International Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Management

ISSN 2320 3439, Vol. 03, No. 06, November 2014, pp. 44 53

Deflection Control in High Rise Building Using Belt Truss and Outrigger Systems
MOHD ABDUS SATTAR 1, SANJEEV RAO2, MADAN MOHAN3, DR. SREENATHA REDDY4
1
M. Tech Structural Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Guru Nanak Institute of Technology,
JNTU, Hyderabad.
2
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Guru Nanak Institute of Technology, JNTU, Hyderabad.
3
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Guru Nanak Institute of Technology, JNTU, Hyderabad.
4
Principal, Guru Nanak Institute of Technology, JNTU, Hyderabad.
Abstract: Structures that dont rely on shear wall-frame interaction to resist lateral loads, in which girders are
essentially pin-connected to the columns, a substantial increase in stiffness and subsequent decrease in lateral drift
can result from tying the exterior columns to the core at one or several levels with one or two storey stiff
horizontal outriggers trusses. Outriggers trusses are usually located for architectural purposes at mechanical levels
near the middle or top of building. In order to mobilize the additional axial stiffness of several columns and
provide for torsional stiffness. A belt truss can be used at the outrigger levels. An outrigger-braced high rise
structure consists of reinforced concrete or braced steel frame main core connected to exterior columns by flexural
stiff horizontal cantilevers. The core may be located between column lines without 1outriggers extending on both
sides or it may be located on the side of building with cantilevers connecting to the columns on the other side.
When the horizontal load acting on the building, columns-restrained outriggers resist rotation of the core.
Causing lateral deflections and moments in the core to be smaller than if free-standing core alone resisted the
loading. The result is to increase the effective depth of the structure when it flexes as a vertical cantilever, by
inducing tension in the windward columns and compression in the leeward columns. The study is to find the effect
of building displacements in lateral direction with shear core, outrigger and belt truss.
Keywords : Outrigger, Belt truss system, Wind, Earthquake, Lateral displacement.
Introduction
High rise building is defined as a building 35

b) Proportion: Again, a tall building is not just

meters or more in height, which is divided at

about height but also about proportion. There are

regular intervals in to occupiable levels. To be

numerous buildings which are not particularly high,

considered a high rise building a structure must be

but are slender enough to give the appearance of a

based on solid ground and fabricated along its full

tall

height through deliberate process. Cut off between

backgrounds. Conversely, there are numerous

high rise and low rise building is 35 meters. This

big/large footprint buildings which are quite tall but

height as chosen based on an original 12 floor

their size/floor area rules them out as being classed

cut-off. There is no absolute definition of what

as a tall building.

constitutes a tall building. It is a building that

c) Tall Building Technologies: Number of floors is

exhibits some element of tallness in one or more

a poor indicator of defining a tall building due to

of the following categories:

the changing floor to floor height between differing

a) Height relative to context: It is not just about

buildings

height, but about the context in which it exists.

residential usage), a building of perhaps 14 or more

Thus whereas a 14-storey building may not be

stories (or over 50 meters/165 feet in height) could

considered a tall building in a high-rise city such as

perhaps be used as a threshold for considering it a

Chicago or Hong Kong, in a provincial European

tall building.

building,

and

especially

functions

city or a suburb this may be distinctly taller than

the urban norm.
IJAEM 030606 Copyright @ 2014 SRC. All rights reserved.

against

(e.g.

low

office

urban

versus

Mohd Abdus Sattar , Sanjeev Rao, Madan Mohan, Dr. Sreenatha Reddy

vi) Framed-tube systems

Structural Systems
In the early structures at the beginning of the 20

th

vii) Braced-tube systems

century, structural members were assumed to carry

viii) Bundled-tube systems

primarily the gravity loads. Today, however, by the

Structural systems of tall buildings can be divided

advances

and

into two broad categories: interior structures and

high-strength materials, building weight is reduced,

exterior structures. This classification is based on

and slenderness is increased, which necessitates

the distribution of the components of the primary

taking into consideration mainly the lateral loads

lateral load-resisting

such as wind and earthquake. Understandably,

system over the building. A system is categorized as

especially for the tall buildings, as the Currently

an interior structure when the major part of the

there are many structural systems that can be used

lateral load resisting system is located within the

for the lateral resistance of tall buildings. In this

interior of the building. Likewise, if the major part

context, authors classify these systems based on the

of the lateral load-resisting system is located at the

basic reaction mechanism/structural behavior for

building perimeter, a system is categorized as an

resisting the lateral loads.

