create the .kmz file using default file name. The name and location of the created file can
be found on the Output File field.
If your computer has Google Earth installed (note that it is not installed on the training
laptops), you may open the created file in Google Earth by clicking Open.
If you find that you need to repeatedly create similar .kmz files, you may choose to click
Save to save the settings of the properties to a file. Once you have a file saved, you can
click Load the next time you enter the Create Google Earth file window so that you do
not have to type in all the properties again.
73. When you are done with the Create Google Earth file window, close the window by
clicking the X at the top right corner.
74. Back on the Edit QA Step window (Figure 4-23), you can export CSV files of the QA
step result to the EMF server. First, select a folder to export your results to by typing one
into the Export Folder field, or by clicking the Browse button. If desired, you can put
the files into your EMF temp directory.
75. Next, click the Export button, the Export QA Step Result will be exported to the EMF
server computer. It will be placed into the Export Folder specified on the Edit QA Step
window after you click the Export button.

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4.4.4 Exporting the Strategy Outputs

We now return to the Outputs tab of the Edit Control Strategy window (Figure 4-16).
76. To export the strategy output datasets to the EMF server, enter a folder/directory name
into the Export folder field on the Outputs tab, and click Export. The files will be
written as ASCII files to that folder. The resulting files can then easily be imported as a
CSV file into spreadsheet or database software. Note the dataset must be exported in a
location where the EMF application user has read/write access to the folder (e.g., the
same directory as specified in the environment variable, EMF_DATA_DIRECTORY, in the
EMF installation batch file) or there will be a write file error.

Figure 4-28. Controlled Inventory for Maximum Emissions Reduction Example

Figure 4-29. Controlled Inventory for Least Cost Curve Example

79. To view the data for the controlled inventory, make sure the Controlled Inventory radio
button is still selected for non Least Cost strategy types (see Figure 4-28); for Least Cost
strategy types (see Figure 4-29), find the applicable Controlled Inventory result and make

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sure the Result radio button is selected. Click the View Data button. The data for the
controlled inventory dataset will appear in the Data Viewer.
80. To view the data for the input inventory that was merged with the Strategy Detailed
Result to create the controlled inventory, select the Input Inventory radio button, click
View Data.
81. THIS CONCLUDES THE TRAINING EXERCISES IN SECTION 4. The
remainder of the section provides reference documentation on the outputs of strategies
and summaries that can be created. Advanced Exercises are available in Section 5.

4.4.7 Creating Custom Strategy Outputs

The Customize button on the Outputs window is not frequently used, but can generate special
types of outputs related to analyses with the Response Surface Model (RSM). These custom
outputs are not discussed here.

4.5 Outputs of Control Strategies

This section provides details on the columns available for each type of output. No training
exercises are available in this subsection.

4.5.1 Strategy Detailed Result

As noted earlier, the Strategy Detailed Result is the primary output from running a control
strategy. It is a table of emission source-control measure pairings, each of which contains
information about the costs and emission reduction achieved for measures after they are applied
to the sources. The contents of this table are described later in this subsection. When generating
the Strategy Detailed Result table, some data are needed for CoST to calculate the values of
some columns related to costs, such as:

Stack Flow Rate (cfs) from the emissions inventory

Capital Annual Ratio from the control measure efficiency record

Discount Rate (%) from the control measure efficiency record

Equipment Life (yrs) from the control measure efficiency record

Boiler Capacity (MW) from the design capacity column of the inventory; units are
obtained from the design_capacity_unit_numerator and
design_capacity_unit_denominator columns from the inventory. Note that boiler capacity
is often blank in inventories, so special steps may need to be taken to fill in this
information.

The stack flow rate provides information on the volume of effluent that requires treatment by the
control device. The capital annual ratio is used to calculate the capital costs of a control device
from an available O&M cost estimate for that device. The capital costs are the one-time costs to
purchase and install the device, while the operating and maintenance (O&M) costs are those
required to operate and maintain the device for each year. The discount rate and equipment life
are used to compute the annualized capital costs for the device. The discount rate can be
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considered an annual interest rate used to calculate the cost of borrowing money to purchase and
install the control device. The annualized capital cost is computed based on the discount rate, and
the costs are spread over the life of the equipment. The algorithms to compute these cost
breakdowns vary based on whether the input data required to utilize a cost equation are available.
This topic is described in further detail in Table 4-9, which is given after an introductory
discussion of cost concepts, below. The columns of the Strategy Detailed Result are also given in
Table 4-9.
When cost data are provided for the control measures, the resulting costs are also specified in
terms of a particular year. To compute the cost results for a control strategy, it is necessary to
escalate or de-escalate the costs to the same year in order to adjust for inflation and to allow for
consistency in comparing control strategy results. This is done with the following formula:
Cost ($) for a year of interest = Cost for original cost year Chained GDP for year of interest
Chained GDP for original cost year
where the chained GDP is the chained Gross Domestic Product available from the United States
Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis spreadsheet at
http://www.bea.gov/national/xls/gdplev.xls. The current version used is dated January 30, 2009.
An excerpt of this version is shown in Table 4-8.
Table 4-8. Excerpt from the gdplev Table
Used to Convert Data between Cost Years
Year
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008

