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Multipath Model PDF

The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 2 of the textbook, which discusses models of abnormal behavior. It covers four one-dimensional models (biological, psychological, social, sociocultural) and introduces the biopsychosocial model and multipath model as more holistic approaches. The major sections describe biological factors like genetics and neuroscience; psychological theories including psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive perspectives; and implications for understanding mental disorders from an integrated perspective considering multiple dimensions and pathways.

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Abhishek Kumar
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2K views10 pages

Multipath Model PDF

The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 2 of the textbook, which discusses models of abnormal behavior. It covers four one-dimensional models (biological, psychological, social, sociocultural) and introduces the biopsychosocial model and multipath model as more holistic approaches. The major sections describe biological factors like genetics and neuroscience; psychological theories including psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive perspectives; and implications for understanding mental disorders from an integrated perspective considering multiple dimensions and pathways.

Uploaded by

Abhishek Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3/22/2015

Chapter2

ClickHereforaPowerPointPresentationofChapterTwo
ChapterTwo
ModelsofAbnormalBehavior
OneDimensionalModelsofMentalDisorders
Mostexplanationsorcausesofabnormalbehaviorfallintofourdistinctcamps:
Biologicalexplanations
Psychologicalexplanations
Socialexplanations
Socioculturalexplanations
Theseonedimensionalviewsareoverlysimplistic:
Setupafalseeitherordichotomybetweennatureandnurture
Failtorecognizethereciprocalinfluencesofoneontheother
Masktheimportanceofacknowledgingthecontributionsofallfourdimensionsintheorigin
ofmentaldisorders
Biopsychosocialmodel:
Attemptstointegratebiological,psychological,andsocialfactors,butgiveslittleimportance
tosocioculturalinfluences

AMultipathModelofMentalDisordersSuggestedbyyourtext
Providesanorganizationalframeworkforunderstandingthecausesofmentaldisorders,the
complexityoftheirinteractingcomponents,andtheneedtoviewdisordersfromaholistic
framework
Assumptionsofthemultipathmodel:
Nooneperspectivecanexplainthedevelopmentofmentaldisorders
Multiplepathwaystoandcausesofadisorder
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Chapter2

Explanationsmustconsiderallfourdimensions
Notalldimensionscontributeequallytoadisorder
Themultipathmodelisintegrativeandinteractive
Strengthsofapersonmayserveasprotectivefactorsagainstpsychopathology
Figure21aTheResilienceModelStrengths,assetsandprotectivefactorsthathelp
maximizementalhealthandallowindividualstobouncebackfromtraumaandstressfullife
events.
DimensionOne:BiologicalFactors
Biologicalmodelshavebeenheavilyinfluencedbytheneurosciences
Understandingbiologicalexplanationsrequiresknowledgeaboutthestructureandfunction
ofthecentralnervoussystem
TheHumanBrain
MajorPartsofaNeuronThemajorpartsofaneuronaredendrites(receiveinformation),
thecellbody(containsthenucleus,cytoplasm,organelles),theaxon(long,slender,tubeportion
normallycoveredwithamyelinsheath),andtheaxonterminals(releaseneurotransmitters
intothesynapse).
Synapse:
Gapbetweenaxonofsendingneuronanddendritesofreceivingneuron
Neurotransmitters:
Chemicalsthathelptransmitmessagesbetweenneurons
Figure26SynapticTransmissionMessagestravelviaelectricalimpulsesfromone
neurontoanother.Theimpulsecrossesthesynapseintheformofchemicalscalled
neurotransmitters.Notethattheaxonterminalsandthereceivingdendritesdonottouch.
GeneticExplanations
Geneticmakeupplaysanimportantroleindevelopingabnormalconditions
Autonomicnervoussystemreactivitymaybeinherited
Hereditaryfactorsareimplicatedinalcoholism,schizophrenia,anddepression
Genotype:geneticmakeup
Phenotype:observablephysicalandbehavioralcharacteristics
NeuroscienceandAbnormalPsych
Thefrontallobeshelpusthink,plan,reason,makedecisionsandinhibitourimpulses.
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TheSympathetic(fightorflight)portionofourAutonomic(Involuntary)NervousSystem
maycontributetoanxiety,andmaylowerourabilitytoinhibitourimpulses.
TheLimbicSystem(Amygdala,HippocampusandThalamus)helpsconnectthebrain
andbodyparticularlyintermsofemotion.
TheReticularActivatingSystem(anetworkoffibersrunningthroughthebrainstem)
regulatesalertnessandcontrolstheamountofstimulationenteringtherestofthebrain.
BiologyBasedTreatmentTechniques
Psychopharmacology:
Studyofeffectofdrugsonmindandbehavior
Electroconvulsivetherapy:
Applicationofelectricvoltagetothebraintoinduceconvulsions
Psychosurgery:
Brainsurgeryforthepurposeofcorrectingaseverementaldisorder
MultipathImplicationsofBiologicalExplanations
Scienceincreasinglyrejectsasimplelinearexplanationofgeneticdeterminism
Disordersareseenastheresultofcomplexinteractiveandoftenreciprocalprocesses
Epigenetics:fieldfocusedonunderstandinghowenvironmentalfactorsinfluencegene
expression
Genome:allthegeneticmaterialinthechromosomesofanorganism
Environmentaffectsbiochemicalandbrainactivity,aswellasstructuralneurologicalcircuitry
DimensionTwo:PsychologicalFactors
Psychologicalexplanationsvaryconsiderablydependingonthepsychologiststheoretical
orientation
Fourmajorperspectives:
Psychodynamic
Behavioral
Cognitive
Humanisticexistential
Psychodynamicmodel:
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Chapter2

