Grammar

Present Simple (1)

:

':

We form the Present Simple like this:

Now look at these examples of the negative:

I don'tlike thqi music.
He doan'tlisteito his teacher.

. iosrrrvs

Singular

I know
you know
he/she/it kiows

.
Plural

NEGATIVE

we kriow

youknow
theyknow

She starts work at 9.30.

We add -s aftdr

'

I start .-+ he

he/she/it

starts

-r

thriygo --r

If a verb

watches

itgoes

You dort'tknow.

He doesn'tknow

notknow.
We do notknow.
You do notlinow.

We don'tloow.
You don'tknow.

you do

wewash

)'to

-r

see

Appendix 2,page

from France.
(= She is French.)
Gr e engr o cer s s ell w getable s.

'

I doit

speak Chinese.

Add -s or -es to the verbs in the sentences if it is necessary. lf it is not necessary,

put a tick (/) in the gap.

> They live /,..... in France

1 lwatch TV every.day. 2 She go
to work by car.
3 The film finish ........ at ten o'clock.
4 We play tennis every'..weekend.

to talkabout facts:
Slie comes

r'

243.)

A
'

talk about things

He plays golf every day.

I sludy --r he Studies I fly -+ it flies

(For more examples,

Jheydonth:*

, that happen regularly:

in a consonant (b, c, etc) + y

(e.9. study), we use -ies after he/she/it
.

I dontknow.

3 We use the Present Simple:

he does
shewashes

ends

.)

SHORTFORM

Note that rtie say:

He doe5 notknow. (no"t Hedees4et*qo++*)

ends in -ch, -o, -sh or -ss, we add

-es after he/she/it:
he

,.

He/She/It does . ..

-Theydonolknow.

I live --+ she lives

FULLFon*t-.''i
I do notlrrow.
You do notknow.

If a verb

I watch

1,

They go

........ on holiday in August.

6 He sp-eak'........ ltalian and French.

7 She do ........ her homework every night.
I .We start .......: work at half past eight.

Now finish these sentences using a verb from the box, Use each verb once.
Remember to add -s or -es if necessary.

fly
1

study- . finish

eat sell. smoke

drink

I ................ coffee three times a day.

live

They ................ in lretand.

2
3

She

........

PAGE6oTENSES:PRESENT

to New York once a month.

. fruit in a shop.

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I
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I
I

t.

ir
t

!.

I,

\
I

leave

eat'
l

arrive get

start

watch work

like drink go

have

brush

stop

lnterviewer: How do you start the day, Jim?

Jim:
Well, I P)A*............ up at six o'clock. I get washed and dressed, and I
(1)................ breakfast at seven o'clock. After breaKast' I (2)
my teeth. I (3)................ to work at eight.
lnterviewer:When do you get to work?
Jim:
I usually (4).....:.......... at my office at about half past eight. First, I
(5)....,........... a cup of coffee, and then I
work at 8.45 a.m.
you
lnterviewer: Where do
work?
(7)................
Jim:
in a bank. I am a computer operator. t
|
It's'very i nteresti ng.
lnterviewer: When do you eat lunch?
a cup
I (9)................ work and I have lunch at'one o'clock. I
of tea at half past three.
lnterviewer: When do you finish work?
Jim:
I
the office at six o'clock. I eat dinner when I get home. Theri I
(12)................ TV for an hour or two.

(6)..

(10).......

Jirh:
-

(11)......,

Use the table to write'facts about Joan. A tick (/) means that something is true. A
cross (X) means that something is not true. Use the verbs in brackets ( ).

i'

from Scotland
from England X

2
3
4

(work)
(live)
(speak)
(like)

in a bank X
in a shop

in a house X

French
Italiain

inaflat/

/
I

4
new filrns X
olh films

She
She

reNsEs, PRESENT

PAGE.7

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Present Simple (2)

2

We use the Present Simple:

to talk,about feelings and opinions:

Wefo-rm Present Simple questions like this:

QUESTIONS

Singular -Do

lilce pop music.

I don'tlike

'
Plural
.Do

classical music.

She loves

foatball!
Philip wants a new car
I don't want a cltp of tea, thanlcs.
He feels sick.

Does

Do

ilJ;ilo*)

*"*'

ft )*'*'

Do

Note that we put do before.I/you/we/they:

Do you speak Spanish?
Do ybu work in the to:wn centre?
Do they know the answer?

to talk about thoughts:

We

put does bEfore he/she/it:

Does he walk to.work?

Does Steve enjoy hb job?
Does she play the piano?

I don'tknow

Note that we say:

he walk? (sor
.Does

th.e answer.

We#dW)

He doesn't understand me.

For other uses of the Present Simple, see Unit 3.

Put in the words from the box in the correct form. Use the present Simple.'Use each
verb.once.

like not know Ive feel- think

not

like $ant- not-underctarrel-

> She thinks that fitms are fantastic! She !eyp.q.......... fiIrys.
1 I ................ sick. Can I have a glass of-Water please?

z I don't knewthe answer because I .,....,

the question.
3 I ................ he's tired. He works too hard.
4 We ................ that new painting. We thlnk it's terrible!
5 I want to tdle'phone Jane, but I ..........,..... her phone number.
.

7 I ................

your new car. lt's very nice. Was it expensiVe?

Write sentences about Peter. (./, = like,

(tennis X)

ilp.dqe,qr.r.y.!ike..Wrjs,

(music'//)

Heloveelmusic.

/)

(coffee
2 (films X)
3 (his job
1

{{

/{)

(fish xx)
5 (holidays
6 (golf x)

/./)

PAGEE.TENSES:PRESENT

He
He

= love, X = not like, Ir{ = hate),.

This is an interview with Mary Woods about he.rself and her husband, John. Write the
questions, usin-g the ideas from the box.
-like

filrns
watch iV
drive. a car
like dogs '

read books
play a musical instrument
like pop musie '
Speak any -foreign languages

'euEsloNs
.

2
' 3

.................................1.......
...i....,................. ..............
4. .......,....:..
........;.
5
..........

No, but he plays tennis.

Yes, Ispgak Fpench.
Yes, I like allthe programrnes on TV
Yes, he listens to the radio in the morning.
No, but he loves
. No, t don't like films.

?
?
?
?

8 ......:.......1
,..;.....- ?'
' 9............;........................... ?
10
......:..
........ ?
11 .............,........................... ?
12
......................... ?
D

li\{*{{+dfl

eNsweRS

.> Ppeq.J.qttn.plav.a4f ................ ?

