3
Cells and Tissues
PART A
PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University
ESSENTIALS
OF HUMAN
ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
EIGHTH EDITION
ELAINE N. MARIEB
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cells and Tissues
Carry out all chemical activities needed to
sustain life
Cells are the building blocks of all living
things
Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in
structure and function
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Anatomy of the Cell
Cells are not all the same
All cells share general structures
Cells are organized into three main regions
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
Figure 3.1a
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The Nucleus
Control center of the
cell
Contains genetic
material (DNA)
Three regions
Nuclear
membrane
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Figure 3.1b
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Nuclear Membrane
Barrier of nucleus
Consists of a double phospholipid membrane
Contain nuclear pores that allow for exchange
of material with the rest of the cell
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Nucleoli
Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli
Sites of ribosome production
Ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm
through nuclear pores
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Chromatin
Composed of DNA and protein
Scattered throughout the nucleus
Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes
when the cell divides
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Plasma Membrane
Barrier for cell contents
Double phospholipid layer
Hydrophilic heads
Hydrophobic tails
Also contains protein, cholesterol, and
glycoproteins
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MEMBRANE STRUCTURE ANIMATION
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Plasma Membrane
Figure 3.2
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Plasma Membrane Specializations
Microvilli
Finger-like
projections that
increase surface
area for absorption
Figure 3.3
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Plasma Membrane Specializations
Membrane junctions
Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
Figure 3.3
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Cytoplasm
Material outside the nucleus and inside the
plasma membrane
Cytosol
Fluid that suspends other elements
Organelles
Metabolic machinery of the cell
Inclusions
Non-functioning units
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Figure 3.4
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Ribosomes
Made of protein and RNA
Sites of protein synthesis
Found at two locations
Free in the cytoplasm
Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances
Two types of ER
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Studded with ribosomes
Site where building materials of cellular
membrane are formed
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Functions in cholesterol synthesis and
breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification
of drugs
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Golgi apparatus
Modifies and packages proteins
Produces different types of packages
Secretory vesicles
Cell membrane components
Lysosomes
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Golgi Apparatus
Figure 3.6
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Lysosomes
Contain enzymes that digest nonusable
materials within the cell
Peroxisomes
Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
Detoxify harmful substances
Break down free radicals
(highly reactive chemicals)
Replicate by pinching in half
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Mitochondria
Powerhouses of the cell
Change shape continuously
Carry out reactions where oxygen is used
to break down food
Provides ATP for cellular energy
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein structures that extend
throughout the cytoplasm
Provides the cell with an internal
framework
Figure 3.7a
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Three different
types
Microfilaments
Intermediate
filaments
Microtubules
Figure 3.7bd
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Centrioles
Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules
Direct formation of mitotic spindle during
cell division
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Cellular Projections
Not found in all cells
Used for movement
Cilia moves materials across the cell
surface
Flagellum propels the cell
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Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8ab
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Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8c
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Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8de
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Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8fg
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Cells and Tissues
PART B
PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University
ESSENTIALS
OF HUMAN
ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
EIGHTH EDITION
ELAINE N. MARIEB
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cellular Physiology: Membrane Transport
Membrane Transport movement of
substance into and out of the cell
Transport is by two basic methods
Passive transport
No energy is required
Active transport
The cell must provide metabolic energy
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Solutions and Transport
Solution homogeneous mixture of two or
more components
Solvent dissolving medium
Solutes components in smaller quantities
within a solution
Intracellular fluid nucleoplasm and cytosol
Interstitial fluid fluid on the exterior of the
cell
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Selective Permeability
The plasma membrane allows some materials
to pass while excluding others
This permeability includes movement into
and out of the cell
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Passive Transport Processes
Diffusion
Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly
within a solution
Movement is
from high
concentration
to low
concentration,
or down a
concentration
gradient
