CHAPTER 9:
TRANSPORT
LEARNING AREA : TRANSPORT
Activity 1 :The circulatory system in humans and animals
The circulatory system is divided into a closed circulatory system and an open
circulatory system. Humans, fish, amphibians and birds have a closed circulatory system,
while insects have an open circulatory system. Unlike fish which have a single circulatory
system, amphibians, birds and humans have a double circulatory system.
The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels and the heart. Blood
is made up of blood cells and plasma. Blood cells consist of red blood cells, white blood cells
and platelets. Plasma consists of water, plasma proteins, nutrients, metabolic waste,
hormones and antibodies.
Blood vessels are divided into three types; arteries, veins and capillaries.
The heart is the organ that pumps blood, which carries all the vital materials that help
the body function and waste products that the body does not need.
CHAPTER 9:
TRANSPORT
Transfer the information from the text above into the graphic organizer below.
Circulatory system
consists of
Open
example
Double
circulatory system
example
Human
Birds
Fish
consists of
Heart
Blood vessel
made up of
Plasma
consists of
Red blood cell
Activity 2 : The cellular components of the blood and their functions
Write the correct cell due to its function.
Cellular component
Function
Contains haemoglobin to carry oxygen and carbon
CHAPTER 9:
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dioxide
Phagocytes which engulf and digest bacteria and
dead cells
Releases enzyme that combat inflammation in
Granular
allergic reactions.
Leucocytes
Kills parasitic worms.
Combats inflammation in allergic reactions.
Produces the immune response against foreign
(white blood
cell)
Agranular
substances.
Phagocytes which engulf and digest bacteria and
dead cells
Involved in the process of blood clotting.
Activity 3 : Blood vessels
Comparison between arteries, capillaries and veins. Fill in the box with correct answer.
Blood vessels
Arteries
Function
The thickness of
Capillaries
Allow rapid gaseous
Veins
Carry deoxygenated
exchange, nutrients, waste
blood (except for the
and hormones between the
pulmonary vein)
blood and cells
towards the heart
Thinnest (one-cell thick)
the wall
No valves, except semiValves
lunar valves in the aorta
and pulmonary artery
The size of
lumen
Small
Large
Activity 4 : The Human Heart
The heart consists of four chambers: left and right atria, and left and right ventricles.
The tricuspid valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle. The bicuspid valve
separates the left atrium from the left ventricle. These valves prevent backflow of blood from
the ventricles into the atria when the ventricles contract. Semi-lunar (mitral) valves are
present at the base of the aorta and the pulmonary artery to prevent the backflow of blood
into the ventricles.
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Complete the label of the structure of the human heart.
Pulmonary vein
Superior vena cava
Left atrium
Right atrium
Septum
Chorda tendinae
The wall of left ventricle
Activity 5 : The flow of blood in the heart
Fill in the blanks.
1.
Vena cava carry d_________
__ blood right a__________
through
t______________ valve right v_____________ through s ______________
valves p_______________
2.
arteries lungs.
Oxygenated blood from the lungs is carried by
a____________
through b_____________
p_______________ veins left
valve left
through s________________ valves aorta.
v______________
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Activity 6 : The pumping of the heart
Match the figure with the correct sequence of contraction of the heart muscles which results in
the pumping of the heart :
1. The SA node as the pacemaker
generates electrical impulses.
2. The electrical impulses spread
rapidly over the walls of both atria,
causing the atria to contract
simultaneously. The contraction of
the atria helps push blood into the
ventricles.
3. The electrical impulses spread to
the ventricles causing them to
contact and push blood out to the
lungs and body.
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4. The electrical impulses reach the
AV node. Bundle of His fibres,
bundle branches and Purkinje fibres
conduct the impulses to the apex of
the heart
Activity 7 : The circulatory systems in insects, fish, amphibians and humans
Complete the table below to show the differences between the circulatory systems of insects,
fish, amphibians and humans.
Organisms
Type of circulatory system
Insects
Open
-
Single
Separation of oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood
Fish
Amphibians
Closed
Humans
Double
Incomplete
(A single
Number of chambers in
blood vessel
the heart
forms the
Four
heart)
Activity 8 : The Mechanism of Blood Clotting
Complete the schematic diagram below.
Damaged blood
vessels
stimulates
Agglutination of
platelets
secretes
Liver
T___________
Vitamin K
Ca+
T____________
Prothrombin
9 : The
Activity
Lymphatic System
F___________
(soluble protein)
F________
(insoluble protein)
Blood clotting
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A
Tick ( ) if the statement is true, cross ( X ) if the statement is wrong.
