3rd Topic
Differential Equations of First order
Homogeneous Equations
(Reduction to a Separable Form)
Prepared by:
Dr. Sunil
NIT Hamirpur (HP)
(Last updated on 01-02-2011)
Homogeneous Differential Equation:
A differential equation of the form
dy f x , y
,
dx x, y
is called a homogeneous differential equation if f x, y and x, y are
homogeneous functions of the same degree in x and y.
Now, since f x, y and x, y are homogeneous functions of the same
degree in x and y, then a homogeneous differential equation can also be
written as
dy
y
g .
dx
x
Method to solve a homogeneous differential equation :
Given differential equation is
dy
y
g .
dx
x
Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur
(i)
vx
(ii)
dy
dv
in the given differential equation, we get
vx
dx
dx
Put y vx , and then
dv
g ( v) , which reduces to a separable equation.
dx
Separating the variables v and x, we get
dv
dx
.
g ( v) v
x
(iii) Integrating on both sides, we get the required solution.
(iv) At last, replace v by
dv
dx
c
g ( v) v
x
y
, in the solution obtained in (iii).
x
Now let us solve some homogeneous differential equations
Homogeneous differential equations: 19 (solved)
Home assignments: 20 problems
Q.No.1.: Solve x 2 y2 dx xydy 0 .
dy x 2 y 2
dx
xy
Sol.: Given equation is
y2
x2 ,
y
x
(i)
which is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.
Putting y vx , then
dy
dv
.
vx
dx
dx
Equation (i) becomes
vx
Separating the variables, we get
dv 1 v 2
dv 1 v 2
1 2v 2
.
v
dx
v
dx
v
v
v
1 2v
dv
dx
.
x
Integrating both sides, we get
v
1 2v
dv
1
4v
dx
dx
1
c
c log 1 2v 2 log x c
dv
2
4 1 2v
x
x
4
4 log x log 1 2v2 4c log x 4 1 2v 2 4c
Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur
2 y 2
x 1 2 e 3c c (where c' 4c )
x 2 x 2 2 y 2 c .
This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.
x
Q.No.2.: Solve 1 e x / y dx e x / y 1 dy 0 .
y
x
e x / y 1
dx
y,
dy
1 ex / y
Sol.: The given equation can be written as
(i)
which is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.
Putting x vy , then
dx
dv
vy .
dy
dy
Equation (i) becomes
vy
dv
e v 1 v
dy
1 ev
dv
e v 1 v
e v 1 v v 1 e v
v ev
.
dy
1 ev
1 ev
1 ev
Separating the variables, we get
dy 1 e v
d v ev
.
dv
y
v ev
v ev
Integrating both sides, we get
dy
d v ev
ve
log y log v e v c y v e v ec x yex / y c [say].
This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.
Q.No.3.: Solve the differential equation 2xy.
dy
3y 2 x 2 .
dx
dy 3y 2 x 2
dy
2
2
Sol.: Here the given equation is 2xy.
,
3y x
dx
dx
2 xy
which is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.
Putting y vx , then
dy
dv
.
vx
dx
dx
(i)
Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur
Equation (i) becomes
v x.
dv 3v 2 x 2 x 2 3v 2 1
2v
dx
2vx 2
dv 3v 2 1 2 v 2 v 2 1
.
x
dx
2v
2v
Separating the variables, we get
2vdv
1 v
dx
x
Integrating both sides, we get
2vdv
1 v2
x 2 y2
x3
1 v2
dx
log c
log c log 1 v 2 log x log c log
x
x
x 2 y 2 cx3 .
This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.
Q.No.4.: Solve the differential equation x 2 2 y 2 dx xydy 0 .
Sol.: The given equation is
dy x 2 2 y
,
dx
xy
(i)
which is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.
Put y vx , then
dy
dv
.
vx
dx
dx
Equation (i) becomes
vx
Separating the variables, we get
dv 1 2 v 2
1 2v 2 v 2
dv x 2 2v 2 x 2
x
v
.
dx
v
v
dx
vx 2
v
1 v
dv
2
dx
.
x
Integrating both sides, we get
1 2v
1
dx
log c log 1 v 2 log x log c
.dv
2
2 1 v
2
x
y 2
log 1 v 2 log x 2 log c 2 1 v 2 x 2 c1 1 x 2c1
x
x 2 y2 cx 4 .
