0

United States Patent [191

[11] Patent Number:

Danielson et a1.

[45]

' [54] RETICLE INSPECTION SYSTEM

KI q

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[73] Asslgnee' clamhalif ems Corponuon Santa

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[57]
ABSTRACT
An automatic inspection system including an illumina
tor for illuminating a reticle or photomask to be in

spected, while optically projecting a magni?ed image of

the reticle or photomask onto a plurality of detector

[21] Appl. No.: 104,740

elements. A carriage assembly moves the object at a

constant velocity to allow the detector elements to

[22] F?ed:

Oct 5 1987

sequentially view the entire surface to be inspected. The

_

detector elements are responsive to the intensity of light

Related '35- Apllhmtlon Data

[63]

May 15, 1990

Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Rosenblum, Parish &

[75] Inventors: Donald L. Danielson, Palo Alto;

Mark J. Wihl, Tracy; David A.
Joseph Santa Cruz all of Cahf'
'

Date of Patent:

4,926,489

incident thereupon and are periodically scanned to ob

Continuation-impart of Ser. No. 891,638, Aug. 1, 1986,

tail} a two-dimensional measured repreqentation 9f the

which is a continuation of Ser. No. 474,461, Mar. 11,

bJect~ A database adaptor formulates a two-dune

1983, abandoned.

sional representation from the design database descrip

tion corresponding to the scanned object simulta

[51] Int. Cl.5 ............................................. .. G06K 9/00

Us. Cl. .................................. on

neously and in synchronism with the Scanning of the

photomask or reticle. The measured and database

356/399

adapted representation of the scanned object are input

[58] Field of Search ............. .. 356/390, 394, 398, 399,

to a Signal processor for alignment and defect detection.

356/400 401; 358/106 107; 382/8 30 34

While the representations are shifted through a mem

[56]

References Cited

ory, an alignment circuit dynamically measuresand

corrects for nnsahgnment between the representations,

US' PATENT DOCUMENTS

so that a defect detector can effectively compare the

3,909,602 9/1975 Micka ................................ .. 356/394

4,213,117 7/1980 Kembo et a1.
...... .. 382/8
4,240,750 12/1930 Kurtz er al
355/394
4,247,203 I/ 1981 Levy et al. ............ ..
356/390

4%2122 l/ 381

ct

"" "

[Link] 4519:: Louglgeedeit

representations for defects. Additional correction of

misalignment between the representations is obtained

by modulating the size of the measured representation

as detected by the detector elements- At the operatorrs

" 323/2;

option, a second measured image of a multi-cell reticle

"5582311

or photomask may be used for comparison as a substi

tute for the database representation.

Primary Examiner-Leo H. Boudreau

42 Claims, 13 Drawing Sheets

Assistant Examiner-Jose L. Couso

Tar: mlvE

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US. Patent

May 15,1990

Sheet 2 of 13

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4,926,489

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4,926,489

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May 15,1990

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4,926,489

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May 15,1990

Sheet 11 of 13

4,926,489

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US. Patent

May 15,1990

Sheet 13 0f 13

4,926,489

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4,926,489

signal is either generated by simultaneously scanning a

RETICLE INSPECTION SYSTEM

known good device, or by replaying a stored represen

tation which has been previously obtained by scanning

which is a continuation of Ser. No. 474,461 ?led Mar.

a known good device. Creating a stored representation

such as is taught in Micka, would typically require
4X 106 data words and would typically require reading

11, 1983 (now abandoned).

at a rate of less than 600 KHZ. Micka suggests that this

This application is a continuation-in-part of US. pa

tent application Ser. No. 891,638 ?led Aug. 1, 1986,

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A. Field of the Invention

apparatus may be used to inspect some devices or pho

tomasks.

Micka teaches a method for ?nely adjusting the phys

ical position of the device or devices being scanned for
the purpose of static registration. Micka points out that
and more particularly, to an automatic reticle inspection
a point-by-point comparison would not be satisfactory
system which utilizes an advanced alignment technique
because of misalignments that might occur. Thus,
capable of detecting defects in VLSI reticles by com
15 Micka teaches a comparing system which uses many
parison to a stored database.
spots in a neighborhood, with a cross-correlation tech
B. Description of the Prior Art
nique, to provide higher sensitivity than would be ob
Automatic object inspection systems that use an ob
tainable with a simple point-by-point method. One dis
ject comparison fault detection technique have been
advantage to this system is that it depends on static
described in the literature for some time and have been
commercially available for a number of years. The tech 20 positioning for registration and provides no means by
which to dynamically compensate for registration er
nique generally involves scanning the object to be in
rors, other than providing a detection method which is
spected with an electro-optical or other pick-up device
somewhat resistant to registration errors.
and developing an image~like (bit-map) electronic rep
Another disadvantage to this system is that reducing
resentation of the object so a comparison to a known
good electronic representation (bit-map or database) 25 the scanning spot size (such as to 0.5 microns) or scan
ning objects with larger surfaces (such as 0.5X0.5
can be made. The known good electronic representa
inches) when inspecting VLSI devices, photomasks or
tion can be obtained by simultaneously scanning a