Adultdisordersarisefromchildhoodtraumasoranxieties
Childhoodbasedanxietiesoperateunconsciouslyandarerepressedthroughdefense
mechanismsbecausetheyaretoothreateningtoface
Defensemechanism:
Egodefensemechanismsthatprotecttheindividualfromanxiety,operate
unconsciously,anddistortsreality
Personalitystructure:
Id:
Impulsive,pleasureseekingaspectofourbeingimmediategratificationofinstinctual
needs
Ego:
Realistic,rationalpartofmind
Senseofself
HelpsIdfindwaysofgettingwhatitwantswithoutoffendingsuperego
Superego:
Conscience/SenseofRightandWrong
Freudbelievedthesethreepartsofpersonalityareconstantlyinconflictwithone
another,causinganxiety.
Psychosexualstages:
Sequenceofstagesthroughwhichpersonalitydevelops:
Oral(firstyearoflife)
Anal(secondyearoflife)
Phallic(beginningages34)
Latency(approximatelyages612)
Genital(beginninginpuberty)
Fixation:emotionaldevelopmentgetsstuckataparticularpsychosexualstage
Defensemechanisms:
Characteristics:
Protectindividualsfromanxiety
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Operateunconsciously
Distortreality
Maladaptivewhenoverused
Examples:1)Repression:mostsignificantdefensemechanism,uponwhichallother
defensemechanismsarebased.2)Rationalization:inventingafalsereasonfor
behavior
Traditionalpsychodynamictherapy:
Psychoanalysishasthreemaingoals:
Uncoveringrepressedmaterial
Helpingclientsachieveinsightintodesiresandmotivations
Resolvingchildhoodconflictsthataffectcurrentrelationships
Traditionalpsychodynamictherapy:
Fourmethodstoachievetherapeuticgoals
Freeassociation
Dreamanalysis
Resistance
Transference
Contemporarypsychodynamictheories:
Veryfewpsychodynamictherapistspracticetraditionalpsychoanalysis
PostFreudiantheoriesplacelessemphasisonsexandmoreemphasison:
Freedomofchoiceandfuturegoals
Egoautonomy
Socialforces
Objectrelations(pastinterpersonalrelations)
Treatmentofseriouslydisturbedpeople
Criticismofpsychodynamicmodels:
Freudsobservationsmadeunderuncontrolledconditions
Patientsrepresentedaverynarrowspectrumofhissociety
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Modelscannotbeappliedtoawiderangeofdisturbedpeople
Formulationsaredifficulttoinvestigateinascientificmanner
BehavioralModels
Classicalconditioning:
Processinwhichinvoluntaryresponsestostimuliarelearnedthroughassociation
Unconditionedstimulus(UCS):
Elicitsanunconditionedresponse
Unconditionedresponse(UCR):
Theunlearnedresponsemadetoanunconditionedstimulus
Conditionedstimulus(CS):
Neutralstimulusthatacquiressomepropertiesofanotherstimuluswithwhichitis
paired
Conditionedresponse(CR):
Thelearnedresponsemadetoapreviouslyneutralstimulusthathasacquiredsome
propertiesofanotherstimuluswithwhichitwaspaired
Operantconditioningparadigm:
Operantbehavior:
Avoluntaryandcontrollablebehaviorthatoperatesonanindividualsenvironment
Operantconditioning:
Choosingtoengageinvoluntarybehaviorstogetrewardsoravoidconsequences.
Behavioralmodelsalsoincludelearningbywatchingothers.
Cognitivemodels
Thinkingandmentalprocessesdeterminebehavior,personality,andtendencytoward
mentalhealthorillness.
Cognitivedynamicsinpsychopathology:
Causesofpsychopathology:
Actualirrationalandmaladaptiveassumptionsandthoughts
Distortionsoftheactualthoughtprocess
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Chapter2

