Plotting the Onshore to Offshore
Transformation to Expedite Efficient
Offshore LNG Projects.
Heinz Bauer
Linde Engineering
VP Technology Natural Gas Plants
Outline
Company Information
Equipment Qualification
Refrigerant Selection
Boil-Off Gas Handling
Conclusions
Linde AG Engineering Division
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9th Offshore LNG
Asia Summit Seoul 2012
The Linde Group | Sales
13.787
14 EUR billion
2.531
13
12.439
1.863
12
12.306
12.868
12.663
2.461
3.016
Engineering Division
2.750
11.211
2.311
11
11.061
6.195
10
9.511
10.228
1.623
9.209
9.515
8.932
4.438
from 05.09.06:
7
6
5
Gases Division
4.326
4
3
The BOC Group
8.113
3.628
2
1
0
- 0.188
2005
Linde AG Engineering Division
+0.055
2006
- 0.347
2007
- 0.132
2008
- 0.032
2009
0.179
2010
0.195
2011
3
Other/Consolidations
KION Group till 05.11.06
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Asia Summit Seoul 2012
The Linde Group | Linde Gases Division
Product Range
Oxygen, nitrogen, argon
Acetylene and other
fuel gases
Welding process
shielding gases
Carbon oxide
Hydrogen
Medical gases
Rare gases
Ultra-high purity gases
Gas application processes
and services
Linde AG Engineering Division
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9th Offshore LNG
Asia Summit Seoul 2012
The Linde Group | Linde Engineering Division
Product Range
Petrochemical plants
Polyolefin plants
LNG plants
Natural gas processing
plants
Gas processing plants
Hydrogen- and
synthesis gas plants
Adsorption plants
Air separation plants
Cryogenic plants
Biotechnological plants
Manufacturing of plant
components and modules
Linde AG Engineering Division
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9th Offshore LNG
Asia Summit Seoul 2012
Engineering Division | Employees world-wide
(31.03.2012)
Engineering Division
2,679
Linde Engineering Dresden GmbH
81
Selas-Linde GmbH
Inland total
Engineering Division-Group USA
Other foreign countries
Linde AG Engineering Division
519
3,279
611
2,459
Foreign total
3,070
World total
6,349
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Asia Summit Seoul 2012
Engineering Operations and Sales Offices
Gothenburg
Tulsa
Houston
Moscow
Samara
Dresden
Aldershot
Pullach/Schalchen
Pratteln
Pfungen
Hsingue
Rome
Murray Hill
Blue Bell
Holly Springs
Beijing
Al-Khobar Abu Dhabi
Riyadh
Vadodara
Dalian
Seoul
Hangzhou
Taipei
Bangkok
So Paulo
Johannesburg
Engineering operations
Sales offices
Linde AG Engineering Division
LE graphic-office
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9th Offshore LNG
Asia Summit Seoul 2012
Outline
Company Information
Equipment Qualification
Refrigerant Selection
Boil-Off Gas Handling
Conclusions
Linde AG Engineering Division
LE graphic-office
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9th Offshore LNG
Asia Summit Seoul 2012
Equipment Qualification
Rotating Equipment
In the absence of large gas turbines the Shell
Prelude FLNG project uses steam turbines
GE LM 6000 will be used for the Wheatstone LNG
project as mechanical drive (start-up 2015?)
Large nitrogen expanders (>10 MW) are not proven
yet
Mega trains in Qatar use 8 MW expanders
Stationary Equipment
Vessels and columns are tested and proven, preference is for packed columns
Reactors and adsorbers have to be designed with adequate margins
Plate-fin heat exchangers have to be installed properly to avoid fatigue
two-phase flow in coil wound heat exchangers (CWHE) needs to be qualified
Linde AG Engineering Division
LE graphic-office
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9th Offshore LNG
Asia Summit Seoul 2012
Main cryogenic heat exchanger (CWHE) fabrication
Linde Engineering
and one competitor
are only current
suppliers for coil
wound heat
exchangers
(CWHEs)
Coil and shell can
be manufactured in
aluminium or
stainless steel
Linde AG Engineering Division
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Asia Summit Seoul 2012
Mid Scale LNG Plant
SMR process (SWHE)
0.3 to 1.5 mtpa LNG
Stavanger / Norway
Mid scale LNG plant
300,000 tpa LNG
All stainless steel CWHE (shell and bundles)
Liquefaction at about 100 bar (transcritical pressure)
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Asia Summit Seoul 2012
Main cryogenic heat exchanger (CWHE) operation
Raman scattering (inelastic
interaction between photons and
electrons) in a fiber optic is used
to measure the temperature along
the heat exchanger tubes with a
resolution of <1m and <5 deg C.