1.
Lymph flows into the lymph nodes to filter out bacteria, foreign particles and
dead leucocytes.
2.
Interstitial fluid is the fluid that fills up the space between cells.
3.
Interstitial fluid and lymph are different because they arise from different source. (
4.
Lymph is in the blood vessels.
5.
Lymph contains glucose, amino acids, fat droplets, dissolved gases, minerals
and hormones but no lymphocytes.
6.
Thoracic duct connects with the circulatory system at the left subclavian vein.
7.
Exchange of materials occurs between the body cells and interstitial fluid.
8.
Interstitial fluid is formed due to high pressure in the body cells.
9.
Fatty acids and glycerol are transported by lacteal into the right lymphatic duct
to be returned to the circulatory system.
10.
Interstitial fluid that fails to return to the circulatory system can cause oedema.
Fill in the blanks the correct word to explain the concepts and facts regarding the
lymphatic system.
1.
The flow of lymph in the lymphatic vessels is aided by the contraction of s___________
m_____________
2.
around it.
Interstitial fluid is returned to the circulatory system in two ways :
(a)
by diffusing back into the
l
(b)
through the
and the
d___________
c_______________
Activity 10 : The Bodys Defence Mechanism
into the circulatory system.
________
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Complete the schematic diagram below.
Lymphatic system
is involved in
Defence mechanism
is divided into
First
line of defence
S__________
_______________
T_________
_______________
consists of
consists of
S_______
Phagocytic white
blood cell
consists of
Lymphocyte
M________
m__________
Activity 11 : The mechanisms used by antibodies to destroy things
Match each mechanism with the explanation on the right boxes.
Antibodies can clamp pathogens
together. The clumping makes the
pathogens easy targets for
phagocytes to capture and destroy.
Opsonins are antibodies that bind
with antigens to act as markers so
that phagocytes can recognize the
antigens
andcan
destroy
[Link] toxins
An antibody
neutralize
produced by bacteria by binding to
Lysins
areThis
antibodies
that
to
the toxin.
prevents
thebind
toxin
antigens
and
cause
the
antigens
to
from attaching to cells and causing
rupture
or
disintegrate
damage.
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Activity 12 : Immunity
The schematic diagram below shows the various types of immunity. Complete the diagram.
Types of immunity
Active immunity
Passive immunity
is divide into
Naturally acquired
Artificially acquired
Naturally acquired
Artificially acquired
Antibodies are
required from the
mother
T____________
example
C__________p___
Activity
13 :
Transport
of Organic
H____________,
d____ _, p______
Substances and
The
Water in Plants
characteristics
- A_____________
are produced in
response to the
antigens.
- A v _________
stimulates the body
to produce
antibodies.
- The person is
immune after he
has been infected
by it.
- The body has
acquired immunity
through vaccination.
- Permanent
immunity
- A foetus receives
maternal antibodies
through p_______.
- Babies acquire the
immunity through
breastfeeding.
- Temporary
immunity
- A serum which
contains antibodies
or a____________
can be injected
from the donors.
- Temporary
immunity
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A. Complete the schematic diagram below.
PLANTS
divided into types of transport
Sample
1.
questions.
Xylem
Figure 1
shows the human
P______
circulatory system.
function in
Transport of w_______
and
m____________
from roots to leaves
Transport of
o________ s________
through translocation
via three mechanisms
Root pressure
Transpiration pull
C________ and a_________
in the xylem
due to
T____________
Figure 1
(a)
Name circulations P and Q. Describe each circulation.
(i) P :
________________________________________________________________
Description :
_________________________________________________________
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11
______________________________________________________________________
(i i) Q :
________________________________________________________________
Description :
_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 4 marks )
(b)
On Figure 1, mark the following flow of blood to illustrate the circulations P and Q.
(c)
Oxygenated blood with the arrow
Deoxygenated blood with the arrow (
)
)
( 1 mark )
The pacemaker of a patients heart fails to function. An electronic pacemaker is used to
replace the original pacemaker.
Explain how the electronic pacemaker works.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 3 marks )
(d)
Table 1 shows the volume of blood and the blood pressure in blood vessels X and Y.