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DIFFUSION ANIMATION
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Figure 3.9
Passive Transport Processes
Types of diffusion
Simple diffusion
Unassisted process
Solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small
enough to pass through membrane pores
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Passive Transport Processes
Types of diffusion
Osmosis simple diffusion of water
Highly polar water easily crosses the plasma
membrane
Facilitated diffusion
Substances require a protein carrier for
passive transport
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Diffusion through the Plasma Membrane
Figure 3.10
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Passive Transport Processes
Filtration
Water and solutes are forced through a
membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure
A pressure gradient must exist
Solute-containing fluid is pushed from a
high pressure area to a lower pressure area
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Active Transport Processes
Transport substances that are unable to pass by
diffusion
They may be too large
They may not be able to dissolve in the fat core
of the membrane
They may have to move against a concentration
gradient
Two common forms of active transport
Solute pumping
Bulk transport
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Active Transport Processes
Solute pumping
Amino acids, some sugars and ions are
transported by solute pumps
ATP energizes protein carriers, and in most
cases, moves substances against
concentration gradients
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT ANIMATION
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Active Transport Processes
Figure 3.11
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Active Transport Processes
Bulk transport
Exocytosis
Moves materials out of the cell
Material is carried in a membranous vesicle
Vesicle migrates to plasma membrane
Vesicle combines with plasma membrane
Material is emptied to the outside
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Exocytosis
Figure 3.12a
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Active Transport Processes
Bulk transport
Endocytosis
Extracellular substances are engulfed by
being enclosed in a membranous vescicle
Types of endocytosis
Phagocytosis cell eating
Pinocytosis cell drinking
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Endocytosis
Figure 3.13a
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Cell Life Cycle
Cells have two major periods
Interphase
Cell grows
Cell carries on metabolic processes
Cell division
Cell replicates itself
Function is to produce more cells for growth
and repair processes
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DNA Replication
Genetic material
duplicated and readies
a cell for division into
two cells
Occurs toward the
end of interphase
DNA uncoils and
each side serves
as a template
Figure 3.14
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Events of Cell Division
Mitosis
Division of the nucleus
Results in the formation of two daughter nuclei
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm
Begins when mitosis is near completion
Results in the formation of two daughter cells
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Stages of Mitosis
Interphase
No cell division occurs
The cell carries out normal metabolic
activity and growth
Prophase
First part of cell division
Centromeres migrate to the poles
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Stages of Mitosis
Metaphase
Spindle from centromeres are attached to
chromosomes that are aligned in the center
of the cell
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Stages of Mitosis
Anaphase
Daughter chromosomes are pulled toward
the poles
The cell begins to elongate
Telophase
Daughter nuclei begin forming
A cleavage furrow (for cell division)
begins to form
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Stages of Mitosis
Figure 3.15
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Stages of Mitosis
Figure 3.15(cont)
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Cells and Tissues
PART C
PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University
ESSENTIALS
OF HUMAN
ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
EIGHTH EDITION
ELAINE N. MARIEB
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Body Tissues
Cells are specialized for particular functions
Tissues
Groups of cells with similar structure and
function
Four primary types
Epithelium
Connective tissue
Nervous tissue
Muscle
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Epithelial Tissues
Found in different areas
Body coverings
Body linings
Glandular tissue
Functions
Protection
Absorption
Filtration
Secretion
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Epithelium Characteristics
Cells fit closely together
Tissue layer always has one free surface
The lower surface is bound by a basement
membrane
Avascular (have no blood supply)
Regenerate easily if well nourished
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Classification of Epithelium
Number of cell layers
Simple one layer
Stratified more
than one layer
Figure 3.17a
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Classification of Epithelium
Shape of cells
Squamous
flattened
Cuboidal cubeshaped
Columnar
column-like
Figure 3.17b
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Simple Epithelium
Simple squamous
Single layer of flat
cells
Usually forms
membranes
Lines body
cavities
Lines lungs and
capillaries
Figure 3.18a
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Simple Epithelium
Simple cuboidal
Single layer of
cube-like cells
Common in
glands and their
ducts
Forms walls
of kidney tubules
Covers the
ovaries
Figure 3.18b
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Simple Epithelium
Simple columnar
Single layer of tall
cells
Often includes
goblet cells, which
produce mucus
Lines digestive
tract
Figure 3.18c
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Simple Epithelium
Pseudostratified
Single layer, but
some cells are shorter
than others
Often looks like a
double cell layer
Sometimes ciliated,
such as in the
respiratory tract
May function in
absorption or
secretion
Figure 3.18d
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Stratified Epithelium