Source: LIOS Technology Fibre optic radar system for fire detection in cable trays - AUBE 2004
Linde AG Engineering Division
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Asia Summit Seoul 2012
3D temperature profile of a CWHE
top view
Linde AG Engineering Division
side view
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Asia Summit Seoul 2012
Main cryogenic heat exchanger (CWHE) testing
Simulation of offshore conditions in
Lindes R&D
facilities
Full swing of the
CWHE by 6
within 2 seconds
Cool-down of
warm water (tube
side) against
vaporizing
hydrocarbon
mixture (shell side)
Linde AG Engineering Division
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Asia Summit Seoul 2012
Equipment Qualification Status
Coil Wound Heat Exchangers
Process concept has been proven since 2003
All stainless steel design is in operation since 2010
Operation under simulated sea motion has been tested
Ready for offshore installation
Linde AG Engineering Division
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Asia Summit Seoul 2012
Outline
Company Information
Equipment Qualification
Refrigerant Selection
Boil-Off Gas Handling
Conclusions
Linde AG Engineering Division
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Asia Summit Seoul 2012
Refrigerant Selection
non flammable refrigerants
ChloroFluoroCarbons (CFC) e.g. R22
high ozone depletion potential (ODP)
HydroFluoroCarbons (HFC) e.g. R134a
high global warming potential (GWP)
Nitrogen (N2)
used in gas expanders
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
widely used in industrial refrigeration
flammable
flammable refrigerants
heavier hydrocarbons (C3plus)
high density vapor, risk of vapor cloud formation
light hydrocarbons (CH4, C2H4, C2H6)
low density vapor, least risky hydrocarbons
Linde AG Engineering Division
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Asia Summit Seoul 2012
Onshore Experience
Hammerfest LNG
CO2 sequestration
700.000 tpa
10 MW CO2 compressor
CO2 compressor Siemens VK 40-6
subcooling MR cycle
N2, CH4, C2H6 as refrigerant components
LNG subcooler
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Asia Summit Seoul 2012
Offshore Application (DDR process)
patent
Minimized
hydrocarbo
n inventory
pending
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Carbon Dioxide (CO2) as Refrigerant
Transcritical Operation
compress from 60 to 100 bar
cool to 40 deg C
let down to 60 bar
100
generate 65 % liquid CO2
60
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Asia Summit Seoul 2012
Outline
Company Information
Equipment Qualification
Refrigerant Selection
Boil-Off Gas Handling
Conclusions
Linde AG Engineering Division
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Asia Summit Seoul 2012
Offshore Boil-Off Gas Handling
N2 expander process (PFHE)
Q-Max LNG carriers
Onboard re-liquefaction (EcoRel)
50,000 tpa LNG
Cryostar is a fully owned subsidiary of Linde Engineering
Linde AG Engineering Division
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Asia Summit Seoul 2012
Onshore Boil-Off Gas Handling
SMR process (SWHE)
Bintulu / Malaysia
Full scale BOGR plant
800,000 tpa LNG
Fuel
Fuel
GT
MRC
Large boil-off gas compressor with mechanical drive
LNG
Nitrogen rich (up to 30 vol%) fuel for gas turbines
GT
LP
HHP
BOG
Linde AG Engineering Division
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9th Offshore LNG
Asia Summit Seoul 2012
Outline
Company Information
Equipment Qualification
Refrigerant Selection
Boil-Off Gas Handling
Conclusions
Linde AG Engineering Division
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9th Offshore LNG
Asia Summit Seoul 2012
Conclusions
Onshore qualification of new concepts or equipment is mandatory to minimize the
risk
Linde coil wound heat exchangers (CWHE) feature optionally
all stainless steel bundle and shell
real time 3D temperature monitoring
CO2 pre-cooled lean MR cycle (DDR process)
efficient and safe
An adaption of proven offshore concepts or equipment to onshore applications is
attractive
Boil-Off Gas reliquefaction generates more LNG output also onshore
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Asia Summit Seoul 2012
Thank you
for your attention.
Heinz Bauer
Linde Engineering
VP Technology Natural Gas Plants
[Link]@[Link]
