1 International

politics
1.1 The Foreign
Service
An ambassador

The British ambassador to

Greece
Embassy
A mission

An envoy
An emissary

1.2 Talks, Treaties,

Tensions
tensions

Talks/ conference

A summit

A treaty/ a pact / an accord

A signatory (to sth)

Sanction (against)

To apply sanctions against it

An embargo (on sth)

A diplomat sent to a foreign

country to represent his own
country either for a special
occasion or for a longer
period.
The official building where an
ambassador and his staff
work.
A group of people sent
abroad to carry out an official
task, e.g trade mission to
China.
A special messenger from
one government to another.
An envoy, carrying a secret
or special message.

When the relations between

two countries are difficult
and unfriendly because there
is suspicion and distrust.
These words are used to
refer to formal occasions of
serious talking between
politicians. They can, for
example, hold peace talks in
order to stop a war.
A summit is a meeting
between the heads or two or
more governments, esp. of
the worlds most powerful
countries.
If talks succeed, they will be
concluded with the signing of
a treaty, a pact or an accord,
a formal agreement between
two or more countries to do
something or to help each
other.
The signatories to a treaty
are the countries or the
persons who signed it .
If a country does not obey
international law, other
countries often take
measures to force it to do so:
they will apply sanctions
against it.
If one country puts an

Ambassadeur

De Britse ambassadeur van

Griekenland
Ambassade
Afvaardiging, legatie

Afgezant, diplomatiek
vertegenswoordiger
Een afgezant met een special
boodschap

Spanningen ( tussen landen)

Discussie, bespreking/
conferentie, congres

Een top(conferentie)

Een verdrag

Ondertekenaar
Strafmaatregel

Een land straffen

Een uitvoerverbod

embargo on trade with

another country, it officialy
forbids or restrict trade (until
the embargo is lifted)

1.3 War :the people

The armed forces=the
military
Troops

The barracks
1)To conscript sb (into sth)
To call sb up
To draft sb (into sth)(A)
2)To enlist (in/for sth), sb
(in/for sth), sb (as sth)

1)Conscription/ conscript
2)A call-up
3)The draft (A) / a draftee

A countrys armed forces or

military consists of its army,
navy and airforce.
The word troops is used to
refer to soldiers, esp. when
they are in a large controlled
group and on a particular
mission.
The buildings where the
soldiers live in.
When someone is called up,
drafted, enlisted or
conscripted, he is ordered to
join the armed forces. If sh
enlists he might also be
joining the forces of his own
free will. He might be a
volunteer.
Ordered to join the armed
forces

To volunteer

Joing the forces ones own will

A volunteer

A person who does

something on his own free
will
A soldier that is hired to fight
in a foreign army.
A person who has just joined
the army forces (or the
police) and is not yet trained.
To get people to join the
armed forces
A soldier with much or long
experience or simply any exserviceman.
A person who is killed or
injured in the war.
A person who is not a
member of the armed forces.
A force of civilians who are
trained as soldiers and
reinforce the regular army.

A mercenary
A recruit (to sth/ from sth)
To recruit (from sth); sb(to
sth); sb as sth
A veteran
A casualty = a loss
A civilian
A militia

1.4 War: attack

An intervention (in sth)

To intervene (in sth/ between

It there is an intervention by
one country in the affairs of
another, it tries to prevent
sth happening, for instance
by sending troops there.

Het leger
Troepen, strijdmachten

Kazerne
1)Oproepen voor militaire
dienst
2)vrijwillig in dienst gaan

1)Dienstplicht/ een
dienstplichtige
2)Dienstplicht
3)Dienstplicht / een
dienstplichtige
Zich als vrijwilliger
aanmelden
Een vrijwilliger in het leger
Een huurling
Een rekruut/ een nieuw lid
Rekruteren, aanwerven
Veteran, oudgediende, oudsoldaat
Een gesneuvelde
Een burger, niet-miliair
Een burgerleger

Een interventie, tussenkomst

Tussenbeide komen

A and B)
A blockade

To wage sth (against/ on sth)

Espionage

To engage in espionage

Action, combat, hostilities

Hostilities break out
To combat (against/with sb);
sb
Killed in action
To assault sb
An assault on sth
To ambush sb/sth

An ambush
To raid (sth)

a raid (on sth)

To besiege (sb/sth)

A siege
(troops) Advance
To bombard sb/sth (with sth)
= to shell sb/sth
To annihilate
annihilate

A blockade is the
surrounding or closing off a
place, esp. a port to prevent
people or goods from getting
in or out.
If a country wages a war
against another, it begins a
war against that country.
When you send your spies to
enemy countries to obtain
secret information about the
military affairs of these
countries.
To send spies to enemy
countries to obtain secret
information about the
military affairs of these
countries
Reference to the actual
fighting between two armies.
Actual fighting

Een afsluiting/ versperring

Being killed while the

soldiers fight
If an army makes an assault
on its enemy, it attacks
suddenly and violently.
an sudden and violent attack
An ambush is a surprise
attack from a hidden
position. Troops are caught in
an ambush. Is soldiers are
lying in an ambush, they are
hiding and waiting for the
enemy in order to attack
them when they arrive.
Surprise attack from a
hidden position
A raid is a sudden surprise
attack followed by quick
withdrawal. A raid is
launched in order to cause
damage rather than occupy
the enemys land.
Sudden surprise attacked
followed by a quick
withdrawal
When a place is besieged, it
is surrounded with armed
forces in order to make it
surrender.

Gedood in de strijd

Going forward
To be attacked with
continous heavy gunfire of
bombs
To destroy something
completely
If bombs of other weapons

Oorlog voeren tegen

Spionage

Aan spionage doen

De strijd
Strijden tegen/met

bestormen
Een bestorming
In een hinderlaag liggen

Een hinderlaag, een valstrik

leegroven

Verassingsoverval, rooftocht
Belgeren, bestormen

Belegering, blockade
Voorbewegen van troepen
Bombarderen, onder vuur
nemen.
Vernietiging
Vernietigen, tenietdoen

To take sth; sb prisoner,

hostage etc.
To capture sb/sth
To seize sb/sth
A capture
A captive
To invade (with sth), sth (with
sth)
An invasion
An invader
To conquer
To occupy sth = to annex sth

An occupation = an
annexation
To collaborate (with sb)

A collaborator
treason

annihilate a place or a group

of people, they destroy it
completely.
Troops using force to gain
possession of a place are
said to take, capture or seize.
And they seize power.
A country invades another
when it enters it by force
with an army.
When it takes possession of
that country.
It will then establish troops
there to take control of the
territory: it is then said to
occupy or annex it.

