PARK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING ROCKETS AND MISSILES (Anna University - Two Mark Questions and Answers) Prepared by SUDHAKAR, M.E., M.Ae.S.I., M.LE ASSISTANT PROFESSOR UNIT-1 1. Define Newton’s law of gravitation. According to Newton’s law of gravitation, “Any two particles attract each other with a force which is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them and acts along the Tine joining particles” What is nominal plane of motion in 2D rocket motion” ‘The inertial frame is chosen such that the trajectory of center of mass of the vehicle lies in the x-z plane. This plane x-z is called as nominal plane of motion. This plane is determined by launch ditection (initial velocity) and the direction of gravitational field. (Diagram, refer notes) 3. Define two dimensional rocket motions. How many degrees of freedom does a rocket have in such a motion? In two dimensional rocket motion, * Complete trajectory of the center of mass of vehicle lies in a single. + Flight direction is not same as the thrust direction. In 2D motion, there are 3 degrees of freedom. Two for the position of the center of mass and One for the orientation of the rocket 4, Define one dimensional rocket motion. The flight direction is the same as the thrust direction (along the axis of the nozzle), namely as one dimensional rocket motion 5. Define Euler angles. Euler angles are used to define the angular orientation of a missile to an inertial reference frame. An Euler angle consists of three angles and a specified sequence of rotation. Euler angles are denoted as 9, 8. y.6. What are six degrees of freedom in the rocket flight dynamics? The six degrees of freedom in rocket consist of three translational coordinates and three rotational coordinates, along and about the rocket body axes. Translations, (x, y, 2) and Rotations (Roll, Pitch, Yaw). (Diagram, refer lecture notes) 7. Define flight path angle and pitch angle in 2 D rocket motion? = Angle of attack: (@) Angle between body axis and velocity vector. ght path angle: Angle between velocity vector and local horizontal. = Pitch angle: Angle between vehicle axis and local horizontal. (Diagram, refer lecture notes) 8. What is Tsiolkovsky’s equation of rocket flight? Itis the equation of oberth for the velocity increment of rocket in free space. V()=CIn[MJM (O] Where, V- Rocket flight speed (mm/s) Mo- Initial launches mass M- Instantaneous mass of rocket in kg C- Effective exhaust velocity 9. Define mass ratio of rocket. Mass ratio (A) = Mo/Me Where, Mo - Initial Jaunch mass of rocket M. Empty mass of rocket (without propellant) 10. Define Payload ratio. Payload ratio (2) = payload mass/initial mass 2 = Mu/Mo 11, Define Structural efficiency. Structural efficiency (€) = (structural mass) / (structural mass + propellant mass) € =MJ/(Me+ My) 12, Define Propellant ratio. Propellant ratio ((p) = propellant mass/initial mass @ =My/Mo13. Differentiate between burnout altitude & culmination altitude? Burnout altitude ‘Culmination altitude 1. The height achieved by the rocket during | 1. Maximum altitude reach by the bumout is called burnout altitude. rocket or missile is called culmination altitude, 2. Burnout altitude decreases with | 2.Culmination altitude increases with increasing thrust to weight ratio. increasing thrust to weight ratio (refer text pgno:249) 3.Optimal thrust to weight gives maximum | 3. Optimal thrust to weight gives value of burnout altitude minimum value of culmination altitude. 14. What are the important features of rocket motion under constant thrust? In constant thrust case * Burnout range is proportional to the square of the specific impulse up to * Burout range is inversely proportional to thrust to weight ratio. * After burnout velocity remains constant and distance As increases linearly with time. 15. What is gravity turn trajectory?” The launch vehicles, ICBM’s and uncontrolled aerodynamically stabilized rockets, the flight through atmosphere takes place with zero angle of attack. In that case there is no lift and curvature of the trajectory is only due to gravity. This type of projector is called as gravity turn trajectory. say+20 Z=- fi v2/g0sincosr “Y 16. What is zero lift trajectories and what is its importance? Gravity turn trajectory is also called as zero lift trajectories. Because this trajectory flight through atmosphere take place with zero angle of attack. Importance: This trajectory is suitable for following = Vertical rise * Pitch over manure (mathematically represented by kick angle) "Gravity turn to reduce aerodynamics forces in the lower part of the atmosphere.17. What is kick angle in gravity turn trajectory” The instantaneous rotation of both vehicle and velocity and vector over an angle is called kick angle, This small angle is given for tuning vehicle only. This is represented by is given to the vehicle such that the initial flight path angle for the commencement of gravity turn. 18, Distinguish between constant thrust rocket motion & constant specific thrust rocket motion? Constant thrust rocket motion ‘Constant specific thrust rocket motion T. Burning time and burnout range values are lower. T. Burning time and burnout range values are higher. 