This invention relates to object inspection apparatus,

known good object in synchronism with the scanning of

the object of unknown quality to develop the bit-map,
or by using a previously stored electronic representa
tion (either bit~map or database) of a known good ob

ject.

reticles can result in a stored data volume requirement

greater than 6X 108 words, and require a data rate

greater than 6 MHZ, just to complete the inspection in a
reasonable amount of time. Achieving this data volume
and data rate is not practical with presently available

In both of the above comparison techniques, the fault

detection method consists of locating differences be

storage media. Hence, the technique described by

mance or sensitivity of the system to actual faults, that

is, the system cannot be so sensitive that it detects mis

fore it can be used as a master. A human operator can

surface area, must process data at highspeeds in order

errors and fatigue.

An alternate approach is to electrically test the de

Micka is not practical for the inspection of VLSI de

vices. Even common compression methods such as
tween the compared objects. To accurately determine
run-length encoding or DPCM will produce only a 2X
faults, the system must register or align the two objects,
to 3X compression in this type of application, which
or electronic representations of the objects, prior to
still results in excessive data volume.
comparison, so that differences caused by actual faults,
An additional disadvantage of the apparatus taught
as opposed to differences merely caused by misregistra
tion, can be detected. Accordingly, the quality of the 40 by Micka is that the known good device must ?rst be
inspected by other means and certi?ed to be good be
registration in these systems limits the overall perfor
inspect larger devices by means of a microscope, but to
inspect VLSI devices, with sides as small as 0.5 inches,
registration errors. Similarly, the ability of the system to
detect very small faults is also determined by the spatial 45 by such means, would require microscope magni?ca
tion as high as lOOOX. At lOOOX magni?cation, each
resolution of the pick-up method. In other words, to
?eld-of-view would be extremely small, and as many
detect very small faults, the spatial resolution of the
7 62,000 ?elds-of-view would be required to examine the
system must be very high.
whole device. The use of human operators for such
In practice, systems with high spatial resolution,
inspections has proven to produce signi?cant operator
which are used to inspect objects occupying a large

to complete the inspection in a reasonable and practical

amount of time because of the large volume of data.
Furthermore, such high spatial resolution systems are
more likely to be affected by misregistration errors
caused by the mechanical nature of the pick-up device;
small differences in spatial distortion, vibration, rota

tion, displacement, thermal effects, and similar prob

lems can result in signi?cant misregistration errors

when the two objects are compared. Such misregistra

tion errors must be controlled or compensated for in

order for a system to provide high performance.

In the integrated circuit inspection system described

vice, with certi?cation dependent on the device passing

the test. Not all faulty devices will be detected by elec
trical testing because some process errors do not pro
duce immediate failures. Faulty certi?cation of the mas
ter can result in even greater problems when applied to
certifying VLSI devices. In order to electrically test
devices, the devices must ?rst be fabricated, and then
electrically tested. A fabricated device that passes a ?rst

time-test may actually be good, but the device could

also have a hidden defect that would not be exposed
until later. If the device fails, the fault may be due to a

photomask or reticle fault, or some other process fault.

by Micka U.S. Pat. No. 3,909,602, an optical scanner
with a 2.5 micron spot size is used to scan a typical chip, 65 When a device fails, there may be no way to determine
having 0.2 inch, by 0.2 inch surface dimensions. The
which is the actual cause. This method of certi?cation is

unknown device is scanned and the resulting signal is

compared with a known good signal. The known good

poor at best and results in a considerable waste of time

and money. Thus, the inability to accurately certify a

4,926,489

semi-conductor devices. These apparatus locate faults

VLSI device prior to usage of the Micka apparatus

proves to be a signi?cant disadvantage.

in the photomask by simultaneously comparing adja

cent die on the photomask and locating differences.
Because a known good die is not used in this type of
inspection, only random faults can be located, thereby

A solution to this problem was offered by Kryger,

US. Pat. No. 4,218,142, wherein an apparatus is de
scribed in very general terms which compares an un

leaving repeating faults still present. Furthermore,

known photomask to an electronic representation

stored in a high-speed memory device. However, in
Kryger, the memory device only stores a small portion
of the total electronic representation and must be suc
cessively reloaded by the computer with the next sec

Levy states that no storage method is included, due to

tion after each applicable portion of photomask has

the large data volume that would be required.