Bemachtigen, veroveren,
gevangen houden
Het gevangennemen
Een gevangene
Binnenvallen, binnendringen
Invasie
binnendringer
Veroveren, innemen,
bemachtigen
In beslag nemen, zich toeeigenen, bezetten
bezetting

If sb collaborates with the

enemy, he helps the enemy
occupying his country. By
helping the enemy he
betrays his own country: he
commits treason.
Someone who helps the
enemy to occupy the country
Betraying your country

Collaboreren, samenwerken
met de vijand

An army fighting back is said

to resist the attack
A fighting back
They will reinforce their
troops , i.e. make them
stronger by providing them
with more weapons and
more soldiers. (moving in
reinforcements)
More weapons and soldiers
If they are strong enough,
they will be able to chase or
drive off the enemy forces
and win a victory over the
enemy, they defeat the
enemy forces, which will
have to leave: the enemy will
have to withdraw or retreat.
To win a battle, to defeat the
other country

Weerstand bieden aan

Een collaborateur
Hoogverraad, landverraad

1.5 War: resistance

To resist (sth)
A resistance (to sth/sb)
To reinforce sth

Reinforcements
To drive sth/sb off

Victorious (in sth) (over

sb/sth)
A victory
To defeat
A defeat
To triumph (over sb/ sth)

If the victory was an

outstanding achievement
which results in a feeling of

De weerstand, verzet
versterken

versterkingen
Verdrijven, verdringen van
vijand

zegevierend
Een overwinning
Verslaan
Een nederlaag
zegevieren

A triumph
To withdraw sb/sth (from sth)
A withdrawal
To retreat (from/ to sb)
A retreat
To advance (on/ towards sth)

great satisfaction and pride

we speak of triumph
Victory was an outstanding
achievement
To have to leave
To have to leave
To go further in hostile
country

The troops advance on the

enemy
An advance

Triomf, overwinning, groot

succes
Terugtrekken
Een terugtrekking
Terugtrekken
Een terugtrekkig of
terugtocht
voortbewegen
De troepen naderen de
vijand
Een voortbeweging

1.6 War: surrender

To give in/up

To yield (to sb/sth); sb/sth

(up) (to sb)
To surrender (to sb); oneself,
sth (to sb)
Surrender
To liberate sb/sth (from
sb/sth)

A liberation
An ally

If, however, the army gives

in or gives up, they stop
fighting back and they allow
themselves to be defeated.

Overgeven
Overgeven
An occupied country is
liberated by allied troops
when it is made free from
being under the political or
military control of the
occupying forces.
This is normally done by and
ally, a country that has a
treaty to help and support it
during the war.

An alliance
To ally oneself with sb
A truce= a ceasefire = an
armistice

To disarm; sb

Disarmament
To (re)arm oneself/ sb (with
sth)
armament

1.7 Terrorism

The terrorist threat = the

threat of terrorism
An extremist
Extremist violence
To hijack sth

Zich gewonnen geven

Truce, ceasefire, armistice

are words to refer to an
agreement between enemies
to stop fighting for a certain
time.
When soldiers have their
weapons taken away from
them, they are said to be
disarmed.

Een overgave
Bevrijden

Een bevrijding, vrijlating

bondgenoot

bondgenootschap
Een bondgenootschap
aangaan/ sluiten met
(tijdelijke) wapenstilstand

Ontwapenen

De ontwapening
Bewapenen
Bewapening

Dreiging van terrorisme

Extremist
Extremistisch geweld
Kapen

A hijacker
To take sb hostage
Demands
Ransom
Exchange
To kidnap sb
A kidnapping
A kidnapper
Captivity
A captive
A captor

Een kaping
Iemand gijzelen
Eisen
Losgeld
Ruilen
Kidnappen
Een kidnapping
Een kidnapper
(krijgs)gevangenschap
Een (krijgs)gevangene
Iemand die iemand
gevangen neemt
Iemand vrijlaten
Een vrijlating
Explosieven
Een bommelding
Misdaad

To release sb (from sth)

Release
Explosives
A bomb scare
An outrage

1.8 Civil war

To oppress sb

When part of the population

feels oppressed by the
government classes, and
there are no political
solutions, this may lead to
civil war.

Oppression
Oppressed
An oppressor
Civil war
Uprising = insurrection =
inurgency (fml)
Insurgents = freedom
fighters
Gue(r)rilla
Conducting a guerrilla
Perpetrating terrorist acts

Onderdrukken

Onderdrukking
Onderdrukt
Tiran, onderdrukker
Burgeroorlog
Opstand

Guerrilla strijder
Terroristische handelingen
plegen/ began

2 Speaking
2.1 The sound of
human speech
To utter something
To babble (on) (about sth)
Babble
To whisper (about sth/sb);
sth, that, to- (to sb)
A whisper
To mumble (about sth); sth,
that
A mumble
To mutter
(about/against/atsb/sth); sth;
that (about sth)

e.g. Sam opened his mouth,

then quickly shut it again
without uttering a sound.
e.g. Madeline is still too
Young to talk and just
babbles to herself.
e.g. follow me, Claude
whispered, and keep quiet.
[Link] mumbled the name of
the person who had shot
him, but she didnt catch it.
e.g. She has been muttering
about cuts in the postal
service ever since I can
remember.

Uitspreken, zeggen
Babbelen
Gebabbel, geklets
fluisteren
Gefluisterd
Mompelen
Gemompel
Mopperen

A mutter
To speak up

To exclaim (at sth); that

An exclamation
To cry (out) (for sth); sth
=to yell (out) (at sb/sth,
in/with sth); sth (at sb/sth)
A cry = a yell
To scream (out) (at sb, with
sth); sth, that (at sb); os adj
A scream
To shriek (out) (in/with sth);
sth (out)
A shriek
To screech (out) (at sb); sth
(at sb, out)
A screech
To squeal (with sth)

squeal
To bellow (at sb); sth, that (at
sb)

e.g. Speak up, please; I cant

hear you.
I cannot hear you unless you
speak up a bit.
e.g. They exclaimed in horror
at the price.
He exclaimed that it was
untrue.
e.g. The trapped woman
cried out for help.
Stop yelling at your sister!,
shouted my father.
e.g. She screamed when I
applied iodine to the cut.
The baby was screaming
himself red in the face.
e.g. She shrieked out in fright
when she discovered a
Bengal tiger in the oven.
e.g. The forest seemed full of
monkeys screeches.
The child screeched insults
at us.
e.g. He heard the squealing
tyres.
The children were squealing
with delight.
e.g. Father was bellowing
that he couldnt find his pipe.
The public-address system
bellowed out my name.

