!
"
# $$
%&'(%%)%*%
+ !
,
0
$
$ #
.
/
#
#
! 1
0 2 ! 3
23
45
"
$
%
&
"
&
&
#
Water Circulation line diagram
'
("
&
*
+, - # .#/
+, - 0.1 2
+, - .# 4
+, - 5
67
+, - 7
/
6
78 /
Drum Type Sub critical
C.R.: 2-8
- !
Once-through Super critical
C.R.: 1
0
+ !
94
7
7
:
2
+
("
*
+
9
;
,
"
,
&
"
&
+
+
Bottom Ring Header
<
#;
As the pressure increases, the difference
in density between water and steam reduces.
Thus the Hydrostatic head available will not
be able to overcome the frictional resistance
for a flow corresponding to minimum
requirement of cooling of water wall tubes.
Consequently less circulation occurs.
To keep the same level of steam output at
higher design pressures, the distance
between the Bottom ring header and the
steam drum must be increased, or some
means of forced circulation must be
introduced.
Therefore natural circulation is limited to
boiler with drum operating pressure around
175 Kg/cm2.
# 48
3
= 9
:/
Forced Circulation used for pressure up to
194kg/cm2 (sub critical pressure).
<
Beyond critical pressure phase
transformation is absent, hence
once through system is adopted
For supercritical units at low
loads always there is some
recirculation through tubes
No use of drum
Boiler circulation pump provide
the driving force
Suitable for pressure above 221kg/cm2.
<
+3
3,
5
7$
)
0 $$
,
>
?
9
!
+9,
>
#
4
#
LOW LOAD SYSTEM WITH CIRC. PUMP
combined circulation
'
Difference in the Circulation
System
+ !
#>
6 .
:/
4
8
9+
&
61 .
6++
+
7
7
/
' .#0
0
<
?0 : ,
#8
&
@
%
1
0 !
,
6
& 8
"
"
!
"
3
!23
6! 2 38
<
Boiling process in Tubular Geometries
Steam
Partial Steam
Generation
Steam
Complete or Oncethrough Generation
Water
Water
Heat Input
Heat Input
Water
8 / ,
Natur
al
circul
ation
is
the
ability
of
water
to
circul
ate
conti
nuou
sly
with
Twall ( z ) = Tsaturation + T fw
irc
$8 /
8 / ,
"
@
"
2
@
$ 3
'
>
3
!
%
+
"
Economizer - energy savings
3
A
%
B
>
?
1A
10A
'A
#/A
%
00A
.
10A
:' A
"
A &
%
.
1
Economizer - energy savings
>
//
/
"
%
/
#/
"
%
%
#
#/
<
Economizer - energy savings
&
$ #/
?<
#
@A
!
!
.
$
!
220 C reduction in flue gas
temperature increases boiler
efficiency by 1%
#
+3
5
E
E &
$
!
!
"
"
$C"
F
E
B
E
D'' /
C'/
D7
F
D </ +
D7
0F 3
D 1 = 9+
D#
+
G1
9
&
/G1A
"
"
D0
D: G #
9
#
?
.
4
+
$
7
7
6?"7$ 8
.
%
8
&
.
.
.# +
!
##
,
"5 7>B , ">
">, 4,5 E 7"> E
"5 ,>E 5 H> ! 775 ?H>! 75 ? ! 7
"5 B,5 ">+"
">,
??7 4,5 E 7" ,H " 5 2
+"7 7 ">E B5 , ,I ,>7>,H5 , ! J , 2 F
", 2 7 >2 " ?5 ! 7
Steam volume increases to 1,600 times from
water and produces tremendous force
#'
0
"
&
7
"
@
!
#/
#0
#:
'((
E &
5
?
5! !
2
+
2
7
7
E &
,1 -B #
= 9
!
6E E 8
6E E 8
6 378
= 9
6E E 8
6 378
8
6
7
"
8
: 9 #/
7 . <<
'<
#/' +
< '
/
#
::1
0
<0
<0
'0
'
63 ."
8
D // +
#1
#<
'
0=
: =
"
&
"
)
'
5+-
5 BB
)>
!
"
H
)3
"
"
"
3
!
)
&
4
/ A5
+
4
'
/
E
6F
.+8
!E
&
"
H
&
'#
Water wall design
Riffled tube and smooth bore tube
''
$$ # + <
"
2
J @
@
H
&
,
"
%
.
@
G ! 2 38@
'/
!23
@
7
'0
':
Membrane Wall- A number of tubes are joined by a process of fusion
welding or by means of steel strips called fins.
pressurized furnace is possible. with the related Advantages like
Better load response simpler combustion control.
Quicker starting and stopping
Increased availability of boiler
Heat transfer is better
Weight is saved in refractory and structure
Erection is made easy and quick
'1
$
+
< "
;7= 2 + 7 2 F ;
'<
NO
OD(MM) X Thickness (MM)
FRONTWALL
283
63.5 X 6.3
SIDEWALLS
444
63.5 X 6.3
REAR WALLS
283
63.5 X 6.3
ROOF
142
63.5 X 6.3
M.S
H.
R.
H
C.R.H
FROM F.R.S
BOTTOM RNG HDR& Z-PANEL
1ST
PASS W.W O/L HDRS
1ST
PASS W.W
ROOF I/L HEADER
2ND PASS UPPER C-HDR
2nd PASS LOWER C-HDRS
LTSH I/L HEADER
LTSH O/L HEADER
D.P.I/L HEADER
D.P.O/L HEADER
S.H. HEADER
[Link]
2ND
ECONOMISER
PASS ROOF O/L HDR(REAR
!