Current_GDP Chained_GDP
7816.9
8328.9
8304.3
8703.5
8747
9066.9
9268.4
9470.3
9817
9817.0
10128
9890.7
10469.6
10048.8
10960.8
10301.0
11712.5
10675.8
12455.8
10989.5
13246.6
11294.8
13807.5
11523.9
14280.7
11671.3

To facilitate the comparison of the costs of control measures with one another, a normalized
version of the control measure cost per ton is stored within the control measures database. These
costs have all been converted to a consistent reference year using the above formula, so that
the cost of any measure can be compared with any other even if their cost years differ. Currently,
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the reference year is 2006. In addition, during the course of the strategy run, the costs are
converted (using the above formula) from the reference year to the cost year that was specified as
an input to the strategy. The results of the strategy are therefore presented in terms of the
specified cost year.
As indicated above, Table 4-9 provides details on the columns of the Strategy Detailed Result.
Table 4-9. Columns in the Strategy Detailed Result
Column
DISABLE

Description
A true-false value that determines whether to disable the control
represented on this line during the creation of a controlled
inventory.

CM_ABBREV

The abbreviation for the control measure that was applied to the
source.

POLL

The pollutant for the source, found in the inventory.

SCC
FIPS

The SCC for the source, found in the inventory.

The state and county FIPS code for the source, found in the
inventory.

PLANTID

For point sources, the plant ID for the source from the inventory.

POINTID

For point sources, the point ID for the source from the inventory.

STACKID

For point sources, the stack ID for the source from the inventory.

SEGMENT

For point sources, the segment for the source from the inventory.
The total annual cost (including both capital and O&M) required
to keep the measure on the source for a year.

ANNUAL_COST ($)

a. Default Approach (used when there is no cost equation, or when

inputs to cost equation are not available):
Annual Cost = Emission Reduction (tons) x Reference Yr Cost Per
Ton ($/tons in 2006 Dollars) x Cost Yr Chained GDP / Reference Yr
Chained GDP
b. Approach when Using Type 8 Cost Equation:
If Stack Flow Rate >= 5.0 cfm Then
Annual Cost = (Annualized Capital Cost + 0.04 x Capital Cost
+ O&M Cost)
Else
Annual Cost = Default Annualized Cost Per Ton Factor x Emission
Reduction (tons) x Cost Yr Chained GDP / Reference Yr Chained
GDP

ANN_COST_PER_
TON ($/ton)

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The annual cost (both capital and O&M) to reduce one ton of the
pollutant.
Ann_Cost_Per_Ton = Annual Cost ($) / Emis Reduction (tons)

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Column
ANNUAL_OPER_
MAINT_COST ($)

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Description
The annual cost to operate and maintain the measure once it has
been installed on the source.
a. Default Approach (used when there is no cost equation, or inputs to
cost equation are not available):
= (Annual Cost Annualized Capital Cost)
Note: if the capital recovery factor was not specified for the measure, it
would not be possible to compute Annualized Capital Cost or Annual
O&M Costs
b. Approach when Using Type 8 Cost Equation:
If Stack Flow Rate >= 5.0 cfm Then
= O&M Control Cost Factor x Stack Flow Rate (cfm) x Cost Yr
Chained GDP / Reference Yr Chained GDP
Else
= Default O&M Cost Per Ton Factor x Emission Reduction (tons) x
Cost Yr Chained GDP / Reference Yr Chained GDP

ANNUAL_VARIABLE
OPER_MAINT_COST ($)

The annual variable cost to operate and maintain the measure

once it has been installed on the source.
a. Default Approach (used when there is no cost equation, or inputs to
cost equation are not available):
= blank (not calculated, no default approach available)
b. Approach when Using Type 10 Cost Equation:
= variable_operation_maintenance_cost_multiplier x design_capacity
x 0.85 x annual_avg_hours_per_year x Cost Yr Chained GDP /
Reference Yr Chained GDP

ANNUAL_FIXED_
OPER_MAINT_COST ($)

The annual fixed cost to operate and maintain the measure once it
has been installed on the source.
a. Default Approach (used when there is no cost equation, or inputs to
cost equation are not available):
= blank (not calculated, no default approach available)
b. Approach when Using Type 10 Cost Equation:
= design_capacity x 1000 x
fixed_operation_maintenance_cost_multiplier (250 /
design_capacity) ^ fixed_operation_maintenance_cost_exponent x
Cost Yr Chained GDP / Reference Yr Chained GDP

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Column
ANNUALIZED_
CAPITAL_COST ($)

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Description
The annualized cost of installing the measure on the source
assuming a particular discount rate and equipment life.
Annualized_Capital_Cost = Total Capital Cost x Capital
Recovery Factor (CRF)
Note: if the CRF is not available for the measure, it is not possible
to compute the ACC or the breakdown of costs between capital
and O&M costs.
CRF = (Discount Rate x (1 + Discount Rate)^Equipment Life) /
((Discount Rate + 1) ^Equipment Life - 1)