A bellow

2.2 Contacting and

consulting

To contact sb
= to communicate (with sb)
Contact (with sb/sth) =
communication
To address sb (fml)
= to speak (to sb) (on/about
sth)
An address fml A = a speech
To consult sb/sth (about sth);
with sb
Consultation

2.3 Giving
information

To inform sb (of / about sth),

sb that fml
=To let sb know sth infml

Gemopper
Luider spreken

Uitroepen, schreeuwen

Een uitroep, schreeuw

Gillen, schreeuwen

Een gil, een schreeuw

Gillen, schreeuwen

Gil, schreeuw
Een kreet slaken
Schrille kreet
Krijsen, gieren

Een gier
Krijsen, piepen

Brullen, loeien

Brullen, loeien

To telephone or write tosb in

order to ask them about sth.

Communiceren, contact
hebben
Contact, communicatie
Adresseren, toespreken

To go to a person for
information or advice

Aanspreking
raadplegen
raadpleging

To give notice to

Informeren

=to advise sb (of sth); sb

that fml esp commerce
= to communicate sth (to
sb/Sth)
communicative
To notify sb (of sth, that)
To brief sb (on sth, to-)
A brief
A briefing
To intimate sth, that, wh- (to
sb) fml
An intimation (of sth/ that..)
To confide sth, that to sb
Confidential
To relate sth, wh- ( to sb) fml
= To recount sth, wh- (to sb)
fml
= To narrate sth

2.4 Explaining and

describing

To account (to sb) for sth

An account
To put / get sth across (to sb)
= to make sth clear/plain (to
sb)
= to clarify sth
To make oneself clear/plain

To sum sth up
= To summarize sth

To inform sb officially about

sth
To tell sb the necessary
information before they do or
deal with sth
To make sth known in an
indirect way.
To tell sb as a secret
To tell a story, incidents

To explain or give a reason

for
To cause to be understood

Informerend
(officieel) op de hoogte
stellen
Vluchtig beknopt instructies
geven.
Beknopte instructies
Laatste instructies
Suggereren, laten
doorschemeren
Suggestie, hint
Toevertrouwen, in
vertrouwen mededelen
Vertrouwelijk
Vertellen, verhalen,
beschrijven

Verklaren
Een verklaring
Verhelderen, duidelijk maken

To explain sth in a way that is

easy to understand so that
there can be no doubt about
what you mean.
To express all the important
aspects of sth as briefly as
possible.

Jezelf duidelijk maken

To tell sb about sth in a few

words.

Vermelden

samenvatten

2.5 Mentioning
To mention sth, that,wh-,ing;sth;that;wh- (to sb); sb as
sth
= To raise sth
=To bring sth up
A mention
To refer to sb/sth
= To allude to sb/sth
An allusion
To quote (from sb/sth); sth
(from sth)
= To cite sth
A quotation
=a quote
A citation

2.6 Stating things

To state sth, that, wh- often

To mention briefly (refer) or

indirectly (allude)
To repeat another persons
supposedly powerful words

Een vermelding
Verwijzen naar
Een verwijzing
Aanhalen
Een citaat, een aanhaling

Verklaren

fml
A statement
To assert sth
Assertion
Assertive (adj)
To affirm sth that (to sb)
An affirmation
To claim
sth, that, toA claim
To pronounce sth; that; sb
sth/to
A pronouncement
To speak out (against sth)
To allege that; sb adj, to- fml
An allegion

Een verklaring
Beweren
Een bewering
Zelfverzekerd, assertief
Bevestigen, beamen
Een bevestifing
Beweren
Een bewering
Verklaren, verkondigen, een
uitspraak doen
Verklaring
Zicht uitspreken (voor/tegen)
Beschuldigen
Een (onbewezen)
beschuldiging
Aankondigen, bekendmaken

To declare sth, that, wh-,

sb/sth, sth/adj/to=To announce sth, that, wh(to sb)
A declaration

Een aankondiging, een

bekendmaking
Een aankondiging, een
bekendmaking

An announcement

2.7 Overstating vs
understating
To exaggerate sth
=To pile it on infml
An exaggeration
To overstate sth
An overstatement
To understate sth
An understatement

Overdrijven
Een overdrijving
Overschatten
Een overschatting
Ondershatten
Een onderschatting

2.8 Discussing things

To converse (with sb) (about
sth); together (often fml)
= To chat (away); (to/with sb)
(about sth) infml
A converstation (with sb)
(about sth)
A chat
Conversational = chatty
To chatter (away/on) (about
sth)
To babble (away/on) (about
sth)
babble
To confer (with sb) (about/on
sth) fml
A conference
To debate (about sth), sth;
wh -; -ing
A debate
To negotiate (with sb) (about

To talk informally

Babbelen, kletsen

Een babbel

To talk rapidly and at length,

usu about sth unimportant.
To talk foolishly or in a way
that is hard to understand.
To discuss things exchanging
ideas and getting advice in
order to make a decision.
To argue about sth, usu in an
effort to persuade other
people.
To discuss in order to reach

Praatgraag
Kwebbelen
Brabbelen
Gebrabbel
Confereren, beraadslagen
Conferentie, congres
Debatteren, discussiren
over
debat
Onderhandelen

sth); sth
A negotiation
To argue (with sb) (about /
over sth); sth
=To dispute (with sb); sth;
that; whAn argument = a dispute

an agreement.

To have it out (with sb) infml

To discuss sth fully and

openly
Tending to talk a lot

Talkative
= chatty
=loquacious
Eloquent

Express an opposite opinion

in a discussion, sometimes
angrily.

Talking well, so as to
persuade, interest, etc.

Eloquence

Een onderhandeling
Woordenwisselen

Discussie, gedachtenwissel,
onenigheid
Hevig discussiren
Praatgraag, praatziek
Welsprekend
Welbespraaktheid,
welsprekendheid

2.9 Interrupting
To fall silent
= to shut up infml
To shut sb (up) infml
To interrupt (with sth); sb/sth
(with sth)
= to break in on/into (sth)
infml
=to butt in (on sb/sth) infml
Interruption
To burst in on sb/sth

To stop talking

zwijgen

To tell sb to keep quiet

To stop sb speaking by
speaking oneself or doing sth
noisy.

Iemand doen zwijgen

onderbreken

To interrupt strongly or
suddenly.

