^^^^ United ^^s

II) Department of
Agriculture
Agricultural
Research

Service

Technical
Bulletin
Number 1698

A Taxonomic Revision
of the New World
l\/loth Genus Pero
(Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

-<

ABSTRACT
Poole, Robert W.
1987. A Taxonomic Revision of the
New World Moth Genus Pero (Lepidoptera:
Geometridae). U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Technical Bulletin No. 1698, 257 pp.
This bulletin is a systematic revisionary monograph
of Pero, a large moth genus of the family
Geometridae and subfamily Ennominae, with species in
almost all areas of the New World except arctic
North America and extreme southern South America.
This revision includes 294 species, of which 119 are
described as new, and is divided into 19 species
groups. There have been 253 previously described
names; 74 junior synonyms are given. Geographic
variation within a species is described, and when
appropriate is illustrated.
KEYWORDS: Ennominae, Geometridae, New World, Pero,
systematics.

SSSli
Agriculture

A Taxonomic Revision

Ag^icutaai

of the New World

Sl^r

Technical
Bulletin
Number 1698

Moth Genus Pero

(Lepidoptera: Geometridae)
By Robert W. Poole

I r -

13W

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I express my gratitude to John G. Franclemont for
serving as my graduate adviser and also for many
kindnesses shown me during m}' years at Cornell
University, Ithaca, N.Y. I am also indebted to the
late Harold Moore and Richard B. Root, Cornell
University, for their guidance as thesis advisers.
The following persons provided me with specimens in
their care: Fredrick Rindge, American Museum of
Natural History, New York; D.S. Fletcher, British
Museum of Natural History, London; W.C. McGuffin,
Canadian National Collection, Ottawa; Howard Evans,
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.;
E.L. Todd, National Museum of Natural History,
Washington, D.C.; and Jerry Powell, University
of California, Berkeley. Francisco FernandezYepez, Facultad de Agronoma, Universidad Central
de Venezuela, Maracay, made the facilities of the
Rancho Grande Experimental Station available to me.
Part of the cost of the thesis research was covered
by grants from the Allied Chemical Foundation.

CONTENTS
Page
Terminology and methods
Genus Pero
Types of generic names
Intergeneric relationships
Species identification
Key to species groups
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Group 5
Group 6
Group 7
Group 8
Group 9
Group 10
Group 11
Group 12
Group 13
Group 14
Group 15
Group 16
Group 17
Group 18
Group 19
Species not recognized or described
Literature cited
Index to species

1
1
2
2
3
3
4
29
34
42
54
62
71
80
83
85
99
99
105
108
113
125
127
133
133
134
134
137

Copies of this publication may be purchased from the

National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port
Royal Road, Springfield, Va. 22161. ARS has no
additional copies for free distribution.

Issued March 1987

A TAXONOMIC REVISION OF THE NEW WORLD MOTH GENUS

PERO (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
by Robert W. Poole^

Pero is a large genus of geometrid moths of the

subfamily Ennominae taxonomically distinct from all
other genera in the Geometridae.
It is an entirely
New World genus and is most highly evolved in the
Andes, the mountains of southeastern Brazil and
northern Venezuela. However, species of the genus
are found in almost every conceivable habitat,
including high montane, lowland, and northern
coniferous forests, deserts, mangrove swamps, and
paramo areas. Within the genus Pero are species
exhibiting one or more of the following
characteristics: Sexual dimorphism, polymorphism,
extreme geographic variation, a high degree of
individual variation, and even an apparent case of
circular overlap of races.
The purpose of this bulletin is to provide a basic
taxonomic revision of one of the largest genera of
New World Lepidoptera. Revisions of large,
primarily neotropical genera are rare. Hopefully
this study will serve as a basis for more detailed
studies on the distribution and biology of this
complex genus and lead to general conclusions about
the moths of the New World Tropics as a whole.
Pero as treated in this revision has 294 species, of
which 119 are described as new, and is divided into
19 species groups. There have been 253 previously
described names; 74 junior synonyms are given.
Geographic variation within a species is described,
and when appropriate is illustrated. Because
several geographically variable species exist, I
have broadly interpreted specific limits, and some
may wish to consider my collection of races as
superspecies.

TERMINOLOGY AND METHODS

Most of the characters used to define groupings and
to distinguish species are in the male and female
genitalia. Many of the structures in the male
genitalia are unique to the genus and have no exact
counterparts elsewhere in the Geometridae except in
the closely related genus Nepitia Walker. The male
genitalia of a hypothetical species of Pero are
illustrated in figure 442 and the parts labeled.
The terms of my own invention are costal fold,
ventral process of the valve, and median process of
the valve. There are structures similar to the
costal fold in other genera of the Ennominae,
although they are simpler and probably not
homologous. The ventral and median processes of the
valve are found only in Pero. The subscaphium is a

1 Systematic Entomolo^iy Laboratory, Agricultural

Research Service, c/o National Museum of Natural
History, Washington, D.C. 20560. This bulletin
is based on information contained in a thesis
submitted to the Graduate School of Cornell
University, Ithaca, N.Y., in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of doctor of
philosophy.

sclerotized area of the anal tube and has been drawn

out from its normal position between the uncus and
gnathos. It may be highly developed and modified or
almost absent. All other terms used for the male
and female genitalia follow Klots (1956).^
In the drawings of the male genitalia, the left
valve is not shown.
In the preparations of the
slide mounts of the male genitalia, the aedeagus was
removed from its position between the juxta and the
transtilla, and the vesica was inflated and placed
on the slide below the rest of the male genitalia.
In the female genitalia, usually only the ostium and
part of the ductus bursae are shown. The outline of
the last abdominal sternite is added for reference.
The drawings of both the male and female genitalia
are slightly simplified for clarity.
Because of the size of the genus, an effort was made
to keep the presentation as concise as possible. In
particular, the descriptions are designed to
supplement the illustrations, which I believe are
more useful than verbal descriptions. The
descriptions include the diagnostic characters of a
species and the colors of the moth. Only primary
references to the original description are given.
In general, I have restricted type series to one or
a few localities, although technically all specimens
before me, as in the case of a new species, should
be treated as paratypes. The primary reason for
restricting paratype series was to avoid mixing type
series if a geographically variable species should,
at some later date, turn out to be two or more
species.
The treatment of each species is concluded by the
number of specimens examined, their dates of
capture, and the localities by country and State as
given on the insect labels. Any emendations are in
brackets. The dates of capture may not accurately
reflect the true flight period of those species
represented by only a limited number of specimens.
I suspect that in tropical America most species fly
throughout the year.

GENUS PERO
Pero Herrich-Schaeffer, 1855a:108, 121. Type:
Gonodontis rectisectaria Herrich-Schaeffer,
designated by Fletcher C1979).
Pergama Herrich-Schaeffer, 1855b: figs. 142-143, and
1855a:108, 121. Type: Pergama polygonaria
Herrich-Schaeffer by monotypy.
Azelina Guene, 1857:156. Type: Azelina poaphilaria
Guene, designated by Warren (1905).
Synemia Guene, 1857:163-164. Type: Synemia
polygonaria (Herrich-Schaeffer) by monotypy.
Meticulodes Guene, 1857:192-193. Type: Meticulodes
spongiata by monotypy. NEW SYNONYMY.
Egabra Walker, 1858:1668. Type: Egabra certissima
Walker by monotypy. NEW SYNONYMY.
Eusenea Walker, 1860a:254. Type: Eusenea aeniasaria
Walker by monotypy. NEW SYNONYMY.

2 The year after the author's name refers to

Literature Cited, p. 134.

Stenaspilates Packard, 1876:212-213. Type:

Stenaspilates meskaria Packard by monotypy. NEW
SYNONYMY.
Azellnopsis Warren, 1896:143-144. Type: Azelinopsis
externa Warren by original designation. NEW
SYNONYMY.
Marmarea Hlst, 1896:379-380. Type: Marmarea
occidentails Hlst by original designation.
Stenodonta Warren, 1905b:379. Type: Stenodonta
incurvata Warren by original designation. NEW
SYNONYMY.
[Link] variable, simple to pectinate;
palpi usually with first two segments large and
upturned, third small and porrect; tongue well
developed. Legs with epiphysis present; spurs of
mesothoracic and metathoracic legs present, well
developed. Wing shape and maculation variable;
venation as in figure 441, but radial veins
variable, usually arising from two roots. No
supporting braces from base of tympani; no row of
spines on third abdominal sternite; eighth sternite
and tergite of male often modified, sometimes
forming boxlike structure containing male
genitalia. Valves of male genitalia variously
modified, usually not simple, always with unique
spinous thickened area, costal fold, toward tip and
costal edge; hair pencil usually at base of valve
although sometimes weak or absent; subscaphium
usually present in anal tube, often modified, but
sometimes weak or absent; uncus almost always
strong, simple; juxta almost always with rounded
depression at base; aedeagus and vesica variable,
but often with cornutus toward base of vesica.
Female genitalia variable; ostium usually large and
modified, often with development of lip or lid,
either externally or in ostium; ductus bursae
variable, but usually sclerotized and ridged
internally; star-shaped signum may or may not be
present in bursae, if absent sometimes replaced by
sclerotized knifelike projection or pleated plate;
bursa sometimes minutely spined internally.
[Link] patterns as in figures 438-440; setal
pattern of proleg of sixth abdominal segment
characteristic of Pero and the Nacophorini.
[Link] punctate, with femur exposed, with
callosity and dorsal and lateral grooves, but no
phalange plates (Forbes, 1945).

TYPES OF GENERIC NAMES

Pero has had many generic names proposed for groups
of superficially similar species. HerrichSchaeffer*s generic names Pero and Pergama both
appeared in "Systematische Bearbeitung der
Schmetterlinge von Europa" in 1855. The generic
name Pergama also was used in "Sammlung neuer, oder
wenig bekannter, aussereuropischer Schmetterlinge"
in 1855. Because neither work can be dated more
precisely, both must be considered as published on
December 31, 1855, under the provisions of the
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. The
generic name Pero did not appear in "Sammlung neuer,
oder wenig bekannter, aussereuropischer
Schmetterlinge" until 1856. Since Pero and Pergama
have the same date of publication, the correct
generic name to use depends on the first reviser.
The first one I have been able to find is Prout
(1910b), who listed Pergama as a junior subjective
synonym of Pero. Therefore, Pero is the applicable
generic name.
In Greek mythology, Pero is the
daughter of Neleus and the wife of Bias and hence is
feminine. Pergama is a form of Pergamum, the
citadel of Troy and is neuter.
Although Guene used Herrich-Schaeffer*s specific
names, he did not use his generic names. Guenee
proposed Azelina for a large number of species of
Pero, plus three species since transferred to other
genera. The first type designation of Azelina was
by Hlst (1896), but the type listed is not an
included species and is a misidentification of a
Geyer species of Noctuidae from southern Europe.
However, Hlst synonymized hubnerata Guenee, an
included species, with peplaria, the species he had
designated as type. According to the rules of
nomenclature, this may or may not be construed as
the type. Fletcher (1979) listed hubnerata as type,
and his decision is followed here.
Synemia Guenee is monotypic and isogenotypic with
Pergama. Egabra certissima was described by Walker
as a noctuid. Azelinopsis Warren is based on a
mislabeled female listed in the description as from
Queensland, Australia, although Warren recognized
the species affinities with "Azelina," hence the
name.

INTERGENERIC RELATIONSHIPS
[Link] biologies of the species of the genus
are not well known. Only the life histories of a
few North American species have been studied and
these imperfectly. In the honestarla complex, the
species feed on a wide variety of plant
speciessome on deciduous trees, others on
conifers, and even a few on herbs, particularly
legumes. There may be one or two generations per
year in the North American species depending on the
length of the summer. All larvae of the honestarla
complex are stick mimics; they "stick out" rigidly
from the branch or twig if disturbed. The biologies
of species other than those in this complex are
unknown. I tried to rear several species in
Venezuela but was not able to find acceptable food
plants for any of the larvae. This observation
possibly indicates a higher degree of host plant
specificity in the tropical species than in the
honestarla group.

Forbes (1948) created the tribe Azelini for the

generic names Stenaspilates and Pero. The closest
affinities of the Azelini are with the Nacophorini.
The larvae of the Nacophorini and Azelini have a
characteristic setal arrangement of the prolegs of
the sixth abdominal segment (fig. 440), and this
arrangement is not found elsewhere in the
Geometridae to my knowledge. Forbes (1948) also
noted a relationship between the two tribes in pupal
structure. In tropical America, the Nacophorini
include many large genera, such as Cidariophanes and
Ischnopteryx, as well as several genera in Chile and
Argentina. Despite the close affinities of the
Nacophorini and Pero, the tribe Azelini is sufficiently distinct, I believe, to be treated as valid.
Possibly one or two of the more divergent sections
of Pero may later be given generic names. The genus

Juxta as in figure 693; valve structure

as in figure 693
Group 9

Dasystole and its closely related Chilean ally Salpis

have a valve structure in the male genitalia similar
to that found in the later sections of Pero, but
these two genera also have two hooks near the juxta,
a feature characteristic of the Nacophorini but not
of the Azelini. Perhaps the most closely related
genus is Nepitia Walker.
It would seem to be almost
intermediate between Dasystole and Pero. Several
species of the genus Axiodes Warren from southern
Africa have a spiny structure on the valve similar
to the costal fold of Pero and are superficially
somewhat similar as well.

Juxta not as in figure 693; valve

structure not as in figure 693

Valve structure as in figures 607, 703,

782, 826; valve usually with distinct
median process that may be either
folded over or projecting

Valve structure as in figures 444, 516,

536, 563; valve without median
process

12

SPECIES IDENTIFICATION
Eighth sternite as in figures 722, 750;
costal fold usually elongate; ventral
processlike structure at base of
costal fold
Group 10

Identification of species in the genus Pero is

difficult because of their large number, particularly
if dissections of the male genitalia are not used.
The only variable external characters known in Pero
are wing shape and antennal structure, but neither
is constant within groups. Pectinate and serrate
antennae, for example, have arisen independently
several times in the genus. Wing shape and maculation are particularly variable. I have found that
constructing a key to species based on external
appearance is impossible.

Eighth sternite not as in figures 722,

750; costal fold rarely elongate; no
ventral processlike structure at base
of costal fold

Juxta as in figure 886; aedeagus as

in figure 886a; median process not
highly developed; uncus simple ... Group 17

A key is given to species groups based on the male

genitalia, but again the dividing lines between some
of the groups are so equivocal that the key may not
be entirely trustworthy. I have omitted keys to
species within a group in most instances because
matching the specimen or slide of the male genitalia
to the illustrations is easier than trying to "run"
it through a key. In closely related complexes of
species, keys are based on superficial appearance,
except when the species can be identified only by
the male genitalia. Many of the characters in the
keys to complexes are relative, and slides of the
male genitalia must be used for positive identification. I have included these keys because they
should enable a person to identify a species if one
is able to recognize the complex involved.

Juxta usually not as in figure 886;

aedeagus variable; median process
variable ; uncus variable

Adults with appearance not as in

figures 350-363; aedeagus usually not
as simplified, often highly modified;
juxta rarely as large as in figure
811; uncus variable

2.

Juxta without pseudofurca; valve

structure not as in figure 678

Pseudofurca rounded (fig. 678), not

spiny, slender, or twisted

Vesica of aedeagus without group of

long spines (if present, short)

Median process of valve usually long,

slender, basal in position (fig.
771); other characters variable;
appearance of adults as in figures
323-341
Group 12
Median process, if modified or basal,
not long and slender; appearance of
adults not as above

10

Group 7

10.
Pseudofurca not rounded, often spiny,
slender, or twisted
Group 8

^ Based on male genitalia.

Vesica of aedeagus with group of long

spines; other characters variable;
appearance of adults as in figures
342-349
Group 13

KEY TO SPECIES OlOUPS^

Juxta with pseudofurca (fig. 678);
valve structure as in figure 678

Adults with appearance as in figures

350-363; aedeagus usually fairly
simple; juxta usually large
(fig. 811); uncus simple
Group 14

The females have been slighted in the keys because

female specimens of many of the species are lacking
as well as consistent characters used to separate
them into species groups. Females are best identified by association with males from the same locality.

1.

Costa of valve serrate; uncus shaped

as in figure 770; adults as in
figure 322
Group 11
Costa of valve not serrate; uncus not
as in figure 770; adults not as in
figure 322

11

11.

Adults yellow to yellow brown (figs.

406-411); forewing with variously
colored band following postmedial
line; wings elongate (fig. 409) .. Group 16

18.

Adults not yellow or yellow brown;

forewing above usually without band
following postmedial line; wings not
shaped as above
Group 15
12.

Valve structure as in figure 917; palpi

long, porrect; antennae pectinate;
appearance of adults as in figure 434
Group 18
Valve structure not as in figure 917;
palpi usually not long, but short,
upturned, 3d segment short; antennae
not pectinate

13.

Valve structure not as above; 8th

sternite rarely modified, if modified,
without lateral strengthened ridges;
cornutus sometimes present in vesica,
but rarely, if ever, as strong as
above; valve rarely with wide expanse
of membrane following costal fold;
juxta variable
14.

15.

16.

17.

Ventral process of valve single

20

Ventral process of valve bifurcate

22

Costal projection present

First few species of group 1
Costal projection absent

21.

21

Valve as in either figure 593 or 594;

wing usually light gray; appearance
of adults as in figures 173-176
pumaria, amanda of group 5
Valve various, not as in figure 593 or
594; wing rarely if ever light gray;
appearance of adults not as in figures
173-176
Middle species of group 1

22.

Adults orange or yellow; appearance of

adults as in figures 177-193; juxta
as in figure 595
speciosata complex of group 5

14
Adults not orange or yellow; appearance
of adults not as above; juxta
variable
End species of group 1

GROUP 1

15

Costal fold not distinct; subscaphium

distinctly shaped (fig. 918)
Group 19
Costal fold distinct; subscaphium
variable

19.

20.

