TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER TESTS
SOLVED
Example 1: A 5kVA, 1000/200 V, 50 Hz, single-phase
transformer gave the following test results :
OC test (hv side) : 1000 V
SC test (hv side) :
0.24 A
50 V
5A
90 W
110 W
Calculate : (i) equivalent circuit of transformer with circuit
constants, (ii) regulation at full load at 0.8 lagging pf, and (iii) kVA
load for maximum efficiency.
Solution :
(i) Equivalent circuit with circuit constants :
From oc test :
The test is conducted on primary side.
Given : V1 = 1000 V, I0 = 0.24 A, W = 90
We have
= V1 I0 cos0
=
W
V1 I0
so,
cos0
or
sin0 = 0.927
90
10000 0 .24
= 0.375 lagging
The working component of no-load current,
Iw = I0 cos0 = 0.24 0.375 = 0.09 A
The magnetizing component of no-load current,
I = I0 sin 0 = 0.245 0.927 = 0.222A
R0 =
V1
IW
1000
0 .09
= 11111
X0 =
V1
I
1000
0 .222
= 4504.5
From sc test :
1
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER TESTS
SOLVED
The test is conducted on primary side.
Given : Vsc = 50 V, I1 = 5 A, W = 110 W
we have w = I21 R01
or R01 =
W
I 21
110
(5 )2
Z01 =
Vsc
I1
50
5
X01 =
Z 2 01 R 2 01
= 4.4
= 10
10 2 4.4 2
= 8. 98
Figure 4.31 shows the equivalent circuit with circuit constants.
R0 1 = 4.4 X0 1 = 8.98
I2
I1
I0 = 0.24 A
V1 = 10 00 V
IW
R0
Z L V2
X0
= 11111
= 4504.5
Fig. 4.31
(ii) Regulation of full-load 0.8 lagging pf :
(I2)FL =
K=
E2
E1
kVA rating 1000
E2
5 1000
200
= 25 A
20
= 0.22
1000
R02 = K2R01 = (0.2)2 4.4 = 0.176
X02 = K2X01 = (0.2)2 8. 98 = 0.36
Power factor = cos = 0.8, sin = 0.6
So, % regulation =
I2 R 02 cos I2 X02 sin
E2
100
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER TESTS
SOLVED
2 .5 0 .176 0 .8 25 0 .36 0 .6
200
100
= 4.46
(iii) kVA load for maximum efficiency :
From oc test Wi = 90 W
(I1)FL =
kVA rating 1000
5 1000
=
= 5A
E1
1000
So, [Wcu]FL = (I1)2FL R01 = (5)2 4.4 = 110W
kVA at max
=5
= full-load kVA
Wi
[Wcu ]FL
90
110
= 4.52
Example 2: Obtain equivalent circuit of a 200/400 V, 50 Hz,
single-phase transformer form the following test data :
OC test
: 200 V
0.7 A
70 W
(on lv side)
SC test
10 A
85 W
(on hv side)
15 V
Calculate the secondary voltage when delivering 5kW at 0.8 pf
lagging, the primary voltage being 200 V.
Solution :
From oc test :
The reading are : V1 = 200 V, I0 = 0.7 a, W = 70W
We have W = V1I0 cos 0
TRANSFORMER
So, cos 0 =
TRANSFORMER TESTS
SOLVED
W
70
=
= 0.5
V1 I0
200 0 .7
andsin 0 = 0.866
Also Iw = I0 cos 0 = 0.7 0.5 = 0.35 A
I = I0 sin 0 = 0.7 0.866 = 0.606 A
R0 =
V1
IW
V1
X0 = I =
200
= 571.4
0 . 35
200
0 .606
= 330
From sc test :
It may be noted that this test is conducted on hv side, i. e. ,
instruments are placed on secondary, and primary had been
short-circuited.
The reading are Vsc = 15 V, I2 = 10A, W = 85W
We have W = I22 R02
So, R02 =
Z02 =
W
I22
85
10 2
= 0.85
Vsc 15
= = 1.5
I2 10
So, X02 = Z 2 02 R 2 02 = 1.52 0.852 = 1.24
Now,
X01 =
R01 =
0 . 85
R 02
0 . 85
=
2 = 0.21
2 = 400
K
(
)2 (2)
200
X 02 1 . 24
= 2 = 0.31
(2)
K2
The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 4.32.
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER TESTS
R 0 1 = 0.21 X0 1 = 0.31
I2
I1
SOLVED
I0 = 0.7 A
IW
V1 = 200 V
R0
Z 2 V2
X0
571.4
330
Fig. 4.32
Secondary current , when delivering 5 kW at 0.8 pf lagging is
calculated as follows :
Output kVA
E 2 I2
or
1000
or
400 I2
1000
or I2
kW
= pf
5
=
0 .8
=
5
0 .8
= 15.63 A
Total voltage drop as referred to secondary,
E2- V2 = I2R02 cos + I2X02 sin
or 400 V2 = 15.63 0.85 0.8 + 15.63 1.24 0.6
So, V2 = 377.7 V
Example 3: A 50 kVA, 2200/220 V, 50 Hz, single-phase
transformer gave the following test results :
OC test (hv side)
: 2200 V
0.5 A
1000 W
SC test (hv side)
20 A
500 W
100 V
Calculate : (i) efficiency at full-load 0.8 lagging pf and (ii)
maximum efficiency at 0.8 pf and load at maximum efficiency.