/-' ................
........:.?.

.1_

pley-elf
go to the theatre

listen to the radio

smoke
drink coffee

cats.

Yes, he plays lhe piano.

No, lprefer.classical music.
Yes, I love musicals.
Ye9, I read orre book every week.'
No, he doesn't like cigarettes.

You are on holiday, and you are in a Tourist lnformation Centrq Ask questions uFing
the table below.

ABC
Do
Does

ye+*

-. 'the

..
thei number 38 bus
the restaurants
- ,
the concert
the sightseeing tour
the museum
sports centre

allthe banks

stop at the railway station?

finish beford eleven p.m.?
start here?

sett+ap+-et +he'ihf?
change tourists' money into pounds?.
sell souvenirs? '
have a swimming pool?
serve typical English'food?

................ the sports centre

2
3

4
6

TENSES: PRESENT. PAGE9

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:

Present Continuous (1)

We form the Present Continuous like this:

be + -ing form
I am eating.

Here are the forms of the Present

Continuous:
POSITIVE
FWL

FORr\t

I am eating.
You are eating.
He/She/It is eating.
We are eating.
You are eating.
They are eating.

win -+ winning
shop -+ shopping
swim --+ sr{imming
dance --r dancing
shine

-r

get

getting
sit -+ sitting
travel --+ travelling
write -.+ *iti"S

.i

We use the Present Continuous:

>

shining

You're eating.
He's eating.
You're eating.
They're eating.

But notice these ir.regular spellings:

I'm eating.

Wete eating.

.:

(For more details on the spelling of the -ing

form, see Appendk
243.)

STIORTTORI\,,

.i
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,page

to talk about actions and situations in

progress now:

NEGATI.\rE
FULL FORNT

I am not eating.
You are oot eating.
He/She/It is not eating.
-We are not eating.
You are aot eating.
They are not eating.

SHO&IFOnnI

I'm not eating.

You aren't eating.
He isn't eatin'g.
We aren't eating.
You aren't eating.
Theyaren-t eating,

to talk about actions and situations in

progress around now, but not exactly at
ttre.gnoment

we-speak

To make the -ing form, we add -ing to the

verb:

Iisten.--+ Jistening

work'-+. workiug

play -+ playrng
reade lsnding

,+
':
.t

.,

;(
:\

A Look

at these pictures.

:,;i!;
Decide what is happening (/) and what isn't happening (X) in each pictufe, ond then
write positive or negative-sentences.
9 ne rqq .i er Lp a?ir:a .b.re aff a pt,
(Georgelsleep)

2
PAGE IO

Georae is sleeoina.
r.{rr.r.

(They/work)
(They/siUin the garden)
(l/study/music)
.
(l/learnlJapanese)
.

TENSES: PRESENT
i
l

.I

'l
-J

(He/play/tennis)
(She/win)
(We/spendla day at the seaside)
(l'he sun/shine)

Finish the iostcard using the words in brackets ( ) in the Present Continuous.
Use fullforms (e.9. is srffing).
Dear Peter,

ary.*.qy.i.l3

Jenny and I (>)

(stay) here for a week.
The dun (t)..................:..... (shine) and ifs very hot.

i-

(not/swim) becausewe're
We (
both.tired. We (5)........................ (watch) the- boats on
the sea at the moment. They
.....; (travel) fast,
(read)
but I can-see ffieen or sixteen. Jenny
her book, and I
......'(write) allthe postcards!

).......:.......

(6)...

(S)...

(7)...........

Jim and Jenny

Match the two halves oJ thq sentences. Then put in the correct form of the verb in

brackets{ ).

a
1

with us this week

I .........
bike this week

father

(go) to v.vork by

My

some medicine
Anna is not in the office this week

4
5

.
6
7

(take)

Pauline needs some exercise

We'...................-..... (eat) in a
restaurant this we6k
Jill doesn't feel well
Tor0
. (study)
more now

.,......

so he can't drink beer at th.e moment.

b because she .............:.......... (work)

c
d

e
f
(,
h

at home.

she'.........

so
....... (stay) at
home today.
so Ary1.?!qppi.qs......... (sleep) in the
living.room
because our oven is broken.
because he wants to get a good mark.

because I haven't got money for petrol.

.qo she ........................ (walk) to

schoolthis week.

TENSES: PRESENT

PAGE 1I

Present Continuous (Z)

Look.at these questions:

Areyou enjal)ingthat drhtk, Ann?
Is he watchirig TV at the mommt?
Are they workinghard?

We do not usually use the Present

'

Continuous to talk about opinions or

thoughts:
Ililce teinis. I know your sister. (Nor &1r

elry-ffide f-#fu*singfoe#ail*#,)

We form Present Continuous questions like

We do not usually use these verbs in the

this:

Pr'esent Continuous:

QUESTIONS

Iike
know
hate
love understand believe.
meen remember 'Want

I
)
you I winning?
Is she/he/it )
Plural Are we )
Are you
I winning?
Are they )
Singular

Am
Are

Here are three common Present Continuousi

_questions. They all mear'How are you?':
How's it going?
Haw are you getting on?
How are you iloing?

think and

have: I

Continuous to orpre$s opinions:

thinkhe's nice. (ror IW
' rf*ie.)

.,.

,,:

Continuous to-talk about an actioa:

She\ thinking abbur thle fitm.

'

-Continuous to tdk iibout possessions:

Ihave aticket. (Nor {amhwfu*

+iM)
lm

havingbrtialcfast. He's having fun.

Make questions by putting the words in bracketi ( ) in the right order.

(enjoying - your work - you are ?)
At-p.y.e!,..efjeyj fg.Up1$.y.qlfl.
- .1 (she - having lunch - is - ?)
2 (playing football - are - they ?)
3

4
5
6
7

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PAGE

12.

(the cat - sleeping is: ?)

(the sun - is - shining ?)
(you - are -'coming
- to the cinema - ?)
(listening - are - they - ?)
(eating - at the moment she is ?)
- (it - raining hard - is ?)
(l - getting better - at tennis * am ?)
(are - winning the match we * ?)
-

TENSES: PRESENT

Make questions and answers. Use the present Gontinuous. .. .

QUESTIONS

ANSWERS

> (she/work/in Peru this year?)