Apices of valves usually with fingerlike

projections (figs. 553, 563); valve
structure as in figures 553, 563 .. Group 4
Apices of valves without fingerlike
projections (figs. 511, 535); valve
structure as in figures 444, 511, 535,
usually simpler than in group 4

Adults not orange or yellow; wings not

elongate; appearance of adults
variable, but not as in figures
169-172; valve structure as in
figures 523-534; costal projection
present
Group 2

13

Valve structure as in figure 606; 8th

sternite usually modified as in
figure 633, usually with 2 lateral
strengthened areas; strong cornutus
usually in vesica of aedeagus; valve
usually with wide expanse of membrane
following costal fold; juxta as in
figures 608, 611
Group 6

Adults orange or yellow; wings elongate;

appearance of adults as in figures
169-172; valve structure as in figure
590; costal projection absent
polygonaria and related species of group 5

16

Discal dot of forewing above 8th note

shaped (fig. 103); appearance of
adults as in figures 103-125; ventral
process of valve present, but always
weak; costal projection present;
juxta as in figures 535, 542
Group 3
Discal dot not as above; appearance of
adults not as above; ventral process
of valve present or absent; costal
projection present or absent; juxta
variable

17

Ventral process of valve absent

18

Ventral process of valve present

19

Group 1 is characterized by a simple valve

structure, the long costal fold, and a strong
ventral process in the male genitalia. A signum is
usually present in the bursa of the female
genitalia, although in a few species (meskaria and
the lustrarla complex) the signum may be weak or
absent. Usually a pouch of the ductus bursae is
near the ostium. The shape of the ostium is
variable.
The grouping may not be monophyletic. The last few
species have the ventral process of the valve large
and often bifurcate. Groups 2-5 are developments
from group 1, but because of their considerable
differences, they have been given group status.
Group 1 contains some of the commonest and most
geographically variable species in Pero. Many of
the specific limits I have adopted are somewhat
arbitrary and broad because of geographic
variation. In most instances, I have tried to
illustrate and interpret any variation in the male
genitalia.

Pero meskarla (Packard), NEW COMBINATION

Stenaspllates meskarla Packard, 1876:213, pi. 13,
fig. 50.
Azellna albomacularla Henry Edwards, 1882:130.
Azellna arizonarla Henry Edwards, 1882:130.
Stenaspllates muricolor Hlst, 1896:379.
Stenaspllates albidula Hlst, 1900:107. NEW
SYNONYMY.
Male (fig. 1).Described from Arizona specimens.
Antennae pectinate. Legs cream colored, spotted
with brown.
Forewing usually some shade of brown;
basal area light tan to yellow brown, speckled with
dark brown or black, particularly toward antemedial
line; basal area lighter toward costa than at inner
margin; antemedial line dark brown, weak or absent
near costa; median area usually darker than either
basal or subterminal areas, most often brown; discal
dot large, white, usually elongated; discal cell
lighter than remainder of median area; subterminal
area followed by thin white line and brown band;
brown band following postmedial line usually
interrupted opposite discal cell and sometimes
followed by light band; series of brown dots along
outer margin. Hindwing dull white; postmedial line
vague or absent toward costa; light brown to
red-brown shade in anal angle; inner margin flecked
with dark brown scales. Below most of maculation
vague or absent; discal dot of hindwing large,
brown; postmedial line of hindwing brown, dentate.
Male genitalia (figs. 443, 443a).The two or three
spines in the vesica of the aedeagus are
characteristic of meskarla.
Female (fig. 2).Antenna simple. Forewing similar
to male, but dark flecking stronger, rougher.
Female genitalia (fig. 919).
Variation.^Male specimens of meskarla from Texas
are usually smaller than those from Arizona, and the
wings above are more uniformly colored. The band
following the postmedial line of the forewing above
is almost always weak in the Texas populations and
the forewing is often olive colored. Females of
meskarla from Texas are similar to the Arizona
specimens. Some specimens from New Braunfels,
Texas, are about one-half the size of those from
Arizona. There is considerable color variation in
the Texas specimens, but the median area of the
forewing above is usually either tan or olive
brown. The white line following the postmedial line
of the forewing above may or may not be developed.
A series of specimens from Mesilla Park, New Mexico,
is light yellow and poorly marked. The median area
in specimens from Fort Wingate, New Mexico, is
concolorous with the basal and subterminal areas of
the forewing, and the light line following the
postmedial line is strongly developed. In Arizona,
there is considerable variation, particularly in
color, and although there is no clear-cut
differentiation of forms, specimens can usually be
characterized as either light or dark. The dark
forms tend to be larger than the light ones, but
again this is variable. California specimens are
duller and more heavily flecked with brown than are
either the Arizona or Texas specimens.

[Link] type of meskarla is a male from "Texas"

and if still in existence is probably in the Museum
of Comparative Zoology, although I was not able to
find it there. Azellna albomacularia was described
from two males, now in the U.S. National Museum.
The male bearing USNM type #34311 is designated the
lectotype. The type of arizonarla is a female and
is also in this museum. This specimen lacks its
abdomen and hindwings.
The type of muricolor is a
male from San Antonio, Texas, and is in the American
Museum of Natural History. Stenaspllates albidula
was described from two specimens by Hlst, but the
New Mexican specimen in the U.S. National Museum is
listed as the type.
Food plant.^Reared from Clematis drunmiondii Torrie
and Gray.
[Link] meskarla is a common and variable
species from drier areas of the Southwestern United
States and Mexico. More than one species could be
involved, but it is not likely. Despite its great
variability, meskarla is distinctive.
Specimens examined.265 males and 177 females, all
year, conmionest from June to August.^
MEXICO. Baja California: Guaycura Hotel Gromas, Las
Paz; Hidalgo : Ixmiquilpan; Nuevo Leon: Linares;
Sonora: Navajoa; Tamaulipas: Matamoros. UNITED
STATES. [Link]: Zavalla, Neuces River;
Bexar: Kanterberg, San Antonio; San Antonio; "Bexar
Co.," reared from Clematis drummondi; "Bexar Co.";
Brewster: Alpine; Big Bend National Park, Gov*t
Springs; Calhoun: Port la vaca; Cameron:
Brownsville; Esper Ranch, Brownsville; St. Thomas,
Brownsville; San Benito; Santo Rosa; Comal: New
Braunfels ; Duval and Jim Wells : San Diego ; Fort
Bend: Richmond, Brazos River; Hidalgo: Mercedes;
Pharr; Karnes: Kenedy; Kleberg: Kingsville; Nueces:
Corpus Christi; San Patricio: W.W.F. Refuge; Uvalde:
Sabinal; Verde : Devil's River; Victoria: Victoria;
Willacy: Raymondsville. New [Link]:
Chaves; Dona Ana: Mesquite near Mesilla Park; Luna:
Deming; McKinley: Fort Wingate. [Link]:
Chiricahua Mtns.; Douglas ; Palmerlee; Paradise ; San
Bernardino Rancho, 3750 ft.; Gila: Globe; Maricopa:
Phoenix; Tempe; Wickenburg; Navajo: Shonte
[Shonto?]; Pima: Alamo Canyon, Ajo Mtns.;
Baboquivari Mtns.; Boyce Thompson Arboretum; Brown
Canyon, Baboquivari Mtns.; El Mirador Ranch, 4 mi.
N.W. Sasabe, Baboquivari Mtns.; Kitt*s Peark,
Baboquivari Mtns.; Madeira Canyon, Santa Rita Mtns.;
N. side Kit's Peark, Baboquivari Mtns.; Organ Pipe
Nat. Mon.; Savino Canyon, Santa Cataline Mtns.;
Redington; Santa Catalina Mtns.; Tucson; 46 mi. E.
Ajoa; Pinal: Aravaipa Canyon; not located: Black
Dike Prospect, Sierratas; Catalina Spgs.; Coyote
Mtns. [Link]: Richfield; without definite
locality: "Utah." [Link]: Esmeralda;
Lander: Kingston Camp, 30 mi. S. Austin, 7300 ft.;
Washoe: Reno; without definite locality: "S.
Nevada." [Link] definite locality;
"colo." [Link]: Olanca; Kern: Tehachapi;

^ Throughout this bulletin, all information

pertaining to distribution records is given
essentially as it appeared on the insect labels

Los Angeles; Glendale; Palmdale; Monterrey;

"Monterrey Co."; Riverside; Blythe; San Bernardino;
12 mi. S.E. Ivanpah; "San Bernardino Co."; not
located; Argus Mtns.; Clark Mtns.; Ft. Yuma; Mint
Canyon.

Pero astapa (Druce), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina astapa Druce, 1892;62, pi. 47, figs. 10, 11.
Stenaspilates egregiata Pearsall, 1906;218.
Male (fig. 3).Antennae pectinate. Legs gray
brown. Forewing basal area brown, slightly lighter
along costa; antemedial line dark brown; median area
light brown along costa, but outer fourth at costa
dark brown; rusty-brown patch following discal dot;
discal dot a white spot; subterminal area lighter
than median area, apex slightly darker; two vague
light bands in subterminal area. Hindwing brown,
only postmedial line present. Below dull brown;
postmedial line of forewing a straight brown line;
discal dot of forewing a vague grayish rectangle;
discal dot of hindwing a black spot divided into
four quarters; inner half of subterminal area of
hindwing browner, darker than outer half.
Male genitalia (figs. 444, 444a).
Female (figs. 4, 5).Antenna simple. Forewing
light orange brown usually; white band streaked with
black following postmedial line.
Female genitalia (fig. 920).
Variation.^Males of astapa are not variable, but in
females the white band following the postmedial line
of the forewing above varies in strength. The
females of astapa from the West Indies are similar
to the males and lack a white band following the
postmedial line. The single female from Venezuela
is also similar to the males, but in this specimen
the white band is present and well developed.
[Link] described astapa from several
specimens, but the male from "Presidio, Mexico," in
the British Museum of Natural History is designated
as the lectotype. The type of egregiata is a male
from "Esper Ranch, Brownsville, Texas," and is in
the U.S. National Museum.
[Link] astapa is a common species of dry
localities in Mexico, Central America, and northern
Venezuela.
It has also been collected in southern
Texas. Populations of astapa occur in the West
Indies, and although the West Indian specimens are
different from the mainland ones in one or two
superficial characters, the male and female
genitalia indicate that they are this species.
Specimens examined.94 males and 40 females, all
year.
GRENADA. Balthazar; St. Andrews, 170 ft.; Grenada.
ST. VINCENT. St. Vincent. TRINIDAD. Port of
Spain. VENEZUELA. Aragua; Rancho Grande [7 km. N.
Maracay], 1100 m.; Lara; El Cuji, 7 km. N.
Barquisimeto. COSTA RICA. Cartago; San Jose.
HONDURAS. San Pedro Sula. MEXICO. Chiapas ; El
Sapotal, 2 mi. S. Tex. Guitierrez; Santo Domingo,

15 mi. E.E. Simojorel; Guerrero; Iguala; near

Chilpancingo, Rt. 195 km. 297; Michoacan; 16 mi. S.
Artega, 800 ft.; Morelos; Cuernavaca; Nayarit; Tres
Maria Island; San Luis Potosi; 25 mi. N.
Tamazunchale, 400 ft.; Tabasco; Teapa; Tamaulipas;
El Salto Falls, 26 mi. W. Antiguo Morelos, 2000 ft.;
Veracruz ; Coatepec; Cotaxtla Exp. Sta., Cotastla;
Jalapa; Paso San Juan; Yucatan; Cichen Itza; not
located; Presidio. UNITED STATES. [Link];
Brownsville; Esper [Esperanza] Ranch, Brownsville;
San Benito; Wildlife area, near Santa Rosa; Hidalgo;
Mercedes; Pharr.

Pero radiosaria (Hlst), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina radiosaria Hlst, 1886a;206.
Pero muricolor Warren, 1900;222 (not Hlst, 1896).
NEW SYNONYMY.
Azelina fulvata Warren, 1905a;65. NEW SYNONYMY.
Stenaspilates apapinaria Dyar, 1908;55. NEW
SYNONYMY.
Stenaspilates metzaria Dyar, 1909;27.
Stenaspilates rectissima Dyar, 1910:263. NEW
SYNONYMY.
Male (figs. 6, 7).Antenna pectinate. Legs
concolorous with wings.
Forewing yellow, yellow
brown, gray brown, or brown; entire wing usually
concolorous, although outer one-fifth of median area
sometimes slightly darker; antemedial line dark
brown; discal dot a dull black spot, sometimes with
vague white center; postmedial line sometimes
followed by obscure light band; series of black dots
along outer margin. Hindwing with postmedial line
weak; discal dot a black spot; inner margin and
inner half of outer margin slightly darker than
remainder of wing. Below postmedial lines and
discal dots of hindwing and forewing dark brown,
contrasting with remainder of wings.
Male genitalia (figs. 445, 445a).
Female (fig. 8).Antenna simple. Forewing similar
to that of male, but usually darker and slightly
more heavily flecked with brown scales.
Female genitalia (fig. 921).
[Link] radiosaria is a polymorphic
species. The commonest color form is a light yellow
brown, but brown, gray-brown, and orange-brown forms
also occur. There is no clear-cut differentiation
of forms and all possible shades between these color
forms exist. The percentage of each form varies
from locality to locality. The Colombian specimens
are smoother appearing than those from either Mexico
or the United States.
[Link] described radiosaria from "two males
and one female, Ariz." The female is in the
American Museum of Natural History and the two males
in the U.S. National Museum. The male in the latter
museum with Hlst's type label and with the male
genitalia on slide Capps 574 is designated as the
lectotype. The other male and female have lost
their abdomens. The type of muricolor is a male
from Popayan, Colombia.
It is in the British Museum
of Natural History. The type of fulvata is a female
from Onca, Santa Marta, Colombia, and is also in the

British Museum of Natural History. Dyar described

apapinaria from four females from San Diego,
California. A single female in the U.S. National
Museum has the USNM type number 11699 and is
designated the lectotype. This specimen bears only
the type label. Stenaspilates metzaria was
described from a single male from Claremont,
California, which is in the U.S. National Museum.
The female type of rectissima Dyar is from Orizaba,
Mexico, and is also in this museum.
[Link] Comstock (1963).
[Link] the United States, radiosaria is
most common in dry localities and is not known to
occur in forested areas. Although it is a variable
species, it has a distinctive appearance and is easy
to recognize.
Specimens examined.141 males and 132 females, all
year.
COLOMBIA. Boyacat Muzo, 400-800 m.; Cauca: Popayan;
Magdalena; Onca, St. Marta, 2000-2200 ft.; not
located; Guabinas, Rio Cauca. GUATEMALA. Not
located; Barberena. MEXICO. Baja California;
Catavina; 11 mi. E. Ensenada; Rosarito; Santo Tomas;
Sierra San Pedro Martin, 3000 ft., 4 mi. E. Meling
Ranch; Hidalgo; 25 mi. W. Del Parrel, 6800 ft.;
Mexico; Zacualpan; Morelos; Cuernavaca; Veracruz ;
Orizaba. UNITED STATES. [Link]; Alpine;
Dugout Wells, Big Bend Nat. Park; Cameron;
Brownsville; San Benito; Culberson; Guadalupe Mtns.,
5100 ft., McKittrick Canyon; Guadalupe Mtns., Pine
Canyon, 5000 ft.; Davis; Ft. Davis. New
[Link]; Carlsbad Caverns; Sitting Bull Falls,
42 mi. S.W. Carlsbad, 4800 ft. [Link];
Catalina Mtns.; Organ Pipe Mon.; Redington; Santa
Catalina Mtns.; Pinal; Oracle. [Link]
Angeles; Glendora; Claremont; Clear Creek Camp; Los
Angeles; Santa Monica Mtns., 5 m. N. Beverly Hills,
1100 ft.; Santa Monica; Orange ; Laguna Beach;
Riverside; Alberhill; Bos Spring; Desert Center;
Palm Springs; Riverside; West Riverside; Rancho la
Sierra, Arlington; San Bernardino ; Loma Linda; San
Diego; Borrego; Agua Caliente; Gustay; Juliana; San
Diego; Tub Canyon, Borrego; Santa Catalina; Central
Valley; Santa Clara; Palo Alto; San Antonio, R.S.;
not located; Duleura; Forest Home; Givilan; Morongo
Valley; La Puerto; Wheeler Hot Springs.

Pero invlolata (Hlst), NEW COMBINATION

Stenaspilates inviolata Hlst, 1898;218.
Stenaspilates levisaria Grossbeck, 1909;196.
SYNONYMY.

NEW

Male (fig. 9).Antenna pectinate. Legs light gray,

spotted with gray. Forewing light gray with cream
tinge, particularly in subterminal area; basal area
light yellow gray, but heavily flecked with gray,
not set off from median area; antemedial line strong
only toward costa; median area yellowish along
costa, otherwise yellow gray, darker along
postmedial line; discal dot a black spot; inner half
of subterminal area cream colored (usually), lighter
than outer half; series of vague gray-brown spots
along outer margin. Hindwing yellow gray to gray;
postmedial line thin, gray brown, followed by a

cream-colored band; anal angle with strong

cream-colored tinge. Below dull white with brown
flecking; postmedial lines of forewing and hindwing
straight, dull white.
Male genitalia (figs. 446, 446a).Characterized by
shapes of costal fold and ventral process of valve.
Female (fig. 10).^Antenna simple. Forewing all
light gray, without yellow or cream tinge; median
area not yellow along costa; postmedial line
dentate. Hindwing postmedial line weak.
Female genitalia (fig. 922).
[Link] males of inviolata have a stronger
yellow or tan tint than others, and some specimens
are almost uniform gray. They vary greatly in size.
[Link] type of inviolata is a very worn female
from "Phoenix, Ariz.," in the American Museum of
Natural History. Grossbeck described levisaria from
two males. Neither was designated as the type in
the description, but the specimen in the Grossbeck
collection now in the American Museum of Natural
History is marked as type and that in the Barnes
collection, now at the U.S. National Museum, as
cotype. The male in the American Museum of Natural
History is designated as the lectotype. Both males
are from the Santa Catalina Mountains in Arizona.
Discussion.^Although inviolata has been collected
in both Arizona and California, it is most common in
southern California. The soft gray to yellow-gray
wings are characteristic of the species.
Specimens examined.87 males and 119 females,
February-August.
UNITED STATES. [Link]; Paradise;
Marlcopa; Phoenix; Mohave; Hualapai Mtns.; "Mohave
Co."; Pima; Santa Catalina Mtns.; Tucson; Pinal;
Oracle; Santa Cruz; Madeira Canyon, Santa Rita
Mtns.; Yavapai; Mayer, 4300 ft.; Yuma; En route to
Dewey and Salome; not located; Cibola; Coyote Mtns.
[Link]; San Felipe Hash; Riverside;
Dead Indian Creek; Palm Springs; San Andreas Canyon;
San Bernardino; Essex; San Bernardino; Split Rock
Tank, Mojave Desert; San Diego; Borrego Desert Park;
Borrego; Palm Canyon, Borrego; Split Mtn.; Tub
Canyon, Borrego; not located; La Puerta Valley;
Morongo Valley; Providence Mtns.; Shavier*s Well;
Walters Station; Indian Well.