TOTAL_CAPITAL_
COST ($)

The total cost to install a measure on a source.

a. Default Approach (used when there is no cost equation or cost
equation inputs are not available):
TCC = Emission Reduction (tons) x Reference Yr Cost Per Ton
($/tons in 2006 Dollars) x Capital Annualized Ratio x Cost Yr
Chained GDP / Reference Yr Chained GDP
b. Approach when Using Type 8 Cost Equation:
If Stack Flow Rate >= 5.0 cfm Then
TCC = Capital Control Cost Factor x Stack Flow Rate (cfm) x Cost
Yr Chained GDP / Reference Yr Chained GDP
Else
TCC = Default Capital Cost Per Ton Factor x Emission Reduction
(tons) x Cost Yr Chained GDP / Reference Yr Chained GDP

CONTROL_EFF (%)

The control efficiency of the measure being applied, stored in the

measure efficiency record.

RULE_PEN (%)

The rule penetration of the measure being applied, stored in the

measure efficiency record, but could be overridden as a strategy
setting (see Section 4.3.4).

RULE_EFF (%)

The rule effectiveness of the measure being applied, stored in the

measure efficiency record, but could be overridden as a strategy
setting (see Section 4.3.4).

PERCENT_
REDUCTION (%)

The percent by which the emissions from the source are reduced
after the control measure has been applied.
Percent reduction = Control Efficiency (%) x Rule Penetration (%) /
100 x Rule Effectiveness (%) / 100

ADJ_FACTOR

The factor that was applied by a control program to adjust the

emissions to the target year.

INV_CTRL_EFF (%)

The control efficiency for the existing measure on the source,

found in the inventory.

INV_RULE_PEN (%)

The rule penetration for the existing measure on the source, found
in the inventory.

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Column
INV_RULE_EFF (%)

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Description
The rule effectiveness for the existing measure on the source,
found in the inventory.

FINAL_EMISSIONS
(tons)

The final emission that results from the source being controlled.

EMIS_REDUCTION
(tons)

The emissions reduced (in tons) as a result of applying the control

measure to the source.

= Annual Emission (tons) - Emission Reduction (tons)

Emissions reduction = Annual Emission (tons) x Percent Reduction

(%) / 100

INV_EMISSIONS
(tons)

The annual emissions, found in the inventory. Note that if the

starting inventory had average-day emissions, the average-day
value is annualized and the resulting value is shown here. This is
necessary to properly compute the costs of the measure.

APPLY_ORDER

If multiple measures are applied to the same source, this is a

numeric value noting the order of application for this specific
control measure. The first control to be applied will have a value
of 1 for this field, the second will have a value of 2, and so on.

INPUT_EMIS (tons)

The emissions that still exist for the source after prior control
measures have been applied. Usually this is the same as
INV_EMISSIONS (see above), but for the Apply Measures In
Series strategy type, in which multiple measures are applied to
the same source, this is the emissions that are still available for the
source after all prior control measures have been applied.

OUTPUT_EMIS
(tons)

The emissions that still exist for the source after the current and
all prior control measures have been applied. Usually this is the
same as FINAL_EMISSIONS (see above), but for the Apply
Measures In Series strategy type, in which multiple measures are
applied to the same source, this is the emissions that are still
available for the source after the current and all prior control
measures have been applied.

FIPSST

The two-digit FIPS state code.

FIPSCTY

The three-digit FIPS county code.

SIC

The SIC code for the source from the inventory.

NAICS

The NAICS code for the source from the inventory.

SOURCE_ID

The record number from the input inventory for this source.
The numeric ID of the input inventory dataset (for bookkeeping
purposes). If multiple inventories were merged to create the
inventory (as can be done for Least Cost strategies), this ID is that
of the merged inventory.

INPUT_DS_ID

CS_ID

The numeric ID of the control strategy.

CM_ID

The numeric ID of the control measure.

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Column
EQUATION TYPE

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Description
The control measure equation that was used during the cost
calculations.

ORIGINAL_
DATASET_ID

The numeric ID of the original input inventory dataset, even if a

merged inventory was used for the computation of the strategy, as
can be done for Least Cost strategies.

SECTOR

The emissions sector specified for the input inventory (text, not an
ID number; e.g., ptnonipm for the point non-IPM sector)

CONTROL_
PROGRAM

The control program that was applied to produce this record.

XLOC

The longitude for the source, found in the inventory for point
sources; for nonpoint inventories the county centroid is used. This
is useful for mapping purposes.

YLOC

The latitude for the source, found in the inventory for point
sources; for nonpoint inventories the county centroid is used. This
is useful for mapping purposes.

PLANT

The plant name from the inventory (or county name for nonpoint
sources).
Indicates whether the measure was a replacement or an add-on
control.
A = Add-On Control
R = Replacement Control
This column is used when an Add-On Control was applied to a
source; it indicates the existing control measure abbreviation that
was on the source.
This column is used when an Add-On Control was applied to a
source; it indicates the existing control measure primary device
type code that was on the source.
The name of the control strategy that produced the detailed result.
Indicates the control technology of the control measure.
Indicates the source group of the control measure.
Information about this record and how it was produced; this
information is either created automatically by the system or
entered by the user.