Een onderbreking
Iemand ruw onderbreken

2.10 Remarking and

commenting
To comment (on sth); that
A comment (on sth)
To remark on/upon sth/sb;
that
=To observe that, wh- (to sb)
fml
A remark = an observation

2.11 Suggesting

To suggest sth, that, -ing, wh(to sb); sb/sth (as/for sth)

=to propose sth, that, -ing
(to sb); sb (as/for sth)
=to put sth/sb forward
=to put sth to sb/sth
A suggestion (that)
= A proposal (for sth/doing
sth); (to do sth)
= A proposition ( to do
sth/that)
To hint at sth; sth, that (to
sb)
= to drop a hint = to give sb
a clue
=to get at sth infml

To give an opinion on sth

To say sth by way of
comment

Commentaar geven
Een commentaar
Opmerken, bemerken

Een bemerking, een

opmerking

Iets voorstellen

Een voorstel

Iets insinueren

= to insinuate sth, that (to

sb) fml
An insinuation (that)

Een insinuatie

2.12 Advising
To recommend sth, that, wh-,
-ing, to- (to sb)
=to counsel sb, to- fml
=to advise against/on sth; sb
against/on sth, -ing, toA counsellor
= a consultant (on sth)
= adviser (to sb)
Counselling

Adviseren

Adviseur, consultant,
raadsman
For people with mental
problems

Advice
To recommend sth/sb (for/as
sth)
=to back infml
= to advocate sth, that, -ing
An advocate (of sth)

Het adviseren
Een advies
Aanraden

Een voorstander, verdediger

2.13 Assuring and

convincing
To assure sb/oneself (of sth,
that)
Assurance

verzekeren
De verzekering, zekerheid,
vertrouwen
Geruststellen

To reassure sb (about sth,

that)
Reassurance
To convince sb (if sth, that,
to-)
=To persuade sb (of sth,
that, to-)
A conviction (that)
= A persuation
Persuasive
To urge sb (to-)
To dissuade sb (from
sth/doing sth)
Dissuasion
To argue (for/against sth),
that
To argue/talk sb into/out of
doing sth
To coax sb (into/out of
(doing) sth)
To get round sb infml

2.14 Repeating
To restate sth

Restatement
To rephrase sth

Geruststelling
Overtuigen

Een overtuiging
Overtuigend
Aansporen, aandringen
Afraden
Afrading
Pleiten, argumenteren tegen
Iemand overhalen
Vleien, overreden, overhalen
Iemand overhalen

To state sth again, either as

before or in a slightly
different of better way (ones
position, a case, an
argument, )
To say sth in a different of
better way ( a remark, a

Herformuleren

herformulering
Iets herformuleren

To recite to sb; sth (to sb)

question, a point, )
To say sth from memory or
as a list.

A recitation

Reciteren, opzeggen,
opsommen
Een opsomming

2.15 Insisting
to insist on sth, that

To declare firmly when

opposed.

Insistence
Insistent
To stress sth
= To emphasize sth
= To lay stress/ emphasis on
sth
To underline sth
= to underscore sth
To highlight sth
To rub it in

To give a sense of
importance to a certain
matter.
To give force to an idea,
feeling etc. which has been
expressed or shown.
To pick out or take sth as an
important point, to throw
attention on to.
Emphasize or reminding sb
constantly of an unpleasant
fact.

Erop aandringen, volhouden

Volharding, aandrang,
vasthoudendheid
Vasthoudend, hardnekkig
Iets benadrukken

Onderstrepen, benadrukken
Naar voren halen, doen
uitkomen
Iets inwrijven, er steeds weer
op terugkomen

2.16 Asking and

claiming
To enquire/inquire (about
sth/sb); sth; wh-; (of sb) fml
=To ask (about sb/sth); sth;
wh- (of sb); sb sth, about
sth/sb, whTo question sb
To ask after sb infml
To request sth, that (from/ of
sb); sb to- fml
A request (for sth/that)
To apply (to sb) (for sth)
An application (to sb) (for
sth)
To plead (with sb) (for sth,
to-)
A plead (for sth) fml
To appeal (to sb) (for sth)
An appeal (to sb for sth)
To beg for sth; (sth) (of sb)
fml, sth off sb; sb fot sth, to=to implore sb (to-)
= To solicit (for sth); sth
(from sb)
To claim sth
A claim (to sth); (on sb/sth)

(Na)vragen, ondervragen

Vragen, ondervragen,
uithoren
Naar iemand vragen
Verzoeken, vragen
Een verzoek
aanvragen
Een aanvraag
smeken
Een smeekbede
Verzoeken, smeken
Een verzoek, smeekbede
Smeken, dringend verzoeken

Opeisen
Een opeising

2.17 Answering and

objecting
To respond (to sb/sth) (with
sth) fml
= To reply (to sb/sth) (to/with

antwoorden

sth); that
=To answer; sth, that (to sb)
A response
=A reply
=An answer (to sb/sth)
To acknowledge sth, that,
wh=To concede sth, that (to sb)
=To admit to sth; sth, that,
-ing
An acknowledgement
=An admission (of sth); (that,
)
To dispute sth
=To challenge sth
To contradict

Een antwoord
Toegeven

Een toegeving
Betwisten, in twijfel trekken
Tegenspreken, in
tegenspraak zijn met
Een tegenspraak
Bezwaar hebben
Bezwaar
Verwerpen, afwijzen,
weigeren

A contradiction
To object (to sb/sth), that
Objection
To reject sth (as sth)
=To decline; sth, to=To turn sb/sth down infml
A rejection

Verwerping, afkeuring,
afwijzing

2.18 Blaming
To blame sb (for sth); sth on
sb
=lay/put the blame (for sth)
on sb
To denounce sb/sth (as sth)
fml
A denunciation

To consider sb responsible for

sth bad

Iemand beschuldigen, iets

verwijten

To speak (or write) against

sth or sb.

Openlijk beschuldigen
Een openlijke veroordeling,
beschuldiging

2.19 Ordering and

demanding
To instruct sb (about sth); sb
to-, wh- fml
= To command sth, that; sb
to- fml7
=To direct sb to- fml
=To dictate sth (to sb)
An instruction
=A command
=Directions (usu pl)
=A directive
A commander
=A dictator
Dictatorial
To demand sth, that, toA demand (for sb to do sth);
(for sth/that)
Demanding

2.20 Promising

To give sb ones word

(that)

Opdragen, bevelen,
commanderen

Een bevel, een order, een

gebod
Dictator
Dictatorial
Eisen, verzoeken, verlangen
Een eis, verzoek, verlangen
Eisend

To promise

Iemand je word geven

To swear sth, that, toTo pledge sth (to sb, sth) fml

To promise very seriously,

definitely or solemnly.
to make a solemn promise to
support sth or to do sth.

A pledge
To commit oneself (to(doing)
sth) fml
A commitment to sth/to do
sth
To guarantee sth that, to- (to
sb); sth as/for sth
A guarantee (of sth/that)

2.21 Apologizing and

forgiving

To apologize (to sb) (for sth)

To make it impossible for sb

not to do sth, or to do sth
else, esp. because of a
promise.