Pero rava Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 11).Antenna pectinate. Legs dull gray
brown. Forewing gray with slight brown tint when
faded; median area slightly darker than either basal
or subterminal areas; antemedial and postmedial
lines straight, dull white; costa in basal and
median areas lighter than remainder of these two
parts of wing. Hindwing dull light gray; postmedial
line dull, brown, shaded on outside with very dull
white; discal dot a small obscure black spot; series
of black dots along outer margin. Below dull gray
brown; postmedial lines of forewing and hindwings
brown, neither dentate nor wavy.

Male genitalia (figs. 447, 447a).Distinguishable

from radiosaria by shapes of costal fold and ventral
process of valve.
[Link].
[Link]: Male, Bogota, Colombia
[Cundinamarca], 28-3200 m., in U.S. National Museum.
[Link] species strongly resembles the
gray form of radiosaria, but the shape of the
antemedial line in the forewing above is different
and there are several differences in the male
genitalia, particularly the shape of the costal fold
and ventral process of the valve.

length of median area from top of postmedial line to

bottom; subterminal area mottled or uniform brown.
Hindwing brown; subterminal area lighter along inner
margin. Below subterminal areas of forewing and
hindwing darker than remainder of wings; area
between discal dot and postmedial line of forewing
lighter than remainder of wing; discal dot of
hindwing well developed; postmedial line brown and
waved.
Male genitalia (figs. 449, 449a-c).Shapes of
juxta, uncus, and aedeagus will identify this
species.
Female (fig. 14).Similar to male, but usually not
as strongly marked.

Specimen examined.1 male.

Female genitalia (fig. 923).
COLOMBIA.

Cundinamarca: Bogota, 2800-3200 m.

Pero pima Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 12).Antenna pectinate. Legs dull light
brown. Forewing brown; basal area light brown,
slightly lighter than median area; antemedial line
brown, weak toward costa; discal dot a round black
circle; dark brown line in median area along
postmedial line; subterminal area with fine, brown
terminal line. Hindwing light brown; postmedial
line brown, fine; wing flecked with brown scales
along inner margin and in lower third of outer
margin; discal dot a dull, black spot. Below dull
light brown; discal dots of forewings and hindwings
large black circles with dull white centers; all
other maculation absent or obscure.
Male genitalia (figs. 448, 448a).Characterized by
shapes of costal fold and ventral process.
Female. Unknown.
[Link]: Male, Baboquivari Mtns., Arizona,
10-30 Oct., in Cornell University collection.
Paratype: A single male from the type locality, also
in the Cornell University collection.
[Link] species is known only from the two
males. It is easily recognized by the large
circular discal dots of the wings below.
Specimens examined.2 males, October.
UNITED STATES.

[Link]: Baboquivari Mtns.

Pero aurunca (Druce), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina aurunca Druce, 1892:62, pi. 47, fig. 14.
Azelina metella Druce, 1892:62, pi. 47, fig. 13.
NEW SYNONYMY.
Male (fig. 13).Palpi and legs dull brown.
Forewing brown to dark brown; basal area brown;
antemedial line shaded with dark brown along upper
one-fourth; median area sometimes slightly darker
than remainder of wing; discal dot a small, white,
angulate line; median area yellowish between
discal dot and angulation of postmedial line
opposite discal dot; vague brown shade running

[Link] of aurunca from Costa Rica

to Guatemala are similar except a male from
Honduras, which is more like the populations found
in Mexico and Panama. The Costa Rican-Guatemalan
specimens are a dull, mat brown, but those from
north and south of this area are more brightly
marked and mottled. In the male genitalia, the
costa is more strongly developed in the Costa
Rican-Guatemalan specimens (fig. 449c) than in the
Mexican or Panamanian ones (fig. 449b). There are
also smaller differences in the ventral processes of
the valves, the aedeagus, and the eighth sternite of
the male abdomen. The Panamanian specimens are very
dark brown, but the Mexican ones are of the same
shade of brown as the Guatemalan populations.
[Link] type of aurunca is a male from Chiriqui,
Panama, and is in the British Museum of Natural
History. The type of metella is a female also from
Chiriqui and also in this museum.
Discussion.I have chosen aurunca as the name for
this species over metella as first reviser, although
metella appears before aurunca on page 62 of the
"Biologa Centrali-Americana. *' I have done this
because the type of aurunca is a male and is in much
better condition than the female type of metella.
Geographical variation in aurunca is disjunct, and
the populations from Mexico, Honduras, and Panama
are similar to each other both in maculation and in
the male genitalia. However, they are isolated from
each other by a race in the mountains of Costa Rica
and Guatemala distinct both in the male genitalia
and superficially. This could be the result of
centrifugal speciation or perhaps two species are
involved.
Specimens examined.21 males and 11 females,
February, March, and July.
MEXICO. Veracruz : Orizaba; Jalapa; "Vera Cruz."
GUATEMALA. Izabal: Caygua; Quiriqua.
HONDURAS. La
Cambre. COSTARICA.
Cartago; Juan Vinas; Orosi,
1200 m.; not located: Carillo; La Florida, 500 ft.
PANAMA. Chiriqui: Boqueta, Chiriqui, 3500 ft.;
Chiriqui; V. de Chiriqui, 4000 ft.; not located:
Lino, 800 m.

Pero punta Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 15).Palpi and legs gray brown, spotted
with darker brown. Forewing soft gray bro\m; basal
area light gray brown, spotted with dark brown,
slightly darker toward base; median area gray brown,
slightly yellowish between discal dot and postmedial
line, and brownish along postmedial line; discal dot
a white spot; postmedial line evenly curved, not
jagged; subterminal area light gray brown, mottled
with dark brown and black in two vague bands in
middle, between postmedial line and outer margin.
Hindwing brown; postmedial line brown, but obscure.
Below light gray brown; postmedial line of forewing
an even brown line; postmedial line of hindwing
crenulate; discal dots of both wings well developed.
Male genitalia (figs. 450, 450a).Almost identical
to genitalia of preceding species, but with
differences in aedeagus.
Female (fig. 16).Forewing similar to that of male,
but yellow in discal cell much stronger. Hindwing
postmedial line and discal dot stronger than in
male; anal angle slightly tinged with orange.

postmedial line; outer half of subterminal area

(particularly upper half) darker than inner half.
Below postmedial lines of forewing and hindwing
shaded with dark brown.
Female genitalia (fig. 930).
[Link] males of this species are not
variable, but one male from Redington, Arizona, is
gray, not yellow. The amount of brown flecking on
the wings of the females is variable, and some
females are heavily streaked with brown.
[Link] described flavisaria from 6 males
and 13 females, but he stated that the type was in
the Grossbeck collection. The male in the American
Museum of Natural History marked "type male" is
designated as the lectotype.
[Link] male genitalia of flavisaria
indicate a close relationship with zalissaria,
although the two species are not similar
superficially. The female of this species is most
similar to the female of astapa.
Specimens examined.
March-August.

Female genitalia (fig. 924).

[Link]: Male, British Honduras, in British
Museum of Natural History. Allotype: Female,
Jalapa, Mexico [Veracruz], in U.S. National Museum.
[Link] soft brown appearance of punta is
characteristic. Although the male and female are
from different localities, I am fairly certain that
they are correctly associated. The male genitalia
indicate a close relationship to aurunca, although
superficially the two species are quite different.

-34 males and 36 females.

MEXICO. Sonora: Copte Mine, 30 mi. E. Carbo.

UNITED STATES. [Link]: Paradise; Pima:
Alamo Canyon, Ajo Mountains; Baboquivari Mtns.;
Brown's Canyon, Baboquivari Mtns.; Organ Pipe Cactus
Mon.; Redington; Santa Catalina Mountains, mouth of
Rock Canyon, 3000 ft.; Tucson; Pinal; Oracle;
Pinal-Gila co. line, 4790 ft.; Yavapai: "Yavapai
Co."; not located; Coyote Mtns.; Minnehaha.

Pero zalissaria (Walker), NEW COMBINATION

Specimens examined.1 male and 1 female.
Azelina zalissaria Walker, 1860a:187.
MEXICO. Veracruz; Jalapa.
"British Honduras."

BRITISH HONDURAS.

Pero flavisaria (Grossbeck), NEW COMBINATION

Stenaspilates flavisaria Grossbeck, 1906:272.
Male (fig. 17).Antennae pectinate. Legs dull
white to cream. Forewing light yellow brown; basal
area light yellow to cream, faintly speckled with
tan scales; median area darker than either basal or
subterminal areas, darker along postmedial line;
discal dot a white spot, faintly circled with black;
subterminal area lightest along postmedial line;
subterminal area with faint light band running
length of middle; upper half of subterminal area
along outer margin darker than remainder of area.
Hindwing light yellow to cream; postmedial line
vague, formed of darker and lighter band; two black
dots along outer margin; upper dot large. Below
almost entirely dull yellow or cream, only
postmedial lines present, but weak.
Male genitalia (figs. 451, 451a).Characterized by
shapes of ventral process and aedeagus.
Female (fig. 18).Similar to male, but larger.
Forewing with distinct gray-white band following

Male (fig. 19).^Antenna pectinate. Legs dull light

brown. Forewing brown; basal area concolorous with
inner half of median area; antemedial line weak,
dark brown; outer half of median area darker than
inner half; discal dot a small black circle;
postmedial line evenly incurved and often followed
by dull white band. Hindwing dull light brown,
darker along inner margin; discal dot a small black
spot; postmedial line dark brown, weakly developed;
series of black dots along outer margin. Below dull
brown; discal dots of forewing and hindwing black
circles; postmedial line of hindwing a thin, brown
line.
Male genitalia (figs. 452, 452a).--Characterized by
shapes of ventral process of valve and aedeagus.
Female (fig. 20).Often similar to male, but some
females lighter, and veins of forewing above
accented with brown.
Female genitalia (fig. 929).
[Link] type of zalissaria is a female from "east
Florida" and is in the British Museum of Natural
History.

[Link] species seems closely related to

flavisaria.

the markings in the subterminal area of the forewing

above are almost absent.

Specimens examined.19 males and 28 females, all

year.

Specimens examined.28 males and 10 females, all

year.

UNITED STATES. [Link]: Florida City;

Inella; St. Petersburg; Keys; Paradise Key; Manatee ;
Gulf Coast Exp. Sta., Bradenton; Martin; Port
Sewall; Nassau; Fernandina; Volusia; Ormond.
[Link]; Wilson Dam; Elmore; "Elmore Co."
Georgia -Clarke; Clarke Co."; Screven; "Screven
Co."; not located Newman. Mississippi. Forrest;
Camp Shelley, nr. Hattiesburg; Harrison; Biloxi;
Handsboro; Hinds; Bolton; Clinton; Jackson; Madison;
Ridgeland; Rankin Pearl; Star; Warren; Vicksburg.
North [Link] located; Leland. New
[Link] May; Cape May.

BRAZIL. Minas Gerais; Vicosa; Parana; Castro; Rio

Grande do Sul; Pelotas; Santa Catarina; Blumenau;
Sao Paulo ; Sao Paulo. PARAGUAY. Paraguari; Sapucay.

Pero unlformis (Warren)

Pergama uniformis Warren, 1897:500.
Male (fig. 21).Dull green. Antenna pectinate.
Legs brown, spotted with cream-colored scales.
Forewing basal area green brown to dull brown;
costal margin, particularly near antemedial line,
cream colored; basal area not well set off from
median area; median area slightly darker than basal
area, its costal margin lighter; discal dot white,
usually poorly developed, and not as evident as in
next two species; subterminal area light along
postmedial line, strongest along costa; two light
bands in subterminal area, first running from
postmedial line on costa to middle of outer margin,
and second from middle of subterminal area to
hindangle; these lines poorly developed and never as
strong as in next two species. Hindwing dull white,
scaled with dull brown; light along costa of wing;
postmedial line of hindwing evenly rounded; discal
dot of hindwing round, black, usually not as strong
as in next two species; outer half of subterminal
area of hindwing grayish.
Male genitalia (figs. 453, 453a).Simple uncus and
costa of valve will separate this species from next
three.
Female (fig. 22).Antenna simple. Forewing similar
to that of male, but brownish, not greenish, usually
lightly scaled with dull black; postmedial line
black. Below also brown, not green.
Female genitalia (fig. 925).
[Link] the markings of the subterminal
area of uniformis are not conspicuous, they are
variable. The ground color is also variable,
and some specimens are browner than others.
Type.^Warren named uniformis from two specimens,
one from "Sao Paulo" and the other from "Castro,
Parana." Both are males and in the British Museum
of Natural History. Warren's type label is on the
Sao Paulo specimen, which is designated as lectotype.
[Link] uniformis is much smoother
appearing than any of the next three species, and

10

Pero lignata (Warren)

Pergama lignata Warren, 1897;499.
Male (fig. 23).Forewing very similar to that of
uniformis, but generally with maculation more
distinct, not appearing "fuzzy" as in uniformis;
basal area well set off from median area, usually
not marked with clay-colored scales along costa
(specimens from Argentina are an exception); discal
dot larger than in uniformis; median area not
distinctly marked with clay-colored scales along
costa, although costa lighter than remainder of
median area; subterminal area with two well-inarked
light bands, almost always better developed than in
uniformis; postmedial line not followed by light
area as in uniformis. Hindwing darker and more
uniform than in uniformis, not significantly lighter
along costal margin; discal dot usually present.
Below similar to uniformis, but maculation stronger,
particularly discal dot of forewing; not as darkly
scaled.
Male genitalia (figs. 454, 454a).Shape of uncus
will distinguish this species from uniformis and
lack of spikes on shaft of aedeagus and shapes of
subscaphium and uncus from afuera.
Female (fig. 24).Forewing differing from that of
uniformis in having veins marked with dark brown;
patch of dark scales in indentation of postmedial
line; maculation clearer and not as heavily flecked
with dark scales as in uniformis.
Female genitalia (fig. 926).
[Link] markings of this species seem to be
moderately consistent, but the color varies from
brown to almost olive green, with all shades in
between. Specimens from Argentina are dark olive
green and have a "fuzzier" appearance.
[Link] lignata was described from "a pair
from Palma Sola," which is in Venezuela, and a
female from "Fort St. George, Trinidad." The male
from Palma Sola with Warren's type label is
designated as the lectotype and is in the British
Museum of Natural History.
[Link] lignata is one of the conmionest
and most widespread species of Pero in tropical
America. It probably occurs most commonly in
secondary growth at lower elevations.
I did not
collect this species at Rancho Grande, Venezuela,
which is montane cloud forest.
This species and afuera are similar and often
difficult to distinguish. Pero afuera is usually
slightly larger, greener, and the veins of the

forewlng are distinctly darker than the remainder of

the wing. My general impression is that only one of
the two species occurs in any given locality.

as in lignata, and costal process of left valve is

blunter.
Female (fig. 26).Identical with lignata.

Specimens examined.295 males and 42 females, all

year.
MEXICO. Tabasco; Tabasco. BRITISH HONDURAS.
Middlesex, Stann Creek District; Punta Gorda; Rio
Grande; Rio Temas; "Brit. Honduras." GUATEMALA.
Izabal; Cayuga; Quirigua; Quezaltenango; Cerro
Zunil, 400 ft.; Solla; V. de Atitlan, 25-2500 ft.
COSTA RICA. Cartago; Banana River; Orosi, 1200 m.;
Limon; Sixoala River; not located; Esperanza;
Hamburg Farm; no specific locality; Costa Rica.
PANAMA. Chiriqui; Chiriqui; Panama; La Chorrera;
not located; Rio Trinidad; no specific locality;
Panama. VENEZUELA. Bolivar; La Union, Caura River;
La Vuelta, Caura River; Carabobo; San Esteban
Valley, Las Quigas; Valencia; Yaracuy; Aroa; Palma
Sola. TRINIDAD. Belmont, Pt. of Spain; Caparo.
GUYANA. Bartica; Fort Akayma, Rio Demarara; Rio
Potaro; Tumatumari; Tumatumari, Potaro River;
Rockstone, Essequibo. FRENCH GUIANA. Cayenne; St.
Laurent, Maroni; St. Jean, Maroni. BRAZIL.
Amazonas; Fonte Boa; Manaos, to Yutahi River; Bahia;
Cachimbo; Minas Gerais; Uberaba; Vicosa; Para;
"Para"; Paran; Castro, 950 m.; Pernambuco; Serra de
Bernada; Rio de Janeiro; Corcovado Forest, Rio de
Janeiro; Laguna de Sacuresma; Organ Mtns., near
Ti juca; Rio Grande do Sul; Pelotas; Rio Grande do
Sul; Santa Catarina; Blumenau; Jaragua do Sul;
Iguassu, Parana; Hansa Humboldt; Hills between Hansa
and Jaragua, 400 m.; Nova Bremen, 250 m.; Nova
Bremen; Rio Laeiss, Neu Bremen; "Santa Catarina";
Sao Paulo; Alto da Serra, Santos, 800 m.; Matto do
Govemo. PARAGUAY. Par aguar i ; Sapucay.
ARGENTINA. Buenos Aires; Benos Aires; Vinciente
Lopez; Jujuy; Jujuy; la Rioja; La Rioja; Misiones;
Hauz Parana, San Ignacio; Posadas; Tucumn; Tucuman,
450 m.; Tucuman; not located; Los Vasques.
BOLIVIA. Cochabamba; Charaplaya, 1300 m., 65 W,
16 S; Charuplaya; Rio Chapare; Yunga del Espritu
Santo; Santa Cruz; Mutum, 20 mi. W. Porto Suarez,
1500 ft.; Santiago de Chiquitos ; not located;
Corvico, 1800 m. PERU. Amazonas; Huambo;
Chachapoyas; Huanuco; Pozuzo, 800 m.; Junin;
Chanchamayo, 1000 m.; La Merced, Chanchamayo; Pasco;
Oxapampa; Puno; La Oroya, R. Inambari, 3100 ft.; La
Union, R. Huacamayo, 2000 ft.; Yahuarmayo, 1200 ft.;
not located; Chaquimayo, 2000-3000 ft.; no specific
locality; Peru [probably in Amazonas]. ECUADOR.
Loja; Environs de Loja; Napo-Pastaza; Naranjapata,
1850 ft.; Sarayacu; Zamora; Palanda; Zamora.
COLOMBIA. Boyaca; Muzo; Vaups; Ob. Rio Negro,
800 m.