(No, she/study/in Mexico)

)p.p.b.e.y'tgr$inq.i.q.?.9y.4.tLi?.xqa.rr?.

N g,

(you/study/English at the moment?)

(Yes, l/work/hard)

(they/listen/to the radio?)

(No, they/play/CDs)

(Peter/wash/now?)

(Yes, he/have/a bath)

.....'.........

(they/live/in Madrid at the moment?)

(Yes, theyllearn/Spanish)

5 (David/singlin a group this year?)

Put a tick

(/)

,'

(No, he/work/in a restaurant)

:.

next to a correit sentence, and a cross (,0 n,ext to a wrong sentence.

1 They're enjoying

2
3
4
5

.?hq'P .s. !:tJ dyina. !n.M nxisg.

6
7

the film.
We're loving ice-cream.
She's believing he's righl.
John's thinking about my idea.
He's having lunch atihe moment.

I
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She's eating a banana.

He thinks it's a good idea.
'Huge'is meaning 'very big'.'
Mick is kriowing Jane.
She's hating classical music.

Complete this conversation. Use the verbs in brackets ( ) in the Present Continuous.

Paui:

Hi Steve!What are you doing?

Steve:
(l/go) to. the bank. What are you doing?

(>)!'fl.Al!tg
ra-cQuet.

(3)...........

(l/play) a lot of tennis at the momSnt, and I need a

new racquet.

(4).....

Paul:

Yes. She isn't'in England at the moment.

.... (She/work) in France
for a month.
Steve: What 15).............. :......... (she/do) in France?
Paul:
(She/sing) in a night-club.
Steve: Really? What about Fred and Sue? What
(they/do)?
Paul: (8)....................:... (They/study) for an exam. They're always in the library at the
moment.
.ir
Steve: How is your sister? ls she all right?
Paul: Yes, she'b fine, but she's tired.
...... (we/paint) the living-room. lt's
hard work.
Steve: Can I help you?
Paul: No, it's OK. My
(help).
Steve: Well, I hope you find a good racquet.

(6)...........

(7).........

(g).-..

father{10)

TENSES: PRESENT

PAGE

13

T Present simple or Present continuous

Compare the Present Simple and the Present Continuous:
We use the Present Simple to talk about facts
(things which are true at anytime):
Anna spealcs good Spanish.
lournalists write new sp ap er articles.

I come from Norway. (= I am Norwegian).

We use the Present Simple for situations that
exist over a long time, and for actions that
are repeated (e.g. people's habits, or events

on a timetable):
Mike worlcs for an advertising company.
Helives in Paris. (= His home is in Paris.)

@i- :,: :.,.:,,,futUfg

past

He lives

in

We use the Present Continuous for things that

continue for a limited period of time around

now (e.g. holidays, visits, temporary jobs,
school or university courses):

k working in the USA for sk

John

He'slivingin New

months.

York.

past

Paris.

Hds living in New York

lane travels a lot inher job.

I do alat ofsport.

trwelling around Europe for a month.

Tm doing a one-year course in tourism.
We'r e p ainting the flat.

fane's

We can use words Iike usually, often, every:

We usually go aut to dinner at weekends.
I aften go to football matches on Sundays.
The buses leave every hour.
Wb use the Present Simple with thinking and
feeling verbs (e.g. lmow, forget, notice,
underslandr fcogniss, remember, like,
love, hate, $rant, prefer, need):
I dan'tknow which train to catch.

We do 4ot usually use the Present Continuous

with thinking and feeling verbs:

We use have in the Present Simple to

about possession:
I have a flew car.

Wb use have and

talk

think in the Present Simple to express

opinions:
I think she's interesting.

We use

We use the Present Continuous to talk about

actions in progress at &e time of speaking:
Anna'sbusy. She's speaking on the phone.
What areyouwriting? - Aletter to Jane.
Look! Thebus is coming.

Nor E#4 krlewhxg saffieer,re who-liyes;fi

t{efllee

think in the Present Continuous

to talk about actions:

fmhavingfun.
He can't comq he's hwing dinneS' at the tnoment.
I am thinking about my work.

Complete the sentences with the Present Simple

(l am doing).

............
.........
......;........
..........
you

(t do) or the present

Cor-rtinuous

She usually
(work) in the Sales Department in London, but at the
moment she
(do) a training course in Brisiol.
2 Linda
(wash) her hair every day.
3 He
(try)
very hard in every game that
..
(play).
4 Excuse me. I think that
(sit) in my Seat.
PAGE 14.o TENSES: PRESENT

he

5
......... (you/listen)to the radio very often?
6 Don't talk to me'now. I ............. ... (write) an important letter
7 Why .......
,,
.. (they/drive) on the left in Britain?
8 lt ............
(noUget) dar:k at this time of year until about 10 o'clock.
I lt usually
...........!. (rain) here a lot, but at ................,........ (noVrain) now.

10

EI

tr

*'1

A: What are you doing?

,,ffffifililirYg;;' :

(You/smire]?

This is Anna's first letter in English to David. There are some mistakes in it. Cross out
the incorrect forms and write in the correct form. Put a tick (/) if the form of the verb
is cot'rect.
Dear David,
I live (;) {........,.. . in a large flat in Rome. l'm+avin$ (>)hay|:,.......... two sisters. They
are called Rosa and Maria. We are gefting up
at seven o'clock every morning,
and we have
coffee and a small breaKast. I leave (3)................ the flat at
eight and walk to the university. I am finishing (4i................ classes at five every day and I
arrive (5)................ home at six. This month lwork (6)................ very hard for my first

(1)...-..

(2)....

exams.

(7)

At the moment, i eat

. breakfast in the kitchen of our flat: my mother drinks
(8)................ coffee, and my sisters are reading (g)...
magazines.
on saturday afternoons I am playing
tennis with my friends, or I go
to the cinema. Today, l'm going to see a new English film! Sometimes I am
watching (12)................ American films o! ry but l,m not understanding
(1 3) ................ the words! Are you tiking (j4)................
fi tms?
With best wishes,
Anna

(10)....

(11).......

,...

Write the sentences using the Present Simple or the Present Continuous.

>

(Usually she/worudt the office, but this week she/work/at home)

pg]4a]N.qhc.Y.qrtr?..q.r.!*?.9fr9.e.'.kq.t.!.\i.q.vl.epF.ebp]e.wgrkinq.*.|9.uq,.......

(You/noUeaUvery much at the moment. Are you ill?)

(She/know/three words in ltalian!)