To curse ( at sb/sth); sb/sth

=To swear (at sb/sth)
A curse
=An oath
=A swearing
Bad/ foul language

Blasphemy

Plechtig beloven, verbinden

Een plechtige belofte, een
gelofte
Zichtzelf verplichten te

Een verplichting
To promise sth with certainty

Garanderen, waarborgen,
verzekeren
Een waarborg

To say you are sorry for

having done wrong or hurt
sbs feelings.

verontschuldigen

An apology (to sb) (for sth)

To pardon sb (for (doing) sth)
fml
= To excuse sb/sth (for
(doing) sth)

2.22 Swearing and

cursing

Iets zweren

Een verontschuldiging
Excuseren, verontschuldigen

To use impolite or obscene

words to express violent
anger.

Vloeken
Een vloek

Words, usually related to sex,

bodily waste and religion,
used to express strong
feelings.
Disrespectful or bad
language about God or holy
things.

Blasphemous

Vuile taal

Godslastering
Godlasterend, ontheidilgend

3 Economy
3.1 The economic
system
Economy

economic
economical
Economics, an economist
Resources

The system according to

which its money, industry
and trade are organized
The study of the way in
which economies are
organized
A resource is sth useful, such
as coal oil or land that a
country has and that it can

Economie
economisch
zuinig
De economie, econoom
Geldmiddelen

Output

Shortage

Surplus, surplus to sth

Self-sufficient, self-sufficiency

Dependent (on sth),

dependence
To supply sth
A supply
In short supply
A supplier
Demand (for sth)
In great demand
Supply and demand

Private enterprise

Public enterprise

A (free) market economy

To compete (against, with sb)

(in for, sth)

Competition (between, with

sb, for sth)
A competitor
Competitive

use to increase its wealth

The quantity of goods etc.
Produced by a country,
business, worker, machine.
Output increases or falls
A shortage is a situation
where there is not enough of
sth or where the supply of
sth begins to decrease
Situation where there is more
than enough
Country or group that is able
to produce or make what it
wants without needing to
import goods
A country that needs to
import goods to get what it
wants
To give sth to sb
Very little of something and
therefore hard to obtain
Someone who delivers goods
to someone
If there is demand for goods
or services a lot of people
want to buy them
Sth that is very popular with
consumers
In a market economy prices
are decided by supply and
demand, i.e. the amount of
good available and the
amount wanted by
consumers
Industry and business which
is owned by and individual
person or group and not
supported financially by the
government.
The ownership and
management of industries
and companies by the state
rather than by individual
people
The production of goods is
controlled by individual
people and organisation
rather than by the
government
A companies that competes
with another tries to get
people to buy the goods that
is makes or sells, in presence
to the other firms goods.

Export

Tekort

Overschot
Zelfvoorzienend

Afhankelijk van
leveren
Een levering
Een leverancier
Vraag naar
Grote vraag naar, veel vraag
Vraag en aanbod

Particuliere onderneming

Openbare onderneming

Vrije markteconomie

Concurreren

Concurrentie, wedijver,
wedstrijd
Concurrent
concurrerend

3.2 Financing
Viable, viability

Budget, to budget sth

Budgetary
To balance the budget

A deficit

Shortfall
Surplus
Revenue
Public spending
Public expenditure
To squander sth = to waste
sth
A waste of
To overspend
To underspend
A spending spree
To economize(on sth)
economical
To cut sth (by sth), to cut sth
back/down
A cut
A cutback
To slash sth

Sth if viable is it is capable of

doing what it is intended to
do, without needing any
extra help of financial
support
A budget is a financial plan
which a government has, and
which shows in detail how
much money there is
available and how it is to be
spent
Is a government or institution
balances the budget, they
make sure that the amount
of money they spend is not
greater than the amount that
they have been given
If a country is in deficit it
owes money because they
have spent more than they
have received. The deficit is
the amount of the excess of
debts over income. If the
economy is to remain sound,
the deficit should be reduced
as much as possible
= deficit
The amount by which money
received is greater than
money spent
The total annual income of
the State from taxes
Spending of money by the
government for the benefit
of people in general.
The amount of money that is
spent is referred to as
expenditure
You do not use sth in a
sensible way
If you say sth is a waste you
mean it is not worth the
money, time, etc. Spent on it
To spend too much money on
something
To spend too little money on
something
Spending a lot of money in a
short period of time
To save money by spending
it very carefully and not
buying expensive things
To reduce sth

To cut sth drastically

Levensvatbaar

Begroting, begroten

Budgetairre
De begroting balanceren

tekort

Tekort
overschot
Ontvangsten/inkomsten
Overheidsuitgaven
Overheidsuitgaven
Iets verkwisten
Verspilling
Te veel uitgeven
Onderbesteding
Braspartij van geld uitgeven
Bezuinigen
Bezuinigen
Bezuiniging
Bezuiniging
Drastisch bezuinigen

A slash
To curb sth, a curb

If you curb spending, waste,

etc. You control it and keep it
within fixed limits

Een drastische bezuiniging

In toom houden

3.3 Money matters

Monetary
A currency
Foreign exchange

Exchange rate

The cost of living

To inflate
Inflation
Inflationary

3.4 Economic trends

To grow

To increase
To expand
Growth
An increase
Expansion
Zero growth
To soar (from sth to sth)
A decline (in sth), a drop in
sth
To decline, to drop
To slump (from sth to sth)
To plunge from sth to sth
To collapse
A depression

Depressive

Relating to money, esp. The

total amount of money in a
country
The currency of a country is
the system of money that is
used in it
The system by which one
countrys currency is
changed into another
countrys currency. The word
is also used to refer to the
foreign currency which is
obtained by this system
The rate at which a sum of
money of one contrys
currency is exchanged for an
equivalent sum of money in
another countrys currency
The average amount of
money that everything costs
To increase, said of prices

Financieel, geldelijk

Growth is an industry or
another economic activity is
the increase in the money
spend on it and the increase
in the goods it produces
= to grow
= to grow

Groeien

There is no growth at all

Sth quickly goes up. If prices
soar, they suddenly increase
Sth that gradually becomes
smaller, weaker, of worse
If prices, currencies, sales etc
slump plung or collapse they
fall suddenly of sharply.
= to slump
If a company of economy
collapses, it fails completely
A time of great reduction is
the activity of a countrys
industries of economy, which
causes a lot of
unemployment and poverty