Pero afuera Pode, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 25).Forewing almost identical to that
of preceding species, but usually deeper olive
color; veins often marked with brown. Hindwing
subterminal area in anal angle often marked with
yellow or orange, lighter than in lignata. Below
similar to lignata.
Male genitalia (figs. 455, 455a).Pero afuera can
be separated from lignata by spikes on shaft of
aedeagus. Uncus is longer and not as broad at tip

Female genitalia (fig. 927).

[Link] afuera males vary from uniform olive
to brown. The darkness and distinctness of the
veins of the forewing are also variable.
[Link]: Male, Rancho Grande [7 km.
N. Maracay], Aragua, Venezuela, 1100 meters,
R.W. Poole, August 3, 1967, in U.S. National
Museum. Paratypes; June to September 1967, from
type locality, 1 male each in American Museum of
Natural History, British Museum of Natural History,
Cornell University, Museum of Comparative Zoology,
and Universidad Central de Venezuela; 4 males from
type locality in U.S. National Museum.
[Link] afuera is often difficult to
distinguish from the preceding species. The shape
of the uncus can be used to separate the two if the
male genitalia are protruding from the abdomen, but
because there is some variation in the uncus of both
species, this character must be used with care.
Because of the similarity between afuera and
lignata, the type series has been restricted to the
type locality.
Specimens examined.47 males and 13 females, all
year.
MEXICO. Chiapas ; La Granja; Santa Anita; Chiapas;
Guerrero; Coatepec; Morelos; Cuernavaca; Oaxaca;
Puerto Elegi, Municipio Comaltepec, 2300 ft.; San
Luis Potosi; 2 mi. N. Tamazunchale, 400 ft.;
Veracruz ; Orizaba. GUATEMALA. Alta Verapaz; Baleu,
Municipio Cristobal, Verapaz; Baja Verapaz; Chejel;
Solla; Olas de Moka, 3000 ft. COSTA RICA.
Cartago; Juan Vinas; San Jose; Puntarenas;
Puntarenas, Monteverde, 4600 ft.; not located;
Avangarez; no specific locality; Costa Rica.
PANAMA. Chiriqui; V. de Chiriqui, 2-3000 ft.
VENEZUELA. Aragua; Rancho Grande [7 km.
N. Maracay], 1100 m.; Carabobo; San Esteban Valley;
Yaracuy; Aroa. COLOMBIA. Magdalena; Onca, St.
Marta, 2200 ft.; Vaupgs; Ob. Rio Negro, 800 m.

Pero obscurior Poole, NEW SPECIES

Pergama lignata ab obscurior Warren, 1897;499.
Male (fig. 27).Forewing similar to that of
preceding species, but darker brown; maculation as
in lignata, but not quite as well marked. Hindwing
dark brown with lower one-third of subterminal area
light brown. Below browner than any of preceding
three species.
Male genitalia (figs. 456, 456a).Shape of uncus
will separate this species from any of preceding
three.
Female (fig. 28).Similar to female of lignata, but
darker.

11

Female genitalia (flg. 928).

[Link]: Male, Popayan, [Cauca], Colombia,
TTritish Museum of Natural History. Holotype is
male type of Warren's aberration obscurior. The
type series is hereby restricted to the type
locality.
[Link] species is closely related to
lignata and is possibly only a race, but the
differences in the male genitalia between it and
lignata are as great as the differences between
lignata and afuera. There also seems to be some
overlap in the ranges of lignata and obscurior.
Specimens examined. -44 males and 9 females, June
and July.
COLOMBIA. Boyaca: Muzo, R. Cantinero, 400 m.;
Cauca; Juntas; Popayan; Choco; El Tigre, Rio Tamaua,
320 ft.; Cundinamarca; Canache; Guadalite; La Palma;
Sante-Fe do Bogota; Valle del Cauca; Narangito, Rio
Dagua, 3900 ft.; R. Dagua. ECUADOR. Bolivar;
Balzapamba; La Chima, Rio de Corondalet; Pambilar;
R. Cayapas; R. Durango; S. Javier, R. Cachabi,
60 ft.; Los ROS; Quevedo; not located; San Eduardo.

[Link] species is distinct from any other

in this group.
Specimens examined.15 males, June-December.
BRAZIL. Amazonas ; Fonte Boa, Upper Amazon; Santo
Antonio do Javary. Upper Amazon; Sao Paulo de
Olivena.

Pero mlnetraria (Oberthr), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina minetraria Oberthr, 1912;297, fig. 1546.
Male (fig. 30).Forewing brown; basal area light
brown, heavily scaled with brown, only slightly
lighter than median area; basal area lighter on
costa; median area brown, lighter toward costa,
darker toward costa, darker toward postmedial line;
discal dot a round white spot; postmedial line even,
not waved; subterminal area white along postmedial
line; two brown blotches on outer half of this white
band. Hindwing white, finely speckled with few
brown scales, but all other maculation absent.
Male genitalia (figs. 458, 458a).Valve and uncus
are characteristic of this species.

Pero nata Poole, NEW SPECIES

[Link].

Male (fig. 29).Brown. Palpi and legs brown with

tarsi vaguely marked with cream-colored scales.
Forewing basal area brown, lighter only along
antemedial line at costa; median area brown, lighter
along inner margin, darker along postmedial line;
discal dot white, circular; postmedial line followed
by light gray near costa and slightly so for
remainder of its length; subterminal area brown with
two light brown streaks, one running from middle of
subterminal area toward hindangle and other from top
of postmedial line to middle of outer margin.
Hindwing brown with dull, light postmedial line;
anal angle slightly lighter brown; series of black
dots in anal angle along outer margin. Below
forewing brown except outer half of subterminal
area; subterminal area gray except brown patch in
upper one-half along outer margin; postmedial line
straight, dull white edged inwardly with brown;
hindwing brown, dark scales on light ones;
postmedial line crenulate and cream-colored;
subterminal area gray in upper and outer halves;
discal dot present, black, but vague.

[Link] described this species from a single

male from "Matto Grosso," Brazil, and it is now in
the British Museum of Natural History.

Male genitalia (figs. 457, 457a).Shape of uncus

will identify this species.
[Link].

[Link] is a distinctive species and can

be confused with nothing else in the genus.
Specimens examined.2 males.
BRAZIL. Matto Grosso; "Matto Grosso.
Sierra Leone.

MISLABELED.

Pero nyctopa Prout

Pero nyctopa Prout, 1934;116.
Male (fig. 31).Antenna pectinate. Legs with
tibiae tipped with white.
Forewing maculation dark;
basal area not well set off from median area; discal
dot white, vaguely outlined with black; subterminal
area lighter than median area, almost contrasting
with remainder of wing; series of black dots along
outer margin, but strongly developed only toward
apex. Hindwing smoky black, only maculation a set
of conspicuous black dots along outer margin. Below
smoky black; only apparent markings discal dots of
hindwings.

[Link] if any.
[Link]; Male, Sao Paulo de Olivena,
Amazonas, Brazil, Novembre-Dcembre, Fassl, in U.S.
National Museum. Paratypes; Fonte Boa, Upper Amazon
[Brazil], VIII-IX, KLages, 6 males in British Museum
of Natural History; Santo Antonio do Javary, Upper
Amazon [Brazil], VI, Klages, 1 male in British
Museum of Natural History; 7 males from type
locality in U.S. National Museum.

Male genitalia (figs. 459, 459a).--Shapes of

subscaphium and costal fold are very characteristic
of this species.
[Link] to male, but slightly larger and
usually slightly browner.
Female genitalia (fig. 931).
[Link] specimens of nyctopa are browner
than others, although most are almost entirely

12

black. Coloration seems to depend on both the

specimen and how much it has faded.
[Link] named nyctopa
Punta Gorda (loe. cit.), 2
male specimen with Prout*s
as the lectotype and is in
Natural History.

from "British Honduras,

males, 2 females." The
type label is designated
the British Museum of

[Link] nyctopa is a distinctive, all

black species. At present, it is known only from
British Honduras. I have not been able to place it
with any certainty in the classification although I
think it belongs to group 1. The pattern of the
forewing is hardly characteristic of this species
group.

areas. In the females the distinctness of the lines

of the forewing varies from moderate to sharp and
contrasting.
[Link]: Male, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul,
Brazil, CM. de Biezanko, May 1, 1958, in Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Allotype:
Female from type locality, March 18, 1953, in
Cornell University collection. Paratypes: From type
locality June through November, 9 males in Cornell
University collection, 4 males in Museum of
Comparative Zoology.

Specimens examined.29 males and 30 females, all

year.

[Link] placement of this species is only

tentative.
It is superficially similar to the
anceta species complex, but the female genitalia are
different from the genitalia of that complex, and
there are also differences in the aedeagus and
vesica of the male genitalia.

BRITISH HONDURAS. Columbia; Punta Gorda; Rio

Grande; Rio Temash.

Specimens examined.18 males and 7 females, all

year.

Pero pelota Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 32).Head and thorax black brown. Legs
black brown, heavily marked with cream-colored
scales, particularly tips of tibiae and tarsi.
Forewing basal area light brown to brown, scaled
with smoky brown; antemedial line black; median area
dark brown to black brown, usually contrasting with
basal and subterminal areas; discal dot white,
small; subterminal area light brown to brown,
variegated with dark brown, particularly as a darker
band following postmedial line in angulation of line
in middle of wing; apex darker than remainder of
subterminal area, with one or two white dots in it.
Hindwing smoky brown to black, maculation obscure;
darker specimens usually striate with cream-colored
scales; postmedial line black, fine, usually
followed in anal angle by lighter band and then
black band; series of black dots along outer margin,
particularly well developed at anal angle, but weak
to absent toward inner margin. Below brown with
slight purple tinge, postmedial lines of forewing
and hindwing black and well marked, although not
conspicuous, discal dot of forewing white and
circular, of hindwing also circular, but mostly
black except center; postmedial line of hindwing
followed in anal angle by white and then black.

BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul: Pelotas. URUGUAY.

Montevideo ; Montevideo; Saygo, Montevideo; not
located; Aotres Cruces. ARGENTINA. Entre Ros;
La Soledad.

Pero sprata Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 34).Antennae strongly serrate. Legs
with outer face brown, inner face dull white.
Forewing dark brown; basaJ. area light brown, not
clearly separated from median area at costa;
antemedial line with two strong teeth, slanting
inward to inner margin; median area dark brown;
outer one-third darker than inner two-thirds; discal
dot a white spot; subterminal area light near
postmedial line, white along it; outer half of
subterminal area darker than inner half. Hindwing
dull white, flecked with brown scales; postmedial
line vague, brown, dentate. Below dull white,
heavily flecked with brown; all maculation very
obscure; discal dot and postmedial line of hindwing
present, but vague.
Male genitalia (figs. 461, 461a).
[Link] to male, but slightly larger.
Female genitalia (fig. 933).

Male genitalia (figs. 460, 460a) .Easily identified

by shapes of costal fold and ventral process of
valve.
Female (fig. 33).Forewing browner, not jet black
as in male; maculation often somewhat different than
in male (see fig. 33) and with conspicuous black
band preceding postmedial line in median area.
Hindwing brown without striations of male. Below
similar to male.
Female genitalia (fig. 932).
[Link] amount of striation of white and
black in the males is variable, with great contrast
to almost none. This variation takes the form of
the median area of the forewing either contrasting
or not contrasting with the subterminal and basal

[Link]; Male, Tucuman, 450 m., April 1919,

Argentina, in British Museum of Natural History.
Allotype; Female, from type locality, also in
British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] appearance of this species is
characteristic and not at all like the preceding
species. However, the male genitalia of this
species and of pelota are very similar, almost
identical. Pero sprata is known only from the type
locality.
Specimens examined.1 male and 1 female, April and
May.
ARGENTINA.

Tucuman; Tucuman, 450 m.

13

aneeta Species Complex

The aneeta complex is one of the more troublesome in
the genus. It includes the species chapela through
orosata. There are seven known species, most of
which are difficult to separate on superficial
appearance, although the male genitalia are
distinctive. It is particularly difficult to
distinguish the species when they have faded. A key
to males is given based on general appearance, but
it is not infallible and should be used with
caution. Genitalic characters are much more
reliable. Possibly biological characteristics will
eventually be of value in working out this complex
more satisfactorily.
I have been unable to separate females of aneeta,
jimenezaria, pequea, chapela, or orosata, either
superficially or by genitalia. There are extremely
variable differences in the female genitalia, and
what is characteristic of one species at one
locality is characteristic of another somewhere
else.
If a series of specimens is available from a
locality, there is usually no problem in associating
males and females.
The largest number of species occur in southern
Central America, with fewer in Brazil and the
Andes. The southern limit of the group is Paraguay.
The following key to males is based on maculation.
Subterminal area yellow to orange
yellow; median area blue gray ..

teleclyta

Subterminal area some shade of brown,

can be light tan, but not yellow;
median area usually brown black to
black when fresh

Last abdominal tergite folded over tip

of abdomen like box cover, giving tip
of abdomen a "squared" appearance....
jimenezaria
Last abdominal tergite not so modified

Basal area of forewing bluish gray

except yellow-orange bottom one-fifth;
subterminal area bright light brown .. yahua
Basal area of forewing some shade of
light brown; subterminal area brown

Subterminal area of forewing below with

white spot in brown upper half of
area

White spots in subterminal area of

forewing below, if present, continuous
with whitish inner margin

Uncus as seen by brushing away scales

from tip of abdomen long, slender, and
wide at base; median process of valve
short; subscaphium squared at tip;
hindwing below smooth, dark purple
brown
orosata

14

Uncus short; median process of valve

long; subscaphium pointed at tip;
hindwing below mottled purple brown
chapela
Lower half of subterminal area of
forewing above with 2 white blotches
aneeta
Lower half of subterminal area of
forewing above without these 2 white
pequea
blotches

Pero chapela Pode, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 35).Palpi purple brown, tip of third
segment white. Legs purple brown marked with cream
color. Thorax purple brown. Forewing basal area
light dull brown, flecked with purple-brown scales;
antemedial line black; median area purple brown,
contrasting with basal and subterminal areas; discal
dot small, white; light violet spot in discal cell
between R4 and R5; subterminal area dull light
brown, streaked with dark sealing, and vaguely
variegated with light and dark areas toward middle
of postmedial line; apex dark purple brown.
Hindwing dark gray brown, with dull light brown
postmedial line; patch in anal angle also dull light
brown. Below dark purple brown; discal dot of
forewing a white line; postmedial line straight,
white, and interrupted; white patch in lower half of
subterminal area; discal dot of hindwing black in
white area, divided into four sections; postmedial
line in anal angle white edged with black. Abdomen
light purple brown.
Male genitalia (figs. 462, 462a).Characterized by
shape of subscaphium and length of costal fold.
Female (fig. 36).Forewing maculation as in male,
but larger and all brown, not purple brown; outer
one-fourth of median area darker than inner
three-fourths; dark line in subterminal area running
alongside postmedial line; black blotch between
middle indentation of postmedial line and dark band;
inner edge of dark patch on apex black.
Female genitalia (fig. 934).
[Link] populations of chapela from South
America, the subscaphium loses the side projections
present in the Central American specimens and
terminates in a single point. A specimen from
Amazonas, Brazil, is brighter than normal and
appears superficially closer to aneeta than to this
species. One specimen from Bolivia is almost rusty
brown and not purple brown, and a male from Rancho
Grande, Venezuela, is almost uniform dark brown.
The series of females from San Esteban Valley,
Venezuela, are very uniform brown, without any clear
maculation.
[Link]: Male, Cayuga, [Isabal], Guatemala,
May, Schaus and Barnes, in U.S. National Museum.
Allotype: Female, Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone,
Panama, July 5, 1940, in Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Harvard University. Paratypes: 10 males
from type locality in U.S. National Museum.

Discussion.^Most known specimens of chapela are

from Central America and northern Venezuela.

Specimens examined. -104 males and 3 females, all

year.