3 3
!
+3
! 3
3
3
$
!
$ #
3 3 32
!
3
+3
!
/
!
3
B+ 1
# <
#
4!
!
3
0 C 5: -B 5,= C8D : 5
48
!
3
<
$
! 3
/#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Economiser
Boiler Drum
Down Comers
Water Walls
Water wall
Platen
Primary Super
Heaters
(LTSH)
Platen Super
Heaters
Final Super
Heaters
Reheaters
Burners
Igniters
/'
#
,
3
Divisional Panel
Back & Front Platen Super Heaters
//
/0
B+ 1
Horizontal Super heater
/:
/1
! 3
"
60
D4
7$
$" D $
)?
/<
$+3
"
'
"
7$
# G
/ G #/
D1
E
"
E &
!
D7
#" 7
# "3
4 DB
F
"
D /: +
B
D :0 1 = 9+
0
# ! 1
Platen SH
Panel Div SH
Platen SH
! 3
+
" B
7$
B
7$
"
D# G/
"
D#G:
E
D7
#" 7
# "3
"
4 D B
E &F
"
/1< +
!
B
D :0 1 = 9+
#
6B
0#
"
"
"
"
"
E
"
E &
B+ 1
7$
.
# G/
#G:
D7
F
4
D+
F
"
<" 7
D '<
#"
0'
3
E
$1
. #: /
+
$ 6
FB / $
,
D
7
E
7
Thot gas,in
Tcold steam,out
"
Q NEWTON Asur Tmean
Thot gas,out
Tcold steam,in
0/
-9
8 /
Thot gas,in
Thot gas,out
Tcold steam,out
Tcold steam,in
Thot gas,in
Thot gas,out
Tcold steam,out
Tcold steam,in
00
0 $$
T LMTD = F config
T max T min
T max
ln
T min
"
Q NEWTON = U Asur TLMTD
U Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, W/m2.K
0:
Desuperheater/Attemperator
!
&
7
&
$
"
B
7
D3
E &7
D /
= 9$
7$ "
0 A)
7
?"7$ ) B
0 A E +,
A E +,
7$
D /#/ +
01
! 3
"
4
/0 +
7
&
0<
3 #
! 3
+3 ! $
#
# ! 3
?
!
<
< /
$ !
!
! 3
#
3 !
#
# ! 3
#
3
3
3 3
$3
! 3
#
$
!
G'( #
$ ! 3
# 3
3
/3
#
!
3
3 3
#
!
? $ $ /
#
$
?3 #
#
#
3
+3
RE HEATER
+3
3 !
<
$3 <
<
3 3 3!
<
+3
$3
3
?
H!
/3 3
!
?$ $
$3
3
<
=!
$$
$$
6"
##
Rankine = Eq .Carnot = 1
8 #
!
1
<
5## 3
$3
3
!
<
?
$3
!
3 !
Tc
Tm ,in
+
#
!
$$
! $ $/
:#
E
E &4
!
!
!
"
,9$ "
,9$ "
,9$ "
E &
,$
"
5
D7
B
E
E
0< " 7
"
D '0 =
"
"
D'
2
>
7
D
"
$
"
## "
7
#"B # '$
D /1/ +
9+
D // +
D // +
G0
D B
K9L #
D7
&
D +,$
"9$
0 A
A E +, D /' +
.
+
D< G
9 =
:'
DPNL
SHTR
Platen SHTR
Drum
Reheater
S
C
R
E
E
n
Gooseneck
LTSH
Chimney
Downcomer
waterwall
Fireball
Economiser
ID fan
APH
ESP
Bottom Ash
:/
210 MW Boiler: Water and Steam Circuit
LTSH
Final SH.
Platen SH.
500-540C
330-375C
375C-425C
Economizer
Water Wall
240-310C
310C
:0
Pressure Parts Material
SIPAT
Section
Economizer Tube
SA210C
Evaporator
Tube/Water
Wall
Spiral
SA213T22
Vertical
SA213T22
Primary
SA213T23, T91
Superheater
Tube
Reheater
Tube
Separator
Header
Secondary
SA213T12, T23, T91
Final
SA213T23, T91, T92
Primary
SA210C, T12, T23
Final
SA213T23, T91
SUPER304H
SH outlet
SA302C
SA335P91
RH outlet
SA335P91
500 MW Plant
::
DESCRIPTION
UNIT
HP HEATER IN
NCR 210 MW
SAT STEAM TEMP. IN DRUM
348
STEAM TEMPERATURE AT LTSH OUTLET
400
STEAM TEMPERATURE AT SH PLATEN OUTLET
510
STEAM TEMPERATURE AT FINAL SH OUTLET
540
STEAM TEMP. AT RH INLET
337
STEAM TEMP. AT RH OUTLET
540
WATER TEMP. AT ECO INLET
244
WATER TEMP. AT ECO OUTLET
274
AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE
35
AIR TEMPERATURE AT AH OUTLET (PRI. SIDE)
354
AIR TEMPERATURE AT AH OUTLET (SEC. SIDE)
348
FLUE GAS TEMPERATURE AT SH PLATEN INLET
1165
FLUE GAS TEMPERATURE AT RH FRONT INLET
1016
FLUE GAS TEMPERATURE AT RH REAR INLET
868
FLUE GAS TEMPERATURE AT SH FINISH INLET
753
FLUE GAS TEMPERATURE AT LTSH INLET
638
FLUE GAS TEMPERATURE AT ECO INLET
473
FLUE GAS TEMPERATURE AT AH INLET
379
FLUE GAS TEMPERATURE AT AH OUTLET
146
:1
+3
! "
# $$
:<