REPLACEMENT_ADDON

EXISTING_MEASURE_
ABBREVIATION
EXISTING_PRIMARY_
DEVICE_TYPE_CODE
STRATEGY_NAME
CONTROL_TECHNOLOGY
SOURCE_GROUP

COMMENT

RECORD_ID
VERSION
DELETE_VERSIONS

System specific columns used for tracking primary key and

versioning of data

4.5.2 Strategy Measure Summary

The Strategy Measure Summary output dataset is a table of emission reduction and cost values
aggregated by the emissions sector (i.e., an EMF Sector), state/county FIPS code, SCC,

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pollutant, and control measure. This table contains information only for sources that were
controlled during the strategy run. It is generated by running a SQL statement that aggregates
the data from the Strategy Detailed Result according to the five categories just listed. The annual
cost and emission reduction are calculated by summing all costs and emission reductions for the
specified grouping (sector, FIPS, SCC, pollutant, and control measure). The average annual cost
per ton is calculated by dividing the total annual costs by the total emission reduction for each
measure. The columns contained in this summary and the formulas used to compute their values
are shown in Table 4-10. An example Strategy Measure Summary is shown in Table 4-14
(located at the end of Section 4.5).
Table 4-10. Columns in the Strategy Measure Summary
Column
SECTOR

Description
The sector for the source (e.g., ptnonipm for the point non-IPM
sector)

FIPS

The state and county FIPS code for the source

SCC

The SCC for the source

POLL
CONTROL_MEASURE_
ABBREV

The pollutant for the source

The control measure abbreviation

CONTROL_MEASURE

The control measure name

CONTROL_TECHNOLOGY The control technology that is used for the measure (e.g., Low
NOx burner, Onroad Retrofit).
SOURCE_GROUP
ANNUAL_COST

AVG_ANN_
COST_PER_TON
INPUT_EMIS

EMIS_REDUCTION
PCT_RED

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The group of sources to which the measure applies (e.g.,

Fabricated Metal Products Welding).
The total annual cost for all sources that use this measure. This
is calculated by summing all source annual costs that use this
measure
= sum(annual_cost)
The average annual cost per ton ($/ton). This is calculated by
dividing the total annual cost by the total emission reduction for
all sources for this measure
= sum(annual_cost) / sum(emis_reduction)
The total of emissions from all sources entering the control
measure. This is calculated by summing the input emissions for
all sources that were controlled by this measure
= sum(input_emis)
The total reduction in emission in tons for all sources for this
control measure
The percent reduction (%) for all sources controlled by this
measure. This is calculated by dividing the total emissions
reduction by the total input emissions.
= [sum(emis_reduction) / sum(input_emis)] x 100

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Column
RECORD_ID
VERSION
DELETE_VERSIONS

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Description
System specific columns used for tracking primary key and
versioning of data

4.5.3 Strategy County Summary

The Strategy County Summary output dataset is a table of emission reduction and cost values
aggregated by emissions sector, county, and pollutant. This dataset includes all of the inventory
sources regardless of whether they were controlled. If there is more than one inventory included
in the strategy inputs, then all inventories and their associated Strategy Detailed Results are
merged and aggregated in this summary. The columns that compose this summary are shown in
Table 4-11. An example Strategy County Summary is shown in Table 4-15 (located at the end of
Section 4.5).
Table 4-11. Columns in the Strategy County Summary
Column

Description

SECTOR

The emissions sector for the source (i.e., ptnonipm for the point
non-IPM emissions sector)

FIPS

The state and county FIPS code for the source

POLL

The pollutant for the source

UNCONTROLLED_EMIS The original inventory emission for the county (in tons)
EMIS_REDUCTION

The total emission reduction for the county (in tons)

REMAINING_EMIS

The remaining emissions after being controlled (in tons)

PCT_RED

The percent reduction for the pollutant

The total annual cost for the county. This is calculated by summing
the annual costs for the county
= sum(annual_cost)
The total annual O&M costs for the county. This is calculated by
summing the annual O&M costs for the county
= sum(annual_oper_maint_cost)

ANNUAL_COST

ANNUAL_OPER_
MAINT_COST
ANNUALIZED_
CAPITAL_COST

The total annualized capital costs for the county. This is calculated
by summing the annualized capital costs for the county
= sum(annualized_capital_cost)

TOTAL_CAPITAL_
COST

The total capital costs for the county. This is calculated by

summing the total capital costs for the county
= sum(total_capital_cost)

AVG_ANN_
COST_PER_TON

The average annual cost per ton ($/ton). This is calculated by

dividing the total annual cost by the total emission reduction for the
county.