Specimens examined.79 males and 32 females,

May-December, most common in July and August.
BRITISH HONURAS. Middlesex, Stann Creek District.
GUATEMALA. Izabal: Cayuga. COSTA RICA. Not
located; Sixola River. PANAMA. Canal Zone; Barro
Colorado Island. VENEZUELA. Aragua; Rancho Grande
[7 km. N. Maracay], 1100 m.; Carabobo; San Esteban
Valley, Las Quigas; Yaracuy; Palma Sola; not
located; Las Cruces, Colon, 250-750 ft. FRENCH
GUIANA. St. Jean, Maroni; St. Laurent. SURINAM.
Moengo, Boven Cottica R. BRAZIL. Amazonas ; Fonte
Boa; Sao Paulo de Olivenca; Para; Para; Rio de
Janeiro; Petropolis; Santa Catarina; Neu Bremen,
Rio Laeiss; no specific locality; Brazil. BOLIVIA.
Santa Cruz; Buenavista; Nuflo de Chavex, Esperanza;
Rio Suruta, 400 m.; Santiago del Estero. PERU.
Junin; Satipo; Puno; Yahuarmayo, 1200 ft. ECUADOR.
Napo-Pastaza; Coca, Upper R. Napa; Sarayacu.
COLOMBIA. Boyaca; Muzo, 400-800 m.; Magdalena; Rio
Magdalena a Bogota; Vaups; Ob. Rio Negro, 800 m.

GUATEMALA. Baja Verapaz; Chejel; Izabal; Cayuga.

VENEZUELA. Aragua; Rancho Grande [7 km. N.
Maracay], 1100 m.; Carabobo; San Esteban Valley, Las
Quigas. GUYANA. Potaro. FRENCH GUIANA. St. Jean,
Maroni; St. Laurent, Maroni; "French Guiana."
BRAZIL. Amazonas ; Tonantins; Sao Paulo de Olivenca;
Matto Grosso; Matto Grosso; Para; R. Madeira; Para;
Parana; Castro, 950 m.; Salto Grande; Rio Grande do
Sul; Guarani ; Rondonia; Calama, R. Madeira below
R. Machados; Santa Catarina; Iguassu, Parana; Neuvo
Teutonia; Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo.^ PARAGUAY. Guaira;
Independencia; Itape; Paraguari; Sapucay; no
specific locality; Paraguay. BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz;
Nuflo de Chavez, Esperanza; Rio Aniser, Chiquitos,
600 m.; Rio Suruta, 400 m. PERU. Junin;
Chanchamayo, 1000 m.; Loreto; Rio Ucayali; Piura;
Quiroz; no specific locality; No. Amazon; Peru.
COLOMBIA. Boyaca; Muzo, R. Cantinero, 400 m.;
Santander; Cucuta; Vaups; Ob. Rio Negro, 800 m.;
not located; Medina, 500 m,; no specific locality;
Colombia. TRINIDAD. Arima Valley, 800-1200 ft.

Pero anceta (Stell)

Pero teleclyta Prout

Phalaena Gemetra anceta Stoll, in Cramer, 1782;136,

pi. 360, figs. C, D.
Azelina ancetaria Guene, 1857;158.
[Unjustified
emendation.]

Pero teleclyta Prout, 1928;62.

Male (fig. 37).Forewing similar to that of

chapela ; two bright white patches in lower third of
subterminal area. Below white blotch of subterminal
area of forewing taking up entire bottom half of
area.
Male genitalia (figs. 463, 463a).Characterized by
shapes of costal fold, ventral process, and
subscaphium.

Male genitalia (figs. 464, 464a).Shape of

subscaphium is characteristic of this species.

[Link] with female of chapela.

Female genitalia.
chapela.

Male (fig. 38).Thorax grayer than in chapela.

Forewing maculation as in chapela; basal area light
yellow brown, not dull brown, but scaled with purple
brown toward base; median area purple gray, slightly
lighter than in chapela ; outer one-fifth of median
area darker than inner four-fifths; subterminal area
yellow brown, variegated with dark and light
patches, darkest along postmedial line; apex purple
gray. Hindwing patch in anal angle light yellow.
Below entire lower half of subterminal area of
forewing cream white, white extending inward on
inner margin.

-Identical with genitalia of

[Link] amount of white in the subterminal

area of the forewing above varies from specimen to
specimen and is not always an accurate indicator of
the species. The specimens from Guatemala are the
most strongly marked of any population.

Female (fig. 39).Forewing similar to that of

chapela female, but darker, with slight purple
appearance; subterminal area strongly variegated
with black; black line running along postmedial
line; blackish brown between this band and
postmedial line.
Female [Link] to genitalia of chapela.

[Link] on a female, probably from Surinam.

have not seen the type and it has probably been
destroyed.

[Link] name was wrongly applied for some

time to the common North American species,
honestarla, although there is little resemblance
between it and the illustration given in Cramer.
Because the type of anceta is a female, I cannot be
sure what species it is in this complex, and I have
used it somewhat arbitrarily for this species, which
occurs commonly in the Gulanas. I do not have any
specimens of anceta from Surinam.
It is most common
in Central America and northern Venezuela to the
Gulanas, but it occurs also in Brazil and the Andes.

[Link] basal and subterminal areas of the

forewing of teleclyta tend to be yellow orange in
the populations from Venezuela, but light yellow in
specimens from Brazil and Peru. Females of
teleclyta from southern Brazil have the male
coloration and are not brown like the Guyanese and
Venezuelan specimens. However, the one female from
Paraguay is brown and is not like the Brazilian
population.
[Link] named this species from a series from
San Esteban Valley, Venezuela. The male bearing his
type label in the British Museum of Natural History
is designated as the lectotype.

15

[Link] distribution of this species

appears to be very spotty with a large number of
specimens from the San Esteban Valley in Venezuela
and another moderate series from Satipo, Peru. The
loss of sexual dimorphism in the southern Brazil
populations is interesting, but I have no idea why
it should be lost there, but retained in Paraguay.
Specimens examined. -67 males and 5 females.
April-December.
VENEZUELA. Aragua; Rancho Grande [7 km. N.
Maracay], 1100 m.; Carabobo: San Esteban Valley, Las
Quigas. GUYANA. Tumatumari. BRAZIL. Santa
Catarina ; Blumenau; Jaragua do Sul; Joinville; Rio
Laeiss, lumenau; Nova Bremen, 850 m. PARAGUAY.
Paraguari; Sapucay. PERU. Huanuco; Tingo Maria,
Rio Huallaga; Junin; Satipo; Loreto; Coytamana, Rio
Ucayali; Puno; Chaquimayo, 2500-3000 ft.; La Union,
R. Huacamayo, 2000 ft. COLOMBIA. Magdalena: Onca,
St. Marta; Vaups; Ob. Rio Negro, 800 m.

Pero yahua Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (figs. 40, 41).Forewing basal area gray in
upper four-fifths, orange in lower fifth; median
area with distal half noticeably darker than
proximal half; subterminal area tan. Hindwlng gray,
not mottled; light patch on postmedial line in anal
angle well developed, rusty orange. Below wings
tinted with rusty orange in places; white patch in
subterminal area of forewing small, occupying only
one-fifth of area.
Male genitalia (figs. 465, 465a).Characterized by
shape of subscaphium and wide base of gnathos.
Female (fig. 42).Similar to male, but slightly
duller.
Female [Link] to genitalia of chapela.
[Link] five males of yahua from Para,
Brazil, are smaller than the Peruvian specimens.
The median area of the forewing above in these Para
specimens is light blue gray and the subterminal
area lighter brown than in the Peruvian specimens.
[Link]: Male, Yahuarmayo, [Puno], Peru,
1200 ft., February and March, Ockenden, in British
Museum of Natural History.
Paratypes: 2 males from
type locality in British Museum of Natural History,
1 male in collection of Cornell University; 1 male
from San Gabon, Peru, 2500 ft., in British Museum of
Natural History.
[Link] yahua is known only from a few
specimens from southern Peru and the series from
Para. The Para specimens are smaller than those
from Peru and have the median area light blue gray.
Superficially these two populations are different,
but the genitalia are identical.
Specimens examined.11 males and 1 female, all year.
PERU. PunoI San Gabon, 2500 ft.; Yahuarmayo,
1200 ft.; no specific locality; Peru. BRAZIL.
Para; Para. GUYANA. British Guiana.

16

Pero pequea Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 43).Almost identical with chapela, but
smaller and browner; subterminal area not as
variegated as in chapela. Below entire bottom half
of subterminal area of forewing white.
Male genitalia (figs. 466, 466a).Characterized by
thick ventral process and shape of subscaphium.
[Link] with female of chapela, but
slightly smaller.
Female [Link] with chapela.
[Link]; Male, Misantla, [Veracruz],
Mexico, May 1909, R. Mller, in U.S. National
Museum. Paratypes; 1 male from type locality in
British Museum of Natural History; 1 male from
Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico, in U.S. National Museum;
1 male from Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico, in British
Museum of Natural History.
[Link] pequea is known only from the
State of Veracruz, Mexico. The females are only
doubtfully associated with the males and I have not
included them in the type series. Pero pequea is
browner and smaller than any other member of this
species complex and this, in addition to the
locality, should identify the species.
Specimens examined.4 males and 2 females, May.
MEXICO.

Veracruz ; Jalapa; Misantla; Orizaba.

Pero jimenezarla (Dognin)

Azelina jimenezaria Dognin, 1890;193.
Male (fig. 44).Forewing superficially identical to
that of chapela. Abdomen box shaped, eighth tergite
forming a "lid."
Male genitalia (figs. 467, 467a).Characterized by
shapes of gnathos and subscaphium.
Male eighth sternite and tergite (figs. 467b-c).
[Link] with chapela.
Female [Link] with genitalia of
chapela.
[Link] species seems to be almost without
variation between localities or within a single
locality. Three specimens from Dos Puentes,
Ecuador, have the end of the abdomen slightly less
developed than the other specimens.
[Link] described jimenezaria from a single
male from "Environs de Loja, Equateur," and it is
now in the U.S. National Museum.
[Link] modification of the eighth
abdominal sternite and tergite of the male is
characteristic of jimenezaria, but the reasons for
this modification are not known. It is possibly a
reiteration of the tendency in some other groups of
Pero for the last segment of the abdomen to form a

large box to hold the male genitalia. This species

apparently occurs throughout most of South America,
but it is not known from Central America and is
perhaps replaced there by some other species of the
aneeta complex.
Specimens examined. -92 males and 27 females, all
year.
VENEZUELA. Aragua: Rancho Grande [7 km.
N. Maracay], 1100 m.; Carabobo; San Esteban Valley,
Las Quigas. GUYANA. Potaro; Rio Demarara.
BRAZIL. Rondonia: Calama, R. Madeira, below
R. Machados; Santa Catarina: Blumenau; Hansa
Humboldt, 60 m.; Jaragua do Sul; Joinville; Neu
Bremen, Blumenau; Rio Laeiss; Tayo; "St.
Catherines"; Sao Paulo; Alto da Serra, Santos,
800 m.; Alto da Serra, Sao Paulo; Serra do Mar.
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz; Buenavista; Nuflo de Chavez,
Esperanza; not located; R. Chimato, 1900 ft.;
Salampioni, 800 m.; no specific locality; Bolivia.
PERU. Junin; Chanchamayo, 2000 m.; Pasco;
Huancabamba, 3000 ft.; Puno; Yahuarmayo, 1200 ft.;
no specific locality; Peru. ECUADOR. Chimborazo;
DOS Puentes, 1700 ft., kil. 99; Esmeraldas ;
Salidero, 350 ft.; Loja; Environs de Loja;
Napo-Pastaza; Canelos, Rio Bobonaza, 2100 ft.
COLOMBIA. Boyaca; Muzo; Valle del Cauca; R. Dagua.

Male (figs* 46, 47).Legs brown black, marked with

varying amounts of cream-colored scales. Thorax
brown black, often slightly spotted with cream
color, but never significantly so. Forewing basal
area blackish with very slight brown tint, lighter
along top margin of antemedial line; often lower
part of basal area toward antemedial line and inner
margin light brown or yellowish, of same color as
subterminal area; median area black to brown black,
outer one-third usually darker except toward costa;
discal dot white, small; subterminal area varying
from brownish to yellowish; tip of wing black;
subterminal area finely striate with dark lines;
subterminal area often variously marked with obscure
patches. Hindwing brown black to black; postmedial
line vague and defined only in anal angle; anal
angle with light brown to yellow patch; fringe light
brown. Below black, sometimes with almost purplish
tinge; amount of light scaling variable, but more
prominent in anal angle of hindwing.
Male genitalia (figs. 469, 469a).Ventral process
of valve makes this species easily identifiable.
Female (fig. 48).Forewing very variable, from
brown to black; differs from male in being wider
winged and with conspicuous (in most instances) dark
line in median area running from R4 to inner
margin along postmedial line; markings in
subterminal area variable.

Pero orosata Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 45).Superficially identical to chapela,
but perhaps slightly darker.
Male genitalia (figs. 468, 468a) .Characterized by
hollowed-out base of uncus.

Female genitalia (fig. 935).The shape of the

ostium of this species is so variable that I
consider it almost worthless when trying to identify
specimens. The females are usually easily separable
from other species in the genus on superficial
appearance.

Specimens examined.4 males, August and September.

Variation.^A discussion of variation in this

species for both males and females would include all
possible combinations of brown. Some specimens are
black with a yellowish median area, others are black
with a brown subterminal area, some are uniformly
brown, others almost uniformly black. Geographically
the populations from the Peruvian Andes are the
largest, very dark, and with the subterminal area
almost consistently brown. The Guatemalan specimens
have the yellow subterminal area most commonly. In
the females, the variation is mostly from uniformly
dark to uniformly brown. Unfortunately the small
size of the series of females from any one locality
makes generalizations difficult about females of
different populations.
In the male genitalia, the
ventral processes of the valves are slightly thicker
and more strongly developed in the Andean populations
than in other areas, although again this is variable
within a population. The ostium of the female
genitalia is particularly variable.

MEXICO. Oaxaca; Puerto Elegi, Municipio

Comaltepec, 2296 ft.; Vista Hermosa, Municipio
Comaltepec, 4650 ft. BRITISH HONDURAS. Middlesex,
Stann Creek District.
COSTA RICA. Cartago; Tuis.

Type.^Warren named nigra from "3 males from

Chmate, Bolivia." The male in the British Museum
of Natural History with Warren's type label is
designated as the lectotype.

[Link].
[Link]: Male, Puerto Elegi, Municipio
Comaltepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, 2296 feet, IX-25-1961,
E.C. Welling, in American Museum of Natural
History. Paratypes; 1 male from Vista Hermosa,
Municipio Comaltepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, in American
Museum of Natural History; 1 male from Middlesex,
Stann Creek District, British Honduras, in American
Museum of Natural History; 1 male from Tuis,
[Cartago], Costa Rica, in U.S. National Museum.
[Link] orosata is superficially identical
with chapela, but possibly where the two species
occur together they have different flight periods.
All known specimens of orosata have been taken in
August and September, but the Central American
specimens of chapela are labeled May to July.

Pero nlgra (Warren), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina nigra Warren, 1904a;132.

[Link] this species is widespread, it

is seldom common anywhere. This may be the result
of poor collecting in the proper habitat. My own
experiences at Rancho Grande, Venezuela, indicate
that it is probably found mostly in lowland areas.

17

but it is impossible to be more specific,

more than one species are involved.

Possibly

Specimens examined. -221 males and 27 females, all

year.
MEXICO. Chiapas ; La Granja; Veracruz : Misantla;
Orizaba; Paso San Juan; Tuxpan; "Verz Cruz."
GUATEMALA. Izabal; Cayuga; not located; San
Gernimo. NICARAGUA. Jinotega, 3400 ft. COSTA
RICA. Cartago; Juan Vinas; Limont Guapiles,
984 ft.; Puntarenas; Puntarenas; Monteverde,
4600 ft.; not located; Cushi, 3300 ft.; Sixola
River. PANAMA. Canal Zone; Barro Colorado Island;
Chiriqui; Bugaba; Chiriqui; V. de Chiriqui,
3-4000 ft.; V. de Chiriqui, 2-3000 ft. VENEZUELA.
Ar agua; Rancho Grande [7 km. N. Maracay], 1100 m.;
Bolivar; La Union, Caura River; Carabobo; San
Esteban Valley, Las Quigas; Valencia, 1500-3000 ft.;
Valencia. TRINIDAD. "Trinidad." GUYANA.
Paramaribo. FRENCH GUIANA. Cayenne; St. Jean,
Maroni; St. Laurent, Maroni; "French Guiana."
BRAZIL. Amazonas; Allianca below S. Antonio,
R. Madeira; Fonte Boa; Sao Paulo de Olivenca;
Espirito Santo; Espirito Santo; Matto Grosso;
Burity, 30 mi. N.E. Cuyaba, 2250 ft.; Nivac;
Tombador, 16 mi. S. Diamantino, 1500 ft.; Minas
Gerais; Uberaba; Vicosa; Para; Para; Paran'; Castro;
Rio de Janeiro; Teresopolis, Rio de Janeiro; Rio
Grande do Sul; Guarani; Pelotas; Puerto Alegre;
Rondonia; Calama, R. Madeira, below R. Machados;
Santa Catarina; Nuevo Teutonia; Neu Bremen, Rio
Laeiss; Rio Laeiss, Bluraenau; Rio Vermelho, 830 m.;
"St. Catherines"; Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo. PARAGUAY.
Asuncion; Trinidad; Guaira; Independencia;
Paraguari; Sapucay; not located; Iguassu; no
specific locality; Paraguay. BOLIVIA. I^ Paz; San
Ernesto, Mapiri, 1000 m.; Santa Cruz; Nuflo de
Chavez, Esperanza; not located; Chmate, 760 m.;
Salampioni, 800 m. PERU. Amazonas ; Huambo; Junin;
La Merced, 3000-4500 ft.; La Merced, Chanchamayo;
Satipo; Chanchamayo, 2000 m.; Loreto; Rio Curray to
Rio Napo; Rio Ucayali; Pasco; Oxapampa, 2000 m.;
Puno; La Union, R. Huacamayo, 2000 ft.; Yahuarmayo,
1200 ft.; San Martin; Jepelacio; not located;
Pumayaca; Rio Colorado, 2500 ft.; Rio Tabaconas; no
specific locality; Peru. ECUADOR. Loja; Environs
de Loja. COLOMBIA. Boyaca; Muzo, 400-800 m.;
Cundinamarca; Bogota; Canache; Santa Fe de Bogota;
Magdalena; Minea, 2000 ft.; Vaups; Ob. Rio Negro.

