TRANSFORMER
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT & VOLTAGE REGULATION
SOLVED
Example 1: A single-phase, 440/220 V, 10kVA, 50 Hz
transformer has a resistance of 0.2 and a reactance of 0.6 on
high-voltage side. The corresponding values of low-voltage side
are 0.04 and 0.14 . Calculate the percentage regulation on
full load for (i) 0.8 leading pf, (ii) 0.8 leading pf, and (iii) unity pf.
Solution :
The given values are :
E1 = 440 V, E2 = 220 V, R1 = 0.2 , X1 = 0.6 , R2 = 0.04 ,
X2 = 0.i4
Secondary current at full load,
(I2)FL =
10 1000
= 45.45 A
220
E2
220
Transformation ratio, K = E =
= 0.5
440
1
R02 = R2 + R1 = R2 + K2R1 = 0.04 + (0.5)2 0.2 = 0.09
X02 = X2 + X 1 = X2 + K2X1 = 0.14 + (0.5)2 0.6 = 0.29
(i) Percentage regulation at full-load 0.8 pf lagging :
cos = 0.8
So,
sin = 0.6
We have
% regulation =
=
I2 R02 cos I2 X 02 sin
100
E2
45 .45 0 .09 0 .8 45 .45 0 .29 0 .6
100
220
= 5.082
1
TRANSFORMER
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT & VOLTAGE REGULATION
SOLVED
(ii) Percentage regulation at full-load 0.8 pf leading :
cos = 0.8
So,
sin = 0.6
% regulation =
=
I2 R02 cos I2 X 02 sin
100
E2
45 .45 0 .09 0 .8 45 .45 0 .29 0 .6
100
220
= -2.107
(iii) Percentage regulation at full-load unity pf :
% regulation =
I2 R02 cos I2 X 02 sin
100
E2
I2 R02 cos
=
100
E2
=
[ sin = 0]
45 .45 0 .09 1
100
220
= 1.859
Example 2: A 250/125 V, 5 kVA single-phase transformer has
primary resistance of 0.2 and a reactance of 0.75 . The
secondary resistance is 0.05 and reactance is 0.2 .
Determine (i) the regulation while supplying full load on 0.8
leading pf, and (ii) the secondary terminal voltage on full load and
0.8 leading pf.
Solution :
The given values are :
R1 = 0.2 , X1 = 0.75 , R2 = 0.05 , X2 = 0.2 , pf = 0.8 leading
TRANSFORMER
Now,
K=
(I2)FL =
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT & VOLTAGE REGULATION
E2
E1
125
250
SOLVED
= 0.5
kVArating 1000
5 1000
=
= 40A
E2
125
R02 = R2 +
R1
= R2 + K2R1 = 0.05 + (0.5)2 0.2 = 0.1
X02 = X2 +
X 1
= X2 + K2X1 = 0.2 + (0.5)2 0.75 = 0.3875
(i) Regulation on full-load 0.8 leading pf :
cos = 0.8 leading
So,
sin = 0.6
%regulation =
=
I2 R02 cos I2 X 02 sin
100
E2
40 0 .1 0 .8 40 0 .3875 0 .6
100
125
= 4.88
(ii) The secondary terminal voltage on full-load 0.8 leading
primary flux :
By using basic expression of regulation,
%regulation =
E 2 V2
100
E2
At full-load 0.8 leading pf, regulation is -4.88%.
So, -4.88
125 V2
125
100
or -6.1 = 125 V2
or V2
= 131.3 V
TRANSFORMER
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT & VOLTAGE REGULATION
SOLVED
Example 3: A 100 kVA transformer has 400 turns on the primary
and 800.01 respectively and corresponding leakage
reactances are 1.1 and 0.035 respectively. The supply
voltage is 2200 V. Calculate (i) equivalent impedance referred to
primary and (ii) Voltage regulation and secondary terminal voltage
for full load having a pf 0.8 leading.
Solution :
Given : N1 = 400 turns, N2 = 80 turns, R1 = 0.3 , R2 = 0.01 ,
X1 = 1.1 , X2 = 0.035 , V1 E1 = 2200 V
N2
80
So, we have K = N =
= 0.2
400
1
0 .01
2
Also R01 = R1 + R 2 = R1 + K = 0.3 + (0 .2)2 = 0.55
2
0 .035
X2
= 1.1 +
= 1.975
K2
(0 .2)2
X01 = X1 +
X 2
(i) Z01 =
R 2 01 X 2 01 =
(ii) K =
= X1 +
0.55 2 1.975 2 = 2.05
E2
E1
So,
E2 = KE1 = 0.2 2200 = 440 V
Full-load secondary current can be calculated as follows :
100 1000
= 227.3 a
440
(I2)FL =
Full - load kVa 1000
E2
Now,
R02 = K2R01 = (0.2)2 0.55 = 0.022
X02 = K2X01 = (0.2)2 1.975 = 0.079
Voltage regulation for full-load 0.8 leading pf :
4
TRANSFORMER
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT & VOLTAGE REGULATION
%regulation =
SOLVED
I2 R02 cos I2 X 02 sin
100
E2
227 .3 0 .022 0 .8 227 .3 0 .079 0 .6
100
440
= 1.54
Secondary terminal voltage V2 can be calculated as follows :
% regulation =
or -1.54 =
So,
E 2 V2
100
E2
440 V2
= 100
440
V2 = 446.77 V
