ARC WHITE PAPER

By ARC Advisory Group

SEPTEMBER 2011

Yokogawas Comprehensive Lifecycle

Approach to Process Control System
Cyber-Security
Executive Overview ...................................................................... 3
Introduction ................................................................................ 4
Security Lifecycle Approach ........................................................... 5
System Products, Platforms, and Conduits ....................................... 9
System Integration Competencies ................................................ 11
Security Management Support ..................................................... 14
Recommendations ...................................................................... 17

VISION, EXPERIENCE, ANSWERS FOR INDUSTRY

ARC White Paper September 2011

Yokogawa Security Lifecycle

Yokogawa Security Lifecycle Concept

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Executive Overview
Todays process control systems can take advantage of advanced generalpurpose IT to reduce costs, improve performance, enable
Todays cyber-security threats
mean that industrial process
control system users and
suppliers alike must be
increasingly vigilant against

interoperability and add other important new capabilities. However, the very same technologies make todays
industrial systems increasingly vulnerable to security
intrusions malicious or otherwise from both within

current and future intrusions that

and without the plant. Certainly, the IT world has devel-

could compromise the security of

oped powerful tools and techniques to help prevent,

the system itself, the production

identify, and mitigate the effects of intrusions. However,

process, intellectual property, or

requirements specific to industrial systems (such as the

negatively impact health, safety,

or the environment.

need to maintain nonstop operations and provide deterministic response) often make employing these tools and
techniques in industrial environments problematic.

Todays cyber-security threats mean that industrial process control system

users and suppliers alike must be increasingly vigilant against current and
future intrusions that could compromise the security of the system itself,
the production process, intellectual property, or negatively impact health,
safety, or the environment (HSE).
Since industrial process control systems typically have a much longer lifecycle than do commercial systems (fifteen or more years for industrial
systems, vs. three to five years for commercial systems) and since both system technology and cyber-threats are ever-changing, automation system
suppliers must embrace a lifecycle approach to industrial cyber-security.
Ideally, this should involve a continuous improvement process of assessment, implementation, monitoring, and maintaining. As explained in this
white paper, this is precisely the approach that Yokogawa, one of the
worlds leading suppliers of process automation systems and related technologies and services, takes with its CENTUM process control systems,
ProSafe-RS safety systems, STARDOM and FAST/TOOLS SCADA systems
and related instrumentation and software applications.
Yokogawa built its security lifecycle approach upon industry cyber-security
standards; plus its own internal product security policy that incorporates
both the companys security standards and engineering standards.

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ARC White Paper September 2011

Introduction
In the past, industrial automation systems (DCS, SIS, SCADA, etc.) were
largely closed, proprietary, and standalone (unconnected) in nature. While
this made interoperability challenging, from a security perspective, it minimized opportunities for and the likelihood of external intrusions
While todays process control
systems can take advantage of

(malicious or otherwise) from outside the immediate

network.

Of course, careless, inept, or disgruntled

advanced general-purpose IT to

employees still had plenty of opportunities to com-

reduce costs, improve

promise the security of the process control system, a

performance, enable
interoperability and add other
important new capabilities; the
very same technologies have
made todays industrial systems
increasingly vulnerable to security
intrusions malicious or

companys operations, or its intellectual property.

However, todays more advanced process control systems are moving closer to the ARC Advisory Groups
vision of an open and interoperable Collaborative
Process Automation System (CPAS).

Furthermore,

otherwise from both within and

modern industrial systems increasingly incorporate

without the plant.

general-purpose, internet-enabled information technology (IT) developed for commercial and business

applications. We often refer to this as commercial, off-the-shelf technology or COTS.

As a result, while todays process control systems can take advantage of
this advanced general-purpose IT to reduce costs, improve performance,
enable interoperability and add other important new capabilities; the very
same technologies have made todays industrial systems increasingly vulnerable to security intrusions malicious or otherwise from both within
and without the plant. Certainly, the IT world has developed powerful
tools and techniques to help prevent, identify, and mitigate the effects of
intrusions. However, requirements specific to industrial systems (such as
the need to maintain nonstop operations and provide deterministic response) often make employing these tools and techniques in industrial
environments problematic.
Several issues and trends further exacerbate the situation. These include
the increasing sophistication and resources of the hackers themselves and
the tools and approaches they use. Even more troubling, are recent incidences of highly sophisticated attacks targeted specifically at industrial
systems and networks.