exterior structure. It should be noted, however, that

Structural Systems for Tall Buildings

any interior structure is likely to have some minor

i.) Rigid frame systems

components of the lateral load-resisting system at

ii.) Braced frame and shear-walled frame systems

the building perimeter, and any exterior structure

iii) Braced frame systems

may have some minor components within the

iv) Shear-walled frame systems

interior of the building.

in

structural

design/systems

v) Outrigger systems
Interior Structures
Efficient
Material/
Category

Sub-Category

Height

Advantages

Disadvantages

Provide flexibility in floor

Expensive form work. Slow

planning. Easily moldable

construction.

Configuration
Limit
Rigid
-

Concrete

20

Frames
Shear

Interior planning limitations

Wall/

Concrete Shear wall +

-

Effectively resists lateral shear

35

Hinged

Steel Hinged Frame

due to shear trusses.

by concrete shear walls.

Frames

Shear Wall

Concrete Shear wall +

(or Shear

Steel Rigid frame

60

Effectively resists lateral loads

Interior planning limitations

by producing shear wall frame

due to shear walls.

interacting system.

Truss

Shear wall /

Frame

Rigid Frame

Interaction

Concrete Shear wall +

System

concrete frame

70

Effectively resists lateral loads

Interior planning limitations

by shear wall frame interacting

due to shear walls.

system.

International Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Management

ISSN 2320 3439, Vol. 03, No. 06, November 2014, pp. 44 53

Deflection Control in High Rise Building Using Belt Truss and Outrigger Systems

Shear Cores(Steel
Trusses or Concrete
shear walls) +
Effectively resists bending by
Outriggers (Steel
Outrigger
-

Trusses or Concrete

exterior columns connected to

Outrigger structure does not

outriggers extended from the

add shear resistance.

150

Structure-s
walls) +Belt Trusses)

core.
+Steel or Concrete
Composite (Super)
Columns

Exterior Structures

Category

Material/

Efficient

Configuration

Height Limit

Sub-Category

Advantages

Disadvantages

Shear lag hinders true

Effectively resists lateral loads
tubular behavior. Narrow
Framed Tube

Concrete

60

by locating lateral systems at the

column spacing obstructs the
building perimeter.
view.
Effectively resists lateral shear
by axial forces in the diagonal

Braced Tube

Concrete

100

members. Wider column spacing

Bracing obstructs the view.

possible compared with framed

Tube

tubes. Reduced shear lag.

Interior planning limitations
Bundled Tube

Concrete

110

Reduced shear lag.

due to the bundled tube

configuration.

Ext. Frame
Effectively resists lateral loads
tube(Steel or

Interior planning limitations

by producing interior shear core

Tube in Tube

Concrete) +Int. Core

80

due to shear core.

exterior framed tube

Tube( Steel or
interacting system.
Concrete)

Diagrid

Concrete

60

Effectively resists lateral shear

Expensive form work. Slow

by axial forces in the diagonal

construction.

members.
Building form depends to a
Super

Could produce super tall

-

Concrete

100

frames

great degree on the

buildings.
structural system.

Introduction to Outrigger
Although

outriggers

have

been

used

for

wind. The outriggers are like the spreaders and the

approximately four decades, their existence as a

exterior columns are like the shrouds or stays.

structural member has a much longer history.

Innovative structural schemes are continuously

Outriggers have been used in the sailing ship

being sought in the field. Structural Design of High

industry for many years. They are used to resist

Rise Structures with the intention of limiting the

International Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Management

ISSN 2320 3439, Vol. 03, No. 06, November 2014, pp. 44 53

Mohd Abdus Sattar , Sanjeev Rao, Madan Mohan, Dr. Sreenatha Reddy

Drift due to Lateral Loads to acceptable limits

the

outer

columns.

without paying a high premium in steel tonnage.