2. Mass flow and chamber pressure are constant. 2. Mass flow and chamber pressure are not constant 3. Effective thrust decreases with increasing velocity. 3. Effective thrust is constant 19. Define impulsive shot The burning time decreases if ® increases and ty—»0 if ra, In that case all the propellant is consumed instantaneously. This is called as impulsive shot. 20. Define culmination of rocket Maximum altitude reached by the rocket or missile after the burnout point is called culmination. 21. For a vehicle in gravitational less space, determine the mass ratio necessary to boost the vehicle velocity by 500m/s, when the effective exhaust velocity is 1000m/s. Given Data: A Ooms Incremental velocity equation given by AV=cinA 1000m/s * IndUNIT-IL 22. What are the methods used to achieve thrust vector control? "Aerodynamic fins "Secondary fluid injection * Nozzle deflection = Spoilers "= Gimbaled engine " Swiveling Nozzles * Hot gas side injection 23. What is the thrust vector control? Moving the reference thrust vector through small angles for vehicle stability and maneuvering is called thrust veetor control. (TVC) ‘The purpose of TVC is to regulate the trajectory of a vehicle in flight so as to control its altitude at any instant. 24, What is the basic principle involved in SITVC? The injection of secondary fluid through the wall of the nozzle diverging section, thus causing an unsymmetrical distribution of main gas flow which produces side thrust. 25. What are the important variables in controlling axial thrust in SITVC? "Main stream * Injection stream Location of the port = Pressure ratio "Injector orifice size * Density & boiling point of injectant 26. What factors determine the thrust of nozzle? = Chamber pressure = Burnout velocity of gas Thrust vector control 27. What are the advantages of multistage of rockets? = For multistage rockets, stage mass ratios, thrust level, propulsion duration are usually optimized,Multistage is the possibility of thrust program as well as the possibility of adapting the engine of the subsequent stage to the altitude. "So frictionless reduced due to the non-ideal expansion. 28. What are the techniques that are used for stage separation within the atmosphere? "Firing in the hole technique " Ullage rocket technique 29. What are the techniques that are used for stage separation of a spa space? * Helical compression springs * Short duration solid propellant rockets 30. Differentiate between sub rocket & stage rocket? Stage rocket Sub rocket It is complete propulsion unit (motor, | A sub-rocket is a complete rocket vehicle propellant feed system, tanks, propellants) | consisting of one (or) more stages together together with control equipment which is| with the payload and the guidance and discarded completely when all the | control system. propellant of that stage is consumed. 31. Define growth factor of multistage of rocket? ILis the ratio between initial launch weight and payload weight. GF=WJWn Where, GF. the efficiency of the design. 32. What is coasting phase of rocket flight? What is its importance? At bumout of one stage of multistage vehicle sometime is usually spent in a coasting phase. In this phase, kinetic energy is sacrificed for potential energy before the vehicle attains its final goal. This coasting phase occurs outside the engine atmosphere. Importance: In this phase, vehicle exchange velocity for altitude so that the orbital altitude is, reached optimum quantity of propellant. 33. What are the retro rocket and ullage rocket? A retro rocket is a rocket engine providing thrust opposing the motion of a vehicle, thereby causing it to decelerate. An ullage rockets is a small rocket engine that produces sufficient acceleration to keep propellants in their places when the main rocket is shut off. SUDHAKAR| AERO| PCET34. Define jet vane thrust control. ‘Two opposing vanes moving in a same direction, where used pitch and yaw control. All four moved clockwise or anticlockwise for roll control. 