ASSIGNMENT 1
NAME:
REGISTRATION NUMBER:
UNIT:
UNIT CODE:
UNIT LECTURER:
DATE COMPLETED:
GOHEL CHINTAN PRAVIN
EN271-0550/2009
ANALOGUE ELECTRONICS IV
EEE 2315
MR. OMBATI
2ND DECEMBER, 2012
Signature: ___________________
Date: _____________
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a) Design a voltage biased amplifier of CE configuration, from the following information: VCC=18V,
RC
10 and I R2 10I B
VCE=9V, flow=40Hz, min=150, Av=20, RC=6.8k, RL=8.5k,
rE RE
VCC VRC VCE VE
I C RC VCE I E ( RE rE )
Taking the collector current to be approximately equal to emitter current we can then use emitter
current in this equation
6.8k
18 I E 6.8k 9 I E
10
Making the emitter current the subject we have:
9
IE
7480
1.203208556 10 3 A
VE I E RE rE
VB VE 0.7
Therefore 1.518181818V
1.203208556 0.68
9
V
11
57
V
110
Emitter current is approximately 1.2032mA which is approximately the collector current
re
25mV
25
187
20.777777
IE
1.203208556
9
AV
rC
20
rE re
rE re
CC
rC
34000 1700
20 9
9
rE
1
1
2RL f low
2 8500 40
CC 4.681027738 10 7 F
IB
RC RL
34
6.8 8.5
k k
RC RL 68 8.5
9
IE
1700 187 1513
9
9
9
CE
RE 680
10
10
2f lowre
2 40 187
C E 1.914965893 10
1.203208556 10 3
8.021390374 10 6 A
150
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1513
8
511
9
9
57
V I R2 R2
110
2
R2 18926
3
VR2 VB 1
I R2 10I B 8.021390374 10 5 A
R2
R1 R2
2
167
18926 1
3 1980
R1
205473.3333
167
1980
157
110 167
18
1980
18V
R1=206k
RC=6.8k
0.47F
Q
RL=8.5k
168
R2=19k
510
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2mF
b) From the first principles of Class C type of amplifier, explain how it can be applied
as a frequency multiplier as well as an oscillator
As a frequency multiplier
A frequency multiplier uses a special type of class C amplifier that is biased 3-8 times the normal cutoff
bias. They generate a frequency that is a multiple of the fundamental frequency, that is, amplifying the
harmonic frequency and filtering out the fundamental frequency. Class C can multiply up to the fourth
or at most the fifth harmonic before the signal becomes too weak.
Every signal has the fundamental frequency which is the main part but it also has harmonics which
have relatively small amplitudes but by using a Class C frequency multiplier it is possible to amplify
the harmonics and attenuate the fundamental frequency
Frequency multiplication involves having pulses of collector current in a Class C amplifier. These
pulses energize the tank circuit and cause it to oscillate at the required harmonic frequency. If the tank
circuit was tuned to oscillate at 3 times the fundamental frequency, it would pick the 3rd harmonic and
ignore the other frequencies including the fundamental.
The circuit diagram is shown below:
+VCC
Tuned
to
the
required harmonic
frequency
Output
Q
Frequency multiplication is used to improve stability of oscillators as the oscillator stability decreases with
higher frequencies. The oscillator can be operated at a lower frequency and a frequency multiplier used to
provide the higher frequency without loss in stability.
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The class C amplifier as an oscillator:
An example of the class C amplifier used as an oscillator is in the Armstrong Oscillator. It produces a sine
wave output of constant amplitude and of nearly constant frequency within the rf range. Usually used in
receivers, in signal generators and as a radio-frequency oscillator in the medium to high frequency range,
The Armstrong oscillator is an example of how a class C amplifier can produce an undistorted sine-wave
output. Its only one frequency that gets amplified and causes the circuit to oscillate. This is the frequency
of the resonant tank circuit (L1 and C1 in the circuit below).
The basic circuit diagram is shown below:
How does the circuit work to achieve oscillation?
When VCC is applied to the circuit, a small amount of base current flows through R2 which forward biases
on the transistor. This forward bias current causes the collector current to flow from ground through the
transistor, L1, R1 to the voltage supply. The change in current through the inductor L1 causes a magnetic
field to be set up which induces a voltage into the tank circuit.
The voltage is positive at the top of L2 and C1. The resonant tank capacitor C1 charges to this voltage
which means the tank circuit has stored energy. The coupling capacitor C2 couples the positive signal to
the base of the transistor thus increasing the base signal and hence the collector current increases. This
action continues making the transistor to drive harder until it reaches saturation. While this loop goes on
the tank circuit is storing energy.
When saturation is reached, the collector current will have reached its maximum value and will not
increase any further. Thus there is no change in current through inductor L1 and hence no magnetic field
will be developed. This leads to the tank inductor voltage reducing to zero and hence the tank capacitor
starts acting as a voltage source. C1 discharges through the tank inductor L1 while coupling capacitor C2
which also had charged to approximately the same value as C1 discharges through R2. The potential at the
base of the transistor begins reducing. The collector current thus reduces which allows the magnetic field
in L1 to collapse. All these actions lead to the transistor being driven to cut off.
When the transistor has gone to cut off, the tank circuit continues to oscillate. As the voltage across C1
reaches maximum negative, C1 begins discharging through 0 volts and becomes positive. This causes the
base voltage to become positive again and the cycle starts all over again.
The feedback action replaces any lost energy in the tank circuit. In short, power applied by means of the
voltage supply to the transistor allows energy to be applied to the tank circuit causing it to oscillate. Once
every cycle, the transistor conducts for a short period of time and returns enough energy to the tank to
ensure a constant amplitude output signal.
R3 is used to reduce effects of temperature while bypass capacitor C3 prevents degeneration.
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C4
C2
Output
Q
L3
R1
L1
R2
L2
L4
R3
C3
C1
+VCC
In both circuits weve seen how a class C amplifier can be used as a frequency multiplier and as an
oscillator. The difference in both circuits is on the input side where you can have a signal source or a tank
circuit to cause either frequency multiplication or oscillation for the respective cases
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