One such is an Outrigger System, in which the axial
stiffness of the peripheral columns is invoked for
increasing the resistance to overturning moments.
This efficient structural form consists of a central
core, comprising either Braced Frames or Shear
Walls, with horizontal cantilever trusses or girders
known as outrigger Trusses, connecting the core to

Fig 2: Outrigger system with offset core

deformation of the frame should be considered
especially for tall and/or slender buildings. The
proposed method is found to be simple and
efficient provides reasonably accurate results in
early design stage of tall building structures.
An analytical model was developed to study the
deflection of wall-frame structures. The model is
capable of predicting accurate deflection for
various configuration including core types and
aspect ratios of the structures. To formulate the
problem, a one-dimensional displacement-based
Fig 1: Outrigger system with central core

finite element method is employed.

2. Tolga Aki S Lateral Load Analysis Of

Literature Review

Shear Wall-Frame Structures

1. Minsik Bang And Jaehong Lee An Analytical

The purpose of this study is to model and analyze

Model

the nonplanar shear wall assemblies of shear

for

High-Rise

Wall-Frame

Building

Structures

wall-frame structures. Two three dimensional

In this paper, the governing equations of a

models, for open and closed section shear wall

wall-frame building are formulated through the

assemblies, are developed. These models are based

continuum approach and the whole structure is

on conventional wide column analogy, in which a

idealized as a shearflexural cantilever. The effect

planar shear wall is replaced by an idealized frame

of shear deformation of the wall and flexural

structure consisting of a column and rigid beams

deformation of the frame are considered and

located at floor levels. The rigid diaphragm floor

incorporated in the formulation of the governing

assumption, which is widely used in the analysis of

equations. A displacement-based one-dimensional

multistorey building structures, is also taken into

finite element model is developed to predict lateral

consideration. The connections of the rigid beams

drift of wall-frame structures under horizontal

are released against torsion in the model proposed

loads. Numerical results are obtained and compared

for open section shear walls. For modeling closed

with previously available results and the values

section shear walls, in addition to this the torsional

obtained from the finite element package MIDAS.

stiffness of the wide columns are adjusted by using

The study indicates that the effect of shear

a series of equations. The results of these analyses

deformation of the wall as well as the flexural

are compared with the results obtained by using

International Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Management

ISSN 2320 3439, Vol. 03, No. 06, November 2014, pp. 44 53

Deflection Control in High Rise Building Using Belt Truss and Outrigger Systems

common shear wall modeling techniques.

Bear in mind that just 25 years ago very few

3 P. Jayachandran, Design Of Tall Buildings

engineers had access to any sort of computing

Preliminary Design And Optimization

capability. When dealing with concrete frames and

The design of tall buildings essentially involves a

shear walls the estimation of such properties

conceptual

analysis,

dictates that all resulting deflections and forces

preliminary design and optimization, to safely carry

should be regarded as best estimates and engineers

gravity and lateral loads. The design criteria are

should consider the use of alternative runs to assess

strength,

sensitivity to design assumptions.

design,

serviceability,

approximate

stability

and

human

comfort. The strength is satisfied by limit stresses,

5. Hou Guangyu, Et Al. Design And Research

while serviceability is satisfied by drift limits in the

On Composite Steel And Concrete Frame-Core

range of H/500 to H/1000. Stability is satisfied by

Wall Structure This paper presents the design,

sufficient factor of safety against buckling and

research and related joints details of a 31-storey

P-Delta effects. The factor of safety is around 1.67

composite frame-core wall structure, which is

to 1.92. The aim of the structural engineer is to

located in Beijing City, a region of seismic

arrive at suitable structural schemes, to satisfy these

fortification of 8 degree. In order to improve the

criteria, and assess their structural weights in

ductility bearing capacity of the core walls and to

weight/unit area in square feet or square meters.

ensure inelastic deformation capacity of the

This initiates structural drawings and specifications

longitudinal coupling beams carried steel trusses,

to enable construction engineers to proceed with

proper steel frames were embedded within the

fabrication and erection operations. The weight of

longitudinal core walls. Experimental results show

steel in lbs/sq ft or in kg/sq m is often a parameter

that there are no obvious cracks in the core walls,

the architects and construction managers are looking

spelling of concrete and local buckling of

for from the structural engineer. This includes the

reinforcement at the bottom of the core walls

weights of floor system, girders, braces and

boundary elements and the composite columns at

columns. The premium for wind , is optimized to

the perimeter have not been observed, even the

yield drifts in the range of H/500, where H is the

elasto-plastic storey drift angle has reached 1/101,

height of the tall building.

the whole structure has better seismic performance.