This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.
Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur
Q.No.5.: Solve the differential equation xdy ydx x 2 y 2 dx .
Sol.: The given equation is xdy ydx x 2 y 2 dx
dy x 2 y 2 y
.
dx
x
(i)
Since given equation is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.
Putting y vx , then
dy
dv
.
vx
dx
dx
Equation (i) becomes
dy
dx
x 2 y2 y
dv
dv
v x.
1 v 2 v x.
1 v2 .
x
dx
dx
Separating the variables, we get
dv
1 v2
dx
.
x
Integrating both sides, we get
dv
1 v
Putting v
dx
log c log v 1 v 2 log x log c v 1 v 2 xc .
x
y
, we get
x
y
y2
1 2 xc y x 2 y 2 x 2 cx 2 .
x
x
This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.
Q.No.6.: Solve the differential equation x 2 y 2 dx 2xydy .
Sol.: The given equation is x 2 y 2 dx 2xydy
dy x 2 y 2
.
dx 2 xy
(i)
which is a homogeneous differential equation in x and y.
Putting y vx , so that
dy
dv
.
vx
dx
dx
Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations
Equation (i) becomes
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur
dv x 2 x 2 v 2 1 v 2
2v
dx
2x 2 v
tx
1 3v 2
dv 1 v 2
.
v
2v
dx
2v
2vdv
Separating the variables, we get
Integrating both sides, we get
1 3v 2
2vdv
1 3v
dx
.
x
dx
log c
x
(ii)
1
Putting y 1 3v 2 dy 6 vdv vdv dy , we get
6
1 dy
1
log x log c log xc log y log xc y1 / 3 xc .
3
3
y
1 3t
2 1 / 3
Putting y 1 3t 2 in above equation, we get
xc .
y
Putting t in above equation, we get
x
3y 2
1
1 / 3
x 2 3y 2
xc
x2
x2
x c
x 3y
x 3c x x 2 3y 2
1
c
x x 2 3y 2 c .
This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.
Q.No.7.: Solve the differential equation y 2 2xy dx x 2 2xy dy
Sol.: Here the given equation is
dy y2 2xy
,
dx x 2 2xy
which is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.
Put y vx , then
dy
dv
.
vx
dx
dx
Equation (i) becomes
vx
dv v 2 2 v v 2 v 2
.
dx
1 2v
dv v 2 x 2 2vx 2 v2 2v
dv v 2 2 v
dx
1 2v
dx
1 2v
x 2 2xy
(i)
Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur
1 2v
Separating the variables, we get
3v v
dv
dx
.
x
Integrating both sides, we get
1 2v 1
dx
1
dv
log c log v 2 v log x log c
2
3 v v
x
3
y2 y
log v 2 v log x 3 log c3 log v 2 v x 3 log c 3 2 x 3 c 3
x
x
yx x 3
x2
c 3
x 3 y 2 yx
x2
c xyy x c .
1
This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.
Q.No.8.: Solve the differential equation x 2 ydx x 3 y3 dy 0 .
Sol.: The given equation is x 2 ydx x 3 y3 dy 0
dy
x 2y
,
3
dx x y3
(i)
which is a homogeneous differential equation in x and y.
Putting y vx , so that
Equation (i) becomes
dy
dv
.
vx
dx
dx
dv
x 3v
v
3
3
dx x 1 v
1 v3
vx
dv
v
v4
.
dx 1 v3
1 v3
Separating the variables, we get
Integrating both sides, we get
v 4dv
1 v3
dy dx .
v4
x
dx
1 1
log c
4 dv
v
x
v
v 3
1
dx
log v log x log c
dv
log c
v
x
3
1 1
1 x3
v 3
log
cy
log vx log c log c log y
3 v3
3 y3
3
Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur
3
x
3 log cy .
y
This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.
Q.No.9.: Solve the differential equation ydx xdy x 2 y 2 dx .