5
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER TESTS
SOLVED
Solution :
From oc test, Wi = 1000 W
The sc test is conducted on hv side, i.e. , primary side.
The full-load primary current.
(I1)FL =
kVa rating 1000
E1
50 1000
2200
= 22.73 A
Short-circuit test data have been given at 20A current on primary
side. Since short-circuit and cull-load current are different, the cu
loss at full load should be calculated as
22 .73
=
20
[Wcu]FL
500
= 645.81 W
(i) Efficiency at full-load 0.8 lagging pf :
% =
=
x full - load kVA pf
100
(x full - load kVA pf) Wi x 2 [Wcu ]FL
(1 50 0 .8 )
(1 50 0 .8 ) 1 (1)2 0 .64581
100
= 96.048
(ii) The load at maximum efficiency :
x=
Wi
[Wcu ]FL
1000
645 .81
= 1.244
Maximum efficiency,
%max =
=
(x full - load kVA pf)
(x full - load kVA pf) 2Wi
(1 .244 50 0 .8 )
(1 .244 50 0 .8 ) 2(1)
= 96.14
6
100
100
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER TESTS
SOLVED
Example 3: Open-circuit and short circuit tests on a 5 kVA,
200/400 V, 50 Hz, single-phase transformer gave the following
test results :
OC test
: 200 V
1A
100 W
(carried on lv side)
SC test
circuited)
: 15 V
10A
85 W
(with primary short
Calculate : (i) Draw the equivalent circuit referred to primary. (ii)
calculate the approximate regulation of a transformer at full- load
0.8 pf lagging and at full-load 0.8 pf leading.
Solution :
(i) Equivalent circuit referred to primary :
From oc test :
The test is carried on lv side, i. e. , primary side. The
instrument reading are :
Vi = 200 V, I0 = 1A, W = 100 W
We have
= V1I0 cos0
So,
cos 0
and
sin 0
= 0.866
Now,
Iw = I0 cos 0 = 1 0.5 = 0.5 A
W
V1 I0
100
200 1
= 0.5
I = I0 sin 0 = 1 0.866 = 0.866 A
Hence, R0 =
V1
IW
200
0 .5
X0 =
V1
I
200
0 .866
= 400
= 231
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER TESTS
SOLVED
From sc test :
In sc test, primary side is short-circuited.
carried on secondary side.
, the test is
The reading are given as Vsc = 15 V, I2 = 10A, and W= 85 W
Now,
W = I22 R02
So,
R02 =
W
85
=
= 0.85
2
(10 )2
I 2
15
Vsc
Z02 = I =
= 1.5
10
2
Z 2 01 R 2 02 = 1.5 2 0.85 2 = 1.236
X02 =
K=
So,
E2
E1
400
100
R01 =
X01 =
X 02
K2
=2
R 02
K2
0 . 85
(2)2
= 0.2125
= 0.309
1 .236
(2)2
The equivalent circuit referred to primary is as shown in
Fig. 4.33.
I2
I1
R0 1
0.2125
I0
V1 = 200 V
IW
R0
400
X0 1
0.309
Z L V2
X0
231
Fig. 4.33
(ii) Regulation at full load :
At 0.8 pf lagging :
8
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER TESTS
(I2)FL =
(kVA rating 1000)
E2
% regulation = (
=
SOLVED
5 1000
= 12.5 A
400
I2 R 02 cos I2 X02 sin
E2
) 100
12 .5 0 .85 0 .8 12 .5 1 .236 0 .6
100
400
= 4.44
At 0.8 pf leading :
% regulation =
=
I2 R02 cos I2 X 02 sin
E2
100
12 .5 0 .85 0 .8 12 .5 1 .236 0 .6
400
100
= -0.19
Example 4 : A 250/500 V, single-phase transformer gave the
following test results :
Short-circuit test with low-voltage winding short circuited:
20 V
12 A
100 W
Open-circuit test:
250V
1A
80 W
on low-voltage side.
Find the efficiency, when the output is 10 A at 500 V at 0.8 pf lag.
Solution :
Since oc test is carried out by applying rated voltage (250 V) on lv
side (primary) with hv side open circuited, the wattmeter reading
gives the core loss corresponding to normal voltage, i.e.,
core (or iron) loss = 80 W
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER TESTS
SOLVED
The sc test is carried out with lv winding (primary) short-circuited,
i.e., it is carried out on secondary side. (The current circuited on
secondary side = 12 A and power input = 100 W.)
So, copper loss corresponding to 12 A= 100 W
Now, efficiency at 10 A load is required.
So, copper loss corresponding to 10 A =
10
12
Hence, efficiency at 10 A, 0.8 pf and 500 V,
% =
=
Output power
Output power Iron loss Copper loss
500 10 0 .8
(500 10 0 .8 ) 80 69 .44
100
= 96.4
10
100
100 = 69. 44 W