4. Kenneth Arnott, Shear Wall Analysis New

Structural Behaviour

Modelling, Same Answers. Engineers now

The multistorey building systems analyzed in this

routinely have access to highly capable 3D analysis

study are considered to be rigid frame structures. In

packages often including the ability to use finite

such systems, all structural elements of the system

elements (FE shell elements). More and more

are assumed to have infinitely rigid moment

structures are being analyzed in 3D, and as suppliers

resistant connections at both ends. Another

of such software we at CSC are certainly being

assumption about the structural system is the linear

faced with increasingly frequently asked questions

elastic structural system behavior, in which the

relating to the modeling of shear and core wall

deformations are proportional to the loads. One of

systems using shell elements within the context of a

the most important assumptions in this study is the

3D model. Personally it had not identified any

rigid diaphragm floor assumption, a common

useful text until the recently published Finite

assumption

Element Design of Concrete Structures which it

significantly and reduces computing time. This

would thoroughly recommend to anyone seeking a

results in three displacement degrees of freedom at

more pragmatic engineering view of the issues

each floor level (translations in two orthogonal

together with a very realistic review of the options

directions and rotation about vertical direction),

which should be considered.

and in-plane displacements of the diaphragm can

which

simplifies

International Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Management

ISSN 2320 3439, Vol. 03, No. 06, November 2014, pp. 44 53

the

problem

Mohd Abdus Sattar , Sanjeev Rao, Madan Mohan, Dr. Sreenatha Reddy

be expressed in terms of these displacements. All

building drift and core moments can be obtained.

the other nodes on that floor are called slaved

The ETABS software program is selected to

nodes and their three displacement components

perform analysis. The present study is limited to

(translation in x-direction, translation in y-direction

reinforced concrete (RC) multi-storied symmetrical

and rotation about z-direction) can be represented

building. All the building models analyzed in the

using the displacements of the master node and the

study have 15,20,25

distance to the master node as in the following

height of 3 meters. This building does not

equations:

represent a particular real structure that has been

storeys with constant storey

u (i) x = u(m)

built or proposed. However, the dimensions,

x y(i)u(m) z

general layout and other characteristics have been

u(i) y = u(m)

selected to be representative of a building for

y + x(i)u(m) z

which the use of outriggers would be a plausible

u (i) z = u(m)

solution.

In the above equations, u (i) x , u(i) y and u(i) z

The model considered for this study is a 45,60,75

are the three displacement components of the

mts high rise reinforced concrete building frame.

slaved node,

The building represents a 15,20,25

u(m) x , u(m) y and u(m) z are the displacement

building. The Plan area of the Structure is 40x40m

components of the master node and x(i) and y(i) are

with columns spaced at 5m from center to center.

the components of distance between master and

The height of each storey is 3.00m and all the

slaved node at that floor. This method is called the

floors are considered as Typical Floors. The

masterslave technique.

location of the building is assumed to be at

Problems with Outriggers

Hyderabad. An elevation and plan view of a typical

1. The space occupied by the outrigger trusses

structure is shown in fig.

storied office

(especially the diagonals) places constraints on the

use of the floors at which the outriggers are located
2. Architectural and functional constraints may
prevent placement of large outrigger columns
where they could most conveniently be engaged by
outrigger trusses extending out from the core.
3. The connections of the outrigger trusses to the
core can be very complicated, especially when a

Fig 3: Building plan dimensions &

concrete shear wall core is used.

column centre spacing

4. In most instances, the core and the outrigger

columns will not shorten equally under gravity load.
The outrigger trusses, which need to be very stiff to
be effective as outriggers
Objectives and Details of the Present Study
The objective of the present work is to study the
use of outrigger and belt truss placed at different
location subjected to wind or earthquake load. The