The apparatus described in Levy is designed to be
capable of locating 1.25 micron faults. Levy disclose
that the mechanical tolerances of such a high sensitivity

been inspected. A disadvantage to this approach is that

_ inspection system, imperfections in the photomask, and

a signi?cant amount of time must be spent reloading the

memory device from the relatively slow computer. The
time disadvantage would be particularly acute when
inspecting single-die or multi-die reticles where few

operator misalignment of the photomask to be tested

can cause the scanned images to be slightly misaligned.

This misalignment changes with time during the inspec

tion and with the position of the mask. Unless the mis
alignment can be compensated for or predicted, defects
smaller than the misalignment cannot be detected.
In order to correct any misalignment, Levy discloses

repetitions of the die pattern exist, and where large die

and small pixel sizes must be used, resulting in a very
large data base size, such as 6><l08 words. Thus the

Kryger technique apparently provides a slow and inef?

cient process for inspecting VSLI photomasks and reti

20 an alignment method consisting of a high-speed mem

ory, which can be used to delay the electronic represen

tations from the two die being compared relative to

each other to effect a dynamic change in the registra
The object inspection apparatus described by Lloyd
tion, and a dynamic alignment error detection method,
et al, US. Pat. No. 3,916,439, uses a TV camera, as the
optical pickup device, to compare the TV image of the 25 to determine when a registration change needs to be
made. Since the objects to be inspected are located on
unknown device with a previously stored image from a
the same plate, many of the misregistration error
known good device. The comparison technique uses the
cles.

point-by-point method, and the synchronization tech

sources are common to the detection system, and affect

, nique uses line-by-line timing of the TV camera to ob

both die, such as stage vibration, stage velocity changes,

tain corresponding data from the storage device. One 30 plate rotation, etc. There are also additional error
sources which are not common to both die, such as
disadvantage of this type of system is that the synchro
relative vibration of the two optical pick-up units (ob
nization method, comparison method and storage
jectives) or die run-out present on the plate.
method are not practical for high resolution large area
The alignment method taught by Levy uses patterns
applications like VLSI photomasks and reticles, for
35 within the die for error information and is capable of
many of the same reasons discussed above.

dynamically detecting and correcting :1 pixel of mis

The object inspection apparatus described by Kurtz

alignment over a total range of :I: 8 pixels. However, the

et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,240,750, uses a laser scanner as the

method is limited to only slow moving misalignments.

optical pick-up method for the purpose of inspecting
In addition, as is stated in the disclosure, the alignment
printed circuit parameters. In one embodiment, the
apparatus measures the angular position of a lead wire 40 method cannot maintain proper alignment when there is
and then compares that position with a desired position.
no pattern information on the plate for large distances,
This technique is not applicable to the type of inspec
or if there are sudden changes in registration as might be
tion discussed herein. A second embodiment is similar
encountered with a stepping error on a particular die.
to the type of object inspection techniques described by
The overall sensitivity of the apparatus is preserved-by

Applicant. In this embodiment, the printed circuit

45 the inclusion of a detection method which can, to some

board to be inspected is scanned with a rectangular

raster type sweep with a spot size of about 1.5 mils (37
microns) and a typical area of 3 X 3 inches, resulting in

extent, tolerate the above mentioned situations, as might

be encountered on photomasks.

about 4x106 data points.

that there is no means for locating repeating defects or

One disadvantage to the system taught by Levy is

The known good board is ?rst scanned and the result 50 for inspecting single die reticles since there is nothing to
ing electronic representation is stored in a memory. An
compare against. With the exception of Kryger, in all
unknown board is then scanned while simultaneously
previously mentioned prior art, a known good stored
comparing the electronic representation with the stored
representation must already exist for there to be any
representation. Faults are located by performing a
thing for the system to use for comparison. Combining
point-by-point comparison of the two electronic repre 55 any of the stored data methods taught by Micka, Kurtz,
sentations. The synchronization method applied merely
or Lloyd, and even that taught by Kryger, to the appa
consists of the scanner position and memory being ad
ratus taught by Levy would require substantial redesign
dressed from the same counter. Thus, registration is
of the combined systems which is neither suggested nor
statically accomplished by insuring that the unknown
taught by any of the references. Such a combination
board is positioned in the same position as the known
would not be able to accommodate the high data vol
good board, when it was scanned. The disadvantages to
ume (as described earlier) and the even higher data rate
this system, when extended to the inspection of VLSI
requirements (as high as 20 MHz) of a system analogous .
photomasks or reticles, are the same as those mentioned
to the present inventions. Furthermore, even if it were
in the previous paragraphs regarding the Micka appara
possible to produce the stored representation at the
tus.