Sol.: The given equation is xdy y x 2 y 2 dx
2
2
dy y x y
.
dx
x
(i)
Since the given equation is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.
Putting y vx
dy
dv
.
v
dx
dx
Equation (i) becomes
v x.
Separating the variables, we get
dv
dv
v 1 v 2 x.
1 v2 .
dx
dx
dv
1 v
dx
.
x
Integrating both sides, we get
dv
1 v
dx
c log v 1 v 2 log x log c
c
c
log v 1 v 2 log v 1 v 2 .
x
x
Putting v
y
x
y
, we get
x
x 2 y2
c
y x 2 y2 c .
x
x
This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.
Q.No.10.: Solve the differential equation y 2 x 2
Sol.: The given equation is y 2 x 2
dy
dy
xy
dx
dx
dy
dy
xy .
dx
dx
Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur
y2
2
dy
y dy
x .
y 2 x 2 1.
dx y 1
x dx
x
(i)
Since given equation is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.
Put y vx
dy
dv
vx .
dx
dx
Equation (i) becomes
vx
dv
v2
dv v 2 v 2 v
.
x
dx v 1
dx
v 1
Separating the variables, we get
v 1
dx
.
dv
v
x
Integrating both sides, we get
1
1 dv
v
By putting v
v 1
dv
v
dx
log c
x
dx
log c v log v log x log c
x
y
, we get
x
y
y
log logxc .
x
x
This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.
Q.No.11.: Solve the differential equation x 3dx y3dy 3xyydx xdy
Sol.: The given equation is x 3dx y3dy 3xy 2dx 3x 2 ydy
x 3 3xy 2 dx y3 3x 2 y .dy
2
y
1 3
3
2
dy x 3xy
x .
2
3
dx y 3x y y
y
3
x
x
Since given equation is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.
Put y vx
dy
dv
vx .
dx
dx
Equation (i) becomes v x
dv 1 3v 2
dv 1 3v 2 v 4 3v 2
3
x
dx v 3v
dx
v3 3v
(i)
Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations
10
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur
v3 3v
1 v
dv
dx
.
x
Integrating both sides, we get
v3
1 v
dv 3
v
1 v4
v3 3v
1 v
dv
dx
log c
x
dv log x log c
1
4 v3
3
2v
dv
dv logxc
4
4 1 v
2 1 v4
Put v 2 u 2vdv du , we get
1
4 v3
3
1
dv
du logxc
4
4 1 v
2 1 u2
dx
1
ax
log
c
2
2
2a
ax
a x
1
3
1 u
log 1 v 4 log
logxc
4
4
1 u
1
1
1 v2
log 1 v 4 log
4
4
1 v2
1 v
log
1 v
2 1
2 1 / 2
logxc
1
1 v2
logxc log
4
1 v2
logxc
1 v xc 1 v2 x 2c2 1 v2 2
1 v
2
y 2
y 2
2
1 x 2c2 1 x 2 y 2 c 2 x 2 y 2
x
x
x 2 y2
c' y 2 x 2 .
This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.
Q.No.12.: Solve the differential equation
Sol.: The given equation is
dy y
y
sin
dx x
x
dy y
y
sin .
dx x
x
Since given equation is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.
Put y vx
dy
dv
vx .
dx
dx
(i)
Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations
11
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur
Equation (i) becomes
vx
Integrating both sides, we get
dv
dv
dx
.
v sin v
dx
sin x
x
cos ecvdv
log cos ec v - cotv log x log c log
log
tan
v
x
2 sin 2
v
v
2 sin cos
2
2
dx
log c
x
1 cos v
log xc
sin v
logxc
v
y
xc tan
xc y 2x tan 1cx .
2
2x
This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.
y
y
y
Q.No.13.: Solve the differential equation x tan y sec 2 dx x sec 2 dy 0 .
x
x
x
y
y
y
Sol.: The given equation is x tan y sec 2 dx x sec 2 dy 0
x
x
x
dy
dx
y
y
y
x tan
tan
y
x
x .
x
y
x sec2 y
x sec2
x
x
y sec2
(i)
Since given equation is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.
