Alumni Portal
An alumni association is an association of graduates
(alumni) PHP Project or, more broadly, of former students. In the alumni of universities,
colleges, schools, fraternities and sororities
These associations often organize social events; publish newsletters or magazines raise funds for the
organization. Many provide a variety of benefits and services that help alumni maintain connections
to their educational institution and fellow graduates.
Additionally, such groups often support new alumni, and provide a forum to form new friendships
and business relationships with people of similar background. Alumni associations are mainly
organized around universities or departments of universities, but may also be organized among
students that studied in a certain country.
In the past, they were often considered to be the universities or schools old boy network. This project
is aimed at developing a repository for the alumni of the college, which is of importance to a college.
The Repository and Search Engine (RASE) is an Internet based application that can be accessed
throughout the World. Anyone can access the Search Engine to know about any Alumni of that
college but cant able to add. Alumni can only update the database when they are in the college.
Introduction
An alumni association is an association of graduates (alumni) or, more
broadly, of former students. In the alumni of universities, colleges, schools, fraternities and sororities
often form groups with alumni from the same organization. These associations often organize social
events; publish newsletters or magazines raise funds for the organization. Many provide a variety of
benefits and services that help alumni maintain connections to their educational institution and fellow
graduates. Additionally, such groups often support new alumni, and provide a forum to form new
friendships and business relationships with people of similar background.
Alumni associations are mainly organized around universities or departments of universities,
but may also be organized among students that studied in a certain country. In the past, they were
often considered to be the universities or schools old boy network. Today, alumni associations
involve graduates of all age groups and demographics.
This project is aimed at developing a repository for the alumni of the college, which is of
importance to a college. The Repository and Search Engine (RASE) is an Internet based application
that can be accessed throughout the World. Anyone can access the Search Engine to know about any
Alumni of that college but cant able to add. Alumni can only update the database when they are in
the college.
The project is envisaged to be completed in two phases. The initial phase will be the creation
of a simple system that will be used to capture data from current final year students before the end of
term. The second phase of development will extend the functionality of the system to allow past
alumni to register.
1.1 overview of project
An alumni association is an association of graduates (alumni) PHP
Project or, more broadly, of former students. In the alumni of universities, colleges,
schools, fraternities and sororities
These associations often organize social events; publish newsletters or magazines raise funds for the
organization. Many provide a variety of benefits and services that help alumni maintain connections
to their educational institution and fellow graduates.
Additionally, such groups often support new alumni, and provide a forum to form new friendships
and business relationships with people of similar background. Alumni associations are mainly
organized around universities or departments of universities, but may also be organized among
students that studied in a certain country.
In the past, they were often considered to be the universities or schools old boy network. This project
is aimed at developing a repository for the alumni of the college, which is of importance to a college.
The Repository and Search Engine (RASE) is an Internet based application that can be accessed
throughout the World. Anyone can access the Search Engine to know about any Alumni of that
college but cant able to add. Alumni can only update the database when they are in the college.
An alumni association is an association of graduates (alumni) or, more broadly, of former students. In
the alumni of universities, colleges, schools, fraternities and sororities often form groups with alumni
from the same organization. These associations often organize social events; publish newsletters or
magazines raise funds for the organization. Many provide a variety of benefits and services that help
alumni maintain connections to their educational institution and fellow graduates. Additionally, such
groups often support new alumni, and provide a forum to form new friendships and business
relationships with people of similar background.
Alumni associations are mainly organized around universities or departments of universities,
but may also be organized among students that studied in a certain country. In the past, they were
often considered to be the universities or schools old boy network. Today, alumni associations
involve graduates of all age groups and demographics.
This project is aimed at developing a repository for the alumni of the college, which is of
importance to a college. The Repository and Search Engine (RASE) is an Internet based application
that can be accessed throughout the World. Anyone can access the Search Engine to know about any
Alumni of that college but cant able to add. Alumni can only update the database when they are in
the college.
The project is envisaged to be completed in two phases. The initial phase will be the creation
of a simple system that will be used to capture data from current final year students before the end of
term. The second phase of development will extend the functionality of the system to allow past
alumni to register.