35. What are the advantages of jet vanes? * Ibis used in both liquid and solid rocket motors * Long experience, simple construction * The advantage of having roll control with a single nozzle often outweighs the performance penalties = Itisa proven technology, low actuation power. high slew rate, roll control with single nozzle 36. What are thrust vector control methods for liquid propellant rockets? * Gimbaled Engine = Jet Vanes = Liquid side injection "Hot gas side injection * Hinged auxiliary thrust chambers for high thrust engine * Turbine exhaust gas swivel for large engine 37. Define swiveling control. Thrust direction control can also be obtained in solid propellant rockets by connecting, the nozzles to propellant chamber by flexible, 38. Define spin rate. Spin rate “ Where, Tk- Roll inertial of the upper stage r~ Radial distance from the center line 7, ~ total impulse C- Spin stability of upper stage (For diagram, refer lecture notes) (Tercos 6)/ (Ix) UNIT- 1 39, What are the important airframe components of a rocket? Airframe is the physical structure that carries warhead to the enemy & contains propulsion, guidance & control systems.Body: It may be divided into 3 major sections. 1. Force body (or) nose © Conical © Osival © Hemispherical 2. Mid section (or) main body 3. Boat tail section V wings ‘Main body Fins \ Boat tail 40. What are the various plan forms used for missile wings? = Supersonic wing cross sectional shape © Double wedge © Modified double wedge © biconvex "Supersonic wing plan forms © Clipped tip delta Delta triangular Rectangular Rectangular with tip rake Clipped tip delta 0000 41. What are the advantages of an ogival fore body for missile? "Slightly greater volume for a given base and length (L/D ratio)A blunder nose, providing structural superiority "Slightly lower drag 42. Differentiate between subsonic leading edge and supersonic leading edge mis in flight? ‘Subsonic leading edge T. Unsymmetrical about the chord. | Symmetrical about the chord. 2. Leading edge is not sharp Leading edge is sharp 3, Drag is comparatively higher. ‘Since sharp leading edge . drag is minimize 43. Give two examples for missile fore body shape? * Conical fore body ~ flow over wedge * Ogival fore body — conical nose ‘* Hemispherical fore body- infrared seekers 44, What is the purpose of boat tailing? ‘The tapered portion of the after section of body is called boat tail. The purpose of boat tailing is to decrease the drag of a body which has squared-off base. By boat tailing the rear portion of the body, the box area is reduced and thus a decrease in base drag is realized. 45. What is need for boat tailing of missile air frame? By boat tailing, the lift on the boat tail is destabilizing which must be compensated by some increase in tail area. The center of pressure travel is increased with angle of attack. So we should by considering these factors, whether or not to use boat tail in a particular design. 46. Mention important characteristics of air to air missiles? "They are generally of short range mi They are single stage type The missile uses its own powerplant for attaining maximum velocity If the range of missiles is about greater than 100 km is called Beyond Visual Range. les 47. Mention aerodynamics characteristics of air to surface missiles? * Design requirements:These missiles are different from other type of missile, because of low maneuverability requirements © Guidance characteristic: Guidance is typically via laser guidance, infrared guidance, optical guidance (or) via GPS signals = Control characteristics: For short range missiles, ASM is normally boosted of pylons For long range application, ASM is boosted up to the required speed. 48. How missiles are classified? Most missiles can be classified into four general classes 1. Classification based on Range a, Short Range Missiles b. Medium Range Missiles c. Long Range Missiles 2. Classification based on Launch Mode a, AAM- Air to Air Missiles. b. SAM Surface to Air Missiles. c. ASM- Air to Surface Missiles. d._SSM- Surface to Air Missiles. 3. Classification based on Navigation a, Ballistic Missiles b. Cruise Missiles 4, Classification based on Missions a, Strategic Missiles b. Tactical Missiles 49. How do you classify missiles based on aerodynamic control? = Wing controlled. * Tail controlled. = Canard controlled, = Wingless controlled. * Tailless controlled. 50. What is the role of fins in flight stability of rocket & missiles? To reduce the aerodynamics forces on a rocket during its flight through the atmosphere, one will try to keep the angle of attack as small as possible. This accomplished by fins, Fins are very effective control vehicle with in earth’s atmosphere & all whether rockets. 