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Column
RECORD_ID
VERSION
DELETE_VERSIONS

CoST Training Manual and Users Guide

Description
= sum(annual_cost) / sum(emis_reduction)
System specific columns used for tracking primary key and
versioning of data

4.5.4 Controlled Emissions Inventory

Another output that can be created is a controlled emissions inventory (introduced earlier in
Section 4.4.6). This dataset is not automatically created during a strategy run; instead, a user can
choose to create it after the strategy run has completed successfully. When CoST creates a
controlled inventory, comments are placed at the top of the inventory file that indicate the
strategy that produced it and the high-level settings for that strategy. For the sources that were
controlled, CoST fills in the CEFF (control efficiency), REFF (rule effectiveness), and RPEN
(rule penetration) columns based on the control measures applied to the sources. It also populates
several additional columns toward the end of the ORL inventory rows that specify information
about measures that it has applied. These columns are:

CONTROL MEASURES: An ampersand (&)-separated list of control measure

abbreviations that correspond to the control measures that have been applied to the
given source.

PCT REDUCTION: An ampersand-separated list of percent reductions that have been

applied to the source, where percent reduction = CEFF REFF RPEN.

CURRENT COST: The annualized cost for that source for the most recent control
strategy that was applied to the source.

TOTAL COST: The total cost for the source across all measures that have been
applied to the source.

In this way, the controlled inventories created by CoST always specify the relevant information
about the measures that have been applied as a result of a CoST control strategy.

4.5.5 Strategy Messages

The Strategy Messages output provides information gathered while the strategy is running that is
helpful to the user. The Strategy Messages output is currently created by the following strategy
types:

Project Future Year Inventory

Max Emission Reduction
Least Cost (but not Least Cost Curve)

The columns of the Strategy Messages output are described in Table 4-12. An example Strategy
Messages output is shown in Table 4-13.

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Table 4-12. Columns in the Strategy Messages Output

Column
FIPS
SCC
PLANTID

Description
The state and county FIPS code for the source, found in the
inventory
The SCC code for the source, found in the inventory
For point sources, the plant ID for the source from the
inventory.

POINTID

For point sources, the point ID for the source from the
inventory.

STACKID

For point sources, the stack ID for the source from the
inventory.

SEGMENT

For point sources, the segment for the source from the
inventory.

POLL

The pollutant for the source, found in the inventory

STATUS

The status type of the message. The possible values:

Warning a possible issue has been detected, but
processing did not stop.
Error a problem occurred that caused the processing to
stop.
Informational it was desirable to communicate
information to the user.

CONTROL_
PROGRAM

The control program for the strategy run; this is populated

only when using the Project Future Year Inventory
strategy type.

MESSAGE
MESSAGE_TYPE
INVENTORY PACKET_FIPS
PACKET_SCC
PACKET_PLANTID
PACKET_POINTID
PACKET_STACKID
PACKET_SEGMENT
PACKET_POLL, PACKET_SIC
PACKET_MACT
PACKET_NAICS
PACKET_COMPLIANCE_DATE
RECORD_ID
VERSION
DELETE_VERSIONS

Text describing the strategy issue.

Reserved columns used for another strategy type that was
not part of this training exercise.

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System specific columns used for tracking primary key and

versioning of data

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Table 4-13. Example of Strategy Messages Output

fips

scc

plantid

pointid stackid segment poll

42049 30900201 420490009 942

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status

PM2_5 Warning

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control_
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message
Emission reduction is
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Table 4-14. Example of Strategy Measure Summary Data

SECTOR

FIPS

SCC

POLL

CONTROL_
MEASURE_
ABBREV

ptnonipm

37001

10200906 PM10

PFFPJIBWD

ptnonipm

37001

10200906 PM2_5

PFFPJIBWD

ptnonipm

37001

30500311 PM10

PFFPJMIOR

ptnonipm

37001

30500311 PM2_5

PFFPJMIOR

ptnonipm

37001

30501110 PM10

PFFPJMIOR

ptnonipm

37001

30501110 PM2_5

PFFPJMIOR

CONTROL_ MEASURE
Fabric Filter (Pulse Jet
Type);(PM10) Industrial
Boilers - Wood
Fabric Filter (Pulse Jet
Type);(PM10) Industrial
Boilers - Wood
Fabric Filter (Pulse Jet
Type);(PM10) Mineral
Products - Other
Fabric Filter (Pulse Jet
Type);(PM10) Mineral
Products - Other
Fabric Filter (Pulse Jet
Type);(PM10) Mineral
Products - Other
Fabric Filter (Pulse Jet
Type);(PM10) Mineral
Products - Other

CONTROL_
SOURCE_
TECHNOLOGY GROUP
Fabric Filter
(Pulse Jet Type)
Fabric Filter
(Pulse Jet Type)
Fabric Filter
(Pulse Jet Type)
Fabric Filter
(Pulse Jet Type)
Fabric Filter
(Pulse Jet Type)
Fabric Filter
(Pulse Jet Type)

Industrial
Boilers Wood
Industrial
Boilers Wood
Mineral
Products Other
Mineral
Products Other
Mineral
Products Other
Mineral
Products Other