Valuta
Deviezen, geldhandel met
het buitenland

wisselkoers

kosten levensonderhoud
Stijging in prijzen
Inflatie
inflatoire

Stijgen
Uitbreiden
Groei
Toename
Expansie, uitzetting
Nulgroei
Plotse, sterke toename
Daling, prijsdaling
Dalen
Plotselinge prijsdaling
Plotse schepre prijsdaling
Plotse scherpe prijsdaling
Depressive

Depressief

To depress sth
To boost sth
Depressed
A boost
A boom, to boom

A recession = a slump

Recessionary
A revival = a recovery (from
sth)

If sth depresses if causes to

fall in value of become less
If sth boosts it increases its
value, amount or strength
A boom is a fact increase or
development of sth esp one
resulting in a lot of money
being made
A recession is a period when
the economy of a country
becomes much less
successful, with industry
producing and selling less,
and more people becoming
unemployed
An improvement in the
economy of a country after a
period during which it has
been in a bad state

To revive sth
To recover (from sth)

Neerdrukken
Vergroting, versterking in
economie
Bedrukt
Versterking
In de hoogte gaan

Recessie

Recessive (adjectief)
Heropleving

Doen herleven
herstellen

4 Business
4.1 Business
Organisations
An enterprise
Company
Business
Firm
A venture

Joint venture
Corporation

Subsidiary
Agency
A head office, headquarters
Branch
An outlet
To subcontract

e.g. Indias most famouos

capitalistic enterprise is the
Tate steel firm

A venture is an undertaking
which is difficult and needs
courage. A venture implies a
greater risk of failure
A large business or company
or a group of companies that
are all controlled and run
together as single
organization
A company which is part of a
larger and more important
company
Business providing a usu
specified service
Place from which a company
is controlled.
A business serves customers
in a particular town or area
A shop selling goods made
by a particular company
When a company
subcontract part of an
activity it has agreed to out
to a subcontractor, it pays

onderneming
Onderneming, bedrijf
Zaak
Firma
onderneming

Gezamenlijke onderneming
Coperatie

Dochteronderneming
Agentschap
Hoofdkantoor
Tak, filial
Afnemer
Onderaanneming

To outsource sth

Outsourcing
A line of business
A takeover
A merger

that other company to do it

for them.
When a company outsources
a part of its activities, it pays
people from outside the
company to do them
The kind of work that sb does
The act of getting control of
a company by buying a large
number of its share
The joining together of two
separate companies,
organizations etc so that
they become one;

To merge

Iets uitbesteden

Uitbesteding
Branche waarin je werkt
Overname
Fusie

Fusioneren

4.2 Production
Production
To produce sth
To manufacture
A manufacturer
To process sth
Processing
Production line

Assembly line

The action of manufacturing,

extracting etc. Esp in large
quantities
To make goods like shoes,
cars, cement, etc on a large
scale using machinery
To put raw material food etc.
Through an industrial process
so that it can be used
A sequence of machines and
workers along which a
product is put together in
stages
= production line

To assemble
Conveyor belt
Factory

Plant

Works

Mill

A continuous moving
band/belt used for
transporting goods
Industrial building where
goods are manufactured
(mostly when products are
assembled (car, shoe, bottle
factory)
Industrial building where
goods are manufactured
(relates to processing
industries (powerplant,
chemical plant)
Industrial building where
goods are manufactured
(large group of buildings and
machinery generally not
producing goods (gasworks)
Industrial building where
goods are manufactured
(semantically most restricted

Productie
Produceren
Vervaardigen
fabrikant
Verwerkeb, bewerking
Verwerking
Productie lijn, lopende band

Assemblage lijn, lopende

band
Samenvoegen, monteren, in
elkaar zetten
Transport band
Fabriek

Fabriek

Grote groep van gebouwen

Molen

Workshop
Shopfloor
Productivity

Efficiency
Automation

Labour-saving

Labour-intensive
Capital-intensive

and relates to the processing

of raw materials (paper,
wool, cotton, steel sawmill
A room/building where
machinery is made/repaired
The area in a factory where
the goods are made
Esp in industry, productivity
i.e. the amount of goods
produced in relation to the
time and resources
consumed is used as a
measured of efficiency
= productivity
The use of automatic
equipment and machines to
do the work previously done
by people
A labour-saving device has
been designed to reduce the
amount of work or effort
needed
Methods of businesses are
those that need to employ
many people
Methods that mainly rely on
the investment of large sums
of money

Workshop
Werkvloer
Productiviteit

Efficintie
Automatisering

Arbeidsbesparend

Arbeidsintensief
kapitaalintensief

4.3 Trading
To trade

Wholesale

Retail
An invoice

Bill
A receipt

Merchandise
goods

4.4 Cash flow

Resources

Trade is the activity of

buying, selling or exchanging
goods or services between
people, firms or countries
The activity of selling goods
to shopkeepers in large
quantities for resale to the
public.
The selling of goods to tthe
public, usu in small
quantities
A document that lists goods
that have been supplied or
services that have been done
and says how much money
you owe for them
= invoice
Piece of paper that you give
or send to sb to confirm that
you have received money or
goods from them
Merchandise is goods that
you sell, buy or trade with
= merchandise

Handel, handelen

The money that is available

to a government, business or
person to use for the things

Geldmiddeleen

Groothandel

Detailhandel
Factuur

Rekening
Ontvangstbewijs, bonnetje

Koopwaar, handelswaar
goederen

Receipts
Takings
To take sth
Overheads
Outgoings
Expenses
Expenditure
A payroll

A profit
A loss
Lucrative
Profitable
Profitability
Bankrupt

Bust
To value sth
To estimate
Valuation
An estimate
To assess sth

An assessment
A stake (in sth)

A share

A shareholder
The Stock Exchange

The stock market

they want to do or buy

The amounts of money
received during a particular
period
= receipts
The amounts of money which
you have to spend regularlu,
to pay rent, bills etc.
= outgoings
The amounts of money that
you spend while doing a
specific job
= expenses
A list of people employed by
a company and the amount
of money to be paid to each
of them
Gaining money in business
Earning less money that
spend and therefore in debt
A lucrative business makes
large profits
= lucrative
A business or goes bust
when it does not have
enough money to pay its
debts. It this is official
declared in a court of law,
their property is sold in order
to pay as many of the debts
as possible
= bankrupt
Calculate roughly the cost,
value etc? Of sth
= to value
When you assess the amount
of money that sth is worth of
assess how much should be
paid for sth you calculate or
estimate it.
If you have a stake in a
business, property, you have
a share or an interest in it,
usually of a financial kind
A share in a company is one
of the many equal parts into
which the ownership of a
company can be divided.
Someone who owns shares in
a company
A stock exchange is a place
where an organization of
professional people buy and
sell stocks and shares.
= the Stock Exchange