Modules
Here mainly modules
Administrator Module
Staff Module
User Module
Administrator Module
Administrator Module it mainly contain all activities of administrator .It include
He has the right to keep all details of staffs students who currently works over ther and passout
batches etc
Staff Module
Every staffs who work in this system having username and password. He can the right to maintain
the details of alumni etc..
User Module
Here every persons who connect to the institutes are users in the system . He can be
always touch with they college
1.2 software features
Features of PHP Development :
Beginners find PHP development easier to learn its basics. It is used for developing dynamic
tools and several purposes such as web and custom applications as well as CMS, and chat software. It
works well in HTML. It creates outstanding features compared to other programming languages such
as .Net, Java, etc. PHP programming is very useful in the open source development such as
WordPress, Zen Cart, Joomla, Magento, and OsCommerce, etc.
PHP was originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995. The main implementation of PHP is
now produced by The PHP Group and serves as the formal reference to the PHP language. PHP is
free software released under the PHP License, which is incompatible with the GNU General Public
License (GPL) due to restrictions on the usage of the term PHP. While PHP originally stood for
"Personal Home Page", it is now said to stand for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor", a recursive
acronym.
PHP web development includes the following services supportive of creating efficient and
high-ranking web pages and applications:
PHP web programming
PHP application development
PHP web application development
Custom PHP application development
PHP e-commerce solution
Zend PHP development
CakePHP development
Characteristics of PHP :
As you may have realized, the PHP language revolves around the central theme of practicality.
PHP is about providing the programmer with the necessary tools to get the job done in a quick and
efficient fashion. Five important characteristics make PHPs practical nature possible:
Familiarity
Simplicity
Efficiency
Security
Flexibility
Familiarity
Programmers from many backgrounds will find themselves already accustomed to the PHP
language. Many of the languages constructs are borrowed from C and Perl, and in many cases PHP
code is almost indistinguishable from that found in the typical C or Pascal program. This minimizes
the learning curve considerably.
Simplicity
A PHP script can consist of 10,000 lines or one line: whatever you need to get the job done.
There is no need to include libraries, special compilation directives, or anything of the sort. The PHP
engine simply begins executing the code after the first escape sequence (<?) and continues until it
passes the closing escape sequence (?>). If the code is syntactically correct, it will be executed
exactly as it is displayed.
Efficiency
Efficiency is an extremely important consideration for working in a multiuser environment
such as the WWW. PHP 4.0 introduced resource allocation mechanisms and more pronounced
support for object-oriented programming, in addition to session management features. Reference
counting has also been introduced in the latest version, eliminating unnecessary memory allocation.
Security
PHP provides developers and administrators with a flexible and efficient set of security
safeguards. These safeguards can be divided into two frames of reference: system level and
application level.
System-Level Security Safeguards
PHP furnishes a number of security mechanisms that administrators can manipulate,
providing for the maximum amount of freedom and security when PHP is properly configured. PHP
can be run in what is known as safe mode, which can limit users attempts to exploit the PHP
implementation in many important ways. Limits can also be placed on maximum execution time and
memory usage, which if not controlled can have adverse affects on server performance. Much as with
a cgi-bin folder, administrators can also place restrictions on the locations in which users can view
and execute PHP scripts and use PHP scripts to view guarded server information, such as the passwd
file.
Back End
My SQL :
MySQL database has become the world's most popular Open source database because of
its consistency, fast performance, high reliability and ease of use. It has also become the database of
choice for a new generation of applications built on the LAMP stack (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP /
Perl / Python). MySQL runs on more than 20 platforms including Linux, Windows, OS/X, HP-UX,
AIX, Netware, giving you the kind of flexibility that puts you in control. MySQL offers a
comprehensive range of certified software, support, training and consulting.
MySQL is a multithreaded, multi-user SQL Database Management System. My SQL's
implementation of a relational database is an abstraction on top of a computers file system. The
relational database abstraction allows collection of data items to be organized as a set of formally
described tables. Data can be accessed or reassembled from these tables in many different ways,
which do not require any reorganization of the database tables themselves.