AVG_
ANN_
ANNUAL_
COST_
COST
PER_
TON
$419,294

$12,862

EMIS_
REDUCTION

32.6007
19.5426

$446,026

$83,379

5.3494
2.0939

$110

$147

0.7498
0.2605

Table 4-15. Example of Strategy County Summary Data

SECTOR FIPS

POLL

EMIS_
REMAINING_ PCT_
REDUCT
EMIS
RED
ION
313.8724
313.8724

ptnonipm

37001 VOC

ptnonipm

37001 PM2_5

ptnonipm

37001 NH3

6.9128

ptnonipm

37001 NOX

146.2904

ptnonipm

37001 PM10

51.0928

ptnonipm

37001 SO2

54.3864

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ANNUAL_
ANNUALIZED TOTAL_
AVG_ ANN_
ANNUAL_
OPER_
_CAPITAL_
CAPITAL_ COST_
COST
MAINT_COST COST
COST
PER_TON

INPUT_
EMIS

33.4717

33.2505

50.7019

0.2212 99.3391

0.3909 99.2349

$865,430

$746,831

$83,300

$882,489

$22,363

54.3864

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4.6 Summaries of Strategy Inputs and Outputs

The EMF/CoST system can prepare summaries of the datasets that are loaded into the system,
including both the emissions inventory datasets and the Strategy Detailed Result outputs. The
ability to prepare summaries is helpful because in many cases there could be thousands of
records in a single Strategy Detailed Result. Thus, when the results of a strategy are analyzed or
presented to others, it is useful to show the impact of the strategy in a summarized fashion.
Frequently, it is helpful to summarize a strategy for each county, state, SCC, or control
technology. The power of the PostgreSQL relational database that contains the system data is
used to develop these summaries. Currently, they are prepared using the EMF subsystem that
was designed to support quality assurance (QA) of emissions inventories and related datasets.
Recall that the creation of summaries for strategy outputs was discussed in Section 4.4.3.
Each summary is stored as the result of a QA Step that is created by asking CoST to run a SQL
query. Summaries can be added to inventory or Strategy Detailed Result datasets by editing the
dataset properties, going to the QA tab, and using the available buttons to add and edit QA steps.
For more details on how to create summaries, see Section 4.4.3. Examples of the types of
summary templates available for ORL Point Inventories (the type with the most templates due to
the larger number of columns in that inventory type) are:

"Summarize by Pollutant with Descriptions"

"Summarize by Pollutant"
"Summarize by SCC and Pollutant with Descriptions"
"Summarize by SCC and Pollutant"
"Summarize by U.S. State and Pollutant with Descriptions"
"Summarize by U.S. State and Pollutant"
"Summarize by U.S. County and Pollutant with Descriptions"
"Summarize by MACT Code, U.S. State and Pollutant with Descriptions"
"Summarize by Data Source Code, U.S. State and Pollutant with Descriptions"
"Summarize by U.S. State, SCC and Pollutant with Descriptions"
"Compare CoST to NEI measures"
"Roll Up CoST and NEI measures"
"Summarize by Plant and Pollutant"

Note that the summaries with Descriptions have more information than the ones without. For
example, the Summarize by SCC and Pollutant with Descriptions summary includes the SCC
description in addition to the pollutant description. The disadvantage to include the descriptions
is that they are a bit slower to generate because information has to be brought in from additional
tables than the table being summarized.
Each of the summaries is created using a customized SQL syntax that is very similar to standard
SQL, except that it includes some EMF-specific concepts that allow the queries to be defined
generally and then applied to specific datasets as needed. An example of the customized syntax
for the "Summarize by SCC and Pollutant" query is:

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"select SCC, POLL, sum(ann_emis) as ann_emis from $TABLE[1] e group by SCC, POLL
order by SCC, POLL"
Notice that the only difference between this and standard SQL is the use of the $TABLE[1]
syntax. When this query is run, the $TABLE[1] portion of the query is replaced with the table
name used to contain the data in the EMF. Note that most datasets have their own tables in the
EMF schema, so you do not normally need to worry about selecting only the records for the
specific dataset of interest. The customized syntax also has extensions to refer to another dataset
and to refer to specific versions of other datasets using tokens other than $TABLE. For the
purposes of this discussion, it is sufficient to note that these other extensions exist.
Some of the summaries are constructed using more complex queries that join information from
other tables, such as the SCC descriptions, the pollutant descriptions (which are particularly
useful for HAPs), and to account for any missing descriptions. For example, the syntax for the
"Summarize by SCC and Pollutant with Descriptions" query is:
"select e.SCC, coalesce(s.scc_description,'AN UNSPECIFIED DESCRIPTION')::character
varying(248) as scc_description, e.POLL, coalesce(p.descrptn,'AN UNSPECIFIED
DESCRIPTION')::character varying(11) as pollutant_code_desc, coalesce(p.name,'AN
UNSPECIFIED SMOKE NAME')::character varying(11) as smoke_name,p.factor, p.voctog,
p.species, coalesce(sum(ann_emis), 0) as ann_emis, coalesce(sum(avd_emis), 0) as avd_emis
from $TABLE[1] e left outer join reference.invtable p on e.POLL=p.cas left outer join
reference.scc s on e.SCC=s.scc group by e.SCC,e.POLL,p.descrptn,s.scc_description,
p.name, p.factor,p.voctog, p.species order by e.SCC, p.name
This query is quite a bit more complex, but is still supported by the EMF QA step processing
system. In addition to summaries of the inventories, there are many summaries available for the
Strategy Detailed Results output by control strategy runs and for some of the other CoST-related
dataset types. Some of the summaries available for Strategy Detailed Results are as follows:

"Summarize by Pollutant"
"Summarize by County and Pollutant"
"Summarize by SCC and Pollutant"
"Summarize by Control Technology and Pollutant"
"Summarize by Control Measure and Pollutant"
"Summarize by Source Group and Pollutant"
"Summarize by U.S. State and Pollutant"
"Summarize by State, SCC, and Control Technology"
"Summarize by Control Technology, FIPS, and SCC"
"Summarize by Control Program, U.S. State and Pollutant"
"Summarize by Plant and Pollutant"
"Summarize all Control Measures"
"Summarize by Sector and Pollutant with Descriptions"
"Summarize by Sector, U.S. State, and Pollutant"

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"Summarize by U.S. State and SMOKE Pollutant Name"

"Cost Curve"

A plot created based the output of a Summarize by Control Technology and Pollutant summary
is shown in Figure 4-28.
Figure 4-30. Control Technologies used within a Least Cost Analysis

When multiple datasets need to be considered in a summary (e.g., to compare two inventories),
the EMF QA Program mechanism is used. The QA programs each have customized user
interfaces that allow users to select the datasets to be used in the query. Some of the following
QA programs may prove useful to CoST users:

"Multi-inventory sum": takes multiple inventories as input and reports the sum of
emissions from all inventories
"Multi-inventory column report": takes multiple inventories as input and shows the
emissions from each inventory in separate columns
"Multi-inventory difference report": takes two sets of inventories as input, sums each
inventory, and then computes the difference between the two sums
"Compare Control Strategies": compares the data available in the Strategy Detailed
Result datasets output from two control strategies

Summaries can be mapped with geographic information systems (GIS), mapping tools, and
Google Earth. To facilitate this mapping, many of the summaries that have with Descriptions
in their names include latitude and longitude information. For plant-level summaries, the latitude
and longitude provided are the average of all the values given for the specific combination of

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FIPS and PLANT_ID. For county- and state-level summaries, the latitude and longitude are the
centroid values specified in the fips table of the EMF reference schema.
It is useful to note that after the summaries have been created, they can be exported to CSV files.
By clicking View Results, the summary results can be viewed in a table called the Analysis
Engine that does sorting, filtering, and plotting. From the File menu of the Analysis Engine
window, a compressed .kmz file can be created and subsequently loaded into Google Earth. Note
that each KMZ file is currently provided with a single latitude and longitude coordinate
representing its centroid, even for geographic shapes like counties.
Recall that in addition to the datasets output for control strategies, many types of summaries of
these datasets can be created in CoST (see Section 2.7). Figure 11 shows a plot that can be
created by summarizing a Least Cost Strategy Detailed Result using the "Summarize by Control
Technology and Pollutant" query. Some of the technologies used in this run were Low NOx
burners (LNB), Low NOx burners with Flue Gas Recovery (LNB + FGD), Non-Selective
Catalytic Reduction (NSCR), and Selective Non-catalytic Reduction (SNCR). Note that Figure
11 was generated by plotting data output from CoST with spreadsheet software, and not by CoST
itself. CoST does have some plotting capabilities, but they are not discussed in this document.

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5 Control Strategy Exercises

This section has some advanced training exercises for you to work through after you have
completed the basic exercises above.

5.1 Importing an Emissions Inventory (or County List File)

In many cases, it will be necessary to import an emissions inventory into the EMF for use with
CoST. Before it can be imported, the inventory must be in one of these ORL formats: ORL
Point, ORL Onroad, ORL Nonroad, or ORL Nonpoint. For more information on these formats,
see http://www.smoke-model.org/version3.0/html/ch08s02.html#d0e38904. Try importing an
inventory using the following steps:
1. Choose Datasets from the Manage menu of the EMF main window.
2. Set the Show Datasets of Type menu to the type that represents your inventory (e.g.,
ORL Nonpoint Inventory).
3. Click the Import button to show the Import Datasets window.
4. Click the Browse button and browse to the location of your inventory on the EMF server
computer (e.g., C:\EMF_temp\inventories\nonpoint).
5. Select the checkbox that corresponds to your inventory (e.g.,
arinv_nonpt_2020cc_31may2007_v0_orl_txt) and then click OK.
6. Specify a meaningful name for the new dataset in the Dataset Name type-in field that
does not duplicate one of the existing dataset names.
7. Click the Import button. Monitor the Status window for the status of your import. If the
inventory file was new, you may have data formatting issues to deal with.
8. Click Done on the Import Datasets window.
9. After you see a message that the Status window that indicates that the import has
completed, click Refresh on the Dataset Manager and you should see the newly
imported inventory dataset. The dataset could now be used as an input to a control
strategy.
10. To import a list of counties to limit the counties used for a strategy analysis, set the Show
Datasets of Type menu to List of Counties and then import the file following steps 3
through 9 above. Be sure that your list of counties file has at least two columns, with one
of them labeled FIPS.
From the Dataset Manager, you can:

use the View button to open the Dataset Properties Viewer,

use the Edit button to open the Dataset Properties Editor,

use the Edit Data button to create new versions of the dataset,

use the Remove button to remove the dataset,

use the Import button to import new datasets,

use the Export button to export the data to a file on the EMF server,

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use the Purge button to purge datasets that were removed from the system,

use the Close button to close the Dataset Manager Window.