Pero mathanara (Oberthr), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina mathanaria Oberthr, 1883;25, pl. 1, fig. 4.
Male (fig. 49).Palpi tipped with white. Legs with
ends of tibiae white. Forewing basal area grayish
magenta, not contrasting with median area; discal
dot white, often double, but not conspicuous; costa
of median area lighter brown than remainder of area,
particularly between discal dot and antemedial line
in discal cell; subterminal area light gray brown
with dentate white shade paralleling postmedial line
about one-third way to outer margin; two dark
blotches between Cu2 and A2, between this shade
and postmedial line; apex of wing slightly darker
than remainder of subterminal area. Hindwing
fuscous with orange-brown shade in anal angle
following postmedial line. Below gray violet

18

with orange-brown blotch in subterminal area of

forewing, in anal angle of hindwing following
postmedial line, and often one in discal cell of
forewing; postmedial line of hindwing set off with
white. Abdomen tipped with white.
Male genitalia (figs. 470, 470a).Easily identified
by various processes of valve. Aedeagus may or may
not have one or two pointed humps.
Female (fig. 50).Larger than male; forewing much
lighter and more orange; maculation as in male.
Female genitalia (fig. 937).
[Link] males of mathanaria the amount of
orange brown varies in the discal cell of the
forewing and in the anal angle of the hindwing.
Those without the orange are usually darker than
those with it. This is geographically variable, but
I haven't been able to find any clear-cut trend.
The population from Rio Songo, Bolivia, is dark, but
that from Corvico [Coroico?], Bolivia, is bright.
Both localities are in the department of La Paz.
Possibly the differences are phenotypic responses to
the environment.
[Link] described mathanaria from two males
from "Tonantins" [Amazonas, Brazil]. The specimen
bearing Oberthr's type label and figured in the
original description is designated as the lectotype.
[Link] mathanaria is widely distributed
throughout South America, but it is not known from
Central America. Superficially it resembles
stuposaria, but the male genitalia are markedly
different. Pero mathanaria is larger than
stuposaria and the males are almost uniform purple
brown. The females of mathanaria are much larger
and brighter than any of the stuposaria complex
populations. Pero mathanaria can usually be easily
separated from leptoina by the lack of white
striations in the subterminal area of the forewing,
a characteristic of leptoina.
Specimens examined.113 males and 3 females, all
year.
GUYANA. Omai; Potaro; Tumatumari; Tumatumari, Rio
Potaro. FRENCH GUIANA. St. Jean, Maroni.
SURINAM. Aroewarwa Creek, Maroewjm Valley.
BRAZIL. Amazonas; Fonte Boa; Sao Paulo de Olivenca;
Tonantins; Par^~Para; Rondonia ; Porto Velho; Santa
Catarina; "St. Catherines." BOLIVIA. Cochabamba;
R. Cristal Mayu, Chapare, 1000-2000 m.; Yunga del
Espritu Santo; La Paz; San Ernesto, 1000 m., 68 W,
15 S; San Ernesto, Mapiri, 1000 m.; 10 miles above
Mapiri, 2000 ft.; Santa Cruz; Rio Suruta, 400 m.;
Sara, S. Cruz de la Sierra; not located; Chmate,
760 m.; Corvico, 1800 m.; Rio Songo; Salampioni,
800 m.; no specific locality; Bolivia. PERU.
Amazonas; Huambo, 3700 ft.; Cusco; Cajn; Cuzco;
Hunuco; Pozozo; Junin; Chanchamayo; La Merced,
3000-4500 ft.; Satipo; Lima; Lima; Puno; La Union,
R. Huacamayo, 2000 ft.; Rio Huacamayo; Yahuarmayo,
1200 ft.; not located; Chaquimayo, 2500-3000 ft.;
Rio Colorado, 2500-3000 ft.; no specific locality;
Peru. ECUADOR. Loja; Environs de Loja; El Monje
prs Loja; Zamora; Zamora.

Pero leptoina Prout

Azelina semibrunnea Dognin, 1911a:186. [Not Warren,
1906: Preoccupied.]
Pero leptoina Prout, 1928:61.
Male (fig. 51).Forewing similar to that of
mathanaria; median area brown without reddish
appearance of mathanaria; yellow-brown shade in
discal cell absent; markings in subterminal area
lacking or obscure, but suffused with covering of
fine white striations. Hindwing patch in anal angle
light yellow without orange appearance of
mathanaria. Below postmedial line of forewing and
hindwing very conspicuous; blotch in anal angle of
hindwing almost two-thirds cream white.
Male genitalia (figs. 471, 471a) .Differing from
mathanaria in shapes of processes of valve.
Female. Unknown.
[Link] described semibrunnea from a single
male from St. Jean, Maroni, French Guiana, now in
the U.S. National Museum. Prout based leptoina on
several specimens, but he stated that the type was
one of two males from "La Union, [Puno], Peru." The
male bearing Prout*s type label from-this locality
is designated as the lectotype and is in the British
Museum of Natural History.
[Link] semibrunnea is a homonym of Pero
semibrunnea (Warren), 1906. Prout recognized the
homonymy, but not knowing if he had the same species
as Dognin*s semibrunnea, described it instead of
proposing a replacement name. Pero leptoina is
widely distributed, but never common. It seems to
be most common in the Amazon Basin.

Female (fig. 53).Maculation as in male, but

uniform brown and with dark brown shade paralleling
postmedial line in subterminal area of forewing
above.
Female genitalia (fig. 936).Characterized by shape
of ostium and large signum.
[Link] disjuncta varies chiefly in the
color of the forewing. The Guyanese specimens are
uniform brown and have the black striations of the
subterminal area weak, but the specimens from Peru
are darker and have the median area either dark
brown or light brown.
Type.^Warren described this species from a male and
a female. The male from Rockstone, Essequibo,
British Guiana [Guyana], in the U.S. National Museum
is designated as the lectotype.
[Link] species appears to have the same
distribution as leptoina and mathanaria, and
probably these three species are principally
distributed in the Amazon Basin. Superficially
disjuncta is different from either leptoina or
mathanaria, but the male genitalia indicate that it
is closely related.
Specimens examined. 48 males and 4 females, all
year.
TRINIDAD. Caparo. GUYANA. Potaro; Rockstone,
Essequibo; Tumatumari, Potaro. FRENCH GUIANA.
Nouveau Chantier; St. Jean, Maroni. BRAZIL.
Amazonas: Monte Cristo; Munderapo, Orinoco.
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Sara, 450 m.; not located;
Salampioni, 800 m. PERU. Cusco: Quincemil,
2400 ft.; Huanuco: Tingo Maria; Junin: Satipo; Madre
de Dios: Ob. Madre de Dios, 500-1200 m.

Specimens examined. -13 males. May and June,

October-December.
stuposaria Species Complex
VENEZUELA. Amazonas: Rio Casiquiarie. FRENCH
GUIANA. St. Jean, Maroni; Noveau Chantier.
BRAZIL. Amazonas: Allianca below S. Antonio, Rio
Madeira; Codajas. Upper Amazon; Monte Cristo.
PERU. Puno: La Union, R. Huacamayo, 2000 ft.;
San Gabon, 2500 ft.; Yahuarmayo, 1200 ft. ECUADOR.
Napo-Pastaza: Sarayacu.

Pero disjuneta Warren

Pero disjuncta Warren, 1906:552.
Male (fig. 52).Legs heavily marked with
cream-colored scales. Forewing basal area light
brown, heavily shaded with black; median area brown
or various shades of yellow brown; discal dot small,
double, white; subterminal area light brown, usually
heavily shaded with black striations. Below brown
to gray brown, flecked with black scales; hindwing
dark brown with yellow-orange blotch in anal angle.
Male genitalia (figs. 472, 472a) .Pero disjuncta
differs from mathanaria and leptoina in lacking the
complex processes of the valves, but is otherwise
similar. The aedeagus has no striate plate at the
tip, and it has a dentate patch on the side near the
apex.

The situation in this species complex is complex

indeed. I have divided it into only two species
(stuposaria and immundaria) in this revision, but
possibly one or two of the stuposaria populations
might be valid species. A closer examination is
needed of the situation beyond what is possible here.
Pero stuposaria occurs from southern Central America
throughout most of South America, and immundaria is
found in Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina, where it
is most common in the States of Sao Paulo, Rio de
Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Para, and Rio Grande do Sul.
In stuposaria, there is a gradient in the shape of
the parts of the male genitalia. The costal fold
and the process of the valve below it are examples,
as well as the subscaphium and the uncus.
In
Central America, the costal fold appears as in
figure 475. The specimen from Aroa, Venezuela, is
also like this, but populations from the Andes and
eastern Venezuela have a costal fold as in figure
476. In Guyana, the costal fold is similar to that
of the Venezuelan specimens, but in French Guiana,
the costal fold begins to change and develop a
definite cap as in figures 478 and 479.

19

In Brazil, the situation becomes unclear, but in

Para, all specimens are immundaria.
In southern
Brazil, there are two species flying together in
some places. One species is stuposaria and the
other immundaria. The costal fold of immundaria is
shaped as in figure 484, and it can be easily
derived from that of specimens of stuposaria from
French Guiana. The costal fold of stuposaria found
in southern Brazil is shaped as in figure 483 and
strikingly resembles that of the Central American
populations, although superficially the Brazilian
population is larger and brighter.
It is possible
that immundaria is derived from a peripheral
population of stuposaria and that after speciation
had proceeded to some extent, stuposaria reinvaded,
perhaps from the southern Andes across the Matto
Grosso. The great variability of the French Guiana
and Surinam specimens is possibly the result of
introgression between the two species. One male
from Minas Gerais is intermediate between stuposaria
and immundaria (fig. 481). The Amazonian
populations of stuposaria are divergent from those
of typical stuposaria, and the costal fold is shaped
as in figure 477. The costal fold of a very small
male from Santa Cruz, Bolivia, is shown in
figure 482.

Pero stuposaria (Guene), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina stuposaria Guenee, 1857:160.
Azelina trailii Butler, 1881:30. NEW SYNONYMY.
Azelina marcarla Oberthr, 1883:25. NEW SYNONYMY.
Male (fig. 54).Legs with varying amounts of
cream-white scaling. Forewing light brown, brown,
orange brown, or gray brown; basal area light brown,
shaded with varying amounts of reddish-brown and
black scales; median area reddish brown with white
discal dot; yellow-brown shade in discal cell from
discal dot to antemedial line; subterminal area
varying from dark cream to light brown; dark brown
blotches following postmedial line at Cu2 and
M3; series of black dots along outer margin.
Hindwing dull gray brown along inner margin;
yellowish brown along anal margin, particularly anal
angle following postmedial line; series of black
dots along outer margin. Below grayish with
yellow-brown patch flecked with black scales in
discal cell of forewing; hindwing yellow brown
except at outer margin; postmedial line dull gray
brown; discal dot obscure, white. Abdomen tip
white. The specimen described is from the type
locality. All specimens faded to lighter colors.
Male genitalia (figs. 473, 473a, 475-483).
Distinguished from iimnundaria by shape of costal
fold and subscaphium. Aedeagus differs in position
of spiny patch.
Female (fig. 55).Forewing with outer half of
median area darker than inner half; definite median
line; no patch in discal cell; subterminal area with
light brown shade from inner margin almost to costa,
another wider shaded area beyond this. Hindwing
almost uniform yellow brown.
Female genitalia (fig. 938).

20

[Link] male genitalia of stuposaria vary

from locality to locality. Populations from Central
America are considerably darker than those from
Venezuela, Brazil, and the Guianas, and they do not
have contrasting shades in the subterminal area.
The patch in the discal cell in these populations is
poorly defined. Amazonian specimens are dark,
uniform brown to uniform orange brown, and are not
variegated as are Venezuelan or Brazilian
specimens. They most resemble the Central American
specimens. Size is variable also in specimens from
the Amazon Basin. The populations in Bolivia are
much like the Central American populations, but one
specimen from Santa Cruz is very small.
The populations in eastern Venezuela through Brazil
are more contrastingly marked, with distinct shades
in the subterminal area, and the subterminal area
generally is lighter. Specimens from the Guianas
are grayer than those from either Venezuela or
Brazil and are similar to immundaria. There are
several gray specimens, one from Amazonas, Brazil,
and several from French Guiana. As a whole, the
French Guiana specimens are variable, much more so
than any other population. Females from Central
America are less contrasting and darker than those
from eastern South America, and they have the
subterminal areas of the forewing and hindwing below
red brown, not yellow brown. Within any locality
there is almost always variation in the degree of
color darkness, but the amount of variation differs
from place to place.
[Link] named stuposaria from two females
from "Brsil." A single female now in the Musum
National d*Historie Naturelle, Paris, is designated
as the lectotype. The type of trailii is from
"Pariti, Rio Purus," which is in Amazonas, Brazil,
and it is in the British Museum of Natural History.
Azelina marcarla is based on a single male from
"Tonantins" [Amazonas, Brazil] and is also in the
British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] stuposaria is common in places and
is possibly one of the generally adapted species
that occur here and there in the genus. It is also
a nightmare of variation and indeterminate specific
limits. The types of both trailii and marcarla are
from Amazonas, Brazil, and possibly this race will
eventually have to be treated as a valid species.
The variability of the French Guiana specimens and
the intermediate male genitalia suggest introgression
with immundaria.
Specimens examined.175 males and 33 females, all
year.
GUATEMALA.
Izabal: Cayuga. COSTA RICA. Limon:
Sixola River; not located; Esperanza. PANAMA.
Canal Zone: Barro Colorado Island; not located:
Lino, 800 m.; Rio Trinidad. VENEZUELA. Aragua:
Rancho Grande [7 km. N. Maracay], 1100 m.; Bolivar;
Ciudad Bolivar; Carabobo: San Esteban Valley;
Valencia, 1500-3000 ft.; Yaracuy: Aroa; Palma Sola.
TRINIDAD. Arima Valley, 800-1200 m.; Caparo.
GUYANA. Bartica; Omai; Rio Demarara; "British
Guiana." FRENCH GUIANA.
Cayenne; St. Jean, Maroni;
St. Laurent, Maroni; "French Guiana." SURINAM.
Moengo, Boven, Cottica River; Paramaribo. BRAZIL.
Amazonas ; Ponte Boa; Rio Madeira; Pariti, Rio Purus;

Sao Paulo de Olivenca; Tonantins; Uberaba, Minas

Grais ; Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro ; Rondonia;
Calma, below R. Machados; Santa Catarina; Blumenau;
Hansa Humboldt, 60m.; Jaragua do Sul ; Joinville ;
Nova Bremen, 250 m.; Rio Laeiss, Blumenau;
"St. Catherines." URUGUAY. "Uruguay." BOLIVIA.
Chapare; R. Cristal Mayu; Santa Cruz; Nuflo de
Chavez, Esperanza; Prov. del Sata, 450 m.; Rio
Suruta, 400 m. COLOMBIA. Boyac; Muzo,
R. Cantinero, 400 m.; Muzo, 400-800 m.; Vaups; Ob.
Rio Negro, 800 m.

Pero immundaria (Walker), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina immundaria Walker, 1866;1549.
Azelina fuscularia Felder and Rogenhofer, 1873: pi.
123, fig. 11. NEW SYNONYMY.
Azelina brunnea Dognin, 1911b;26. NEW SYNONYMY.
Male (fig. 56).Forewing grayish brown; smaller
than in stuposaria and heavily marked with dull
gray; shading in subterminal area obscure and only
an indication of two light shades. Below gray brown
with vague orange-red patches in discal cell; apex
of subterminal area of forewing yellow orange;
yellow patch in anal angle following postmedial line
of hindwing.

Paraguari; Sapucay. ARGENTINA. Misiones; Haut

Parana, San Ignacio; not located; Villa Ana.

Pero parva (Schaus), NEW COMBINATION

Eusenea parva Schaus, 1901;244.
Pero dichomensis derogata Prout, 1933;92. NEW
SYNONYMY.
Pero arditaria Dbauche, 1937;17. NEW SYNONYMY.
Male (fig. 58).Palpi tipped with white. Legs with
white-tipped tibiae. Forewing light brown to brown;
basal area grayish brown, not contrasting with
median area; median area brown to dark brown, little
lighter in discal cell between discal dot and
antemedial line; discal dot indistinct, but large
and marked off with black circle; postmedial line
straight and white; subterminal area almost uniform
light brown, with series of black dots along outer
margin. Hindwing brown with light brown blotch in
anal angle following postmedial line. Below
brownish with apex of forewing slightly orange
tinted.
Male genitalia (figs. 485, 485a).Characterized by
shapes of subscaphium and juxta.
[Link].

Male genitalia (figs. 474, 474a, 484).Shape of

costal fold usually characteristic of this species.
Subscaphium truncate at tip.
Female (fig. 57).Usually brown to dark brown, more
uniform than female of stuposaria.
Female genitalia (fig. 939).
[Link] are a few specimens of immundaria
that resemble Central American and Amazonian
specimens of stuposaria, but never stuposaria from
southern Brazil. Specimens from Argentina are dark,
dull brown.
Types.^Walker described immundaria from three males
from "Brazil," which are in the Hope Museum, Oxford
University, and the male with number 1005 is
designated as the lectotype. The type of fuscularia
is a single female from "Brasilia, Ypanema,
Guyana." This type is in the British Museum of
Natural History. Dognin described brunnea from a
male from "San Ignacio, Misiones, Haut Parana,
Republique Argentine," which is now in the U.S.
National Museum.