Relational database speak SQL (Structured Query Language). SQL is a standard interactive
programming language for getting information from and updating a relational database. Although
SQL itself is both an ANSI and an ISO standard, many database products support SQL with
proprietary extensions to the standard language. MySQL's extensions to SQL are not proprietary,
since MySQL's code is kept free (as in the user's library to use hte code) by the GPL. SQL queries
take the form of a command language that lets you select, insert, update, find out the location of data,
and so forth.
MySQL can be built and installed manually from source code, but this can be tedious so it is more
commonly installed from a binary package unless special customizations are required. On most
Linux distributions the package management system can download and install MySQL with minimal
effort, though further configuration is often required to adjust security and optimization settings.
Though MySQL began as a low-end alternative to more powerful proprietary databases, it has
gradually evolved to support higher-scale needs as well. It is still most commonly used in small to
medium scale single-server deployments, either as a component in a LAMP-based web application or
as a standalone database server. Much of MySQL's appeal originates in its relative simplicity and ease
of use, which is enabled by an ecosystem of open source tools such as phpMyAdmin. In the medium
range, MySQL can be scaled by deploying it on more powerful hardware, such as a multi-processor
server with gigabytes of memory.
There are however limits to how far performance can scale on a single server, so on larger
scales, multi-server MySQL deployments are required to provide improved performance and
reliability. A typical high-end configuration can include a powerful master database which handles
data write operations and is replicated to multiple slaves that handle all read operations. The master
server synchronizes continually with its slaves so in the event of failure a slave can be promoted to
become the new master, minimizing downtime. Further improvements in performance can be
achieved by caching the results from database queries in memory using memcached, or breaking
down a database into smaller chunks called shards which can be spread across a number of
distributed server clusters. A typical high-end configuration can include a powerful master database
which handles data write operations and is replicated to multiple slaves that handle all read
operations. The master server synchronizes continually with its slaves so in the event of failure a
slave can be promoted to become the new master, minimizing downtime.
My SQL Features :
Very fast and much reliable for any type of application.
Very lightweight application.
Command line tool is very powerful and can be used to run SQL queries against database.
Supports indexing and binary objects.
Allows changing the structure of table while server is running.
It has a wide user base.
It is a very fast thread-based memory allocation system
BACK-END SELECTION
Multiple user support
Efficient data handling
Provide inherent features for security
Efficient data retrieval and maintenance
Easy to install
MySQL stands for "My Structured Query Language". The program runs as a server providing
multi-user access to a number of databases. MySQL is used in web application and acts as the
database component of the WAMP software stack. Its popularity for use with web applications is
closely tied to the popularity of PHP, which is often combined with MySQL.
WAMP
Acronym for Windows/Apache/MySQL/PHP, Python, (and/or) PERL
The acronym WAMP refers to a set of free (open source) applications, combined with
Microsoft Windows, which are commonly used in Web server environments. The WAMP stack
provides developers with the four key elements of a Web server: an operating system, database, Web
server and Web scripting software. The combined usage of these programs is called a server stack. In
this stack, Microsoft Windows is the operating system (OS), Apache is the Web server, MySQL
handles the database components, while PHP, Python, or PERL represents the dynamic scripting
languages.
WampServer is a Windows web development environment. It allows you to create web
applications with Apache2, PHP and a MySQL database. Alongside, PhpMyAdmin allows you to
manage easily your databases.
WampServer installs automatically all you need to start developing web applications and is
very intuitive to use. You will be able to tune your server without even touching the setting files.
Functionalities
WampServers functionalities are very complete and easy to use so we wont explain here
how to use them.
With a left click on WampServers icon, you will be able to:
manage your Apache and MySQL services
switch online/offline (give access to everyone or only localhost)
install and switch Apache, MySQL and PHP releases
manage your servers settings
access your logs
access your settings files
create alias
With a right click :
change WampServers menu language
access this page
Why We Use WAMP:
Here, we will use WAMP for web server for windows platform. So why WAMP?,
Configure your server in just one click !
Manage your Apache and MySQL services very easily
Switch online/offline (give access to everyone or only localhost)
Install and switch Apache, MySQL and PHP releases
Manage your servers settings
Access your logs
Access your settings files
Create alias
Go root directory in just one click !