(l/take/the bus to work this week, but usually l/walk.)

4 (l/study/Japanese this year. lt's very difficult.)

.ir

5 (you/watch/the television at the moment?)

6

(l/not/remember/the name of the hotel.)

(She/speaUthree languages.)

................
(The sun/shinei. lt's a beautifut

d;t!)
't0
TENSES: PRESENT. PAGE

15

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Be: Past Simple

2

We form the Past Simple of be like this:

POSITIVE

Look at these examples of howwe use the

Past Simple of be:

Singular I was

youwere
helshe/it was
We/you/theywere

Plural

NEGATIVE

Iohn E Kennedy was an American

president.
Our first house was in the centre of town.
A: Wereyour aflswers correct?
B: Nq they were all wrong!

FUILFORM

SHO&TFORM

Singular I was not

youwerenot
he/shelit was

not

Plural we/you/they
werenotQUESTIONS

Singular Was

Paula

I wasn't

youwerent
he/she/it wasn

She

a good

place and time:

wa-m't

at

home

in June.
last ntght.

George and Jaanna weren't in London

the weekznd. They were in Brighton.

you I

Steye and

lhory were here at

si

was/were + adjective (e.g. cold, tired):

was cold yesterday.
They were tir,ed after the journey.
The train waslate again this morning.
A: Wereyaur exams easy?
B: The first exam was easy, but the second

onewasn't-

film?

Complete the sentences using was or were.

> Today I am happy but yesterday I 1te9........... sad.

1

Now Jane is at home but last week she ....,........... on holiday.

it's raining but yesterday it
sunny.
This year there is a iazz festival here and last year there
-licday

2
........
3
a pop festival.
......
4 Today Mr Brown is at work but yesterday he ................ ill.
5 These days there are houses here but a hundred years ago there ................ trees.
6 'lbday I feel fine but yesterday | ........ in bed all day.
7 My mother is a manageress now but she ........ just a shop assistant last year.
I Today is saturday and we are at home, but yesterday we
. at school.
I This summer we are staying at home but last summer wq ................ in Greece.

PAGE20 o TENSES: PAST

':,"ij
t

ii fl T

at

o'clock.

It

Here are some examples with was and were:

I was in New York last week
Wewere athome yesterday evening.
Thry wiTen't late this morning.

it

at the party.

Wewere in Spa:in

th.y

Was

was/were

wasit

I Ipiece +rnm

we/you/they
weren't

Were
rigntt
Was he/she/it J
Were we/you/ right?

Plural

was/were + facts about the past

'tb

.t

Mary spent last weekend in Madrid, Ask her sorne questions using was or were.

> (your ho,teugoqid?)

1 (yourroom/comfortable?)
2 (the weather/nice?)

lY*a y,qur hg$gl . 6s.9A?"-. . . . .

r r i r.r. t,i t..,tr....4....

{the streets/full of pgoplg?} ,.'r;r**ire

{the shope/.expensive?)
(thd city/exciting at nightfl

(your flight/OK?)

4
5
6 {the musoutrelinterestingfl
7 (thepeoplet'friendllf)

r....

i a'. t..

r.i...

l:.i,r:ir..r.,ri

a.i

i r i.:.,i

ii.

i;.

i Jji

i r a. i..

jr ir. a. r

....,..,....rr....r:ii.........,r.r..

t_

George and $ally have been married for fifty years. They are talking about their first
house. Use u,6sn't or werent with George's word and was or urere rarith one word from
the bsx to oompl.ele their eorRref,$ation.

nt1y ltalian

>

Georgc The

Georye:

big greqrr eheap qtd

bad

house was wa,rln,

garden wes smsll,

$alIy:No,it'...ir....i:id...i!.-i!:+t|..,.r..';.....rjr
Sally: The ne$bours,\,1/ere French.
George: No, they
George: The llving=rootn was red.
Salty: ' No,
...... ....
Sally: Our flrst chairs were expensive

2
3

T-tre

it

5 George: The kitchen was old.

Sally: No, it......
6 Geo-rge The lEcal shops wsre good.
Put was, wasn't, were or weren'tin the gaps in these conversation*

Julis No, he ('f),..........r..i.

in the offiee. I think hels

s-ich

,.,

Q)... ..... you in South America tast year?

Steve' Yes. I (3)...
in Boliuia:on business, and then my wffe and I (4)
Henry:

in Brazil for a holiday.

'

Mike's hoube in Gornw-all. It was loWllt there. Do rcu,ltnow [,!ike?

Jane: . Yes, |
. at Mike's party in Oxford in the summer.
...... you
12
there?
Paula: No, we weren',t'there, Philip,and I (g),.....,..iri?::: in Portugal in the surnmet:

(7).......

(8)...

1f; Past Simple

We form the Fast Simple of regular verbs by

We form the negative with didn't and the

infinitive (e.g. do, take, dnderstand):

adding -ed to the verb:

I didn't understanil (Nar dld+lt

walk -+ walked watch + watched

open --f opened ask -r asked

+mAergeea)

We form questions with did and the

infinitive (e.g. watch) :

There are some exceptions:

verbs ending with -e:

-d:

live -+

lived

Didyou watch
like -+ liked

-r

-r applied

apply

-ied:

try

--+ tried

most verbs ending $rith one vowel and

one consonant:

-p

-r -pped:

ask me something.

Did you enjoy the concertlast night?

stop --+ stopped

plan --+ planned

with for to talk

about something that continued for a period
of time, and ended in the past:
I liyed in Rome for two years. Then I went

We can use the Past Simple

(For more details on the form of the Past

see Appendix 2 on page 243.)

Simple,

to work in lapan.

Manyverbs have an irregular Past Simple

form:

do

-r

did

have

-+

had

take --+ took

come -) caule

buy --+ bought

find -+ found

ring -+

go --+ went

say

stand

-r

film?

We use the Past Simple to talk about an

aaion or situation in the past which is
finished. We often saywhen it happened
(e.g. yesterday, last night):
Chris phoned me yesterilay. He wanted to

verbs ending with a consonant and -y:

-y

the

-r

stood
rang
aid

(For more details, see Appendix 3,page244.)