Blood vessel
X
Y
Volume / cm3
100
300
Table 1
Pressure / kPa
13.3
0.3
( i) Based on Figure 1 and Table 1, what conclusion can you make about the rate of blood
flow in the blood vessels X and Y? Explain your answer.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
(ii) Explain how vigorous exercise increase the blood flow in the blood vessel X.
______________________________________________________________________
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12
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
2.
Figure 2 shows left half of the human heart.
Figure 2
(a)
On Figure 2,
( i) complete the right half of the heart and label the drawn parts.
(ii) draw an arrow to show the flow of blood.
( 3 marks )
(b)( i) Which chamber is relax?
______________________________________________________________________
(ii)
Based on Figure 2, give two reasons to support the answer of (b)(i).
1. ____________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________________
( 3 marks )
(c)( i) State the difference between chambers labeled Y and Z.
______________________________________________________________________
(ii)
Explain the importance of the difference in (c)(i).
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
(d) )( i) Do the contractions of the cardiac muscle need to be stimulated by nerve impulses?
______________________________________________________________________
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(ii)
13
Explain your answer in (d)(i).
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
3.
Figure 3 shows the concentration of antibody in the blood of Individuals P and Q during
the treatment to acquire immunity.
(a)
Identify the type of immunisation given to each of them.
Individual P : __________________________________________________________
Individual Q : ___________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
(b)
State the difference of the antibody concentration in the blood between Individual P and
Q. Explain your answer.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
(c)
State the advantages of the type of immunisation given to both individuals.
Individual P : __________________________________________________________
Individual Q : ___________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
(d)
Apart from the natural defences provided by the phagocytes and the lymphocytes,
antibiotics and vaccination are used to combat infectious diseases.
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14
Explain what is meant by :
( i) antibiotic
_______________________________________________________
(ii) vaccines
________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
4. Table 2 shows the information of types of blood.
Type of
blood
Cell P
Cell Q
Cell R
Cell S
Produces
Function
Carries oxygen
Defense
antibodies :
and carbon
mechanism
- Lysine
dioxide
Blood clotting
- Agglutinin
- Antitoxin
Table 2
(a)( i) Cell Q engulfs the pathogen entering the body by phagocytosis. Complete the diagram
below to show the mechanism of phagocytosis occurred in cell Q.
Pathogens
(ii)
Cell R destroys the pathogens entering the body by the action of antibodies. State one
of the mechanisms used by antibodies to destroy pathogens.
______________________________________________________________________
( 1 mark )
(b)( i) Explain how cell P functioning in the transportation of respiration gases.
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______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 3 marks)
(ii) Based on Table 2, state two structural differences between Cell P and Cell Q.
1. ___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
(c)( i) Explain how Cell S functioning in the blood clotting.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
(ii) Write down two enzymic reactions in the mechanism of blood clotting.
1.
2.
( 2 marks )
5. Figure 4 shows the formation and absorption of tissue fluid
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Figure 4
(a)
On Figure 4, label the structures S, T and U.
[2 marks]
(b)
Name fluid R.
[1 mark]
(c)
Briefly describe the formation of fluid R.
[2 marks]
(a)
(i)
State two differences between fluid R and the blood.
[2 marks]
(ii)
Vessel T forms a part of a circulatory system. Name the system.[1 mark]
(iii)
Explain the structure of the system.
[2 marks]
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(b)
6.
17
Apart from returning tissue fluid back to the blood circulatory system, state two
other functions of the system in d(i).
[2 marks]
Plants photosynthesise and produce food from inorganic substances mainly in the
leaves. For this process to take place, the plant requires water, minerals and a
number of trace elements.
(a)
What are the main tissue that are involved in the transport in plant?
(b)
State the functions of the tissues in 1 (a).
(c)
Draw and label a plant diagram to show the cross-section of a young
dicotyledonous stem.
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
(d)(i)
State the process that enables the transportation of organic food substances
synthesised by the leave to other part of the plant.
[1
mark]
(ii) State two importance of process d(i) to a plant
[2 marks]
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(e) Relate the structure of phloem to its function
18
[3 marks]
Essay item
1 (a)
The arrows in figure 5 show the movement of water from the roots to the leaves and out
to the atmosphere.
transpiration
cohension
of water
molecules
flow of
water
adhension
of water
molecules
Figure 5
Based on Figure 5, explain the movement of water in a plant.
[10 marks]
(b)
What is the importance of transpiration to the plant?
[2 marks]
(c)
Discuss the factors that affect the rate of transpiration
[8 marks]
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