Ericka Arpilleda
III AB ISD
Queennie Militar
1:30PM
Samantha Sarmiento
Ma. Camille Sta. Maria
The International United
Development, Cairo, 1994
WF 12:00-
Nations
Conference
on
Population
and
1. The International Conference on Population and Development that happened in
Cairo, Egypt from September 5 -13 1994 brought forth the steering document for
the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) called Program of Action.
2. At the United Nations International Conference on Population and Development
(ICPD) held in Cairo in 1994, world leaders, UN agencies, high-ranking officials and
NGO representatives from 179 countries agreed on a 20-year Program of Action
(PoA) that aims to show that population and development are connected to one
another, and that empowering women and meeting peoples needs for education
and health, including reproductive health, are necessary for both individual
advancement and balanced development. The greatest contribution that the
conference brought to our world was its setting of a clearer international framework
for reproductive rights and health. The Program of Action of the International
Conference on Population and Development in 1994 represented a remarkable
consensus among 179 governments that individual human rights and dignity,
including the equal rights of women and girls and universal access to sexual and
reproductive health and rights, are a necessary precondition for sustainable
development, and it set forth objectives and actions to accelerate such
development by 2015.
3. Outline
I.
PREAMBLE
A. Overview
1. Environmental concerns
2. Population growth projections
3. Family planning
4. Infant, child, and maternal mortality
5. Education levels
II.
PRINCIPLES GUIDING CONFERENCE DELIBERATIONS
A. Human rights
B. Sustainable development
C. Gender equity
D. Health care and family planning
E. Education
F. Support of families and children
G. Migration and asylum
III. INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN POPULATION,
GROWTH AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
A. Economic and development strategies
1. Alleviate poverty
2. Curb wasteful consumption
3. Protect the environment
SUSTAINED
ECONOMIC
IV. GENDER EQUALITY, EQUITY AND EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN
A. Raise the status of women in the political process
B. Promote womens education and employment
C. Eliminate violence against women
D. Increase value placed on girls in the family and society
1. Expanded access to education and technical training
2. Increased attention to their nutritional needs
3. Enforcement of laws requiring marriage to be based on consent
4. Prohibition of female genital mutilation
5. Prohibition of infanticide, prenatal sex selection, and girls prostitution
E. Mens equal participation in regard to family planning, child-rearing and
housework
V. THE FAMILY, ITS ROLES, COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE
A. Diversity of family structures and composition
B. Families in difficult circumstances and their increased need for socio-economic
support
1. Laws to better support the family and contribute to its stability
2. Single-parent households
C. Participation of parents in the labor force
D. Elimination of coercion and discrimination in regard to marriage
E. Formulation of family-sensitive policies about housing, work, health, social
security, and education
VI. POPULATION GROWTH AND STRUCTURE
A. World population
B. Poverty
C. Indigenous people
1. Steady population in some places
2. Decreasing population elsewhere
a. Diseases
b. Loss of land
c. Ecological destruction
d. Displacement
D. Social and economic integration of persons with disabilities
VII. REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
A. Reproductive rights and reproductive health
B. Family planning
prevent unwanted pregnancies and reduce the incidence of high-risk
pregnancies and morbidity and mortality
enable couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number
and spacing of their children
C. Sexually transmitted diseases and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV)
prevent, reduce the incidence of, and provide treatment for STDs
promote adequate development of responsible sexuality
D. Human sexuality and gender relations
E. Reproductive health needs of adolescents
VIII. HEALTH, MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY
A. Primary health care and the health-care sector
Health policies
Allocation of resources
Life expectancy
B. Child survival and health
Reducing infant/child mortality
Improve health and nutritional status of infants/children
Promote breast feeding
Narrowing the gaps between developing and developed regions in infant/child
mortality rates
C. Women's health and safe motherhood
Reduce complications in pregnancy and childbirth
Promote womens health and safe motherhood
Improve the health and nutritional status of women, especially of pregnant and
nursing women
Reduce maternal mortality and morbidity
Improvement in maternal health services
Abortion should not be promoted as a method of family planning
Seek changes in high- risk sexual behaviour and devise strategies to ensure that
men share responsibility for sexual and reproductive health
D. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS)
Increase awareness of HIV/AIDS
Reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS
Minimize the impact of HIV infection
Ensure adequate health care and services for HIV-infected individuals
Ensure HIV-infected individuals are not discriminated
Intensify research on methods to control the HIV/AIDS pandemic and find an
effective treatment
IX. POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, URBANIZATION AND INTERNAL MIGRATION
A. Population distribution and sustainable development
Migration
Reduce the various push factors in relation to migration flows
Urban planning
Recognition of Indigenous peoples lands
B. Population growth in large urban agglomerations
Regulate private and public resources in cities
Authorities competence in managing urban development
Strengthen capacity for land management
Promote the development and implementation of effective environmental
management strategies for urban agglomerations
C. Internally displaced persons
Adequate protection and assistance to persons displaced within their country
To put an end to all forms of forced migration, including "ethnic cleansing"
X. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
A. International migration and development
Address root cause of migration
Encourage more cooperation and dialogue between countries of origin and
countries of destination