The object inspection apparatus described by Levy et

al, US. Pat. Nos. 4,247,203 and 4,347,001, is used for the
inspection of photomasks used in the manufacture of

65

required, data rate, the alignment method taught by

Levy would be far too inadequate to maintain proper
alignment between the stored representation and the

object being scanned.

4,926,489

effectively extended to make a comparison of a photo

mask or reticle with a stored representation. Such a use

would not be possible because the resulting misalign

ment errors that would exist would be too great in
number, and all of the errors that the two die formerly
had in common, such as stage velocity errors, stage

very high and the inspection speed rapid.

vibration, optical pick-up vibration, rotation, and ther

mal expansion, would only be applicable to the un

known die. Thus, the alignment system would not only

photomasks that has a novel alignment system which

can dynamically compensate for registration errors
present when comparison of a reticle or photomask is
made with an original design database representation,
and where spatial resolution of the automatic system is

The alignment system taught by Levy cannot be

10

It is still another object of the present invention to

provide an automatic system for inspecting reticles and
photomasks where the alignment system includes a
novel Z-dimensional phase detector for the efficient and

have insufficient error detection capability, but would

high-speed detection of alignment errors in excess of

also have insufficient responsiveness.

In addition, since 5>< and 10X reticles, or the like,

:1 pixel.

have signi?cantly larger patterns than a 1X photomask,

large areas of the plate may contain no pattern. When
there is no pattern on the plate, the alignment system
cannot track the alignment. Thus, when the pattern is

again encountered, the alignment error may be beyond

It is another object of the present invention to pro

vide an automatic system for inspecting reticles and
photomasks where the alignment system includes a
novel, adaptive alignment method which can adjust to

the responsiveness of the alignment system according to

pattern density and exert alignment activity, such that

alignment can be properly maintained in the presence of

the range of the error detection method and the align
ment system, and may not have suf?cient responsive 20 large areas devoid of patterns.
It is another object of the present invention to pro
ness to prevent detection of any faults solely due to
vide a reticle and photomask inspection system which
misregistration. Furthermore, an extension of the de

gives the operator the ability to optionally select a low

scribed technique to :8 pixels would require up to 50
times more computation, thereby making the system too
resolution, high-speed operation.
complicated and slow to be practical. Thus, a reticle 25 These and other objects, which will hereinafter be

inspection system using the above described alignment

come apparent, are accompanied in accordance with

system would have poor sensitivity, due to the inability

of the alignment system to maintain proper alignment.

the illustrated preferred embodiment of the present

invention by providing an automatic inspection system
including carriage means, illumination means, optical

SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

It is therefore a principal object of the present inven
tion to provide a novel, automatic system for the high

means, detector means, database adaptation means, and

signal processing means. The illumination means illumi
nates a reticle or photomask to be inspected, while the

performance inspection of reticles and photomasks,

optical means projects a magni?ed image of the reticle

especially those used in VLSI integrated circuits.

It is another object of the present invention to pro

or photomask onto the detector means. The carriage

vide an automatic system for inspecting reticles and

photomasks which includes a novel method of compar

ing the unknown reticle or photomask with the original

design database (CAD) of the reticle or photomask.
It is still another object of the present invention to

provide a novel method of simultaneously handling the

means move the reticle or photomask at a constant

velocity to allow the detector means to sequentially

view the entire surface to be inspected. The detector
means are responsive to the intensity of light incident
thereupon and are periodically scanned to obtain a two
dimensional measured representation of the reticle or
mask. The database adaptation means formulates a com

large database, high speeds and high spatial resolution

parable two-dimensional representation of the reticle or

misregistration attendant with VLSI photomask and

photomask from the design database description simul

taneous with and in synchronism with the scanning of

It is a further object of the present invention to pro 45 the photomask or reticle. The measured and database
adapted representation of the reticle or photomask'are
vide an automatic system for inspecting reticles and
reticle inspection, in a cost effective manner.