Put a tick (/) next to the correct forms of the Past Simple, and cross out those which
are incorrect. You can look at Appendix 3, page 2M, before you do the exercise.

walked./
taked
drank
gave
met
won
leaved

PAGE 22

drinked
wrote
asked
meeted
passed
cryed
swimmed

TENSES: PAST

went
cooked
flew
took
stoped
comed
cried

played
gived
made
left
followed
drove
stopped

13

writed
spent
sended
found
sent
bought
ate

swam
finded
buyed
winned

eated
brought

crossed

a'

!
i

Complete lhe sentences using the Past Simple form and the words in brackets ( ).
> We y.qn1.......... (go) on holiday to Scotland last yean
1 I ................ (take) a taxifrom the airport to the city centre.
2 We ................ (walk) to the park and then we
. (play) tennis.
(say) something to the woman, but she
3 The man in the shop .......
(noUhear) him.

\
i
:
,
:
,',

A I ................

'
.,
..".

5 I ................
6 A: ........
B: No. I

(open) the door.

................ (post) it.

actors

...... (speak) very

quickly.

,.

wornan

(ring) the doorbell and a

(write) a letterto a friend, and then I
(you/understand) the film?
. (try) to understand it, but the

'C

A: ...-.......-..,- (you/buy) some clothes at the market?

B: Yes, I ................ (buy) a pair of trousers and a shirt.
A: ................ (you/enjoy) the festival?
n: Yes. lt ................ (noUrain) and we ................ (listen) to some good music.

Make sentences using the correct form of the Past Simple.

(When/you/finish/your exams?)

(l/waiUfor an houl, but he/noUphone.)

(you/watchlthe news on TV last night?)

4 (Mark/stop/smoking last month, and he/starVplaying tennis again last week.)

""':"""

5 (Helask/me a question, but l/noUknodthe answer)

6 (l/live/there

for a few years, but l/noUlike/the place.)

It's the beginning of a new term at university. Two students, Nick and Eric, are talking
about the summer holidays. Complete their conversation using the correct Past
Simple form of the words in brackets ( ).

Nick: What (>)di4.Vp.,1.4p,........... (you/do) in the summer?

(take) a trip around Europe by train.

Eric: I (1).........
Nick (2)........... ..... (you/go) on your own, or with some friends?
Eric: A couple of friends (3)...........
(come) with me.

Nick: How many countries

Eric:

(5).........

(4)...........

.q',

(you/visit)?

116)..
them,

(go) to six or seven countries.

I
....... (have) a
great time, and I really
(love) all of
,
Nick: Which one
..... (you/like) most?
Eric: Sweden, lthink. I
(enjoy) exploring the marvellous countryside and I
.. (take) lots of photographs.
(you/arrive) back home?
Nick: When
Eric: Last week. I'm still rather tired.

(8)

(7)...........

(9).........
(10).......
(11).........

TENSES: PAST

PAGE 23

11 Past Continuous
We

formthe Past Continuous like this:

Now look at this:

Wen I

wallecd into the room, Anfl was

writingpostcards and lGith was reading.

POSITTVE

I/He/She/It
You/1V'e/They

was )
were J

waiting'

NEGATI\rE
FTJIT FORM SEIORTFORII4f

I/He/She/ft. wasnot wasnt waiting.

)/ou1\ArelTheywerenot weren't waitin[.
.QUESITONS

Was

I/he/she/it I
I

Wereyou/we/they

_..-,*__.
w'ilIngr

(For rules on the spelling of -ing forms

wai Lfg), seeAp;endix 2 oapage}A3.)

We use the Past Simple (walked) for a

completed acLion. We use the Past
Continuous (was
for a:r action
progress in the past.

(e.g.

*ai"g)

Look at this example

,[,: What'were you doing at seven o'dock
last night?
B: I was dirtinghome from work.

6.30
I

7.00

liting in lapan in ZAfi.

{rom 1999 to 2003.)
was

We can use when or while before the Past

Continuous:
I met her whenlwhile we were working for
the same company. (when = duringthe
time)

7.15

G lived there

We can only use when (Nor vAile) before

We use the Past Continuous for an action or

situation that was in progress it a particular
time in the past (e.g. at seven p.m.;in 2001).

in

the Past Simple

When I met her, we wffe working for the
same company. (when = at the time)

Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets ( into the past Continuous.
)

1 I tried to explain my problem to her, but she

(not/listen).
2 He ......
... (talk) on the phone when I arrived.
3 A lot of people
(wait) for the 7.30 bus last night.
4 I .............
(live) in London when I met them.
5 I nearly had an accident this morning. A car
(come) toWards me, but
6

7
I
I

I moved quickly out of the way.

At the end of the first half of the game, they
. (win).
lt was a sunny afternoon and
(sit) on the grass in the park.
Then it suddenly started to rain.
which hotel
.. (you/stay) in when you lost your passport?
Fortunately, I
(not/drive) too fast when the child walked into the road
in front.of me.

PAGE 24 o TENSES: PAST

people

.......
.............

't5

........

(noUrain) any more.

10 I looked out of the window, and I saw that it
(you/do) at three o'clock yesterday afternoon?
11 What

R Describe -what the people in the picture were doing when Rick came into the room.
Use the correct verb from the box in the Past Continuous.

brush watch

listen write

paint sit

rad
eat
play

1 Julie

2
3
4

a sandwich.
Sue and Liz ..........
...... table tennis.
Frank
....... television.
Caroline
on the floor.

5 Barbara
6 Rita
.....:...
7 Alison
8 Ann

a letter.
her hair.
to some music.
a picture.

Look at this information about Shirley and Kevin and complete the sentences about
thern, using the Past Continuous (I was doing) or the Past Simple (I drd).
SHIRLEY

1980-86
1983-86

1986
1986-90
1989
1992
1

2
3

4
E

6
7
8

KEVIN

1982-90
1983-85

lived in New York

studied at university
left university
worked as a translator
met Kevin
married Kevin

lived in Washington
did a course in Computing
1985-1990 worked as a computer operator
met
.
1990-1995 ran his own company
married Shirley

1989
1992

Shirley

ln 1982 Shirley w?g.liyiql...

... in NewYork.
ln 1984 Kevin
.. in Washington.
ln 1984 Shirley ...........
...... at university.
ln 1984 Kevin
.. a course in computing.
When Shirley
....... university in 1986, Kevin .............r,.
as a computer operator
When Kevin
as a translator
... Shirley, she .........
While Shirley
.. as a translator, she .........;.............. Kevin.
ln 1992 Kevin
... his own company.
While he ..........
his own company, Kevin
Shirley.