Ontvangsten
Ontvangsten
Ontvangen
Vaste bedrijfskosten
Uitgaven, onkosten
Uitgaven, kosten
Uitgaven
Loonlijst

Winst
Verlies
Winstgevend
Winstgevend
Winstgevendheid
Bankroet

Bankroet
Waarde, schatten
Schatten
Schatting
Schatting
Beoordelen

Beoordeling
Een belang in

Een aandeel

Een aandeelhouder
Beurs

beurs

4.5 International
Trade
Customs

Duty (on sth)

Duty-free
Free trade
Protectionism

Protectionist
To protect sth
A balance of payments

The customs is the place at a

border where people arriving
from a foreign country have
to declare goods that they
bring into the country.
A tax that you pay to the
government on imports
You dont have to pay taxes
to the government on
imports
Free trade between countries
which is carried on without
import restrictions.
The policy a country has of
helping its own industries by
putting a tax on imported
goods
A countrys balance of
payments is the difference
between the payment that is
made for imports and the
payment that is received
from exports.

Douane

Belasting
Belasting vrij
Vrijhandel
Protectionisme

Protectionist
Beschermen
Betalingsbalans

5 Industrial
relations
5.1 Workers and
management
The workforce

The labour force

Manpower

The staff
The personnel
an employee
A member of staff
Blue-collar
White-collar

The total number of people

who are employed by a
particular company, but also
the total number of people in
a country or region available
to work
= work force
People refer to workers in
general as manpower when
they are considering them as
a means for producing
goods, in contract to
machines and equipment
The staff of an organization
are the people who work for
it.
= the staff
Someone of the
staff/personnel
Someone of the
staff/personnel
Blue-collars workers do
manual work.
White-collar workers do
office work

Personeelsbestand

Beroepsbevolking
Mankracht

Personeel
Personeel
Werknemer
Werknemer
Arbeiders
Bediende

A worker
A manager

An employee who has no

responsibility for managing
the business
A employee who HAS the
responsibility for managing
the business

A manageress
Managerial
A hand

A labourer
A workman
Shopfloor
An executive

A managing director

The board (of directors)

A chairman/woman/person
President
To promote

To demote
To upgrade

To downgrade

A person who does hard

physical work, for example
digging or carrying bricks in
a factory
= a hand
A man whose job involves
manual work
Often used as a cover term
for the workers as contrasted
with the management
Somebody who is employed
by a business at a senior
level. Executives decide what
the business should do and
ensure that it is done
The most important working
director, and is in charge of
the way the company is
managed
The people who control and
direct it
The head of a company
= chairman
If sb is promoted, they are
given a more important job
in the organization they work
for and are paid more money
<->
If you upgrade sth such as
sbs job or status, you
change it so that the person
becomes more important or
receives more money.
<->

Werknemer
Bestuurder, directeur
directrice, uitbaatster,
bestuurster
Leidinggevende, directeurArbeider

Arbeider
Workman
Werkvloer
Uitvoerende macht

Directeur

De raad van bestuur

Voorzitter
Voorzitter
Promoveren

Degraderen
Promoveren

degraderen

5.2 Pay
A fee
Wages

Pay
Salary

Money paid for professional

advice or service to e.g. a
doctor, lawyer, etc.
Sbs wages are the money
that is paid each week (and
usually in cash) for the work
that they do, esp. when they
have a manual or unskilled
job.
A salary is the money that
employees other than
manual work are paid each
month. Salaries are usually

Honorarium
Lonen

Loon
Salaries

A pay slip

A rise
A raise
Reduction
Cut
An allowance

Before taxes

= Gross
Net

5.3 Engaging and

dismissing
A position
A post
A job
A vacancy

An opening
To employ
To
To
To
To

engage
hire
take on
dismiss

A dismissal
To fire

paid directly into their bank

account.
A pay slip is a piece of paper
given to an employee at the
end of week or month, which
states how much money he
or she has eared and how
much tax, national
insurance, etc has been
deducted.
A rise or a raise is an pay
increase.
A (wage) reduction or cut is a
decrease in wages or salary.
An allowance is money that
is given regulary to sb in
order to help them pay for
the things they need in a
particular situation.
Sbs gross income is the total
amount of money he
receives before deduction of
tax, etc
A net income, profit, loss,
etc. is one which remains
when everything that should
be subtracted from it has
been subtracted.

A position does not usually

involve manual work
. A post is usually a position
involving some degree of
responsibility.
A vacancy or an opening is a
job that is available and
which people can apply for. If
sb fills a vacancy, he accepts
a job that he has been
offered.
To pay sb to do a particular
job for you.

When an employee is
dismissed, their employer
tells them that they are no
longer needed to do the job
that they have been doing.

Loonstrook

Stijgen
Verhogen
Reductive,
prijsverminderning
Bezuinigen
Toelage

Voor belastingen

Bruto
Netto

Positive
Betrekking
Job
Vacature

opening
Aanwerven
Aannemen
Aanwerven
Aanwerven
Ontslaan

Een ontslag
Ontslaan

To sack

Give/get the sack

To resign

To quit
To give up sth
To leave
To vacate sth
Redundant

Redundancy

Layoff
To lay sb off
Unemployment

Employment
The unemployed
Unemployment benefit

The dole

5.4 Unions and

Industrial Action
A trade union

Collective bargaining

A strike

When you are sacked or get

the sack or your employer
gives you the sack, your
work is probably not good
enough or you have done sth
that they dont like.
If you resign from a job, you
state that you do not want to
continue doing it and so you
leave it.

A worker who is redundant is

dismissed because he is no
longer needed for any
available job he is laid off, he
is made redundant.
A worker who has become
redundant is called a
redundancy, but redundancy
is also the state of being
redundant.
Unemployment refers to the
state of being without a job,
but also the number of
people in the country or area
who do not have jobs.
Unemployment benefit or the
dole is the money that sb
receives from the state when
they are unemployed.
Sb who is on the dole is
registered as unemployed
and receives money
regularly from the
government.