photomasks having timing and control functions that

synchronize an original design database representation
with the unknown reticle or photomask so that the

alignment system can properly align the design database

with the unknown reticle or photomask image.
It is still a further object of the present invention to
provide an automatic system for inspecting reticles and

input to the signal processing means for alignment and

defect detection. While the representations are shifted
through a memory, an alignment circuit dynamically
measures and corrects for misalignment between the
representations, so that a defect detector can effectively

compare the representations for defects. Also included

are means for modulating the size of the measured rep

photomasks where the system timing and control in

resentation to additionally correct for misalignment. At

cludes a novel method of modulating pixel size in one 55 the operators option, a second measured image of a
dimension to extend the range of the alignment system
multi-cell reticle or photomask may be used for compar
so that large slow-moving errors can be ef?ciently com
ison as a substitute for the database representation.
pensated.
Some of the numerous advantages of the present
It is another object of the present invention to pro
invention are that it allows the comparison of a photo
vide an automatic system for inspecting reticles and 60 mask or reticle, especially a single die reticle, with the '
photomasks that can convert an original design data
companion design database for the purpose of locating
base in a manner such that the stored data base can be

synchronously compared with the scanned image of an

unknown reticle or photomask wherein the comparison

faults; and especially, repeating faults. The present in

vention also dynamically and accurately aligns the two

representations so that an effective defect inspection

can be made at high speed, large databases can be ac 65 can be performed.
commodated and the overall process is very efficient.
These and other objects and advantages of the pres
It is another object of the present invention to pro
ent invention will no doubt become apparent to those
vide an automatic system for inspecting reticles and
skilled in the art after having read the following detailed

4,926,489

description of the preferred embodiment which is illus

trated in the several ?gures of the accompanying draw
ing.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED

EMBODIMENT
Referring now to FIG. 1 of the drawing, the pre
ferred embodiment of a reticle inspection system ac

'

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

cording to the present invention is schematically illus

FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of a reticle in

trated at 20. The reticle inspection system 20 includes an

inspection station 22 for inspecting a reticle or photo
mask 24 for defects, and a reticle inspection adapter 26

spection system according to the present invention,

including an inspection station portion and a reticle

inspection adapter portion.

for generating a digital representation of the reticle

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of a sequence

of stage movements in X and Y directions that are typi

from a stored database which is in a high-level descrip

tion. The inspection station 22 includes an air-bearing
stage 28 mounted on a granite table 30 for transporting
and positioning the reticle or photomask 24 to be in
spected. The stage 28 is movable in the X and Y direc
tions by stepper motors and lead screws that are sche
matically illustrated at 32 and 34, respectively. A reticle
holder 36 is rotatable in the 0 direction by a motor at 38.
A reticle to be inspected is mounted on the reticle
holder which is rotated in the 0 direction to align fea
tures of the reticle with the X and Y directions.

cally performed during an inspection operation by the

present invention.
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of one swath
of pixels formed as a result of a stage movement in the

X direction.
FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram of pixel genera
tion and alignment correction circuits of the reticle

inspection system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 is a timing diagram of the inspection station
' and illustrates the various operational modes during an

The inspection operation is performed on the reticle

24 by comparing two digital representations of a small
FIG. 6 is a functional block diagram of a scan syn
area portion of the reticle. One digital representation of
chronization circuit used in synchronizing measured 25 the reticle is formulated by optical means. The other

inspection operation.

and stored representations of a reticle or photomask

digital representation is optionally formulated either by

during an inspection operation.

optical means or from a stored database. The optical

means includes an illuminator 40, disposed beneath the

FIG. 7a is a diagrammatic representation of right and

left pixel memories illustrating the relative positioning

of inspection windows within the pixel memories. FIG.

30

7b is a diagram that illustrates the labeling of pixels

within an alignment detection matrix.
FIG. 8 is a functional block diagram of an alignment

granite table 30, which illuminates the bottom of reticle

24 through an opening in table 30. Also included are left

and right inspection optics 42 and 44, respectively,

which project images of the reticle onto a binocular
view head 46, and onto left and right detectors 48 and

error detection circuit that dynamically detects align 35 50, respectively. The binocular view permits viewing of
ment errors in both X and Y directions.
a magni?ed image of the reticle by an operator. The
inspection optics 42 and 44 are automatically focused by
FIG. 9 is a logic diagram of a ?rst stage of Y align
an automatic focus circuit 52, of a type corresponding
ment detection-utilized by the alignment error detection
to that disclosed in US. Pat. No. 4,247,203.
circuit of FIG. 8.

alignment detection utilized by the alignment error

The reticle inspection system 20 can optionally in- '

spect photomasks as well as reticles for defects. When

detection circuit of FIG. 8.

inspecting a photomask, the left and right inspection

FIG. 10 is a logic diagram of a second stage of Y 40

optics are positioned so as to focus on identical portions

of adjacent dice. Electronic representations of those
ment detection function of the alignment error detec
45 adjacent dice are formed by the left and right detectors
tion circuit of FIG. 8.
48 and 50 and are later compared to ?nd defects.
FIG. 12 is a diagrammatic representation of the oper
The position of a switch 54 determines whether an
ation of the X alignment detection functional of the
optical or a stored database representation is utilized for
alignment error detection circuit of FIG. 8.