5.2 Running a Maximum Emissions Reduction Strategy

For this exercise, we will modify the least cost strategy you created in Section 4 and run it as a
maximum emissions reductions strategy.
1. Copy the least cost strategy you created in Section 4 to a new strategy.
2. Edit the strategy and set the Strategy Type to Max Emissions Reduction.
3. Run the new strategy.
4. Did the maximum emissions reduction strategy run slower or faster than the least cost?
5. How much more reduction did you get over the 50% level of reduction you specified in
Section 4?
6. How does the Average Cost per Ton and Total Cost differ between the 50% reduction
strategy you ran earlier and the maximum emissions reduction available?
Hint: use the columns of the Control Strategy Manager to answer this question.
Least Cost Strategy Total Cost:
Max. Emissions Red Total Cost:

Average CPT:
Average CPT:

7. What are some of the SCCs for sources that had control measures applied in the result,
but had a control efficiency of less than 90%? [It is important to note these because they
may provide opportunities for controls] Hint: Examine the Strategy Detailed Result
and apply a filter for CONTROL_EFF<90 to find the applicable rows.
SCCs with CE < 90%:

5.3 Running a Strategy with a Hypothetical Measure

For this exercise, we will create a new control measure and then see what impact it has on the
strategy results.
1. Create a new control measure. Set the Major Pollutant to NOX. Set the Class to
Hypothetical.
2. On your new measure, enter an Efficiency record for NOX with a control efficiency of
95%, a cost per ton of 3000, and a cost year of 2006.
3. For your new measure, add all SCCs starting with 102 (there should be about 78 of
these). Hint: you do not have to click 78 checkboxes to do this - remember to filter and
Select All.
4. Copy your maximum emissions reduction strategy from the previous exercise to a new
strategy.
5. Set your new strategy to include Hypothetical measures in addition to Known.
6. Run your new strategy.

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7. Based on the results of this strategy, how much additional emissions reduction could
you get over the previous maximum reduction result if there was a control measure with a
95% CE available for sources with SCCs starting with 102, such as the one you created?

5.4 Examining Cobenefits

For this exercise, we will run a control strategy that will result in some control measures being
applied that result in co-benefits.
1. Set up a new control strategy.
2. Set the Target year to 2020 and the Strategy Type to Max Emissions Reduction.
3. Set the inventory to use to be the nonpoint inventory you imported in Section 5.1.
4. Set the inventory filter to: FIPS like 42%.
5. Set the Target Pollutant to PM10, then Run the strategy.
6. Once the run completes, summarize the Strategy Detailed result by Control Technology
and Pollutant.
7. Once the summary has completed running, view the Detailed Result.
Do you see data for more than one pollutant?
What is the typical cost per ton for the strategy?
8. Try setting a Maximum Cost per Ton constraint less than the typical cost per ton in the
result you just generated and rerun the strategy.
How does the constraint impact the results?

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6 Example SQL Statements for Creating Row Filters

Table 6-1 provides some examples of row filters that can be applied to inventory filters to target
specific sources for use during strategy analyses.
Table 6-1. Examples of Row Filters (Data Viewer window) and
Inventory Filters (Inventories tab of the Edit Control Strategy window)
Filter Purpose

SQL Where Clause

Filter on a particular set of SCCs

scc like '101%' or scc like 102%

Filter on a particular set of pollutants

poll in ('PM10', 'PM2_5')

or
POLL = 'PM10' or POLL = 'PM2_5'

Filter sources only in NC (State FIPS =

37), SC (45), and VA (51); note that
FIPS column format is State + County
FIPS code (e.g., 37001)

substring(FIPS,1,2) in ('37', '45', '51')

Filter sources only in CA (06) and

include only NOx and VOC pollutants

substring(fips,1,2) = '06' and poll in ('NOX', 'VOC')

or
fips like '06%' and (poll = 'NOX' or poll = 'VOC')

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7 References
Eyth, A.M., D. Del Vecchio, D. Yang, D. Misenheimer, D. Weatherhead, L. Sorrels, Recent
Applications of the Control Strategy Tool (CoST) within the Emissions Modeling
Framework, 17th Annual Emissions inventory Conference, Portland, OR, 2008.
Houyoux, M.R., M. Strum, R. Mason, A. Eyth, A. Zubrow, C. Allen, Using SMOKE from the
Emissions Modeling Framework, 17th Annual Emissions inventory Conference, Portland,
OR, 2008.
Misenheimer, D.C., A New Tool for Integrated Emissions and Controls Strategies Analysis,
16th Annual Emissions inventory Conference, Raleigh, NC, 2007.

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