An organization formed by
workers which represents
their rights and has the aim
of improving such things as
the working conditions, pay
and benefits of its members.
Collective bargaining
consists of talks that a trade
union has with an employer
and which are intended to
settle what the workers pay
or conditions should be.
If workers are on strike, they

De bons geven

De bons geven/krijgen
Ontslag nemen

Aftreden, ontslag nemen

Ontslag nemen, opgeven
Vertrekken
Verlaten, ontslag nemen
Overbodig

Wordt gezegd van iem. Die

overbodig is

ontslag
Iemand ontslaan
Werkloosheid

Werkgelegenheid
De werklozen
Werkloosheidsuitkering

Werkloosheidsuitkering

Vakbond

CAO (collectieve
arbeidsovereenkomst)

Staking

refuse to continue working,

usually because they are
demanding more pay or
better conditions, or because
they are protesting about
sth. The union leaders call a
strike, the workers come out
on strike or go on strike.
To strike
Industrial action

5.5 Working
conditions

To work nine to five

To works shifts

Shift work
The night/day shift
Part-time
Full-time
Overtime

Temporary employment

Permanent employment/work
A temp

To temp
On-the-job training

Any action undertaken by a

group of workers to persuade
the management to accede
to their wishes.

If you work nine to five, you

have a standard office job
with normal working hours.
If you work shifts (usu. In a
factory) you work a specified
period of time and are then
relieved by another group of
workers another shift- who
take over.
If you work part-time you
only work part of the week.
<->
If you work overtime, you
work more hours per day
than you are normally
expected to .
If you have temporary
employment, you only have
a contract for a limited
period of time.
<->
A temp is employed by an
agency and sent out to work
as a replacement for a
regular employee.
Learning the job while you
are working.

Staken
vakbondsacties

Daguren hebben
In shiften werken

Ploegenarbeid
Dagploeg/nachtploeg
Halftijds
Voltijds
Overuren

Uitzendarbeid

Vast werk
Vervanging

Vervangen
De job leren tijdens het werk

6 Quantity
6.1 Amount
An amount
A number

The noun amount is

especially used for
uncountable nouns.
Number is used for things or
people. Both nouns collocate
with large and small. Other
adjectives that go with
amount are ample,
considerable, fair, trifling,
enormous, huge

Hoeveelheid
Enkele

Volume
Voluminous

Bulk
The bulk of
In bulk
Bulky
Body

Dose

-ful

A bit of
A trace of
A trickle of
A dab of
A pinch of
A drop of
A dash of

Large amount, esp used

when the amount is still
increasing.
When you say that sth is
voluminous, it is large, e.g.
voluminous clothes,
containers or information.
A usually large volume.
The bulk of sth is most of it.
When you buy or sell in bulk,
you do it in large quantities.
When you say sth/sb is bulky,
it/she is large and heavy.
The body of sth is the main
or largest part of it. One can
also use body to refer to an
amount of information.
An amount of a drug. One
can also use dose when
referring to a certain amount
of sth unpleasant, esp
unpleasant information.
e.g. I can only stand him in
small doses.
Added to certain nouns, like
parts of the body or
containers, to indicate an
amount the size of the object
referred to, e.g. armful,
handful, fistful, mouthful,
(tea)spoonful, bagful,
bucketful, etc.
Sth hardly noticeable, or sth
that remains
A liquid that flows out of sth,
like blood or oil.
A liquid or powder put onto a
surface
A powder such as salt or
flower.
A drink
A liquid added to food or
drink.

Volume, inhoud
Voluminous, omvangrijk

Massa
Merendeel van
In losse massa, onverpakt
Omvangrijk
Grootste deel van iets

Dosis (ve medicijn)

Achtervoegsel om de
hoeveelheid aan te duiden

wat bv. Boter

Een spoor van (bijna niet te
zien)
Een straaltje (bv olie,bloed)
Een schar van (vloeistof of
poeder)
Snuifje
Druppel
Scheutje

6.2 A lot
Vast
Overwhelming
Abundant
Plentiful
Copious
Profuse
Abundance
Profusion

Very large, esp said of sth so

large that it cannot be
quickly measured.
Very great, much greater
than another amount.
Existing in large amounts.
e.g. their land is abundant in,
excellent soil.

Onmetelijk, groot
Ontelbaar, overweldigend
Overvloedig
Overvloedig
Overvloedig
Overvloedig
Overvloed
Overvloed

Galore
Numerous
Countless
Innumerable
A (whole) host of
A (wide) range of
A bunch of
A whole raft of

Very many
A lot of people or things
A great many things or
people
Very many
A large number of different
people or things (whitin the
same general kind)
A lot of people or things
A lot of things (usually ideas)

Bij de vleet, in overvloed

Talrijk
Ontelbaar
Ontelbaar
Een heleboel
Een reeks
Een stelletje (bv sukkels)
Een hele reeks

6.3 A little
Minute
Negligible
Nominal
Paltry
Derisory
Precious little/few
Next to nothing
Peanuts

Extremely small
Very small, not worth
bothering about, usu relating
to money.
Said of sth very small
(symbolic) amount of money
or payment.
Very small and unimportant,
esp. money
So small in amount, as to be
(ridiculously) insufficient for
a certain purpose.
Very little, esp used when
one is surprised.
Being or costing almost
nothing
Very small amount, usu
money

Minitieus
Verwaarloosbaar

To become larger in number

or amount

Verhogen

Kleine hoeveelheid geld,

betaling
Armzalig
Bespottelijk weinig
Bitter weinig
Bijna niets
kleinigheden

6.4 Growing and

decreasing
Increase by
Increase
On the increase
Mount up to sth
Mounting
Climb
Pick up
Soar
Rocket up
Proliferate
Boost sth
Boost
Surge

Upsurge

To increase
To increase to a very high
level
To increase in amount after a
difficult period, esp said of
business
To get bigger suddenly and
very quickly, esp things such
as prices or rates.
Growing rapidly in numbers
Cause to I crease in strength
or by large amount.
A sudden and substantial
increase. One talks of a
surge in profits or sales, but
a surge of anger or any other
feeling

Verhoging, toename
Aan het toenemen
Oplopen tot
Oplopen
Stijgen
Beter worden, stijgen
Snel stijgen
Snel stijgen
Snel groeien in aantal
Stimuleren
Stimulans
Aanzwellen

Stijging

Freeze sth
Lessen sth

Decrease
On the decrease
Decline
On the decline
Dwindle
Slide
Fall
Drop
Plummet

plunge

To stop from increasing for a

certain period of time, esp
wages and prices.
To become less or cause to
do so. Lessen is esp used to
say that feelings or qualities
become less strong.
<->
Becomes less gradually
To fall gradually, esp prices
To decrease quickly, eps in
prices, temperature and
morale.
To fall rapidly and sharply,
esp prices and sales,
temperature, popularity,
morale

Stoppen met stijgen

Verminderen

Afname
Aan het afnemen
Daling
Aan het dalen
Afnemen, verminderen
Geleidelijk afnemen
Verminderen, snel dalen
Heel snel dalen
Snel en scherp dalen, naar
beneden vallen in bv. prijs
Snel en scherp dalen, naar
beneden vallen in bv. prijs