Stratified squamous
Cells at the free edge
are flattened
Found as a protective
covering where
friction is common
Locations
Skin
Mouth
Esophagus
Figure 3.18e
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Stratified Epithelium
Stratified cuboidal
Two layers of cuboidal cells
Stratified columnar
Surface cells are columnar, cells
underneath vary in size and shape
Stratified cuboidal and columnar
Rare in human body
Found mainly in ducts of large glands
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Stratified Epithelium
Transitional
epithelium
Shape of cells
depends upon the
amount of
stretching
Lines organs of the
urinary system
Figure 3.18f
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Glandular Epithelium
Gland one or more cells that secretes a
particular product
Two major gland types
Endocrine gland
Ductless
Secretions are hormones
Exocrine gland
Empty through ducts to the epithelial surface
Include sweat and oil glands
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Connective Tissue
Found everywhere in the body
Includes the most abundant and widely
distributed tissues
Functions
Binds body tissues together
Supports the body
Provides protection
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Connective Tissue Characteristics
Variations in blood supply
Some tissue types are well vascularized
Some have poor blood supply or are
avascular
Extracellular matrix
Non-living material that surrounds living
cells
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cells and Tissues
PART D
PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University
ESSENTIALS
OF HUMAN
ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
EIGHTH EDITION
ELAINE N. MARIEB
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Extracellular Matrix
Two main elements
Ground substance mostly water along with
adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules
Fibers
Produced by the cells
Three types
Collagen fibers
Elastic fibers
Reticular fibers
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Connective Tissue Types
Bone (osseous tissue)
Composed of:
Bone cells in
lacunae (cavities)
Hard matrix of
calcium salts
Large numbers of
collagen fibers
Used to protect and
support the body
Figure 3.19a
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Connective Tissue Types
Hyaline cartilage
Most common
cartilage
Composed of:
Abundant
collagen fibers
Rubbery matrix
Entire fetal
skeleton is hyaline
cartilage
Figure 3.19b
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Connective Tissue Types
Elastic cartilage
Provides elasticity
Example: supports the external ear
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Connective Tissue Types
Fibrocartilage
Highly
compressible
Example: forms
cushion-like discs
between vertebrae
Figure 3.19c
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Connective Tissue Types
Dense connective tissue
Main matrix element
is collagen fibers
Cells are fibroblasts
Examples
Tendon attach
muscle to bone
Ligaments attach
bone to bone
Figure 3.19d
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Connective Tissue Types
Areolar connective
tissue
Most widely
distributed
connective tissue
Soft, pliable tissue
Contains all fiber
types
Can soak up
excess fluid
Figure 3.19e
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Connective Tissue Types
Adipose tissue
Matrix is an areolar
tissue in which fat
globules predominate
Many cells contain
large lipid deposits
Functions
Insulates the body
Protects some
organs
Serves as a site of
fuel storage
Figure 3.19f
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Connective Tissue Types
Reticular connective
tissue
Delicate network of
interwoven fibers
Forms stroma
(internal supporting
network) of
lymphoid organs
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Bone marrow
Figure 3.19g
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Connective Tissue Types
Blood
Blood cells
surrounded by
fluid matrix
Fibers are visible
during clotting
Functions as the
transport vehicle
for materials
Figure 3.19h
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Muscle Tissue
Function is to produce movement
Three types
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
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Muscle Tissue Types
Skeletal muscle
Can be controlled
voluntarily
Cells attach to
connective tissue
Cells are striated
Cells have more than
one nucleus
Figure 3.20a
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Muscle Tissue Types
Cardiac muscle
Found only in the
heart
Function is to pump
blood (involuntary)
Cells attached to
other cardiac muscle
cells at intercalated
disks
Cells are striated
One nucleus per cell
Figure 3.20b
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Muscle Tissue Types
Smooth muscle
Involuntary muscle
Surrounds hollow
organs
Attached to other
smooth muscle cells
No visible striations
One nucleus per cell
Figure 3.20c
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Nervous Tissue
Neurons and nerve
support cells
Function is to send
impulses to other
areas of the body
Irritability
Conductivity
Figure 3.21
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Tissue Repair
Regeneration
Replacement of destroyed tissue by the
same kind of cells
Fibrosis
Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue
(scar tissue)
Determination of method
Type of tissue damaged
Severity of the injury
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Events in Tissue Repair
Capillaries become very permeable
Introduce clotting proteins
Wall off injured area
Formation of granulation tissue
Regeneration of surface epithelium
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Regeneration of Tissues
Tissues that regenerate easily
Epithelial tissue
Fibrous connective tissue and bone
Tissues that regenerate poorly
Skeletal muscle
Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue
Cardiac muscle
Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord
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Developmental Aspects of Tissue
Epithelial tissue arises from all three primary
germ layers
Muscle and connective tissue arise from the
mesoderm
Nervous tissue arises from the ectoderm
With old age there is a decrease in mass and
viabililty in most tissues
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