In LINUX Operating System we use LAMP
2.SYSTEM ANALYSIS
System analysis is the reduction of the entire system by studying
the various operations performed and the relationship with the system and the requirement of its
successor. A system can be defined as an orderly grouping of independent component linked together
according to a plan to achieve a specific objective.
System analysis is the term used to describe the process of collecting and analyzing facts in
respect of existing operation of the situation prevailing so that an effective computerized System may
be designed and implemented of proved feasible. It also diagnosis the problems and using that
information recommends improvement to the system.System analysis may be considered as an
interface between the actual problem and computer. Before a computer can perform, it is necessary to
investigations are called System analyst. System analysis also embraces System design which is an
activity concerned with the design of a computerized application based on the facts disclosed during
the analysis stage. The same person who knows as the system analyst carries out both activities.
System analysis itself breaks into two stages: preliminary and detailed. During the preliminary
analysis, the analyst lists the objectives of the proposed system. The findings come together in the
preliminary report. Once the preliminary report is approved, the system analysis advances into the
second stage, detailed analysis. During this stage, the required data and information are collected and
a detailed study is made.
In a detailed manner, the process can be described in the following way. The area of work in
which the computer may be used, needs to be set down and its boundaries defined. Before
improvement of any existing system is attempted, it is necessary to investigate the system, to find out
facts about it. The system analyst needs to know what is done now, or may need to be done in the
future. He needs to know why things are done in certain ways. Analyst seeks answers to questions
about the existing system. The systems analyst initially outlines the problem at hand and once proved
feasible to develop the proposed system.
Existing System
Existing System: Many institutions, colleges and universities maintain the information
manually about present and past students. This does not allow efficient data
management and retrieval process. A student willing to get information about others
has to approach the college and obtain the details. Often the information may not be
available and misleading.
It is very tough to find and locate the old students of a particular institution and
gather them using the college records. Searching for the particular batch students is a time taking
process.
PROBLEMS IN EXISTING SYSTEM
Conventional process:
In the conventional process to maintain the alumni is a very big task because it is
difficult to get the details of the former students manually. Even the collected details storage is
also a big problem because collecting the details manually and storage is also big problem.
The modified details of the members cannot be updated:Though we have collected the details of the former students with taking so much time
if there is any modification in their details further we cannot modify their details.
PROPOSED SYSTEM:
To overcome all the drawbacks of the existing system we go for automate alumni
software in which all the data of the members are updated automatically by the student itself. This
modification will be updated only with proper validation of the student. Even the searching for a
particular student is done very easily using this software.
Compare to the conventional process the time consumed is very less, and even the data
can be stored securely in large amounts. Even the details of the former students can be retrived easly
in less time.
2.3 feasibility syudy
Dependingontheresultsoftheinitialinvestigationthesurveyisnowexpandedto
amoredetailedfeasibilitystudy.FEASIBILITYSTUDYisatestofsystemproposalaccording
toitsworkability,impactoftheorganization,abilitytomeetneedsandeffectiveuseofthe
resources.Itfocusesonthesemajorquestions:
1. Whataretheusersdemonstrableneedsandhowdoesacandidatesystemmeetthem?
2. Whatresourcesareavailableforgivencandidatesystem?
3. Whatarethelikelyimpactsofthecandidatesystemontheorganization?
4. Whetheritisworthtosolvetheproblem?
During feasibility analysis for this project, following primary areas of interest are to be
considered. Investigation and generating ideas about a new system does this. Steps in
feasibility analysis Eight steps involved in the feasibility analysis are: Form a project
team and appoint a project leader. Prepare system flowcharts. Enumerate potential
proposed system. Define and identify characteristics of proposed system. Determine
and evaluate performance and cost effective of each proposed system. Weight system
performance and cost data. Select the best-proposed system. Prepare and report final
project directive to management.
12
Technicalfeasibility
Astudyofresourceavailabilitythatmayaffecttheabilitytoachieveanacceptablesystem.This
evaluationdetermineswhetherthetechnologyneededfortheproposedsystemisavailableornot.
Cantheworkfortheprojectbedonewithcurrentequipmentexistingsoftwaretechnology&
availablepersonal?