't6
TENSES: PAST

PAGE 25

12 Past Simple or Past Continuous

n

Compare the Past Simple and the Past Continuous:

Pest Sruprp

Pesr CourrNUous

He talked to her last week

I didn't talkto

He wastalkingto her when I sawhim.

anyone, I was watching the TV.

I wasit talkingto

her yesterday.

Didyoa talkto your

Wereyor talkingtoher before I

sister?

We use the Past Simple to talk about a

complete event in the past:

came?

We use the Past Continuous to talk about an

action that was in progress, when something

else happened:
Lart Saturday, Paul was playing football in the
parkwhenhe saw Jane.

Last Saturday morning Paul playedfootbatl

in the park

fs:l
Paul played football.

Here are some more examples:

On Sunday I made a cake.
It rained alot on Saturday morning.

Here are some more examples:

The phone rangwhile I was making a cake.
Itwas ruiningwhen we left home.

We often use the Past Simple to talk about one

event that followed another event:

In

storywe often use the Past Continuous to

saywhat was in progress, when something

Wen Ann Jamesleft university, she went to

work for a bank She left rhe bank after
five

happened:
Tlte sun was shining. Peoplewere sittingunder

years, and wrote a book which . ,.

the treis or walking around the park. Suddenly

a car drove into the park ...

Use the Pdst Simple and the Past Continuous to make sentences from the words in
brackets ( ).
lh.r.po)iS;C.ar.rtye4.yu.\!tn.t.yu.Ae.\ay.inq.?rn4ff

(The storm/starUwhile/they/drive/home)

fr?I.

2' (l/see/an accidenUwhile/l/waiUfor the bus)

3 iMil;;^;;;;;;;i;;;"",irr*i'ii"iri,"rrt"vn, i"il;;i
>

(l/have/breakfasVwhen/the police/arrive)
!.wae.hayirs.Vrs.eff a.ey.ythewhe.p.qtjss.4rriyedz

4 (My father/coolr/the
5
PAGE 26

dinner/when/he/burn/his fingers)

(The soldierslprepare/to leave/when/the bomb/explode)

TENSES: PAST

17

...-....i,..

"""ir""'

Complete'thes6 texts using the Past Simple or the Past Continuous of the verbs
in brackets ( ).
symphony when he died.
1 Last Saturday Tom wanted to make two salads. He
(make) the first one in
five minutes(make)
the second one when his guests
.
(arrive), and
(help)
him
to finish it.
.
2 The artist
. (design) several houses in Barcelona, Spain. Later he
(start) work on a church. He ................ (work) on the church when he
. (die).
Last month a bank
. (escape) while the police
(take) him
to prison. Later
. (catch) him again, and this time they
(lock) him up without any problem.
Philip's'football team were lucky last saturday. After twenty minutes they
........
(lose), but in the end they
(win) the game by four goals to two.
5 John Lennon ................ (sing) and
(play) on many records with the
Beatles. After that he ................ (record) several songs without the Beages.
He
. (prepare) a new record when Mark chapman
(shoot) him.
6 The evening was getting darker; the street lights
(come) on. people
. (hurry) home after work. I ................ (stand) in a queue at the bus stop.
Suddenly
. (grab) my bag.

........

He
they
Gaudi

robber
they

........

......

......

........

somebody

A policewoman is interviewing-Mary croft about last Friday evening.

Look at the pictures and comflete the conversation. Use the past Simpte
or the Past Continuous of the words in braekets (
).

\rl.vp:l.qpl

What time [)
(you/get) home from work?
At about six o'clock.
And what
(you/do) after you got home?
I read the newspaper
Did anything happen white
...... (read) the paper?
Yes, the phone
i!
What
(you/do) when your husband came home?
Mary:
I was watching TV and I
...... (drink) a cup of coffee.
Policewoman: Did you and your husband stay at home?
Mary:
No, I
(drink) my coffee. Then I put on my raincoat,
and we
(go) out at seven o,ctock.
Policewoman: Why
..... (you/put) your raincoat on?
Mary:
Because it
. (rain), of course.
Policewoman:
Mary:
Policewoman:
Mary:
Policewoman:
Mary:
Policewoman:

(1)...........

(2)...
(3)...........
(ring).
(4)...........
(5)...

(6)
(7')...........
(8)....
(9)........

'18

TENSES: PAST

PAGE 27

n
1 \-/

Present Perfect (1)

We form the Present Perfect using the

present tense of have + a past participle:

We use the Present Perfect:

POSITIYE
Fr./lLF0ntut

sI{oirFoRjvf
I've arrived

I/you have arrived

he/she/ithas arrived
weiyoulthey have arrived

>

to talk about recent actions:

At
At

18.00, Alne arrived home.

18.01, ive can say:

he's arrived

we've arrived

Annehas arrivedhome.

From 18.30 to 19.00, Anne ate her dinner.

At

NEGATIVB

F7.tuFowt

19.01, we can say:

She's

sHoRrFoRM

I/you have not arrived

haven't
he/she/it has not arrived
hasn't
we/you/theyhavenot arrived haven't

eatenher dinner.

to talk about our lives:

QUESTTONS

Have I/you arrived?

Has he/she/it arrived?
Have we/you/they arrived?

I've sailed across the Atlantic.

I've seen gorillas in Africa.
I hayen't danced the Flamenco.

Regular past participles end in -ed or *d:

played travelled arrived

washed

4 When we ask people about their lives, we

(For more regular past parriciples see

Appendix 2,pa9e243.)

often use ever (= atalry time):

Have you ever been to Australia?

M.ny past participles are irregular:

buy --+ bought go

When people talk about their lives, they

sometimes use never (= not at any time):
I've never learnt French,

gone

make -+ made
(For iiregular past participles
3,pageZ4J.)

see

Appendix

Note that ever and never come before the

past participle.

Use short forms (/'ve seen, she's gone) of the Present Perfect to make positive or
negative sentences.

>
>
1

2
3
4
5
6

(He/lose/his passport)
(She/noUseeiher sister)
(We/finish/our work)
(They/buy/a new house)
(They/noUphone/the doctor)
(They/go/to the cinema)
(You/eaVfourbananas!)
(You/noUtake/any photographs)

PAGE28 o TENSES: PAST

19

Now use the Present Perfect to make questions.

il aus.v sv.spqr. !.phr?.

7 (you/bq/to Canada?)
8 (they/cook/our breakfast?)
I (Jane/make/any mistakes?)
10

(we/visiUall the museums?)