51. What is ballistic missile? Give example.Ballistic missiles are used for transportation of a payload from one point on the earth, the launch site, to another point on the surface of the earth, the impact point or target. Examples: Agni and Prithvi. 52. What are the different phases in ballistic miss © Boost phase * Ballistic phase Re-entry phase 53. Define static stability margin of missile? Static stability margin is defined as the distance between the center of gravity and the center of pressure. 54. What is wave drag of supersonic missile? Wave drag is mainly due to the presence of shock waves and dependent on Mach No. It is occurring only at supersonic speeds for a conical fore body. (For further formulas refer notes) 55. What is body up wash in rocket aerodynamics? It is of great important in the analysis of flow condition around bodies of revolution with wing surfaces at angle of attack with increases of flow velocities normal to the centre line of the body. 56. What is body down wash in rocket aerodynamics? flow over the wing is deflected downward toward the elevator. This angle of deflection is called downwash. (For diagram refer notes) 57. What is rocket dispersion? ‘The real trajectory of the rocket is deviate from the nominal one is called rocket ion. ispet Two types: In plane dispersion "Lateral dispersion 58. How is lateral damping moment produced on a missile in flight? In real flight the axis of symmetric fin in rocket oscillates about the trajectory of the ‘mass center. Hence the motion of the rocket at an instant time is defined not only by the velocity of the mass center, angle of attack, roll angle but also angular velocity relative to the axis normal to the plane of angle of attack.This lateral angular velocity gives rise to an additional aerodynamic moment which is proportional to the angular velocity and so that it tends to reduce the angular velocity and. this moment is known as damping moment. (Diagram, refer notes) 59. What are the different types of drag produced on missiles? * Induced drag # Pressure drag © Wave drag * Viscous drag * Base drag * Roughness drag * Interference drag 60. What are the effects of aspect ratio? ‘The effects of increasing aspect ratio are as follows: = Increase Cy or Cp Increase (L/D)max. * Increase span. = Reduce wing arca. * Increase structural area. + Negligible effect on centre of pressure. 61. What are the perturbing factors causing angle of attack? = Asymmetry of thrust force manufacturing defects in nozzle gas flow. * Perturbations when the rocket leaves the launcher. UNIT -IV 62. How are rocket igniters classified? Give any two examples of solid rocket igniters? A. Solid rocket igniters «Totally confined igniters * Bag igniters, powder can igniters, jelly roll © Unconfined igniters «Film igniters, conducting film igniters © Nozzle igniters (or) ballistic ally controlled igniters, basket igniters, pyrogen Alco jet B. Liquid rocket igniters + Non hypergolic igniters, hypergolic igniters C. Gaseous igniter63. What are types of injectors used in a liquid rocket motor? "The impinging stream type injector * The non-impinging or shower type injector "The splash plate injector = Sheet or spray type injector "The pre-mixing injector "The co-axial hollow post injector 64. What is the importance of the squib in rocket igniter? Squib is primer charge of rocket igniter which is the small amount of sensitive powdered pyrotechnic. It is housed within the initiator. It generally contains 74% kn , 15.6% charcoal, 10.4% sulphur (gun powder). The heat released from the squib igniter booster charge. 65. What are called Hypergolic and Non Hypergolic ignitions? Hypergolic is a bipropellant combination that ignites spontaneously when the two components meet. In this type igniter is not required for ignition and ignition delay should be less than 40 milliseconds, Non Hypergolic ignition, igniter is required for ignition and ignition delay should be less than 50 milliseconds. 66. Distinguish between combustion chamber and thrust chamber of rocket motor? ‘Combustion chamber Thrust chamber T. the component in which the | The component which produces combustion or burning of | thrust in rocket motors. propellant takes place. 2. cx is the part of thrust ‘Thrust chamber comprises the c.c chamber. & nozzle in rocket. 