[Link] species varies from dark brown to

light brown, but most specimens are brown. Pero
parva also varies in size; the type of parva is the
smallest specimen I have seen. The postmedial line
of the forewing above is usually straight, but in a
few specimens it has a slight crook. One specimen
is a softer brown than any of the others.
[Link] described parva from a single male
from "Sao Paulo," and it is now in the U.S. National
Museum. Pero dichomensis derogata was described by
Prout from two males, but the male from "Alto da
Serra, Sao Paulo" was designated in the original
description as type. I have not seen the type of
arditaria from Serra do Mar, but the illustration of
the male genitalia given by Dbauche and the
description agree with this species.
[Link] straight postmedial line, the small
size, and the contrast of the brown median area with
the tan subterminal area in the forewing will
identify this species. Pero parva does not appear
to be common anywhere.
Specimens examined.6 males, March.

[Link] immundaria is distributed from

Brazil to Argentina, and where it occurs with
stuposaria it is softer, duller, and very rarely
yellow or orange.

BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro; Teresopolis; Santa

Catarina; Jaragua; Nova Teutonia, 27*'18 by 5223',
300-500 m.; Sao Paulo; Alto da Serra; Sao Paulo.

Specimens examined. -71 males and 16 females, all

year.

Pero protea Pode, NEW SPECIES

BRAZIL. Espirito Santo; Espirito Santo; Para; Para;

Parana; Castro, 950 m.; Rio de Janeiro; Campo Bello;
Laguna de Cacuresma; Petropolis; Rio Janeiro; "Rio";
Rio Grande do Sul; Pelotas; Santa Catarina; Hansa
Humboldt, 60 m.; Jaragua do Sul; Joinville,
Blumenau; "St. Catherines"; Sao Paulo; Santos; Sao
Paulo; not located; Preto; Santa Cruz. PARAGUAY.

Male (fig. 59).Forewing dark reddish brown with

slight purple or tan tint; basal area slightly
grayer than median area, but not contrasting with
it; antemedial line often with small spots of white
on veins; median area with yellowish spot between
discal dot and top of antemedial line; discal dot a
white linear spot; postmedial line followed by

21

either spots of white or a much interrupted white

band; subterminal area lighter than median area,
sometimes with pearl-gray tint, sometimes flecked
with darker scales. Hindwing with lower half of
subterminal area usually lighter than basal area and
upper half of subterminal area; postmedial line
fine, brown, followed by vague white band. Below
light brown or gray brown with postmedial line of
forewing straight and cream white, marked with spot
of white on costa; postmedial line of hindwing
crenulate and followed by cream color, particularly
in anal angle; discal dot of hindwing black with
cream-colored center.
Male genitalia (figs. 486, 486a, 487, 487a,
488-491).Easily separated from next species by
shape of costal fold.
Female (fig. 60).Similar to male, but usually
lighter brown, although not always.
Female genitalia (fig. 940).
[Link] and geographical variation
must be treated separately because the latter is
complicated. Two basic forms exist, one brownish,
speckled with darker scales, and another of uniform
brown with a pearly, milky appearance. However,
intergrades between the two forms exist. Most
females tend to be light brown, speckled with dark
brown, but the males are about "half and half."
This species has formed several distinct races,
which based on available specimens have disjunct
ranges. Rather than describe each race, the male
genitalia have been illustrated for each,
particularly the costal fold and ventral process
(figs. 488-491), although there are also differences
in the shape of the uncus and the subscaphium.
Superficially all the races are similar, but in the
male and female genitalia there are large
differences between races. One race occurs in
Mexico and Guatemala (based on three specimens), the
second occurs from Panama down through the Andes to
Ecuador. The third ranges from Venezuela to
Surinam, and the fourth is found in southern
Brazil. Whether the ranges are really disjunct or
the product of poor collecting is not known.
[Link]: Male, Barro Colorado Island, Canal
Zone, Panama, December 24, M. Bates, in Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Allotype:
Female from type locality, July 20, 1940, in Museum
of Comparative Zoology. Paratypes: 21 males and
6 females from type locality in Museum of
Comparative Zoology; 3 males and 2 females in U.S.
National Museum. The type series is restricted to
the type locality.
[Link] races have not been regarded as
species because of similar situations in Pero, where
the intergrades are present (e.g., clana, coronata,
stuposaria). Perhaps more collecting will clear up
the situation. Most of the known localities for
protea are lowland forest. The species is
apparently common on Barro Colorado Island in the
Canal Zone.
Specimens examined. -99 males and 24 females, all
year.

22

MEXICO. Oaxaca; Puerto Elegi, Municipio

Comaltepec, 2296 ft. GUATEMALA. Izabal; Cayuga.
PANAMA. Canal Zone; Barro Colorado Island;
Chiriqui: Bugaba, 800-1000 ft.; Panama ; La Chorrera;
not located ; Cabima. VENEZUELA. Bolivar; La Union,
Caura River; Carabobo; San Esteban Valley; Yaracuy;
Aroa. TRINIDAD. Caparo; "Trinidad." GUYANA.
Kartabo, Bartica District; Potaro; Tumatumari.
FRENCH GUIANA. Cayenne; St. Jean, Maroni; St.
Laurent, Maroni. SURINAM. Aroewarwa Creek,
Maroewyn Valley. BRAZIL. Minas Gerais; beraba;
Rio de Janeiro; Rio Janeiro ; Santa Catarina ;
Blumenau; Donna Emma, 600 m.; Hansa Humboldt, 60 m.;
Jaragua do Sul; Sao Paulo ; Alto da Serra; Alto de
Serra; Sierra de Cubotas. ECUADOR. Imbabura; Lita,
3000 ft.; Paramba; Paramba, 1050 m.; Napo-Pastaza;
Sarayacu. COLOMBIA. Boyaca; Muzo, 400-800 m.;
Muzo, 400 m.; Muzo; Cauca; Yuntas, prs Cali; Choco;
Juntas, Rio Tamaua, Rio San Juan, 400 ft.;
Cundinamarca; Pizzaro; Valle del Cauca; Naranjito,
Rio Dagua, 3900 ft.; Vaups; Ob. Rio Negro, 800 m.;
not located; Bogota to Buenaventura; Cauca Valley.

Pero incompta (Warren), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina incompta Warren, 1900;209.
Male (fig. 61).Almost identical with protea, but
perhaps slightly larger.
Male genitalia (figs. 492, 493, 493a).Easily
distinguished by shape of costal fold and ventral
process.
[Link].
[Link] individual variation in incompta is
similar in character to that found in protea. The
two specimens from Sao Paulo de Olivena, Amazonas,
Brazil, are more strongly marked than those from
Peru.
Type.^Warren described this species from a male
from "10 miles above Mapiri, Bolivia, 2000 ft," and
it is now in the British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] range of incompta is distinct from
that of protea, and the species is known to occur in
Peru, Bolivia, and the Amazon Basin, at least that
part of the Amazon Basin near the east slope of the
Andes.
Specimens examined.23 males.
BRAZIL. Amazonas ; Codajas. Upper Amazonas; Fonte
Boa; San Antonio do Javary, Upper Amazon; Sao Paulo
de Olivena; 17-46-35 S Lat., 63-5-34 Long.
BOLIVIA. La Paz; 10 miles above Mapiri, 2000 ft.;
Santa Cruz; Nuflo de Chavez, Esperanza. PERU.
Junin; Chanchamayo, 1000 m.; Chanchamayo, La Merced;
La Merced; Loreto; Rio Sanipiyacu, Putamayo; Rio
Ucayali; Puno; Chaquimayo, 2500-3000 ft.; La Union,
R. Huacamayo, 2000 ft.; San Gabon, 2500 ft.;
Yahuarmayo, 1200 ft.

Pero foeda Warren

[Link].

Pero foeda Warren, 1906:553.

[Link] of lactellneata that have the

whitish suffusion of the forewing poorly developed
appear yellowish and seem to be slightly lighter
than other specimens. There is also some difference
in the degree of darkness of the brown from
individual to individual. Possibly older specimens
tend to lose the whitish suffusion and take on a
yellowish appearance.

Male (fig. 62).Head and thorax brown. Legs brown

with tips of tibiae white. Forewing brown with
slight yellow tint; basal area brown, but heavily
overlain with dull gray; median area brown, darker
than subterminal area; cell lighter, almost yellow;
discal dot circular and cream colored in center;
postmedial line brown, fine; subterminal area light
brown, slightly scaled and darker; apex with three
small black dots. Hindwing brown; discal dot
circular; postmedial line brown, followed by yellow
brown, particularly in anal angle; remainder of wing
brown.
Male genitalia (figs. 494, 494a).Characterized by
process of valve and shape of subscaphium.
Female (fig. 68).Similar to male, but slightly
larger and smoother appearing.
Female genitalia (flg. 942).
[Link] from a single male from St.
Laurent, Maroni [River], French Guiana, now in the
U.S. National Museum.
[Link] foeda is known only from the
Guianas. The female described here is only
doubtfully associated with the males.

[Link] from a single male from "Pozuzo,

Peru" in Huanuco. This specimen is in the British
Museum of Natural History.
[Link] lactellneata is a pretty little
species from the Andes, the majority from the east
slope. The whitish suffusion of the forewing above
is characteristic of the species.
Specimens examined.16 males, all year.
BRAZIL. Amazonas : Sao Paulo de Olivenca. BOLIVIA.
Cochabamba: Region Chapare, 400 m. PERU. Huanuco:
Pozuzo; Tingo Maria; Madre de Dios: Avispas; Puno:
Chaquimayo, 2500-3000 ft.; San Gabon, 2500 ft.;
Yahuarmayo, 1200 ft.; not located: Pumayaca.
ECUADOR. Napo-Pastaza: Sarayacu; Tungurahua: Banos,
Rio Pastaza, 5-7000 ft. COLOMBIA. Vaups: Ob. Rio
Negro, 800 m.

Pero cristila Poole, NEW SPECIES

Specimens examined.8 males and 1 female.
GUYANA. Potaro. FRENCH GUIANA. St. Jean, Maroni;
St. Laurent, Maroni. SURINAM. Aroewarwa Creek,
Maroewyn Valley.

Pero lactellneata Warren

Pero lactellneata Warren, 1907:319.
Male (fig. 63).Forewing light tan and whitish;
basal area light tan, suffused with white, with some
very vague dark scaling; antemedial line brown;
median area brown, contrasting with remainder of
wing; discal dot circular, white; discal cell
lighter than remainder of median area and often
almost yellowish; subterminal area light tan with
whitish suffusion; apex darker, marked with black;
vague black blotch in angulation of postmedial line
into median area. Hindwing brown, not whitish,
flecked with dark scales; postmedial line vague,
followed by thin white band; wing orange yellow in
anal angle, shading into brown ground color of wing;
series of black dots along outer margin; discal dot
present, circular, but not conspicuous. Below all
tan without any whitish suffusion; postmedial line
and discal dot of forewing white, contrasting with
remainder of wing; postmedial line of hindwing
white, expanded in anal angle; anal angle slightly
more orange than remainder of wing; discal dot of
hindwing black, often with small white center dot.
Male genitalia (figs. 495, 495a).Shapes of costal
fold and ventral process of valve will separate this
species from cristila.

Male (fig. 64).Forewing tan to light brown, almost

unicolorous; basal area scaled with some black, at
least more so than median and subterminal areas;
discal dot large, white, and preceded by yellowbrown area in discal cell; postmedial line almost
straight, not angulated inward as in lactellneata;
subterminal area slightly lighter than median area;
series of small black dots along outer margin.
Hindwing tan, lighter than forewing; discal dot
circular, but not conspicuous; postmedial line
brown, fading out toward inner margin; postmedial
line followed by light brown band; series of black
dots along outer margin. Below light tan, with
discal dot of forewing white; postmedial line of
forewing white, but not contrasting except at costa
where it forms a white blotch; postmedial line of
hindwing brown, not contrasting; discal dot black
with white center.
Male genitalia (figs. 496, 496a).Can be identified
by shapes of costal fold and ventral process of
valve.
[Link].
[Link]: Male, R. Cristal Mayu, Chapare,
[Cochabamba], Bolivia, August 29, 1949,
1000-2000 m., L.E. Pena, in Cornell University
collection. Paratype: 1 male, Quincemil, Cusco,
Peru, 2400 ft., August 1962, in American Museum of
Natural History.
[Link] cristila is known from only two
specimens. Wlien fresh, this species is tan, but
when faded it appears yellow brown. The Bolivian

23

BOLIVIA. Cochabamba; R. Cristal Mayu, Chapare,

1000-2000 m. PERU. Cusco; Quincemil, 2400 ft.

some other small differences in the vesica. In the

costal fold the valve of the first "type" tends to
develop a constriction in the center (fig. 497c),
but the second "type" does not (fig. 497b). I have
not been able to distinguish between the two groups
superficially, and for the present I have considered
them as races of one species.

Pero exquisita (Thierry-Mieg)

This is a widespread species and probably occurs

coEttmonly in lowland forest.

specimen is In considerably better condition than

the Peruvian one.
Specimens examined.2 males, August.

Azelina exquisita Thierry-Mieg, 1894a:57.

Pero exquisitata [sic] Kaye and Lamont, 1927:98.
[Misspelling.]
Male (fig. 65).Palpi dark brown. Legs dark brown,
heavily spotted with cream-colored scales. Forewing
basal area brown gray, but heavily scaled with blue
gray; median area brown gray with dark brown line in
center running from top of discal cell to inner
margin; costal margin in median area lighter brown;
discal dot white, small, varying in distinctness;
postmedial line fine, tending to be double, and
becoming dull white between double lines at costa;
subterminal area grayer than remainder of wing, with
two darker shades in it; apex slightly darker;
series of black dots along outer margin. Hindwing
postmedial line dark, black, preceded by dark, fine
band; base of wing heavily dark scaled; subterminal
area darker toward costal margin. Below subterminal
area of forewing uniform dark brown, except toward
inner margin; remainder of wing brown, lighter
toward costa; discal dot vague; hindwing uniform
brown with waved, cream-colored postmedial line;
small white discal dot surrounded by black. Abdomen
browner ventrally.
Male genitalia (figs. 497, 497a-d).
Female (fig. 66).^Maculation as in male, but
entirely brown, without any gray tint of male;
maculation in general more distinct, and coloration
more uniform; usually larger than male.
Female genitalia (fig. 941).
[Link] distinctness of the maculation,
particularly the antemedial line of the forewing,
varies, and the discal dot tends to be obscure in
some specimens. The Matto Grosso and Minas Gerais
specimens are smaller than any other population of
exquisita. In these two populations the males often
take on the brown female coloration, although they
do retain a slight grayish tint. See discussion for
variation in the male genitalia.
[Link]-Mieg described exquisita from a male
from "Prou," and it is now in the U.S. National
Museum.
[Link] species breaks down into two
geographically separated "types," which are
distinguished by a few constant differences in the
male genitalia. One "type" occurs in Central
America, ranging to Colombia, and the other occurs
in Brazil, Guyana, Bolivia, Peru, and probably also
the Amazon Basin. In the first "type" (fig. 497d),
the vesica of the aedeagus contains a flat plate
toward the base. This sclerite is spinelike and
small in the other "type" (fig. 497a). There are

24

Specimens examined.^182 males and 36 females, all

year.
MEXICO. Oaxaca: Puerto Elegi, Municipio
Comaltepec, 2300 ft.; Veracruz : Misantla. BRITISH
HONDURAS. Middlesex, Stann Creek District; Orange
Walk; Punto Gorda; Rio Grande. GUATEMALA.
Izabal:
Cayuga. COSTA RICA.
Cartago: Sixola River.
PANAMA. Canal Zone: Barro Colorado Island;
Chiriqui: Bugaba; not located: Lino, 800 m.
VENEZUELA. Bolivar : La Vuelta, Caura River;
Carabobo: San Esteban Valley; Yaracuy: Palma Sola.
TRINIDAD. Arima; Caparo; Port of Spain;
"Trinidad." GUYANA. Atkinson Airfield, Georgetown;
Omai; Potaro; Rio Demarara; Tumatumari, River
Potaro. FRENCH GUIANA. Nouveau Chantier; St. Jean,
Maroni; St. Laurent, Maroni; "French Guiana."
BRAZIL. Amazonas: Allianca, below San Antonio,
R. Madeira; Santo Antonio do Javary, Upper Amazon;
Teffe a Tonantins; 17-46-55 S lat., 63-5-34 long.;
Matto Grosso: Burity, 30 mi. N.E. Cuyaba, 2250 ft.;
"Matto Grosso"; Minas Gerais: Uberaba; Para: Para;
Rio de Janeiro: Corcovado Forest, Rio de Janeiro;
Rio Janeiro; Santa Catarina : Neu Bremen; "St.
^
Catherines." PARAGUAY. Guiara: Itape; Paraguari :
Sapucay; not located: "Paraguay." BOLIVIA.
Cochabamba: Chapare, 400 m.; Yunga del Espritu; La
Paz: Corvico [Coroico?], 1800 m.; Rio Songo, 750 m.;
San Ernesto, 1000 m., 68 W, 15 S; Santa Cruz:
Buenavista, 750 m.; Nuflo de Chavez, Esperanza; Rio
Suruta; Santa Cruz. PERU. Huanuco: Pozuzo,
800-1000 m.; Junin: Chanchamayo; La Merced,
3000-4500 ft.; La Merced, Chanchamayo; Palcazu;
Satipo; Puno: Chaquimayo, 2500-3000 ft.; La Oroya,
R. Inambari, 3100 ft.; Tinguri, 3400 ft.;
Yahuarmayo, 1200 ft.; San Gabon, 2500 ft.; no
specific locality: Peru. ECUADOR. Esmeraldas:
Bulim, 160 ft.; Pambilar; R. Cayapas; Imbabura:
Lita, 3000 ft.; Pramba [Paramba], 3500 ft.^;
Napo-Pastaza: Sarayacu.
COLOMBIA. Boyaca: Muzo,
400-800 m.; Muzo, R. Cantinero, 400 m.; Muzo; Cauca :
Yuntas, prs Cali; Juntas, Rio Tamaua, Rio San Juan,
400 ft.; Cundinamarca: Canache; Vaups: Ob. Rio
Negro, 800 m.
coronata Species Complex
The following two species pose a real identification
problem without genitalic dissections. Because of
the extreme variability of the male genitalia of
coronata, it is difficult to determine just what is
a species. Pero coronata seems to be moderately
widespread with an extreme amount of clinal
variation in the male genitalia. Figures 499-504
show the changes that occur in the ventral process
of the valve of species as one goes from Central
America into South America. Pero mephistola,
however, is less widely distributed; most specimens
are from Santa Catarina, Brazil. The single

specimen of mephistola from Bolivia is unique so

far. The two species probably occur together
because coronata has been taken at Joinville in
Santa Catarina. I have not been able to find any
character to separate the species superficially, but
locality can probably be used to determine specimens
if used with caution and if specific determination
is not absolutely critical.
If the specific
determination is important, the male genitalia must
be used. The apex of the subscaphium can often be
seen by brushing the scales from the end of the
abdomen. The apex is double in mephistola and
single in coronata.