B James is talking about his life. Put the correct past participtes in the gaps.
' l've

of beautiful places in my life,

and l've (1)-............... (do) a lot of interesting things. I've
(2)................ (travel) in North and South America, for
(>) ?.q.en.......... (see) a lot

l've

(4)

(drive) across Mexico. I haven't

(5)................ (be) to Argentina, but I've (6)
(work) in Peru and Bolivia. l've
.. (swim) in the
Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Mediterranean
Sea. l've (8)................ (eat) in the best restaurants in paris,

(7)

and I've (9)................ (sing) ltalian songs in Rome. I haven't

(make) much money in my.life, but l've
(meet) a lot of interesting people and I've
(12)................ (take) a lot of wonderfut photographs!

(10)......
(11).,....
C

Read the questions. lf they refer to a recent event, put a tick

someone's life rewrite the sentence using ever.

2
3
4
5
E

Have
Have
Have
Have
Have

av.q.y p.v

e.

ygt

V). ff they refer to

p*qn

p.t g?t1.4yl

.r!

%*.

you bought a newspaper?

you flown in a military aeroplane?
you washed your hands?
you spoken to a prince or princess?
you had anything to drink?

Now write true answers to these questions, using either this morning

N p,.tl,v.". nevp.t

.q?krl.

or never.

p.tp.?hnr,r-, .uea|

2
3

4
5

20
TENSES: PAST

PAGE 29

11 Present Perfect (2)

We use the Present Perfect to talk about

something that happened in the past, but we

do not say exactlywhen it happened:
Ilve seen this flm before. (= before now)

We'v e liv ed here

We often use the Present Perfect in this way

for things that happened in the past, and that
have a result now:
I've seen this film before. I don't want to see
it again now.

for

six months.

since Tuesday

I haven't

She\leftthe company. She doesn't work

there now.

seen Tom since Tuesday.

Gone and been

Look at the difference between these two

We often use the Present Perfect with ever

(= at any time) and never (= at no time):
Haveyou ever met afamous person?
'
He has never worked in a factory-

sentences:,

Hels been to Paris. (= He is now at home

again.)
He's gone

We can use the Present Perfect with for and

since, to talk about situations or actions in a

to Paris. (= He is in Paris now.)

He's been means'he has fiaished his trip'.

He's gone means'he has begun his trip'.

period of time from the past until nowWe

use for with a period of time (e.g. three
months), and since with a point in time (e.g.
Tuesday):

Look at the pictures that show what Jenny has done in her life. Complete the
sentences about her, using the Present Perfect form of the verbs in brackets ( ).

(work) as a secretary and as a schoolteacher.

(live) in Paris since 1991.
(visit) Canada and the USA.
(be) married for four years.
(write) four books.
(climb) Mont Blanc twice.

PAGE 30

21

TENSES: PAST

Complete'the sentences using the Present Perfect form of the verbs in brackets ( ).

1 A: What's that book about?

B: I don't know. I

.............

....

(noUread) it.
I
.... (lose) my pen, Can lborrowyours, please?
My
....... (buy) an expensive new car.
A:
(book) a room here for tonight.
B: Yes madam, what's your name, please?
I
.... (make) some sandwiches. Would you like one?
l'm not sure what the problem with the car is. lt
..... (nouhappen)
beiore.

2 .............
3 father
4 1..........
' 5 .............

6
7

............

A:

..........

....... (yor/reply) to that

letter from the bank?

B: No I haven't, but I'll do it soon.

Write this conversation using the Present Perfect and the words in brackets ( ).
Rob: (you/ever/wanUto work in another country?)

Brian: (Yes, in fact l/worUabroad.)

..........
(l/work/in lreland and in Brazil.)

(What about you?/you/ever/have/a job abroad?)

3

Rob: (No, linever/wanUto leave my home town.)

4

(l/live/here for twenty years, and l/never/thinUof working abroad.)

5

Brian: (Really? Well, l/apply/for another job abroad.)

'

Make sentences with the Present Perfect and foror since.

!.\p.u.e.rl!.plAvel.tiltrl?.p.tnsp;lapLzvfl iyl:r,;.......
(llknow/her/more than ten years.)

2 (l/noUeaUanything/lunchtime.)
..........qt.......

(you/live/in this town/a long time?)

(Jill/be/a good friend/we were at schooltogether:)

(you/see/Jack/the party last week?)

22

TENSES: PAST

PAGE 31

15 Present Perfect (3)

We use just with the Present Perfect to talk
about things that happened a short time
before now:
have + just + PAsr PARTIcIrLE
Ithas ju$rtnished.

Cotid I speak to lane, please? - I'm afraid

shehas justleft.
(= She left a short time ago.)
Is that a good book? - I don't know. I've
just started it.
(= I started it a short time before now.)
Look at this example with already:
Do you want somethingto eat? - No
thanlcs, Tve already eaten.
(= I ate before now.)

W. ure already with the Present Perfect to

emphasize that something happened before
now, or before itwas e4pected to happen. We
use already like this:

have + already + rAST pARTIcTpLE

I've already heard that story.
Here is another example:
Nicola: Is Sarah going to phone you later?
Robert No. She's (= She has) already
phonedme.
(= Sarah phoned before Nicola expected
her to phone.)

yetwith a negative verb to say that

something has not happened, but we think
that it will happen:

We use

ruul

The post hasn't arrived yet.

(= The post has not arrived,

I haven't finished

this work yet.

We use yet in questions to ask whether

something that we expect to happen has
happened:
Have youpaid the bill yet?
(= Perhaps you have not paid the bill, but

you are going to pay it soon.)

Has it stopped rainingyet?
(= Perhaps it has not stopped raining,
but it will stop raining soon.)
Have you found a job yet?
Notice that we usually put yet at the end of a
negative statement or question:
They hawn't replied to nty letter yet. Have
youfound a job yet?

A: What's happening in this programme?

B: I don't know. !!.q lVp|.s.?A*94,........... (lystart).
(l/come) back from my holiday.
A:
B: Did you have a good time?
A: Could I have a copy of Sporfs World, please?
B:
.. (l/sell) the last copy.

.......

Sorry.

A: How's Lucy?
B: She's very

happy.
.. (She/finish) her exams.
A: ...........
...... (l/have) a letterfrom Mike.
B: Oh yris? What did he say?
PAGE 32

TENSES: PAST

it

(= I haven't finished this worh but I will

finish it.)
They hm,en't repiieil to my letter yet.