FIG. 11 is a timing diagram depicting the Y align

FIG. 13 is a logical truth table depicting the method

employed by the alignment error detection circuit to
determine the sense of X alignment errors.

comparison to the optical representation from the left

detector 48. If switch 54 is in the position shown in FIG.
1, the stored database representation of the reticle is

transmitted to the inspection station 22 from the reticle

FIG. 14 is a graphical representation of normalized
inspection adapter 26 through an RIA interface 56.
alignment correction factors as calculated by an align
Another switch 58-optionally connects the output of the
ment processor portion of the alignment error detection
55 left detector 48 to the RIA interface 56 for calibration
circuit of FIG. 8.
purposes, which will be explained in further detail be
FIGS. 15a and 15b are a flow chart of the computa
low. Assuming that switch 58 is in the position indicated
tional branches of the alignment processor circuit. FIG.
in FIG. 1, the output of the left detector is input into a
15a depicts the operation of an error test computational
left pixel memory 60. A right pixel memory 62 stores a
branch, and FIG. 15b depicts the operation of an accu
corresponding representation of the reticle, either as

mulator update branch.

FIG. 16 is a functional block diagram of a system

timing control circuit utilized by the reticle inspection

measured by the right detector or as stored on a data

base and constructed by the reticle inspection adapter,

the selection of which depends upon the position of
switch 54. Both the left and right pixel memories 60 and

system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 17 is a diagram that illustrates the procedure of 65 62 are first-in-?rst-out (FIFO) type memory circuits

mapping pixels for image compression.

FIG. 18 is a logical truth table used in combining

pixels for image compression.

that at any one time contain only a small fraction of the

total optical and database representations. These mem

ory circuits can be used to help cause a delay at their

4,926,489

outputs between the left and right image under control

of the Alignment Correct circuit 66.
Data stored in the left and right pixel memories 60
and 62 are compared to each other by a defect analyzer
64 to locate and characterize defects in the reticle 24. In

order to electronically provide dynamic alignment of

the two representations of the reticle, an alignment
correction subsystem 66 is utilized which controls the
relative delay between the left and right images. A

10

photosensors, a representation of the reticle can be

formed.
FIG. 3 illustrates such a representation formed during
an entire X translation of the stage. This representation
is called a swath 92 and is composed of N pixels in the
Y direction and L pixels in the X direction, where L is
the number of scans performed on the photosensors

during the X translation. Each scan of the N photosen

sors de?nes one vertical column of the swath. The out

system timing control 68 provides timing signals to 10 put of each of the N photosensors is scanned L times,
thus forming the N>< L swath. A pixel is the rectangular
synchronize the optical and database representations of

the reticle, as well as to coordinate the sequences of the

inspection process. Both the alignment correction sub

system and the system timing control will be described
in further detail below. Timing signals and defect results
are respectively input to an inspection station micro
processor 70 by the system timing control and the de

fect analyzer.
The inspection station microprocessor 70 controls the
position and movement of the air-bearing stage 28
through X, Y and 0 drives 72, 74, and 76, respectively,

element of which many compose the swath. Each pixel

corresponds to a rectangular portion of the reticle. The
Y dimension of each pixel is determined by the photo
sensor spacing and the optical magni?cation, while the
X-dimension is determined by the stage velocity in X

and the frequency of scanning the outputs of the photo

sensors. Each pixel has an X and Y address correspond
ing to the location of the portion of the reticle that is
viewed by a photosensor. The pixel addresses are calcu
lated from the position of the stage at the time that the
photosensor output is measured. Each pixel has an asso

in response to program instruction and data received

ciated value that corresponds to the intensity of light
from a stage position sensor 78. Drives 72, 74, and 76 are
incident upon the photosensor. For the purposes of the
preferably stepper motor controllers and sensor 78 is 25 present invention, it is sufficient to represent the pixel
preferably comprised of optical encoders for the X and
values as either white, grey, or black. A larger number

Y axis. Program instructions are prerecorded and input

to microprocessor 70 via a ?oppy disk 80. System oper
ation is controlled manually by the operator through a
keyboard 84 and manual controls 86. Instructions to the
operator or a visual display of the reticle may be dis
played on a CRT display 88. Defect data resulting from
the inspection operation is output on a printer 90, or

stored by the tape cassette 82.