Stuxnet and Night Dragon provide two well-

publicized examples. In the past, many in the industrial community be-

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lieved that their systems and networks were obscure to the general public
and thus safe from cyber-attacks. Clearly, this is no longer the case.
Todays cyber-security threats mean that industrial process control system
users and suppliers alike must be increasingly vigilant against current and
future intrusions that could compromise the security
Users, suppliers, industry

of the system itself, the production process, intellectual

organizations, and national

property, or negatively impact health, safety, or the

governments as well as the

environment (HSE).

automation and IT groups within

individual user organizations

Users, suppliers, industry organizations, and national

will need to work together closely

governments as well as the automation and IT

to be able to identify and

generate effective deterrents and
counter-measures to the
constantly evolving threat.

groups within individual user organizations will

need to work together closely to be able to identify and
generate effective deterrents and counter-measures to
the constantly evolving threat.

Since industrial process control systems typically have a much longer lifecycle than do commercial systems (fifteen or more years for industrial
systems, vs. three to five years for commercial systems) and since both system technology and cyber-threats are ever-changing, automation system
suppliers must embrace a lifecycle approach to industrial cyber-security.
Ideally, this should involve a continuous improvement process of assessment, implementation, monitoring, and maintaining. As explained in this
white paper, this is precisely the approach that Yokogawa, one of the
worlds leading suppliers of process automation systems and related technologies and services, takes with its CENTUM process control systems,
ProSafe-RS safety systems, STARDOM and FAST/TOOLS SCADA systems
and related instrumentation and software applications.

Security Lifecycle Approach

Cyber-security experts agree that, given enough time and resources, a dedicated hacker could breach the security of virtually any system industrial
or otherwise. And while networked or internet-connected systems may be
a bit more vulnerable than standalone systems, there are many other ways
that viruses, trojans, or other malware could be introduced into an industrial system. For example, its common knowledge that the Stuxnet trojan was
probably introduced into affected systems via thumb drives inserted into
local USB ports on Windows workstations.

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However, with its comprehensive security lifecycle approach that addresses

system products, system integration support, and ongoing security management support over the entire lifecycles of its customers automation systems, Yokogawa believes
that it can minimize cyber-security risk for its customers to an acceptable level, and do so without
either compromising system performance or incurring excessive cost.

With the clear objective of

helping to ensure the stable operation of its customers systems, Yokogawa built its security lifecycle
approach upon industry cyber-security standards;
Yokogawa Security Lifecycle

plus its own internal product security policy that

incorporates both the companys security standards
and engineering standards.

Yokogawa invests in the human and technical resources it believes are required to sustain a high level of competence in the cyber-security area. The
company supports international cyber-security standards; develops and
rigidly enforces internal engineering standards; carefully considers security
issues in the development of the companys system products, platforms,
and interfaces; and delivers a variety of related lifecycle services. Together,
these efforts are intended to help the companys customers reduce cybersecurity risk to a degree that is as low as reasonably practical (ALARP).

Industry Standards Provide the Starting Point

ARC strongly advocates that automation suppliers and users alike adhere
to appropriate industry standards to the greatest practical extent. While
cyber-security is a relatively new discipline, a number of key industry standards for both IT security in general and mission-critical industrial
automation systems, have emerged at the national and international levels,
with a welcome trend towards convergence. These include standards for
policies, procedures, and technologies that address both general-purpose IT
cyber-security and industrial automation system-specific cyber-security.
Both categories are relevant for the industrial world, since so many industrial systems and applications today are built using general-purpose IT
technology and because cyber-security responsibilities for the industrial
systems often falls largely on the shoulders of corporate IT people.
Yokogawas lifecycle approach to cyber-security recognizes all major established industry cyber-security standards and the company closely tracks

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relevant standards currently in development. These include the ISA S99

Yokogawas lifecycle approach to
cyber-security recognizes all

Series, the ISO/IEC 27000 Series, and the NIST SP 800

Series. Yokogawa cyber-security specialists also partici-

major established industry cyber-

pate in work groups and technical committees to

security standards and the

contribute actively to key industry standardization ef-

company closely tracks relevant

forts. These include ISO/IEC (JTC1/SC27, WG3, WG4),

standards currently in

IEC (TC65/WG10, TCS7/WG15), and ISA (ISA S99, ISA

development.

Security Compliance Institute).