Facilitate the reintegration process of returning migrants
B. Documented migrants
ensure the social and economic integration of documented migrants
eliminate discriminatory practices against documented migrants
ensure protection against racism, ethnocentrism and xenophobia
promote the welfare of documented migrants and members of their families
ensure the respect of the cultural and religious values, beliefs and practices of
documented migrants
take into account the special needs and circumstances of temporary migrants
C. Undocumented migrants
address the root causes of undocumented migration
reduce the number of undocumented migrants
prevent international trafficking of migrants
D. Refugees, asylum-seekers and displaced persons
To reduce pressures leading to refugee movements and displacement by
combating their root causes at all levels and undertaking related preventive
action
find and implement durable solutions to the plight of refugees and displaced
persons;
To ensure effective protection of and assistance to refugee populations, with
particular attention to the needs and physical security of refugee women and
refugee children;
To prevent the erosion of the institution of asylum
To provide adequate health, education and social services for refugees and
displaced persons;
To integrate refugee and returnee assistance and rehabilitation programmes into
development planning, with due attention to gender equity
XI. POPULATION, DEVELOPMENT AND EDUCATION
A.
Education, population and sustainable development
Achieve universal access to quality education
Equal access for men and women in literary centres
To introduce and improve the content of the curriculum so as to promote
greater responsibility and awareness on the interrelationships between
population and sustainable development; health issues, including
reproductive health; and gender equity
A. Population information, education and communication
encourage attitudes in favour of responsible behaviour in population and
development
ensure political commitment to population and development issues by
national Governments
To enhance the ability of couples and individuals to exercise their basic right
to decide freely and responsibly on the number and spacing of their children,
and to have the information, education and means to do so
XII. TECHNOLOGY, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
A. Basic data collection, analysis and dissemination
establish a factual basis for understanding and anticipating the
interrelationships of population and socio-economic - including environmental
- variables and for improving program development, implementation,
monitoring and evaluation
strengthen national capacity to seek new information and meet the need for
basic data collection, analysis and dissemination
To ensure political commitment to, and understanding of, the need for data
collection on a regular basis and the analysis, dissemination and full
utilization of data
B. Reproductive health research
To contribute to the understanding of factors affecting universal
reproductive health including sexual health, and to expand
reproductive choice
To ensure the initial and continued safety, quality and health aspects of
methods for regulation of fertility
To mobilize the full spectrum of basic biomedical, social and
behavioural and program-related research on reproductive health and
sexuality
C. Social and economic research
To promote socio-cultural and economic research that assists in the
design of programs, activities and services to improve the quality of
life and meet the needs of individuals, families and communities, in
particular all underserved groups
To promote the use of research findings to improve the formulation of
policies and the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of
programs and projects that improve the welfare of individuals and
families and the needy
To understand that sexual and reproductive behavior occurring in
varying socio-cultural contexts
XIII. NATIONAL ACTION
A. National policies and plan of action
To incorporate population concerns in all relevant national
development strategies, plans, policies and program
To foster active involvement of elected representatives of people in
formulating, implementing, monitoring and evaluating strategies,
policies, plans and programs in the field of population and
development
B. Program management and human resource development
To improve national capacities and the cost-effectiveness, quality and
impact of national population and development strategies, plans,
policies and programs, while ensuring their accountability to all
persons served
To facilitate and accelerate the collection, analysis and flow of data and
information between actors in national population and development
programs
To increase the skill level and accountability of managers and others
involved in the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of national
population and development strategies, policies, plans and programs
To incorporate user and gender perspectives in training programs and
ensure the availability, motivation and retention of appropriately
trained personnel
C. Resource mobilization and allocation
In the family-planning services component - contraceptive
commodities and service delivery; capacity-building for information,
education and communication regarding family planning and
population and development issues; national capacity-building through
support for training; infrastructure development and upgrading of
facilities; policy development and program evaluation; management
information systems; basic service statistics; and focused efforts to
ensure good quality care
In the basic reproductive health services component - information and
routine services for prenatal, normal and safe delivery and post-natal
care; abortion; information, education and communication about
reproductive health
In the sexually transmitted diseases/HIV/AIDS prevention program
component - mass media and in-school education programs, promotion
of voluntary abstinence and responsible sexual behavior and expanded
distribution of condoms
In the basic research, data and population and development policy
analysis component - national capacity - building through support for
demographic as well as program-related data collection and analysis,
research, policy development and training
XIV. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
A. Responsibilities of partners in development
To ensure that international cooperation in the area of population and
development is consistent with national population and development
priorities centred on the well-being of intended beneficiaries and