While the automatic focus circuit 52 maintains a fo

cused image of the reticle 24 on the left detector 48, the

inspection station microprocessor 70 directs the X and

of shades could, of course, be utilized.

The length L of the swath is determined by program
instructions and extends to encompass the area to be

inspected. There is an overlap between adjacent swaths

to compensate for misaligning fattors such as warpage,

positioning accuracy and thermal expansion. Since the

pixel dimensions are preferably on the order of one-half
micrometer, these misaligning factors require an over

lap of tens of pixels.

Due to the enormous amount of memory that would
be required to store a complete pixel map of the reticle

Y drives 72 and 74 to move the stage 28 in a serpentine

24, the comparison operation is continuously performed

path so that the entire portion of the reticle is sequen

tially viewed by the left detector. If a photomask is

The speed of alignment between the optical and data

being inspected by comparing adjacent die, then the

base representations as well as the speed of the defect

right detector 50 also views the inspected area. FIG. 2

shows the serpentine path described by the stage. The

inspection operation occurs during the X translations,
when the stage 28 is moving at a constant velocity.
Between X translations, the stage is indexed in the Y
direction to reposition it for the next X translation. As a
matter of convenience, features on the reticle that are
parallel to the X direction are hereinafter referred to as

horizontal, and features parallel to the Y direction are

hereinafter referred to as vertical.

The image sensing elements of detectors 48 and 50 are

photosensors that are responsive to the intensity of light
incident thereupon. Photosensors are dispersed at
equally spaced positions along a line parallel to the Y
direction. The extent of the reticle to which a photosen
sor responds is a function of the magnification of the

inspection optics 42 and 44. The magni?cation results in

each photosensor typically representing an area of
0.5 ><0.5 microns on the reticle although the system is

as the optical and database representations are formed.

detection determines the throughput of the reticle in

spection system, and thus its productivity.

Now that a swath and pixel have been de?ned, let us
return to FIG. 1 for an explanation of the function of

the reticle inspection adapter 26. The purpose of the

reticle inspection adapter is to construct pixels from a

high-level stored database description and to supply

those pixels to the inspection station 22 for comparison
to those pixels generated by the left detector 48. The
high-level database description used as input by the
reticle inspection adapter is a conversion of the original
database utilized to fabricate the reticle.
The fabrication database consists of a list of separate
?gures used as input to a pattern generating machine,
such as an optical or E-beam pattern generating ma
chine. The pattern generator machine sequentially ex
poses each ?gure onto the photomask or reticle being
fabricated in order to create the pattern on the photo
60 mask or reticle as the superposition of many ?gures. A

fabrication database typically consists of l X 106 ?gures.

These figures are arranged in the fabrication database in
lar sizes could be used. At any one time, the photosen
a way that is convenient for the pattern generating
sors view an area of the reticle that is one unit wide in
machine. For inspection of the reticle, to facilitate the
the X direction and is N units long in the Y direction, 65 efficient construction of the bit map image and prevent

capable of large sizes. Clearly smaller sizes or rectangu

where N equals the number of photosensors. By moving

the stage 28 in the X direction at a constant velocity and

by periodically scanning the electrical outputs of the

excessive searching through the fabrication database, an

off-line computer (not shown) converts the fabrication
database into a swath wide format wherein each swath

11

4,926,489

corresponds to a swath that will be taken by the left

detector 48 of the inspection station 22 when the reticle

or photomask is inspected.
Furthermore, each swath is divided into fractional

12

verters 118 and 120, and level converters 122 and 124.
As the photosensors are scanned one at a time, the A/D
converters and the level converters output a serial

stream of pixel values representing white, grey, or

black. The sensors generate proportional signals in re
swaths which are each equal in width to the swaths
sponse to the intensity of light incident thereupon. The
height. Each fractional swath in the converted database
signal length of the sensor signals is converted into one
consists of all the ?gures needed to create the bit map
of sixteen digital values by the A/D converters and
for that fractional swath. Each fractional swath is se
which is in turn converted into one of three values by
quentially placed in the converted database in accor
dance with the scanning path, as shown in FIG. 2. The 10 the level converters. A buffer/switch 126 permits the
output of the left detector to be directed to the reticle
converted database is then stored on magnetic tape and

placed on the tape drive 98, whereby it is used directly

or is transferred to the disc drive in preparation for the

inspection.
The positions of the geometrical patterns in each
fractional swath are speci?ed by the coordinate loca
tions and slopes of their edges. During the synchronized
and simultaneous scanning of the reticle, the geometri

inspection adapter for calibration purposes. A buffer/

multiplexer 128 selectively connects either the right
detector or the RIA interface 56 to the right pixel mem
ory 62, depending on whether a die-to-die comparison
or a reticle to database comparison is desired.