Yokogawa Product Security Policy

Yokogawa created its Industrial Automation (IA) Product Security Policy
based on established industry standards (ISA S99, NIST SP Series, etc.) to
help ensure that the company provides secure IA products that protect the
integrity of its customers production-related information assets, while
maintaining the functionality of the automation products, systems, and applications. The overall product security policy comprises both a general
Basic Security Policy and more specific Product Security Standards for each
product category. Together, they specify issues that a supplier must address at each phase of the product lifecycle: planning, research &
development, engineering, quality assurance, sales, after-sales services, and
so on.
Significantly, these are living documents, subject to periodic review by
the companys designated, executive-chaired steering committee. In this
manner, Yokogawa can continually update its security policies and internal
standards as needed to clarify and provide the most effective protective
measures possible for its customers.
System Security Standards

Yokogawas System Security Standard documents provide guidelines and

best practices for security countermeasures intended to help protect the
companys automation systems and applications from external or internal
intrusions or other threats and reduce the risks for its customers production-related assets.

The System Security Standard explains risks and

measures (using easily understood language, wherever possible); explains

security control techniques; and references both to industry-standard models.
The comprehensive document covers both system configuration and system management issues. Individual sections:

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Outline the security environment surrounding the production control

system and associated risks
Provide a systematic framework for an information security management system (including identifying specific points of vulnerability and
designing and implementing protective measures)
Provide technical security control measures (network architecture, virus protection, patch management, system hardening, system and
network monitoring, Windows domain management, security functions
of the various Yokogawa systems, and staff security policy)
Consider physical protection issues (defining physical boundaries,
managing removable devices, managing third-party maintenance, etc.)
Provide guidelines for developing a business continuity plan to minimize risk and damages from a security intrusion.
Target products for the Yokogawa System Security Standards include the
CENTUM VP and CENTUM CS 3000 process automation systems, ProSafe-RS safety integrated system, STARDOM and FAST/TOOLS SCADA
system.

The standard also covers the companys many solution-based

software packages such as the Exaquantum plant information management

system, Exapilot operation efficiency improvement package, Exaopc OPC
interface package, and Exaplog event analysis package.
The overall Yokogawa System Security Standard incorporates a number of
documents used across all lifecycle stages (development, system integration, support services) to cover major threats. These include:
Industrial Automation System Standard
Applications Security
Endpoint Security
Network Security
Integrated Management System
The Security Standard also includes best practices for system hardening,
networking, user and account management, monitoring, maintenance, and
others.

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Global Engineering Standards

Yokogawa has also developed Global Engineering Standards (GES), which

it uses to execute projects across its geographically distributed resources.
These standards cover a broad range of critical areas, including both physical security and cyber-security.

They help bridge the diversity of

languages, cultures, and expertise across the companys global organization

to help ensure that Yokogawa automation systems implemented anywhere
in the world reflect current best practices. Specific GESs include:
Security and Administration
Firewall
Network Management System
Remote Access Facilities
Anti-Virus Software Facilities
Operating System Patch Management
Windows Domain and Account Management, and
Backup and Recovery Management

System Products, Platforms, and

Conduits
A complete industrial automation system solution is comprised of individual hardware and software products
residing on a common platform with a variety of different
interfaces, or conduits, both internal and external to the
system. To achieve cyber-security defense in depth, appropriate security must be designed into each system
component and conduit, supported by appropriate integration, operation, and management practices. Defense in
depth also requires appropriate security between plant
control networks and external networks (via firewallprotected demilitarized zones); within the plant control
network itself; and robust, well-structured endpoint security at the
workstation level.

Security Zones and Conduits

To help ensure appropriate system security, the system supplier must
match the security assurance levels (SAL) of various physical or logical
groups of system products to the specific requirements of the different

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plant areas, or zones in which they are applied. Security assurance levels
and security zones, which are somewhat analogous to the safety integrity
levels (SIL) used for process protective and other safety systems, are described within the ANSI/ISA S99 security standards.
According to the company, Yokogawa system products provide the mission-critical reliability and robustness required to help ensure safety and
security. The company also aligns the critical conduits between zones (a
prime target for intrusions) with the appropriate target SAL. This includes
zone-to-zone conduits, component-to-component conduits, and operator
interface-to-component conduits.