Canthesystembeupgradedifdeveloped?
Ifnewtechnologyisneededthenwhatcanbedeveloped?
Thisisconcernedwithspecifyingequipmentandsoftwarethatwillsuccessfullysatisfytheuser
requirement.Thetechnicalneedsofthesystemmayinclude:
Frontendandbackendselection
Animportantissueforthedevelopmentofaprojectistheselectionofsuitablefrontendandbackend.
Whenwedecidedtodeveloptheprojectwewentthroughanextensivestudytodeterminethemost
suitableplatformthatsuitstheneedsoftheorganizationaswellashelpsindevelopmentoftheproject.
Theaspectsofourstudyincludedthefollowingfactors.
Frontendselection:
1. ItmusthaveagraphicaluserinterfacethatassistsemployeesthatarenotfromITbackground.
2. Scalabilityandextensibility.
3. Flexibility.
4. Robustness.
5. Accordingtotheorganizationrequirementandtheculture.
6. Mustprovideexcellentreportingfeatureswithgoodprintingsupport.
7. Platformindependent.
8. Easytodebugandmaintain.
9. Eventdrivenprogrammingfacility.
10.FrontendmustsupportsomepopularbackendlikeMysql.Accordingtotheabove
statedfeaturesweselectedPHPasthefrontendfordevelopingourproject.
13
BackendSelection:
1. Multipleusersupport.
2. Efficientdatahandling.
3. Provideinherentfeaturesforsecurity.
4. Efficientdataretrievalandmaintenance.
5. Storedprocedures.
6. Popularity.
7. OperatingSystemcompatible.
8. Easytoinstall.
9. Variousdriversmustbeavailable.
10. EasytoimplantwiththeFrontend.
AccordingtoabovestatedfeaturesweselectedMysqlasthebackend.
Thetechnicalfeasibilityisfrequentlythemostdifficultareaencounteredatthisstage.Itisessential
thattheprocessofanalysisanddefinitionbeconductedinparallelwithanassessmenttotechnical
feasibility.Itcentersontheexistingcomputersystem(hardware,softwareetc.)andtowhatextentit
cansupporttheproposedsystem.
Economicalfeasibility
EconomicjustificationisgenerallytheBottomLine
consideration for most systems. Economic justification includes a broad range of concerns that
includescostbenefitanalysis.Inthisweweightthecostandthebenefitsassociatedwiththecandidate
systemandifitsuitsthebasicpurposeoftheorganizationi.e.profitmaking,theprojectismakingto
theanalysisanddesignphase.
Thefinancialandtheeconomicquestionsduringtpreliminary
investigationareverifiedtoestimatethefollowing:
Thecosttoconductafullsysteminvestigation.
14
Thecostofhardwareandsoftwarefortheclassofapplicationbeingconsidered.
Thebenefitsintheformofreducedcost.
Theproposedsystemwillgivetheminuteinformation,asaresulttheperformance
isimprovedwhichinturnmaybeexpectedtoprovideincreasedprofits.
Thisfeasibilitycheckswhetherthesystemcanbedevelopedwiththeavailablefunds.
TheEdistributersystemdoesnotrequireenormousamountofmoneytobedeveloped.
Thiscanbedoneeconomicallyifplannedjudicially,soitiseconomicallyfeasible.The
costofprojectdependsuponthenumberofmanhoursrequired.
OperationalFeasibility
Itismainlyrelatedtohumanorganizationsandpoliticalaspects.Thepointstobe
consideredare:
Whatchangeswillbebroughtwiththesystem?
Whatorganizationstructuresaredisturbed?
Whatnewskillswillberequired?Dotheexistingstaffmembershavetheseskills?
Ifnot,cantheybetrainedinduecourseoftime?
ThesystemisoperationallyfeasibleasitveryeasyfortheEnduserstooperateit.Itonly
needsbasicinformationaboutWindowsplatform.
Schedulefeasibility
Timeevaluationisthemostimportantconsiderationinthedevelopmentofproject.Thetime
schedulerequiredforthedevelopedofthisprojectisveryimportantsincemoredevelopment
timeeffectmachinetime,costandcausedelayinthedevelopmentofothersystems.