Once the left and right pixel memories 60 and 61 have

been filled with pixel data, the alignment and defect

cal patterns of each fractional swath in the converted

detection processes are initiated. As mentioned above,

database are used to construct an image-like pixel repre 20 the pixel memories retain just a portion of the pixel

representation of the reticle, and in the preferred em

sentation, or bit map, of the reticle pattern by the reticle

inspection adapter. As can be seen, only a small amount

bodiment, for example, they retain only the pixel values

of the complete pixel representation appears in high

from the sixteen most recent scans. As each scan is

speed memory at any one time. One advantage to this

completed, the oldest scan is shifted out of the memory

to make room for the upcoming scan. Each pixel mem

type of high speed construction, over that of storing a

complete pixel representation, is that storage require

ments are signi?cantly reduced and become practical.
In addition, the much slower disc drive 100 is fast

ory thus retains a matrix of size N>< 16, corresponding

to pixels from the sixteen most recent scans. Both align
ment and the defect detection are functions that are

enough to produce the geometrical representation of

continuously performed as the pixel data passes through

-30 the pixel memories.
the database as it is required for inspection.
Alignment is accomplished between the pixel memo
The reticle inspection adapter 26 performs its tasks of
reconstructing the pixel representation and supplying a
ries 60 and 62 by the alignment correction subsystem 66,
serial stream of pixels to the inspection station 22 under
which includes an alignment error detection circuit 130
the control of an RIA microprocessor 94. All of the

and a memory address control circuit 132. Brie?y, the

elements of the reticle inspection adapter are intercon

alignment error detection circuit compares portions of

nected via a bus 96. A tape drive 98 and a disc drive 100

the pixel memories and instructs the memory address

are provided for the storage of the converted high level

control circuit to de?ne those portions so as to minimize
alignment error. This will be explained in greater detail
database and RIA program instructions. A memory 102,
retains the program instructions during operation, and a
below.
double-buffered pattern memory 104 retains portions of 40 Defect detection is performed on these same portions
of the pixel memories that the alignment circuitry uses.
the high-level database, or fractional swath, as it is read
from the tape or disk drive. The double-buffered pattern
A defect detector 134 compares the aligned pixel mem
- memory 104 serves as a buffer for a pattern generator

ories and de?nes defects as differences between them.

106 which converts the geometrical patterns of the

The operation of the defect detector is described in
high-level database into the black and white pixels of 45 more detail in US. Pat. No. 4,247,203. A defect con
the pixel representation, and continuously stores the
catenator 136 is responsive to the output of the defect
result in a double-buffered bit map memory 108.

To provide synchronization between the optical and

database representations of the reticle 24, a stage moni
tor 110 in the reticle inspection station 22 monitors the
output of the stage position sensor 78 through the sys
tem timing control 68. At the appropriate time, the

detector and acts to group the defects that are detected,

since some defects are large enough to be detected
several times. The results of the defect analysis are then

made available to the inspection microprocessor 70 for

recording.
The system timing control 68 provides several timing

stage monitor directs a digital scan convertor 112 to

transfer from the bit map memory 108 to the RIA inter
face 56 a serial stream of pixel values corresponding to

and control functions for the inspection station 22 and

the reticle inspection adapter 26. One function is to

the database representation. The digital scan convertor

also generates grey pixels at white-to-black and black
to-white transitions to simulate the edge transitions
detected by the inspection station. This serial stream of

with the aid of stage position sensor 78. Another func

tion is to trigger the scanning of the sensors 114 (and

pixel values (database representation) is stored in the

right pixel memory for alignment and comparison to
pixel values from the left detector 48 (optical represen

tation).
FIG. 4 illustrates the operation of the detection,

control swath length by tracking the position of stage 28

116 if used). Since the system timing control triggers the
scanning of the sensors, it controls the pixel size in the
X direction. The system timing control can compensate
for slow moving alignment errors such as those result

ing from stage velocity variations or low frequency

stage vibrations by modulating the pixel size in the X
direction, as will be described below. Still another func

alignment, and defect analysis portions of the inspection

65 tion of the system timing control is to distribute a pixel

station 22. The left and right detectors 48 and 50 are

clock signal that regulates the flow of pixel data

through the alignment error detector 130 and the pixel
memories 60 and 62. Synchronization between the opti

each respectively composed of sensors 114 and 116 (the

photosensors described above), analog to digital con