Security Designed into Individual System Products

Consistent with the companys lifecycle approach to cyber-security, rather
than viewing security as a pasted-on afterthought, Yokogawa system
Consistent with the companys
lifecycle approach to cybersecurity, rather than viewing

architects, engineers, and product development experts start the product design process from a clean
sheet of paper. This enables them to design security

security as a pasted-on

into the actual product specifications. This security

afterthought, Yokogawa system

focus at the component specification level provides the

architects, engineers, and product

company with a basic advantage when it comes to

development experts start the

achieving a high level of security at the system integra-

product design process from a

clean sheet of paper.

tion stage.
In the product development stage, Yokogawas devel-

opment engineers check the source code for software-based products, using
third-party tools to remove common vulnerabilities.
Prior to commercialization, Yokogawa system products are certified using
the companys extremely rigid internal certification process, based on established international standards. In addition, as a fundamental part of the
product lifecycle, Yokogawa system products undergo security evaluation
conducted by external security consultants based upon their prescribed
practices and proven technologies.
Finally, as part of the lifecycle approach, the companys development engineers based at various locations around the world participate in an ongoing
education program designed to familiarize them with the latest threats, potential vulnerabilities, and countermeasures.

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Building Secure Industrial Control Systems

Many established practices exist for building security into both commercial
IT systems and industrial control systems. Yokogawa has borrowed from
these and developed its own best practices, technical standards, procedures, and tools to meet customer requirements for safe and secure
industrial automation systems. These provide a solid bridge between individual Yokogawa industrial control system products (I/O, controllers, data
servers, application services, workstations, software applications, etc.) and
a total system solution.

System Integration Competencies

Designing and certifying the individual industrial
control system components with security in mind is
all well and good, but what really counts when production and human health and safety are on the line,
is how safe and secure the total system functions as
a whole. For this reason, Yokogawa places considerable emphasis on how its engineers go about
integrating the various system hardware and software

components

into

functioning

system

intended to monitor, control, and manage critical

industrial processes on an uninterrupted basis 24
hours a day, 7 days per week.
Yokogawa has been supplying its customers with complete process control
systems for over 30 years. In this time, the company has developed unique
expertise in systems integration that carries over into the security domain.
Specifically, it is extending well-proven knowledge management tools
such as its Global Engineering Standards, Yokogawas internal standard for
executing projects that provides the standards and templates for unifying
project implementation into the physical and cyber-security domains.
Since industrial control systems typically have much longer life cycles than
do commercial information technology systems, Yokogawa has developed
a total system architecture that avoids the potentially negative impacts of
periodic technology updates. The companys internal system integration
standards and practices further support this critical independence from the
frequent technology refreshes encountered in the IT world.

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Furthermore, Yokogawa engineers receive comprehensive training in both

systems integration and cyber-security to improve their security knowledge
and skills. This includes basic, advanced, and practical (hands on) training
courses, with mandatory periodic testing to help ensure the effectiveness of
the training:
Basic course covers total system architecture
Advanced course covers Windows domain and account management,
OS patch management, firewalls, Level 2/Level 3 switches, remote
access, anti-virus software, network management, and backup and recovery management
Practical course provides hands-on experience in all of the above
Yokogawa also offers similar training for its users. These training courses,
based upon the companys comprehensive internal training courses, are
detailed enough for users to implement the security lifecycle for their control systems.

Design, Implement, Verify

The companys internal system integration process involves a three-stage
design/implement/verify process, supplemented by a training and certification program for its engineers based in various Yokogawa engineering
centers around the world. Yokogawas Global Engineering Standard and
Security Standard govern the system integration design process. The Yokogawa Security Standard, supported by the companys system design tool,
governs implementation. Specialized tools test the robustness of the integrated system and verify that the integrated system conforms to the
Yokogawa Security Standard.

System Hardening Tools and Verification

Typically, Windows operating systems are designed to provide home and
Typically, Windows operating
systems are designed to provide
home and office users with
maximum functionality and ease

office users with maximum functionality and ease of

use. However, in industrial environments, safety and
security take precedence over potentially vulnerable,
non-essential functionalities and ease-of-use features.

of use. However, in industrial

To minimize vulnerabilities for its industrial users,

environments, safety and security

Yokogawa employs system hardening tools to confi-

take precedence over potentially

gure Windows OS parameters in a manner that

vulnerable, non-essential

eliminates non-required functionalities and possibly

functionalities.