Put y vx
dy
dv
vx .
dx
dx
Equation (i) becomes
vx
Integrating both sides, we get
dv
tan v
sec 2 v
dx
v
dv .
2
dx
tan v
x
sec v
sec 2 v
dx
log c
dv
tan v
x
log tan v log x log c logx tan v log c
x tan v c x tan
y
c.
x
This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.
Q.No.14.: Solve the differential equation yex / ydx xe x / y y 2 dy
Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations
12
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur
Sol.: The given equation is yex / ydx xe x / y y 2 dy
dx xe x / y y 2
dx x
y
x/y ,
x
/
y
dy
dy y x
ye
(i)
which is a homogeneous differential equation in x and y.
dx
dv
vy .
dy
dy
Putting x vy
Equation (i) becomes
vy
dv
dv
y
dv
v v y e v 0
e v .
dy
dy
dy
e
dv
Separating the variable, we get
Integrating both sides, we get
e v
dv
e v
dy .
dy c
e v y c ex / y y c .
This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.
x
x
Q.No.15.: Solve the differential equation xy log dx y 2 x 2 log dy 0
y
y
x
x
Sol.: The given equation is xy log dx y 2 x 2 log dy 0
y
y
x 2
x
log 1
y
dx y
,
x
x
dy
log
y
y
(i)
which is a homogeneous differential equation in x and y.
Putting x vy
dx
dv
vy .
dy
dy
Equation (i) becomes
1
dv
.
dy v log v
vy
dv
v 2 log v 1
dv
v 2 log v 1 v 2 log v
dy
v log v
dy
v log v
Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations
13
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur
dy
v log vdv
y
Separating the variable, we get
Integrating both sides, we get
dy
v log vdv c
y
v2
v2 1
v2 1
log y log v.
. dv c log y log v. vdv c
2 2
2
2 v
x2
x x2
v2 v2
log y log v. c log y 2 log 2 c
y 4y
2
4
2y
log y
log y
x2
y
log
2
2y
x
x2
4y2
c log y
x2
2
y x
log
2y2
x 4y2
x2
y
2 log 1 c .
2
4y
x
This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.
Q.No.16.: Solve the differential equation xdx sin 2
Sol.: The given equation is xdx sin 2
x sin 2
y
ydx xdy 0 .
x
y
ydx xdy 0
x
dy
1
y
dy
y
yx 0
dx sin 2 y x
x
dx
x
Since given equation is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.
Putting y vx
dy
dv
vx .
dx
dx
Equation (i) becomes
vx
dv
1
dx
.
v sin 2 vdv
2
dx sin v
x
Integrating both sides, we get
sin 2 vdv
dx
c'
x
1 cos 2 v
dv log x c'
2
sin 2
2
1 y
x log x c' 1 v sin v log x c'
2 x
2
2
2
Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations
14
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur
log x
1 y 1 2 y
sin c ,
2 x 2 x
where c c' .
This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.
Q.No.17.: Solve the differential equation x 2 y dx 2x y dy 0 .
Sol.: Given equation is x 2 y dx 2x y dy 0
x 2 y 0 ,
dy
dx
2x y
(i)
which is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.
Put u
y
xdu
dy
, then
.
u
x
dx
dx
Equation (i) becomes
xdu 1 2u
.
dx
2 u
xdu 1 2u
u 2 4u 1
.
u
dx
2u
u2
Separating the variables, we get
u 2du 1 d u 2 4u 1 .
dx
2
x
u 4 u 1 2 u 2 4u 1
Integrating both sides, we get
y2
y
2 log x log u 2 4u 1 c 0 x 2 u 2 4u 1 c x 2 2 4 1 c
x
x
y 2 4xy x 2 c .
This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.
x
Q.No.18.: Solve the differential equation 1 2e x / y 2e x / y .1 y 0 .
y
x
Sol.: Given equation is 1 2e x / y 2e x / y .1 y 0
y
x
1 2e x / y dx 2e x / y 1 dy 0 ,
y
which is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.