67. Define the functions of igniter in solid propellant rockets. ‘The combustion of the propellant grain is which is started by means of electrical current. These are two types, 1. Pyrotechnic type igniter 2. Pyrogen type igniter mplished by means of a igniter 68. What are called pyrogen igniters and pyrotechnic igniters?Pyrogen igniter is basically a small rocket motor, which is used to ignite a large rocket motor. This type of igniter is not designed to produce thrust. Pyrotechnic igniters are electrically initiated slow burning pyrotechnic torches. They are designed with solid propellant technology and typically incorporate one or more solid propellant charges. 69. What are the advantages of turbo pump feed system over gas pressure feed system? "In turbo pump feed system the total impulse is larger * The chamber pressure is higher = It gives superior vehicle performance than gas pressure feed system. 70. What are types of valves used in a liquid propellant rocket? = Isolation valve = Latch valve * Butterfly type valve = Poppet type valve = Venture valve = Burst diaphragm 71. What are the main design considerations of igniter design?” ‘The main design considerations involved are as follows * The pyrotechnic material data (P-t curve, functioning time curve, heat output curve) * The time delay between the electrical signal and first pressure rise (The pressure-time curve) = Time pressure relationship between igniter pressure and operating pressure of the rocket * The amount of debris ejected through the nozzle at the time of start * The amount of electrical energy required * Amount of solid particles in the igniter cases * Rocket motor data (grain size, shape, and motor free volume) * Formulation of primary and main charges * Moisture content of the igniter propellants’ * Construction and fastening of the igniter case * Location of the igniter with respect to the grain * Surface condition of the main charge * The size, direction, shape and temperature of the flame * The nozzle closure rapture pressure 72. Mention any two important injector design considerations in liquid propellant rocket design? * Inje mn orifice and orifice pattern and orifice size"Transient conditions "Hydraulic characteristics "Heat transfer characteristics 73, What are the major considerations in the design of liquid propellant tanks? * Shape and size of the propellant tank * Structural load = Propellant properties * Design problems such as cavitations, liquid dropout, and propellant slosh. 74. Define propellant mixture ratio of bi propellant? Propellant ratio =Mp/Mo=propellant mass/initial mass 75, What is propellant hammer experienced in liquid propellant pipeline? It is nothing but the pressure surging present in the propellant feed tine basically in the feed line was are very thin on sudden closure of valves. A pressure pulse is generated at the neighborhood of valve it is travels back to the tank at some velocity and keep the liquid static pressure increasing, Propagation of pressure pulse is estimated by a=(hip | * Fe )ke bulk modulus 76. What is propellant slosh? Sometimes the liquid contains in the tank may oscillate back and forth and this. liquid motion is generally referred as propellant slosh. This oscillation and side acceleration of vehicles in flight can cause sloshing of liquid in the tank. 77. How does liquid propellant slosh affect rocket engine performance? = When tank is partly empty sloshing can uncover the tank outlet and allow gas bubbles to enter into the propellant discharge line. This bubbles can cause combustion problems in the thrust chambers * Sloshing can also shifts in vehicle centre of gravity and make flight control difficult. 78. What is geysering effect and how will you minimize? It is applied to that phenomenon which occurs in liquid system where a coloum of liquid in Colum in long vertically line sis expelled by the release in at a rate in excess of that which may occur as a normal function of bubble release that is the nose created by the bubbles is called geysiring effect.79. Define gaseous igniter. ‘The propellants used in the igniter are of gascous state. Reaction gaseous mixture stored in a very thin tube with high pressure. Hazardous in nature. Used only for space application. 80. Write down the characteristics of hypergolic liquids with example. ‘© Very high bulk density. ‘© Chemically stable. ‘© Low vapour pressure. © Good heat transfer characteristics. 81. Explain bag igniter with advantage. I is an old primitive igniter, that we don’t have much control over ignition, After the ignition of fully charged bag igniter, the heat is released & the pressure generation occurs. Its rate of increase is very high. So burst may occur. The main advantage is easy to fabricate &cost of production is very low. 82. What do you meant by jelly roll? A jell roll is a film coated pyrotechnic & binder is rolled over a rod. After rolling remove the rod very carefully. Give the squib support at the front & back & rubber support externally. 