exploitable weaknesses, and to increase the dependa-

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bility of the OS. Target operating systems include Windows XP, Windows
Vista, Windows 7, Windows Server 2008, and Windows Server 2008 R2.
This hardening tool runs two different procedures depending on the designed security policy and the integrated system in question and the
relative sensitivity of the application. The objectives are to:
Harden Yokogawa systems products throughout with a single security
model in which the OS is secured against attack from both internal or
external networks, such as third-party devices or networks
Allow Yokogawa systems products to be combined with legacy systems, for which latest and most recommended security procedures in
industrial environments do not apply
Furthermore, additional strengthened procedures are supported for Yokogawa systems products, which the company implements as needed to
match the specific risk levels for different environments.
Using Security Standards as a basis, Yokogawa engineers use the companys system hardening tools to configure the PC/server so that base
(registries, services, and local security policy), networking (personal firewall, file sharing control, NetBIOS over TCP/IP, DCOM setting, etc.), user
account management and access control, and USB control are all configured
securely.
These actions supplemented by a rigorous verification program that uses
custom plug-in tools to verify robustness help ensure that the company
can deliver an integrated, yet secure system to its global customers. The
company can also use these tools to verify the robustness of customers existing system. During the verification program, users are provided with a
simple and comprehensive view of the security level of their control systems based upon the companys defined indexes.

Yokogawa has

developed PARM indexes that make it easier for users to comprehend

industrial control system security levels. Here, the P stands for data protectability, A for availability, R for recoverability, and M for
manageability. PARM translates all seven ISA99 foundational requirements into a simplified view using these four indexes.
As the original equipment manufacturer, Yokogawa has the specific knowledge, expertise, and tools needed to verify the robustness of the companys
systems. However, the company also subscribes to third-party organiza-

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tions, such as the Industrial Security Compliance Institute (ISA Secure) to

certify appropriate Yokogawa system products. The company has set up
the policy to incorporate security steps into systems and products development processes, to develop a user security guide, and to continuously
improve both process and user security with support from independent
subject matter expert (SME) consultants.

Security Management Support

As previously mentioned, the constantly evolving
nature of the cyber-security threat and the dynamic
nature of modern automation technology and applications, require a lifecycle approach to cyber-security.
Yokogawa is equipped to ensure that the systems the
company delivers, installs, and commissions in its
customers plants are as up to the challenge as humanly and technically possible.
However, constant vigilance is required to anticipate,
identify, and mitigate the inevitable vulnerabilities
and cyber-security threats that emerge after the system is commissioned.
And, unfortunately, while user organizations often have adequate internal
resources to deal with cyber-security threats against the corporate network,
only in rare cases do corporate IT departments fully understand the operating environment and security-related ramifications for process control,
process protective, SCADA, and other plant-level systems and networks.
This is where automation supplier-provided security management services
such as those that Yokogawa offers under its VigilantPlant Services offering can provide so much value to user organizations. The companys
cyber-security consultants combine in-depth expertise in latest cybersecurity approaches, techniques, and toolsets; with a full understand of industrial environments in general and inner-knowledge of Yokogawa
system products, process control networks, and software applications. Yokogawas VigilantPlant Service is designed to offer users the ability to
achieve continuous improvement throughout the lifecycle based upon the
DMAIC concept.

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Assessment and Consultation

While older plant control systems can be particularly vulnerable to cybersecurity threats, even recently commissioned systems could have been exposed to new threats in the interim since commissioning. Yokogawas
VigilantPlant Service offers security assessment and consultation services in
which customers are encouraged to deploy required countermeasures into
installed control systems. This service is designed to help users manage
risks and maintain business continuity by assessing, inspecting, and diagnosing installed systems to detect and identify specific weaknesses and
potential cyber-security vulnerabilities.
Yokogawas deliverable from this important service is a detailed assessment report and recommendations for appropriate countermeasures. The
countermeasure implementation service then follows up on these recommendations.

Countermeasure Implementation
Many industrial organizations lack the internal resources needed to deal
with identified threats to their industrial systems and networks in a manner
that will not negatively impact production operations or health, safety, and
environment. To respond to this need, Yokogawa created an additional
VigilantPlant Service to deliver appropriate, non-intrusive countermeasures
to the assessed threats and/or vulnerabilities of installed control systems
following the assessment and consultation service.
The service includes:
Virus check
USB port lock
Security patch update
Software backup and recovery
Unauthorized software control
Even in the face of constantly evolving cyber-security threats and evolving
platform technology, these services can help ensure that installed systems
remain as robust and secure over their entire lifecycles as they are at commissioning.