Cognitiveapproachestotherapy:
Highlyspecificlearningexperiencesdesignedtoteachclientsto:
Monitornegative,automaticthoughts(cognitions)
Recognizeconnectionsbetweencognition,affect,andbehavior
Examineevidenceforandagainstdistortedautomaticthoughts
Substitutemorerealityorientedinterpretations
Identifyandalterbeliefsthatpredisposethemtodistorttheirexperiences
HumanisticExistentialModels
Assumptions:
Reality:
Theproductofouruniqueexperiencesandperceptionsoftheworldsubjective
universeismoreimportantthantheeventsthemselves
Peoplehavefreechoice/personalresponsibility
Apersonswholenessorintegrityiscriticallyimportant
Wehavetheabilitytobecomewhatwewantandtofulfillourcapacities
Thehumanisticperspective:
Abnormalbehaviorresultsfromdisharmonybetweenapersonspotentialandself
concept
Positiveviewoftheindividual
CarlRogersbestknownofhumanists
Humanityisbasicallygood,forwardmoving,andtrustworthy
AbrahamMaslowsactualizingtendency:
Selfactualization:
Inherenttendencytostrivetowardrealizationofonesfullpotential(tobecomeyour
bestoractualself/fulfillyourpotentialasahumanbeing)
Developmentofabnormalbehavior
Rogers:Ifleftunencumberedbysocietalrestrictions,wewouldbecomefully
functioningpeople
Selfconcept:assessmentofonesvalueandworth
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Impositionofconditionsofworth,transmittedviaconditionalpositiveregard,resultsin
disharmony,orincongruence,betweenonespotentialandonesselfconcept
Unconditionalpositiveregard:Valueandrespectaperson,separatefromones
actions
Existentialperspective:
Shareswithhumanisticpsychologyemphasisonindividualuniqueness
Stressesneedformeaninginlife
Alsodiffersinfollowingways:
Lessoptimisticthanhumanistictherapy
Individualmustbeviewedincontextofhumancondition
Stressesnotonlyindividualresponsibilitybutalsoresponsibilitytoothers
Criticismsofhumanisticandexistentialapproaches:
Fuzzy,ambiguous,nebulousnature
Appliedtoarestrictedpopulation
Creativeindescribinghumancondition,butnotinconstructingtheory
Notsuitedtoscientificorexperimentalinvestigation
Subjective,intuitive,andempathicnotempiricallybased
Effectivewithintelligent,welleducated,relativelynormalclients,notseverely
disturbedclients
DimensionThree:SocialFactors
Assumptionsofsocialrelationalmodels:
Healthyrelationshipsareimportantforhumandevelopmentandfunctioning
Theserelationshipsprovidemanyintangiblehealthbenefits
Whenrelationshipsaredysfunctionalorabsent,individualsmaybemoreproneto
mentaldisturbances
Family,couples,andgroupperspectives:
Familysystemsmodel:
Behaviorofonefamilymemberdirectlyaffectsentirefamilysystem
Characteristics:
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Personalitydevelopmentruledbyfamilyattributes
Abnormalbehaviorisareflectionofunhealthyfamilydynamicsandpoor
communication
Therapistmustfocusonthefamilysystem,notjusttheindividual
Socialrelationaltreatmentapproaches:
Conjointfamilytherapeuticapproach:
Stressesimportanceofteachingmessagesendingandmessagereceivingskillsto
familymembers
Strategicfamilyapproach:
Dealswithfamilypowerstrugglesbyshiftingtoamorehealthydistribution
Structuralfamilyapproach:
Reorganizesfamilyinrelationtofamilyinvolvement
Couplestherapy:
Aimedathelpingcouplesunderstandandclarifytheircommunication,needs,roles,and
expectations
Grouptherapy:
Membersofgroupareinitiallystrangers
Focusoninterrelationshipsanddynamicsofinteractionamongmembers
Criticismsofsocialrelationalmodels:
Studieshavegenerallynotbeenrigorousindesign
Groupstendtooperateunderculturebounddefinitions
Familysystemsmodelsmayhavenegativeconsequences:
Parentalinfluencemaynotbeafactorinanindividualsdisorderbutareburdenedwith
guilt
DimensionFour:SocioculturalFactors
Emphasizesimportanceofthefollowingfactorsinexplainingmentaldisorders
Race
Ethnicity
Gender
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Sexualorientation
Religiouspreference
Socioeconomicstatus
Physicaldisabilities
RaceandEthnicity:MulticulturalModelsofPsychopathology
Pastculturalmodels:
Inferioritymodel:
Contendsthatracialandethnicminoritiesareinferiortomajoritypopulation
Deficitmodel:
Minoritygroupslackedrightculture
Theuniversalshamanictradition:
NonWesternindigenouspsychologiesassumespecialhealershavepowertoactas
intermediariesbetweenthehumanandspiritworlds
Multiculturalmodel(currentmodel):
Recognizesdifferencesincultures,andthateachculturehasitsownstrengthsand
limitations
Assumesalltheoriesofhumandevelopmentarisefromaparticularculturalcontext
Suggeststhatsocioculturalstressorsresidewithinthesocialsystemnotwithinthe
person
Appropriatetreatment,therefore,maybeservedthroughteachingselfhelpskillsand
strategiestonegotiateclientssocialsituation
Criticismsofthemulticulturalmodel:
Operatesfromrelativisticframework:normalandabnormalbehaviormustbe
evaluatedfromaculturalperspective
Criticsargueadisorderisadisorder,regardlessofculturalcontext
Lacksempiricalvalidationconcerningitsconceptsandassumptions
BasedonWesternworldview