Complete the dialogues, using jusf and the words in brackets ( ).

Use the Present Perfect.

>

but

probablywill arrive.)

ffi
:r
",ii

ni

ii
f
i
I
,
1
;
,i
n,
ii.

6
7

A: Have you heard from Atison and Frank recenfly?

A: Yes,
.. (they/move) to another town.
A: Have you still got the same car?
A: Would you like something to eat?
B: No, thanks.
...... (l/have) breakfast.

...........

:;

Make sentences using the present perfect with alrea dy

> (l/noUread/today's

or

yet.

newspaper) yet.

I.t:au.qr{.t rp.adlqdaylp.!!eyv.e.p4pqr.ypl.1............

(you/decide/which one.to buy) yet?

2 (l/explain/this to you three times) already.

,i

,.'

(Their baby son/starUtalking) already.

(youlphone/Jane) yet?

5 (The game/noVfinish)

yet.

6 (l/have/lunch) already.
7

(He/spend/all his money) already.

Complete the conversation using just, already or yef and the words in brackets (
).
Put the verbs into the Present perfect

Julia:

Are you having a good time here?

Anna: Yes, I haven't been here long, and {>)l'yp.akqa4v.y.ip.rw.d.......... (l/visit) a lot of
interesting places.

(1)...........
Anna: No, (2).....
Julia:

......

(you/visiUthe Art Gailery/?)

(l/not/do/that), but I'm going to do it.
Julia: What about the theatre?
(you/see/a play!?l
Anna: No, but
...... (l/book/a ticket) for one. lt,s called The Friends.
I rang the theatre five minutes ago. would you like to come with me?
Julia: Thanks, but
.. (l/see/that ptay). I saw it last month.
Anna:
(liread)
in the newspaper that The Adventurers are
......
going to give a concert next week. Do you.like
.{,
Julia: Yes, I do.
(they/make)
good,
..
a really
new record. lt
came out a couple of days ago.
Anna: I really want to get a ticket

(4)...........

(3)........

(S)
(6)...........

them?

(7)

Julia:

(8)...........

...... (they/not/sell/allthe

tickets). But be quick! They're a

very popular group.

24
TENSES: PAST T PAGE 33

16 Past Simple or present perfect

Compare the Past Simple and the present perfect:

We use the Past Simple to talk about

something t}lat happened at a particular time
in the past:

met lohn

atfour o'dock

We use the Present Perfect to talk about the

past but not about when things happened:

When ilid Jane go to India? - In fune.

Martinbought a flew carlastweek

I've met lohn's girlfriend. She's nice.

Have you ever been to India? Yes, I have.
I have never bought a new car.

2 We use the Past Simple for situations or

We use the Present Perfect for situations or

actions during a period of time that sNnro

in the past:
I worked there for fi,vo years. I left last year
,

II
.

IIi rII-:. ::---;:.!ll1:,

past

years.
I worked there rfor two- /--"--

actions during
to rvow:

period of time from the past

He has worked here for two years.

(He still wor}s here.)

We lived in that house

for a long time; then
we moved to this one.

Our company openedtwo new shopslast

summer.

He has worked herc for two years.

We'ye liveil in this

flat since we got married.

(We still live in it.)

We opened two shops last summer. Since then
(= since that time), wehave opened two more.

3 Notice how we often moye from the present

Perfect to the past Simple:

Peter:

.Have you evir

playeil this game

before?

Maria:

Yis, I

played it once when I was in

EngJand.

Peter: Didyou win?

Maria: Nq I losf.

A Gomplete the conversation

sarah:
Jim:
Sarah:
Jim:

Sarah:
Jim:

by choosing the correct form in brackets (

).
(>)tlavg-y.qu.?y\t.V?9.1...,..... (Have you
ever been/Did you ever go) to the united
States?

(1).........i......... (l,ve been/l went) to California last year.

' ,ri
.
...... (Have you tiked/Did you tike) ir?
iel
Yes, (3)
.. (l've enjoyed/l enjoyed) the trip a lot.
What (4)...........
...... (have you done/did you do) there?
(5)""""'..
.-...- (r've visited/r visited) HoilywooJ,'nirr*vrrna and
Yes,

Francisco.
Sarah:

san

(6)""""'..
...... (Have you been/Did you go) to carifornia, sarah?
No, but (7)...........
...... (t've booked/i noorcoy a holiday there. l,ve

got'my ticket and I'm going next week!

PAGE34. TENSES: PAST

Complete the dialogues using the Present Perfect

A: I (>) 94w..........

..

A: We (2)...........
B: (3)
A: Yes, it (4)...........

......

B: Oh really. I (1).....r...

- A: I (5)...........

..

(go) to the theatre last Saturday.

(you/enjoy) the play?
...... (be) very good.

(never/hear) of this group before. Are they famous in iour

country?
B: Ye's, they are very popular. They
for years.

(6)...........

......

..

(10).........
B: Yes, I (11).........

......

(be) famous in my country

(you/do) last weekend?

(stay) at home. I

(9).........

(need) a rest.

(you/ever/win) a competitioni
(win) a photographic competition in 2001.

A:

A: So, John is your best frlend

haveseen) or Past Simple (I saw).

(see) Jack last night.

(notisee) him for months. How is he?

......

A: What (21...........
B: I (8)

(t

.(12).....

at university?
Yes. We

(13).........

(you/meet) him when you were

(be) friends for more than ten years.

Complete this paragraph about the London Underground by putting in the

Present Perfect or Past Simple forms of the verbs in brackets ( ).

THE LONDON UNDERGROUND

(>\he7,hil

(have) an underground train system since the

London
(start) in
nineteenth century. The London Underground
(build) the
1863, when Victorian engineers and workers
Metropolitan railway. This railway line (3)............i...r.......
ir
Paddington Station to Farringdon Street Stationi and steam engines
(pull) the coaches. Eleven more lines
(open) since then. The world's first underground electric
railway (6)...................:.... (open) in 1890. This line (7)...........
(go) from the City of London to Stockwell in South London. The most modern
(open) in 1979. Since the
line is the Jubilee line, which
(begin), many other cities, such as
London Underground
New York and Moscoq
. (build) their own systems.

(1).............
(2)
(go)from

(4)...........
(5)...........

(8)..........

(9)
(10)........

TENSES: PAST

PAGE 35