3.SYSTEM SPECIFICATION
3.1 hardware specification
The selection of the hardware is very important in the existence and proper functioning of
any software, when selecting hardware, the size and capacity requirements are also important.
Processor
Intel Pentium IV
Memory
2 GB RAM
Hard Disk Drive
50 GB
Key Board
104 keys
Monitor
15 SVGA Digital Color Monitor
3.2sofrware specification
One of the most difficult tasks is selecting software; once the system
requirement is found then we have to determine whether a particular software package fits for
those system requirement. This section summarizes the application requirements are as follows
Development Platform
:Windows 7
Front-End Tool (Web based App) :, HTML
IDE
Server
:Eclipse
:Wamp
Back-End Tool (Database Layer)
Documentation
:Mysql
:Microsoft Word 2010
4.SYSTEM STUDY
A Data flow Diagram module a system by using External entities from which data
flows to a process,which transforms the data and creates output data,which flows through other
processes or external entities.Its main advantage is that it can provide an overview of the
system,the transformation of data under gone ,the files that are used and the databstore of the
output data.The graphical representation of the system makes it good communication tool
between user and analyst.
A Data Flow Diagram has a purpose clarifying system requirements and identifying major
transformation that will become programs in the system design .It is the stating point of the
design phase that functionally decomposes the requirement specification down to the lowest
level of detail.DFD describes what data flow is rather than how they are processed .So it does not
depend on hardware ,software ,data structure or file organization .A DFD typically shows
minimum contents of data stores.Each data store should contain all the data elements that flow in
and out
A data flow diagram is graphical tool used to describe and analyze movement of data through a
system. These are the central tool and the basis from which the other components are developed. The
transformation of data from input to output, through processed, may be described logically and
independently of physical components associated with the system. These are known as the logical data
flow diagrams. The physical data flow diagrams show the actual implements and movement of data
between people, departments and workstations. A full description of a system actually consists of a set of
data flow diagrams. Using two familiar notations Yourdon, Gane and Sarson notation develops the data
flow diagrams. Each component in a DFD is labeled with a descriptive name. Process is further identified
with a number that will be used for identification purpose. The development of DFDS is done in several
levels. Each process in lower level diagrams can be broken down into a more detailed DFD in the next
level. The lop-level diagram is often called context diagram. It consists a single process bit, which plays
vital role in studying the current system. The process in the context level diagram is exploded into other
process at the first level DFD.
The idea behind the explosion of a process into more process is that understanding at one level of
detail is exploded into greater detail at the next level. This is done until further explosion is necessary and
an adequate amount of detail is described for analyst to understand the process.
Larry Constantine first developed the DFD as a way of expressing system requirements in a
graphical from, this lead to the modular design.
A DFD is also known as a bubble Chart has the purpose of clarifying system requirements and
identifying major transformations that will become programs in system design. So it is the starting point
of the design to the lowest level of detail. A DFD consists of a series of bubbles joined by data flows in
the system.
DFD SYMBOLS:
In the DFD, there are four symbols
1. A square defines a source(originator) or destination of system data
2. An arrow identifies data flow. It is the pipeline through which the information
flows
3. A circle or a bubble represents a process that transforms incoming data flow into
outgoing data flows.
4. An open rectangle is a data store, data at rest or a temporary repository of data
Process that transforms data flow.