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Common questions

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The humanistic perspective views abnormal behavior as resulting from disharmony between a person's self-concept and potential, emphasizing personal growth and inherent goodness . In contrast, the existential perspective focuses on finding meaning in life and confronting existential anxieties. It places a stronger emphasis on the individual's responsibility within the human condition and is generally less optimistic than humanistic models, recognizing the potential for deeper existential distress .

Social-relational models face criticism for lacking rigorous scientific design and potentially imposing culture-bound definitions on groups. They risk attributing mental disorders solely to familial issues, which may lead to unjustified parental guilt. Despite these critiques, these models aim to consider cultural nuances by emphasizing message delivery and reception within family systems and establishing equitable power dynamics, though they still require cultural sensitivity to avoid bias .

Neurotransmitters play a critical role in synaptic transmission by transmitting messages between neurons. Anomalies in neurotransmitter function can affect mood, behavior, and cognition, potentially leading to mental disorders. For instance, imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine are linked to depression and schizophrenia, respectively. Understanding neurotransmission is essential for developing psychopharmacological treatments .

The multicultural model critiques the deficit and inferiority models because these models inaccurately portray minority groups as lacking or inferior by failing to recognize the inherent strengths and cultural contexts of these communities. The multicultural model emphasizes that differences in psychopathology reflect diverse cultural experiences rather than deficits and advocates for treatments that respect cultural strengths and address sociocultural stressors external to individuals .

The social-relational model asserts that healthy relationships foster human development by providing essential emotional and psychological support. Dysfunctional or absent relationships can lead to mental disturbances by failing to offer these benefits. This model particularly emphasizes the family system's role, suggesting that individual's behaviors impact and are impacted by family dynamics, advocating for therapeutic approaches that involve assessing and addressing family interactions .

The multipath model acknowledges that mental disorders arise from the interaction of various factors, unlike one-dimensional models which focus on singular explanations such as biological or psychological factors alone. This model integrates biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural dimensions, emphasizing that not all dimensions contribute equally to a disorder . It suggests that strengths and protective factors can mitigate risks, pointing to a more holistic and interactive approach .

Contemporary psychodynamic therapy differs from traditional psychoanalysis by placing less emphasis on sexual drives and the past, focusing more on current relationships, future goals, and ego autonomy. While traditional psychoanalysis aims to uncover repressed material, contemporary approaches adapt by incorporating social and interpersonal factors, and are more adaptive and accessible for different client needs .

Classical conditioning contributes to abnormal behaviors by associating involuntary responses with new stimuli. An unconditioned stimulus naturally elicits an unconditioned response, and when paired with a neutral conditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus can eventually evoke a conditioned response. This process can lead to the development of phobias and other maladaptive behaviors when associations form between neutral and aversive stimuli .

The biopsychosocial model transcends simple explanations by integrating biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding mental disorders. However, it has been critiqued for insufficiently considering sociocultural influences compared to more comprehensive models like the multipath model. This integration helps avoid the limitations of reductionist views by acknowledging the complex interplay and reciprocal effects across various aspects of human functioning .

Cognitive models attribute the onset of psychopathological conditions to irrational and maladaptive assumptions and cognitive distortions that influence thoughts and behaviors. These models propose that negative automatic thoughts and erroneous connections between cognition, affect, and behavior contribute to mental disorders. Cognitive therapies aim to identify and modify these distorted thoughts to promote healthier mental states .

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