83. What is alcojet? It's a type of ballistically controlled igniter in which booster charge is ignited that is located in the annular spacing between the tubes. The ignition passes through the perforation in the inner wall to the main charge. There is perforation in the outer tube through which the flames come out. 84, Difference between gas pressure & turbo pump feed system. Gas pressure feed system: ‘© Inert gas is carried separately. © No moving parts. © System is simple. © Unsuitable for large rocket engines& low range missiles, Turbo pump feed system: ‘© Not necessary to carry inert gas. © Having moving parts. © System is quite complex. ‘* Suitable for large rocket engines& long range missiles.85. Define combustion instability. If the process of rocket combustion is not controlled, then combustion instability occurs which can occur very quickly cause excessive pressure, vibration force or excessive heat transfer. When these fluctuations interact with the natural frequencies of the propellant feed system, periodic superimposed oscillations occur which is referred as instability. 86. What is erosive burning in solid propellant rocket motors? Erosive burning is the increase in the propellant burning rate in a motor as a result of the high velocity of combustion gases flowing over the surface, 87. What is an adapted nozzle? An adapted nozzle is one in which the outside pressure is equal to the pressure of the expanded gases at the end of the rocket nozzle. 88. What is proof test load? Proof test load is applied to engines & their components during development & ‘manufacturing inspection. It is often equal to the design limit load. UNIT-V ations? 89, Mention the importance of composite material in aerospace appl + Flame barrier in the rocket nozzle is made up of composite materials such as carbon- carbon, Kevlar fibre. = Nozzle exit cone of rocket motor is made up of carbon-carbon fiber. * Nozzle of long range missiles are made up of composite. * Rocket motor casing is made up of e glass, Kevlar 49. 90. Suggest suitable material for rocket nozzle throat inserts? Pyrolite graphite, tungsten, mo, carbon fiber, Kevlar fiber with phenolic (or) plastic resin, carbon-carbon fiber. 911. Why do you use carbon epoxy composite in ballistic missiles? * Can withstand impact load * Has high thermal diffusivities = Can withstand high temperature 92. Suggest suitable material for nose cone of ballistic miICBM/RBM warheads are excased in austentic stainless steel types of AIST 347 & AISI 32 with ablative coating Stainless steel (or) fiber glass composites are used for making nose comes in drag type reentry vehicles. 93. What is an ablative material? Ablative materials are special heat-dissipating materials which are used for making nozzle of rocket motor and insulation material. They are usually a composite material like silica glass fiber, Kevlar (aramids) fiber, carbon fiber impregnated with phenolic (or) epoxy resin. 94, What is the need for using ceramic materials in missiles? Ceramic materials are used to protect the substructure when ceramic materials are used erosion should be prevent. Ceramic coatings are useful in preventing oxidation of metallic substructure. 95. What are the important criteria in for selection of materials for aerospace applications? + High strength at elevated temperature «High thermal conductivity High specific heat + Resistance to corrosion 96. Give examples of materials used for thermal protection system of aerospace vehicle? Heat capacitance cooling + Ablative materials ~glass fiber-epoxy o Kevlar fiber © Carbon fiber * Radiation cooling * Ceramic coating 97. What are the selection criteria for materials for spacecraft structure? Extreme working temperature, © Huge temperature gradient. High strength to weight ratio. * Should not have buffeting. 98, What are the effects of space environment on material? * Effect of radiation + Energy spectrum effect * Radiation induced changes © UV radiation * High geomagnetic radiation belt99, What is the application of thermal protection system in space vehicle structural design? "Heat capacitance cooling * Ablation cooling © Mass transfer cooling = Convective cooling Radiation cooling * Ceramic coating 100. What are the material selection considerations for rockets? * High strength at elevated temperature se of fabrication * High thermal conductivity * Resistance to corrosion