Put
x
u , so that dx ydu udy .
y
(i)
Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations
1 2e udy ydu 2e
u 2e u dy y1 2e u du 0 .
u
Equation (i) becomes
15
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur
u
1 u dy 0
dy 1 2e u
Separating the variables, we get
du 0 .
y u 2e u
Integrating both sides, we get
log y log u 2e u log c y u 2e u c .
Replacing u, we get
x
y 2e x / y c .
y
This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.
Q.No.19.: Solve the differential equation y x 2 y 2 dx xdy 0 ,
Sol.: Given equation is y x 2 y 2 dx xdy 0
2
2
2
dy y x y
y
y
1 ,
dx
x
x
x
which is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.
Put y = ux, then
dy
du
.
ux
dx
dx
Equation (i) becomes
ux
du
du
u 1 u2 x
1 u2
dx
dx
Separating the variables, we get
dx
du
2
u 1
Integrating both sides, we get
log x log c log u u 2 1 u u 2 1 cx
Replacing u, we have
y
y2
1 cx y x 2 y 2 cx 2 .
2
x
x
Put y = 0, when x = 1, then c = 1.
y(1) = 0.
Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations
16
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur
So, the required solution is
y x 2 y2 x 2 .
Home Assignments
Q.No.1.: Solve the differential equation x 2 y 2xy 2 dx x 3 3x 2 y dy 0 .
Ans.: cy 3 x 2 e x / y .
Q.No.2.: Solve the differential equation x y dx y x dy 0 .
Ans.: log x 2 y 2 2 tan 1
y
c.
x
Q.No.3.: Solve the differential equation x
dy y 2
y.
dx x
Ans.: cx e x / y .
Q.No.4.: Solve the differential equation x x y
Ans.:
dy
y x y .
dx
x
x
log c .
y
y
Q.No.5.: Solve the differential equation
Ans.: 2
xy x dy ydx 0 .
x
log y c .
y
Q.No.6.: Solve the differential equation y 2 2xy dx 2x 2 3xy dy 0 .
Ans.: xy 2 x y c .
Q.No.7.: Solve the differential equation x
dy
ylog y log x .
dx
Ans.: y xe1cx .
Q.No.8.: Solve the differential equation x
Ans.: tan
y
logcx .
x
dy
y
y x cos 2 .
dx
x
Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations
17
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur
Q.No.9.: Solve the differential equation
y
y
y
y dy
0.
x cos y sin y y sin x cos x
x
x
x
x dx
Ans.: xy cos
y
c.
x
Q.No.10.: Solve the differential equation 2xy 3y 2 dx 2xy x 2 dy 0 .
Ans.: y 2 xy cx 3 .
Q.No.11.: Solve the differential equation x 3 y 2 x 2 y 2 dx xy x 2 y 2 dy 0 .
Ans.: x 2 y 2
3/ 2
x 3 log cx 3 .
Q.No.12.: Solve the differential equation 2x 5y dx 4x y dy 0 , y(1) = 4.
Ans.: 2x y 2 12y x .
Q.No.13.: Solve the differential equation x. sin
Ans.: cos
y dy
y
y sin x .
x dx
x
y
log cx 0 .
x
Q.No.14.: Solve the differential equation x 2 y 3 x 2 y 2 tan 1
y
xy .
x
Ans.: y x tan cx 3 .
Q.No.15.: Solve the differential equation x 2 xy dy x 2 y 2 dx .
Ans.: x y 2 cx.e y / x .
Q.No.16.: Solve the differential equation x 2 ydy x 3 x 2 y 2xy 2 y 3 dx 0
cy x
2x
Ans.: log 4
.
x y x x y
y
Q.No.17.: Solve the differential equation xy y x. cos 2 , y1 .
4
x
Ans.: 1 log x tan
y
.
x
Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations
18
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur
Q.No.19.: Solve the differential equation y
6 x 2 5xy 2 y 2
6 x 2 8xy y 2
Ans.: y x y 3x 9 cy 2x 12 .
Q.No.20.: Solve the differential equation
y
y
y
y
2 y
2 y
2x sin x 2x tan x y cos x y sec x dx x. cos x x sec x dy 0
y
y
Ans.: x 2 sin tan c .
x
x
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