Source or Destination of data
Data flow
Data Store
0 th Leavel DFD
Aluminiportal
View interviews
User
Login
Login
Details
Admin
1st Leavel DFD
Super Admin
Username & password Login
Batch
Admin
View
registrations
Login_tbl
Company_tbl
Registration_tbl
Updates
Updates_tbl
Select
Secretory
Batch
Management
Registratin_tbl
User
Register
Reg_tbl
User
Login
View
2 nd Leavel
Meeting
meeting_tbl
events
View
events_tbl
Results
Results_tbl
5.1 TABLES
Login
Primary key: id
Sl no
1
Field Name
id
Data Type
Int
Size
11
Description
Unique id
username
Varchar
30
User name
password
Varchar
30
Password
type
10
Usertype
varchar
Student Registration
Primary key: id
Sl no
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Field Name
Username
Address
Phno
Email
Password
Cpass
Type
batch
College Details
Primary key: college id
Data Type
Int
Varchar
Varchar
Varchar
Varchar
Varchar
Varchar
varchar
Size
11
30
30
10
30
30
30
30
Description
username
Address
Mobile no
Email of user
Password
R-enter
Type
varchar
Sl no
1
2
3
4
5
9
Field Name
College id
Collegename
Course
branch
Duration
pic
Data Type
Int
Varchar
Varchar
Varchar
Varchar
Varchar
Size
11
30
30
30
30
30
Description
Unique identification
College name
Course
Branch name
Duration
College picture
Staff Details
Primary key: Payment id
Sl no
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Field Name
Data Type
Siz
Description
Int
Varchar
Varchar
Varchar
varchar
Varchar
Varchar
e
11
30
100
11
20
40
50
Unique id
Name of Staff
Date of joining
Address
Salary
Mobile number
Email
Field Name
Data Type
Siz
Description
M_ id
Date
Place
Batch
Co_num
email
Int
date
varchar
Varchar
varchar
Varchar
e
11
30
100
11
20
50
Unique id
Date
Place
batch
number
Email
Staff id
Name
Doj
Address
Salary
Phno
email
Meeting Details
Primary key: Payment id
Sl no
1
2
3
4
5
7
5.2 INPUT DESIGN
Input Design During input design developers must consider the input devices (e.g.,
desktop PC, PDA) to be used, all input fields identified earlier during analysis (e.g., via entity
attributes and data flows that cross system boundaries), and any necessary input controls.
Note that the listed input devices may also be output devices. Some of these devices (e.g.,
Web-enabled cell phones) require special accommodations because they use non-standard
data streams such as wireless markup language. The input data flows on the DFD are
translated to input modules and data couples in the structure chart; these data couples are the
inputs that feed the data stores in the system. Each input form is associated with a data
flow entering a process on a DFD.
Automating input (e.g., via barcode scanning) reduces the chance of human error
during data input. Direct system-to-system links improves throughput and reduces errors
caused by data reentry, but increases the importance of controls because an internal system
has been opened up to a trading partner. After identifying devices, input fields, and controls,
the developers consider the format for those inputs through forms/input screens, and the
dialog or interaction that must go on between the user and the system. Development
languages include component libraries to speed the development of screens and reports.
Design inputs are typically the initial requirements that describe the medical device to
be produced. Input mechanisms facilitate the entry of data into the computer system, whether
highly structured data, such as order information (e.g., item numbers, quantities, costs), or
unstructured information (e.g., comments). Input design means designing the screens used to
enter the information, as well as any forms on which users write or type information (e.g.,
time cards, expense claims).
The goal of input design is to capture accurate information for the system simply and
easily. The fundamental principles for input design reflect the nature of the inputs (whether
batch or online) and ways to simplify their collection.
5.3 OUTPUT DESIGN
When the design input has been reviewed and the design input requirements are
determined to be acceptable, an iterative process of translating those requirements into a
device design begins. The first step is conversion of the requirements into system or highlevel specifications. Thus, these specifications are a design output. Upon verification that the
high-level specifications conform to the design input requirements, they become the design
input for the next step in the design process, and so on.
Output Design during output design developers determine the type of outputs needed,
consider necessary output controls, and prototype report layouts. Required reports are
identified during analysis (e.g., DFD data flows that cross the boundary of the automated
system). Output forms or reports are a reflection of data flows produced by a process on a
DFD. Users will decide on the mix of reporting formats printed versus screen versions.
Flexible reporting tools allow users to create their own queries and reports, thus reducing the
need to identify every possible report and every specific report format that may be needed by
users as they implement the new system.
Design outputs are the results of the design and engineering efforts. These are normally
the final specifications for the device. Including the manufacturing process and the incoming, in-process and finished device inspection, measurement or test methods and criteria.
The outputs are normally documented in models, drawings, engineering analysis and other
documents. The output needs to be directly traceable to the input requirements. Design
verification and validation should demonstrate that the final output specifications conform to
the input requirements and meet user needs and intended uses.