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Maintenance and Support

Its important to be able to maintain all deployed countermeasures in a
cost-effective manner. An essential part of the lifecycle, this is required as
part of the security management system to continuously secure the control
system.

Yokogawa offers a support and maintenance service in Vigi-

lantPlant Service to keep the deployed countermeasures running and apply

updates for vulnerabilities uncovered during normal operations. The company also offers users training to help customers implement their security
lifecycle. This can be followed by additional assessment and consultation,
as needed.

Yokogawa Security Competency Laboratories

Yokogawas Security Competence Laboratories in Singapore; Tokyo, Japan;
Bangalore, India; and Houston, Texas play a key role in the companys
overall cyber-security activities. Collectively,
these laboratories serve as a dedicated centerof-excellence in which Yokogawa system and
cyber-security specialists can collaborate to
link current security technologies to the companys systems to help protect the companys
customers from constantly evolving and increasingly

sophisticated

cyber-security

threats.
The Security Competence Laboratories research today's security technologies and real-world cyber-security implications for industrial operating environments and develop solutions and
countermeasures that are best suited for different industry sectors, applications, and system configurations.

The labs build upon the companys

technical expertise to develop, validate, and deploy new procedures and

tools for the Yokogawa engineers and security specialists who deliver the
companys security and other services.
Another role for Yokogawas Security Competence Laboratories is to continually update the Yokogawa security standard, including documents and
work processes.

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Recommendations
Security experts agree that, given adequate time and resources, any system
even hardened, relatively segregated, industrial control systems can be
penetrated by determined external hackers or careless or disgruntled employees.

However, clearly, there are ways to reduce the risk to an

acceptable level (as low as reasonably practical) and to do so without compromising the basic functionality of the system.
ARC believes that Yokogawas

ARC believes that Yokogawas lifecycle approach to au-

lifecycle approach to automation

tomation system security (built on industry security

system security (built on industry

standards and best practices), plus the companys own

security standards and best

practices), plus the companys
own security and engineering
standards, work together to
enforce defense in depth to help

security and engineering standards, work together to enforce defense in depth to help provide a solid foundation
for secure industrial control systems and stable plant operation.

The companys well-trained global services

provide a solid foundation for

organization is also available to provide ongoing cyber-

secure industrial control systems

security support to help users meet new daily threats with

and stable plant operation.

a technology platform that evolves over time.

However, its equally important for end users in manufac-

turing companies and other industrial organizations to recognize that they

cant expect their automation suppliers no matter how vigilant to provide a total cyber-security solution.

To reduce security risks to an

acceptable level, users must cultivate a security culture across all departments and develop and enforce internal security processes and
practices based on ANSI/ISA S99, NIST SP 800, and other industry standards and best practices.

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Analysts: Barry Young and Paul Miller

Editor:

Dick Hill

Acronym Reference: For a complete list of industry acronyms, refer to our

web page at www.arcweb.com/Research/IndustryTerms/
API

Application Program Interface

HMI

Human Machine Interface

B2B

Business-to-Business

IOp

Interoperability

BPM Business Process Management

IT

Information Technology

CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate

MIS

Management Information System

CAS

Collaborative Automation System

OpX

Operational Excellence

CMM Collaborative Management Model

PAS

Process Automation System

CPG

PLC

Programmable Logic Controller

PLM

Product Lifecycle Management

Consumer Packaged Goods

CPM Collaborative Production

Management

RFID Radio Frequency Identification

CRM Customer Relationship

ROA Return on Assets

Management
DCS

RPM Real-time Performance

Distributed Control System

Management

EAM Enterprise Asset Management

SCM

ERP

WMS Warehouse Management System

Enterprise Resource Planning

Supply Chain Management

Founded in 1986, ARC Advisory Group is the leading research and advisory
firm for industry. Our coverage of technology from business systems to product and asset lifecycle management, supply chain management, operations
management, and automation systems makes us the go-to firm for business
and IT executives around the world. For the complex business issues facing
organizations today, our analysts have the industry knowledge and first-hand
experience to help our clients find the best answers.
All information in this report is proprietary to and copyrighted by ARC. No part
of it may be reproduced without prior permission from ARC. This research has
been sponsored in part by Yokogawa. However, the opinions expressed by
ARC in this paper are based on ARC's independent analysis.
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Visit our web pages at www.arcweb.com

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