serves to promote national capacity-building and self-reliance
To clarify the reciprocal responsibilities of development partners and
improve coordination of their efforts
To develop long-term joint programs between recipient countries and
between recipient and donor countries
B. Towards a new commitment to funding population and development
To increase substantially the availability of international financial assistance
in the field of population and development
To increase the commitment to, and the stability of, international financial
assistance in the field of population and development by diversifying the
sources of contributions, while striving to avoid as far as possible a reduction
in the resources for other development areas
To increase international financial assistance to direct South-South
cooperation and to facilitate financing procedures for direct South-South
cooperation
XV. PARTNERSHIP WITH THE NON-GOVERNMENTAL SECTOR
A. Local, national and international non-governmental organizations
To promote an effective partnership between all levels of government
and the full range of non-governmental organizations and local
community groups
B. Private sector
To strengthen the partnership between Governments, international
organizations and the private sector in identifying new areas of
cooperation
To promote the role of the private sector in service delivery and in the
production and distribution, within each region of the world, of highquality reproductive health and family-planning commodities and
contraceptives
XVI. FOLLOW-UP TO THE CONFERENCE
A. Activities at the national level
to encourage and enable countries to fully and effectively implement
the Programme of Action, through appropriate and relevant policies
and programs at the national level
B. Sub regional and regional activities
to promote implementation of the present Programme of Action at the
sub regional and regional levels, with attention to specific sub regional
and regional strategies and needs
C. Activities at the international level
To ensure full and consistent support for all efforts directed at the
implementation of the present Programme of Action at all levels
To ensure a coordinated approach and a clearer division of labor in
population-relevant policy and operational aspects of development
cooperation
To ensure that population and development issues receive appropriate
focus and integration in the work of the relevant bodies and entities of
the United Nations system
4.
The significance of the consensus document is to decrease poverty and ill
health, implement and help women with their rights and need, reduce destruction of
the environment and to minimize the population growth of the world but the three
important objectives for this period were reduction of infant and maternal mortality,
universal access to education most especially girls and universal access to
reproductive health and family planning.
With regards the principles concerning international law, the Cairo document:
Programme of action basically focused on international human rights law and the
international environmental law. Since the consensus is seeking for equality by
giving women their right to family planning by giving them contraceptives as a way
of letting them control child mortality, a principle of international human rights law:
life, liberty, property, and equality is shown.
The conference also used population development as a way of protecting our
environment because more people existing means that more natural resources
would be depleted and people not even replacing what they get which may
someday be a big problem for our society because of the lack in natural resources.
The protection of the environment is a vital part of contemporary human rights
doctrine, for it is a sine qua non for numerous human rights such as the right to
health, and the right to life itself.
Furthermore, since the conference in population development was conducted
to also encourage the society to promote sustainable development, another
principle of international law which is international environmental law is shown.
Sustainable development encourages development in a manner and according to
methods which do not compromise the ability of future generation and other States
to meet their needs. Another addition to principles of international environmental
law that can be seen in the Cairo consensus document is the Stockholm declaration
which says that man has a fundamental right to freedom, equality and adequate
conditions of life, in an environment of a quality that permits a life of dignity and
well-being, and he bears a solemn responsibility to protect and improve the
environment for present and future generations. Although like this, people should
still take responsibility of whatever is happening to our environment and one proper
way of taking care of our environment is by population control through the
population development by the Cairo consensus document.
The Cairo consensus document has several significant impacts since it links
population, sustainable development and women's rights. This document has great
impact for the generations that followed after it. It is not new that issues on
population, womens rights and sustainable development are relevant to address
especially in developing countries. During the conference, it was also noted that
efforts to slow population growth, reduce poverty, achieve economic progress,
improve environmental protection, and reduce unsustainable consumption and
production patterns are needed globally. Furthermore, the conference also
highlighted the need to focus on womens rights and gender equality. There was a
call for action to respond to womens needs in terms of womens health, education
and status, which we all know are vital to the development of a country because if
womens needs and rights are being taken care of by the government, it also means
that they are targeting the smallest unit of the society which is the family. This is
because women have responsibilities not only in their households, but also in the
economy and in the community. So if womens needs are being addressed already
from the roots, it would also mean that development has trickled down from the
biggest unit of the society to the smallest unit of the society. This in turn, would
show signs of development in the national and in the global level. In addition,
bringing awareness towards the connection between population and sustainable
development was a need then because the world has never had that much
knowledge, resources and technology to target the needs of the generations to
come.