Fig 4: Building elevation view with central core

design of wind load was calculated based on IS 875

portion

(Part 3) and the earthquake load obtained using IS

The analysis is carried out for study of rigid core

1893 (Part-1): 2002. The location of outrigger and

and floor rigidity of 15,20 & 25 storey L-shape

belt truss for reducing lateral displacement,

Building

for the following structures of different

International Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Management

ISSN 2320 3439, Vol. 03, No. 06, November 2014, pp. 44 53

Deflection Control in High Rise Building Using Belt Truss and Outrigger Systems

locations of outrigger beams and belt truss as

with IS 875(part 3-Wind loads). The location

shown in fig.

selected is Hyderabad. The basic wind speed as per

Structure 1: Building frame outrigger beam

the code is Vb =44m/s. The coefficients K1 and K2

locations as shown in fig

are taken as 1.0.

Structure

2:

Building

frame

same

as

The terrain category is taken as

Category 4 with structure class C.

structure-1with belt truss.

Taking internal pressure coefficient as 0.2 the net

Structure 3: Building frame outrigger beam

pressure coefficient Cp (windward) works out as

locations as shown in fig

+0.8 and Cp (leeward) as -0.5 based on h/w and l/w

Structure 4: Building frame same as structure-3

ratio of table 4 of IS 875 (part3). Using the above

with belt truss.

data the ETABS automatically interpolates the

Structure 5: Building frame without any outrigger

coefficient K3 and eventually calculates lateral

beams as well as belt truss.

wind load at each storey.

The analysis is carried with all the load

Earthquake load in this study is established in

combinations. But the wind load is governing. Out

accordance with IS 1893(part 1)-2002.The city of

of that, the load case (0.9 DL + 1.5 WL Y) is giving

Hyderabad falls in zone 2 (Z=0.10). The

maximum values. Hence the above load case is

importance factor (I) of the building is taken as 1.0.

considered for taking the values of forces, moments

The site is assumed to be hard/rocky site (Type I).

and the load case (D.L+0.8(LL+WLX) considered

The response reduction factor R is taken as 3.0 for

for taking the values of Displacement and drift.

all frames. The fundamental time period (Ta) of all

Columns considered for comparison of analysis are

frames was calculated as per clause 7.6.1 of the

C21, C23, C30, C38, C40, C43,C53 & C57.

aforementioned code.

All wall piers are identical with a uniform wall

Ta = 0.075*h0.75

thickness of 350mm over the entire height. The

Based on the above data the ETABS calculates the

Bracing beams (outriggers) and all other beams are

design horizontal seismic coefficient (Ah) using the

230mm wide and 600mm deep, Grade 40 (Mix

Sa/g value from the appropriate response spectrum.

M40) concrete is considered (Compressive strength

The Ah value calculated is utilized in calculating

40 N/mm) throughout the height of the building.

the design seismic base shear (VB) as,

The outer and inner columns sizes are considered

VB =

as 800 x 800 mm and shear wall thickness is

Ah * W

Where, W = seismic weight of the building.

considered as 350 mm. The Outrigger Beams are

Qi = VB * (Wi*hi2)*(W j*hj2)-1

flexurally rigid and induce only axial forces in the

Where, Qi = Design lateral force at floor i.

columns; The lateral resistance is provided only by

Wi = seismic weight of the floor i

the bending resistance of the core and the tie down

hi = height of the floor I measured from base

action of the exterior columns connected to the

j = 1 to n, n being no. of floors in the building

outrigger;

The structure is analyzed as per the loading

Since the building is assumed to be a office

combinations provided in IS: 456-2000. The

building live load is considered as 3 kn/m. A floor

following load combinations are used to determine

load of 1.5 kN/m is applied on all the slab panels

the maximum lateral deflection in the structure.

on all the floors for the floor finishes and the other

i) DL+LL

things. A member load as u.d.l. of 6 kn /m is

ii)DL+LLWL(x or y)

considered on all beams for the wall load

iii)DL+LLEL(x or y)

considering the wall to be made of Light Weight

iv) DLWL(x or y)

Bricks.

v) DLEL(x or y)

Wind load in this study is established in accordance

International Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Management

ISSN 2320 3439, Vol. 03, No. 06, November 2014, pp. 44 53

Mohd Abdus Sattar , Sanjeev Rao, Madan Mohan, Dr. Sreenatha Reddy

Fig 5: Plan view of the model with central core

Fig 9: elevation view with central core &

and extended outriggers on three sides

outriggers in different stories

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
1. Storey axial forces:

Fig 6: 3D view of structure without any

Outrigger & Belt Truss
2. Diaphragm CM Displacement:

Fig 7: 3D view of structure with Belt truss

3. Storey Drift:

Fig 8: Sectional elevational view of 25 storey

structure with Outriggers

International Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Management

ISSN 2320 3439, Vol. 03, No. 06, November 2014, pp. 44 53

Deflection Control in High Rise Building Using Belt Truss and Outrigger Systems

4. Natural time period:

Comparison of results of Structure 4 with Structure

3: will give the effect of floor rigidity. Comparison
of results of structure 4: with structure: 2 will give
the effect of double core shear wall.
From the analysis of the Data the following
conclusions have been made.
i) Due to presence of the additional stiffness in
terms of double core shear wall + stringer beam +
floor rigidity, structure 4 is a stiffer structure.
ii) It can be concluded that floor rigidity is not

Moments

required to be increased beyond that required for

Another very important factor that is monitored is

the load carrying of Dead load and Live load on

the moments along the height of the concrete core.

floors.

The moments that were monitored as shown in

iii) Column forces and moments are minimum in

figure.

case of Building frame with Double Core

1. The moments below the first outrigger (cap

arrangement of shear wall and Stringer beams for

truss).

which

2. The moments above the second outrigger.

comparatively less.

3. The moment below the second outrigger.

iv) Moments in Corner column are less compared

4. The core base moments.

to the middle column.

drift

and

displacement

are

also

v) Moments in outer periphery columns are less

compared to the moments in interior columns.
References
[1] Chopra

A.K.

(2005):-Dynamics

of

structures Theory and applications to

Earthquake Engineering, Second edition.
[2] Hou Guangyu, et al., Design and
research on composite steel and concrete
Fig 10: The typical behaviour of moments
Conclusions

frame-core wall structures, for 14th world

conference on Earth quack Engineering,

The study has been carried out to find the effect of

[3] Minsik bang and Jaehong Lee An

Building displacements in Lateral direction with

Analytical model for high-rise wall frame

shear core, stringer beam and floor rigidity. The

building structures, Page No.1003-1009,

following four structures are considered for study

for CTBUH 2004, October 10-13, Seoul,

for 25 Storey L Shape building.

Korea.

Structure 1: Building frame without shear wall and

[4] P.Jayachandran , Design of tall buildings

with stringer beams.

preliminary design and optimization for

Structure 2 : Building frame without shear wall

National work shop on High rise & Tall

and with stringer beams & floor rigidity.

buildings, University of Hyderabad, India,

Structure 3: Building frame with Double Core

May, 2009, Keynote Lecture.

arrangement of shear wall and stringer beams.

Structure 4: Building frame with Double Core
arrangement of shear wall, Stringer beams and
floor rigidity.

[5] Tolga Aki, S, Lateral load analysis of

shear wall frame structures.
[6] IS-1893-2002 (part 1),, Criteria for
Earthquake

Resistant

International Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Management

ISSN 2320 3439, Vol. 03, No. 06, November 2014, pp. 44 53

Design

of

Mohd Abdus Sattar , Sanjeev Rao, Madan Mohan, Dr. Sreenatha Reddy

Structures Bureau of Indian Standards,

New Delhi, 2002.

for

[7] IS: 456 - 2000 - Code of practice for

plain and Rein forced concrete.
design loads (Other than

earthquake)

for buildings and structures - Dead loads.

[9] IS: 875 (part 2)1987: Code of practice
design

loads

(Other

design

loads

(Other

than

earthquake) for buildings and structures

Imposed loads.

[8] IS: 875(part 1)1987: Code of practice for

for

[10] IS: 875 (part 2)1987: Code of practice

[11] IS: 875(part 3) - 1987: Code of practice

for

design

loads

(Other

than

Earthquake) for buildings and structures Wind loads.

than

earthquake) for buildings and structures

Imposed loads.

International Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Management

ISSN 2320 3439, Vol. 03, No. 06, November 2014, pp. 44 53