Pero coronata (Warren)

Azelina coronata Warren, 1904b:567.
Male (fig. 67).Legs red brown, shading to cream
color distally. Forewing red brown; basal area
brown, with slight light gray tint, but not set off
from median area; antemedial line vague; median area
brown to slightly red brown; circular, gray discal
dot preceded by orange-brown spot in cell;
postmedial line straight, light brown; subterminal
area light brown, striate with darker brown of same
color as median area, particularly toward postmedial
line; series of vague black dots along outer
margin. Hindwing brown, becoming lighter and with
slight orange tint in anal angle; postmedial line
light, moderately wide; vague series of dots along
outer margin. Below light tan with postmedial line
of forewing and hindwing dark brown followed by
whitish band; discal dot of forewing vague; discal
dot of hindwing white, usually present; hindwing
shaded with yellowish along inner margin and anal
angle. Abdomen red brown, apex with darker scales.
Male genitalia (figs. 498, 498a, 499-504) .Tip of
subscaphium single, not bilobed; uncus notched at
apex; ventral process of valve usually biramous to
some degree.
[Link].
[Link] variation in coronata is not
great, but there is some in the degree of darkness
of the browns. Some specimens from Satipo and other
places in Peru are dark brown, and one specimen from
Para, Brazil, is light and smaller than the other
species. The light color of this Para specimen may
be due to fading. In the male genitalia there is
much variation, particularly in the shape of the
ventral process of the valve.
Figures 499-504 show
the variation in several populations. The general
trend is for the dorsal part to develop into a flat
shelf as one goes from Central America into South
America. This shelf is least developed in the
population from British Honduras, slightly more so
in Guatemala, and well developed in Guyanese
specimens. The shape of the ventral process is
consistent within a population. There is some
variation in the shape of the subscaphium and the
uncus from place to place.

[Link] coronata is a widespread species,

but it is apparently rare and local. It and the
next species are superficially identical, but the
tip of the subscaphium in this species is always
single and that of mephistola bifurcate.
Specimens examined.49 males, January-August.
BRITISH HONDURAS. Melinda, Stann Creek District;
Middlesex, Stann Creek district; Columbia; Punta
Gorda; "British Honduras." GUATEMALA. Baja
Verapaz; Chejel; Izabal; Quirigua. GUYANA. Omai;
Potaro; Rio Demarara. FRENCH GUIANA. St. Jean,
Maroni. BRAZIL. Amazonas ; Codajas, Upper Amazon;
Fonte Boa, Upper Amazon; Madeira River; Para; Para;
Santa Catarinai Joinville. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba:
Yunga del Espritu Santo; Santa Cruz; Nuflo de
Chavez, Esperanza. PERU. Junin; Chanchamayo;
Satipo; Puno; R. Huacamayo, 3100 ft.; San Gabon,
2500 ft.

Pero mephistola Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 69).Identical with coronata.
Male genitalia (figs. 505, 505a).Subscaphium bifid
at apex; ventral process of valve consisting of
single arm.
Female (fig. 70).Forewing more orange than in
male; antemedial line more distinct and discal dot
larger; yellow patch between discal dot and
antemedial line absent, or poorly defined; veins of
forewing accented slightly and dots on outer margin
more distinct. Below postmedial line of forewing
and hindwing better defined than in male; postmedial
line of hindwing rounded and not straight as in male.
Female genitalia (fig. 943).
[Link]: Male, "St. Catherines," Brazil, in
U.S. Natiijnal Museum. Allotype; Female, Sapucay,
[Paraguari], Paraguay, Foster, in British Museum of
Natural History. Paratypes; 1 male in U.S. National
Museum from type locality; 1 male, Neuvo Teutonia,
St. Catarina, Brazil, in American Museum of Natural
History; 1 male from Iguassu, Parana, Santa
Catarina, Brazil, in British Museum of Natural
History.
[Link] mephistola is superficially
identical with the preceding species, but the apex
of the subscaphium of the male genitalia is always
bifurcate.
Specimens examined.9 males and 5 females.
BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro; Teresopolis; Rio; Santa
Catarina; Iguassu, Parana; Nova Te^utonia; "St.
Catherines." PARAGUAY. Paraguari; Sapucay; no
specific locality; Paraguay. BOLIVIA. La Paz; Rio
Songo, 750 m.

Pero duida Poole, NEW SPECIES

Type.^Warren described coronata from two males, but
the specimen from Chanchamayo, Peru, was indicated
as type. This specimen is in the British Museum of
Natural History.

[Link] and palpi brown, only slightly speckled

with white. Forewing brown with slight violet
tinge; all markings indistinct; antemedial line

25

almost absent; basal area slightly lighter than

median area, same color as subterminal area; discal
dot vague, dull white, almost absent in some
specimens; postmedial line double, straight;
subterminal area lighter than median area, and with
slight violet tint, slightly speckled with few dark
scales. Hindwing concolorous with subterminal area
of forewing; postmedial line obscure, double. Below
brown with slight violet tint; all markings absent
or obscure.
Male genitalia (figs, 506, 506a-b).Extremely
distinctive.

Female genitalia (fig. 945).

Variation.^Variation is marked in this species.
Peruvian specimens are largest, and anal angle of
the hindwing above is a slight orange tint. The
Minas Gerais specimen is a tawny brown, lighter than
either the Para or Colombian populations. Major
differences are in the genitalia, particularly in
the shape and length of the processes of the valve
(figs. 508-509). The length of the ventral process
of the left valve varies from long to short; it is
longest in the Andean populations and shortest in
the Para specimen. The process of the apex of the
aedeagus may or may not be spiny.

Male eighth sternite (fig. 507).

Female (fig. 71).Identical to male.
Female genitalia (fig. 944).

Types.^Warren described semibrunnea from 1 male and

1 female. The male is from "Bolivia." This
specimen is in the U.S. National Museum and is
designated as the lectotype.

[Link]: Female, Mt. Duida, Amazonas,

Venezuela, 1-2-1929, Tte No. 516, in American
Museum of Natural History. Aliotype: Male from type
locality in American Museum of Natural History.
Paratypes: 4 females from type locality in American
Museum of Natural History.

[Link] is unfortunate a species so variable

is represented by so few specimens. It is difficult
to tell whether each population is variable or not.
Pero semibrunnea is apparently local and rare.

Discussion.I have made a female the type of this

species because the only male specimen is in poor
condition. All specimens are from the type
locality, one of the sandstone mountains in the
Amazon Basin. This species is highly specialized
and very robust looking.

SURINAM. Geldersland, Surinam River. BRAZIL.

Maranhao: Olha de Agnas; Minas Gerais: Agua Suja;
Par^: Para. BOLIVIA. No specific locality:
Bolivia. PERU. Puno: Quinton, 5000 ft. COLOMBIA.
Vaupes: Ob. Rio Negro, 800 m.

Specimens examined.^1 male and 5 females,

December-February.

Pero plenilunata (Warren)

Specimens examined.10 males and 2 females.

Pergama plenilunata Warren, 1904a:165.

VENEZUELA.

Amazonas: Mt. Duida.

Pero semlbrunnea (Warren)

Eusenea semibrunnea Warren, 1906:541.
Male (fig. 72).Palpi tipped with light brown.
Legs spotted with light brown. Forewing brown, red
brown, or light brown; basal area brown, but heavily
scaled with dark gray, particularly along lower half
of antemedial line; basal area lighter toward costa;
median area darker than remainder of wing, although
not greatly so, light toward antemedial line; discal
dot black; postmedial line light brown, straight;
subterminal area brown, scaled with dark brown,
slightly more so toward postmedial line; series of
small black dots along outer margin; veins slightly
accented with lighter brown. Hindwing brown with
dark violet tint; postmedial line white, straight;
subterminal area becoming brown toward anal angle
darker toward costa. Below dark, dull gray, scaled
with brown; top of subterminal area and discal cell
of forewing brown; subterminal area of hindwing also
brownish; postmedial line of hindwing and forewing
vague, dull white; discal dots of both wings absent.
Male genitalia (figs. 508, 508a, 509).Shape of
uncus and long ventral process of left valve are
characteristic of semibrunnea.

Male (fig. 74).Palpi brown; outer fringe of first

segment and tip of third white to cream colored.
Legs brown, heavily speckled with white. Forewing
basal area brown with slightly violet tint, scaled
with light brown toward costa; antemedial line
indistinct; median area brown, darker than either
basal or subterminal areas; discal dot circular,
dull white, preceded by yellow spot in cell between
it and antemedial line; vague darker brown line
preceding postmedial line; postmedial line light
brown, straight to slightly angled between M^^ and
M2; subterminal area light brown, flecked with
dark scales; series of white and black dots along
outer margin. Hindwing brown; postmedial line cream
colored, better defined toward anal angle;
subterminal area in lower one-third with orange
tint; series of black dots along outer margin.
Below light brown, with postmedial line of forewing
and hindwing cream colored and distinct; postmedial
line of hindwing crenulate; hindwing with small
white, circular discal dot; hindwing flecked with
black.
Male genitalia (figs. 510, 510a, 511-513) .Shapes
of ventral processes of valves will separate this
species from either of next two.
Female (fig. 75).Similar to male.
Female genitalia (fig. 946).

Female (fig. 73).Similar to male, but usually

lighter in color and larger.

26

[Link] variation in this species is

not great. The coloration of the wings varies some,
but not greatly, and the angulation of the
postmedial line of the forewing above also varies.
The male genitalia have a strong clinal variation
with a sharp break between the Bolivian-Peruvian
populations and the specimens from Ecuador. In the
Bolivian-Peruvian populations, the ventral processes
of the valves are strongly developed, but in the
specimens from Ecuador they are not as well
developed, particularly on the left valve. The
middle of the juxta is indented in the
Bolivian-Peruvian specimens, but not or only
slightly so in the Ecuadorean population. The two
spines of the juxta are larger and closer together
in the Bolivian specimens. The sclerotization of
the tip of the vesica is short in specimens from
Ecuador, but long in the Bolivian-Peruvian series.
[Link] named plenilunata from a male from
R. Inambari, [Puno], Peru, now in the British Museum
of Natural History.
[Link] clinal variation in the male
genitalia of plenilunata from southern Peru and
Bolivia to Ecuador is interrupted in northern Peru,
where unfortunately material is lacking.
Superficially I cannot distinguish between the two
groups and consider them to be races of the same
species.
Specimens examined. -133 males and 1 female.
May-December.
COLOMBIA. Meta: Villavencencio; Vaups: Ob. Rio
Negro, 800 m. ECUADOR. Loja; Environs de Loja;
Zamora: Zamora. PERU. Amazonas ; El Porvenir,
900 m.; Huambo, 3700 ft.; Cusco; Caradoc, Marcapata,
4000 ft.; Pampaconas River; Hunuco; Pozuzo,
800-1000 m.; Junin; Chanchamayo; La Merced; Lima;
Lima; Pasco; Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco,
6000-10,000 ft.; Puno; Chirimayo, 1000 ft.; La
Oroya, R. Inambari, 3100 ft.; R. Inambari, 6000 ft.;
R. Slucuri, 2500 ft.; Santo Domingo, 6000 ft.;
Tinguri, 3400 ft.; not located; Pumayaca; no
specific locality; Peru. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba;
Upper Rio Toro, La Merced, 3000 m.; Yunga del
Espritu Santo; La Paz; Corvico, 1800 m.; Rio Songo;
Yungas de la Paz, 1000 m.; n specific locality;
Bolivia.

Pero dichomensis Prout

[Link].
[Link] specimens are slightly more striate
in the subterminal area of the forewing above, but
never greatly so.
[Link] described this species from several
specimens from Peru, but he stated that the type was
one of five males from Santo Domingo. The male with
Prout*s type label from this locality is designated
as the lectotype and is in the British Museum of
Natural History.
[Link] species is similar to plenilunata,
but is yellow brown not brown, and has a rough
appearance in contrast to the smooth, brown look of
plenilunata. It is almost identical to the next
species, but the club-shaped ventral process of the
valve of the next species can usually be seen by
brushing away the scales from the tip of the abdomen.
Specimens examined.14 males.
BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: Yunga del Espritu Santo.
PERU. Puno; La Oroya, R. Inambari, 3100 ft.;
Oconeque, 7000 ft.; Santo Domingo, 6000 ft.

Pero cerra Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 77).Forewing almost identical with that
of dichomensis, but slightly darker; subterminal
area not as yellow nor as heavily striate with dark
lines. Below more uniform tan than in dichomensis,
but not as uniform as in plenilunata.
Male genitalia (figs. 515, 515a).Club-shaped
ventral process of right valve is characteristic of
cerra.
Female. Unknown.
[Link]; Male, Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco,
[Pasco], Peru, E. Boettger, in British Museum of
Natural History. Paratypes: 2 males from type
locality in British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] cerra appears to be a cross
between plenilunata and dichomensis, but the
club-shaped process of the right valve is
characteristic and can usually be seen by brushing
away the scales from the tip of the abdomen. There
is a possibility that cerra is only a race of
dichomensis.

Pero dichomensis Prout, 1933:92.

Specimens examined.3 males.
Male (fig. 76). -Forewing almost identical with that
of plenilunata, but yellow brown, not brown;
subterminal area yellow brown, heavily striate with
black lines; postmedial line not strong. Hindwing
with light patch in anal angle more heavily speckled
with dark scales than in plenilunata. Below light
yellow brown; yellow patch in upper half of
subterminal area of forewing; neither wing uniform
brown as in plenilunata.
Male genitalia (figs. 514, 514a).Shapes of ventral
processes of valves are characteristic of this
species.

PERU. Pasco; Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco,

6-10,000 ft.

lustrarla Species Complex

The lustrara complex consists of three species, two
from the Andes and a third from Brazil. The males
are light brown to brown, but the females are dark
gray to gray brown and more robust than the males.

27

BRAZIL. Paran/; Castro, 950 m.; Rio de Janeiro;

Itatiaya; Petropolis; Rio Janeiro; Rio; Teresopolis;
Santa Catarina; Blumenau, New Bremen; Blumenau;
Hansa Humboldt, 60 m.; Hansa Humboldt; Jaragua do
Sul; Rio Laeiss, Blumenau; Rio Vermelho; "St.
Catherines"; S^o Paulo; Salto Grande, Paranapenema;
Sao Paulo; not located; Canto Gallo; no specific
locality; Brsil.

A key to males based on superficial appearance

follows.
1.

Antemedial line of forewing with 2

marked points projecting into median

Antemedial line of forewing above with

just 1 point projecting into median
area

pinsa
Pero pinsa Poole, NEW SPECIES

Postmedial line of forewing above

markedly outcurved between veins;
subterminal area of forewing above
finely striate with white lines ...

2.

boa

Postmedial line of forewing above

outcurved only between 2A and Cu2, and
M^ and M2; subterminal area of
forewing above marked with white, but
not with fine white lines
lustrarla

Male (fig. 80).Similar to lustrarla. Forewing

antemedial line with lower of two projections found
in lustrarla poorly developed or absent; apex of
wing not darker than in lustrarla. Hindwing
postmedial line not contrasting as in lustrarla.
Below as in lustrara.
Male genitalia (figs. 520, 521, 521a).
Characterized by shapes of ventral processes of
right and left valves.

Pero lustrara (Guene)

Male eighth sternite and tergite.^As in lustrara.

Azelina lustrarla Guene, 1857:156.

Female (fig. 81).Similar to female of lustrarla.

Male (fig. 78).Palpi and legs light brown.

Forewing light brown; antemedial line jutting into
discal cell, shaded with cream color on top of
projecting part; antemedial line again projecting
below Cu; median area with outer one-fifth slightly
darker than inner four-fifths; postmedial line
marked with cream color toward costa; subterminal
area with cream-colored stripe from top of
postmedial line to middle of outer margin, and
another from about middle of postmedial line to
bottom of outer margin. Hindwing postmedial line
white with red-brown band following it in anal
angle; outer margin at anal angle with two white
stripes and two black dots. Below light brown;
apical half of subterminal area of forewing rich,
dark brown; hindwing with large, black discal dot
and brown spot following postmedial line in anal
angle.

Female genitalia (fig. 948).

Male genitalia (figs. 516, 516a, 519).

Characterized by shapes of uncus and ventral
processes of valves. Vesica lacks sclerotized area.

[Link] specimens from Madre de Dios, Peru,

are smaller than the other specimens. Otherwise,
pinsa is not a variable species.
[Link]; Male, Rancho Grande [7 km. N.
Maracay], Aragua, Venezuela, 1100 m., July 2, 1967,
R.W. Poole, in U.S. National Museum. Allotype;
Female from type locality, June 7, 1967, in U.S.
National Museum. Paratypes: 1 male from type
locality in each of following museums; American
Museum of Natural History, British Museum of Natural
History, Cornell University, Museum of Comparative
Zoology; 5 males in collection of Universidad
Central de Venezuela; 22 males from type locality in
U.S. National Museum.
[Link] species is easily distinguished
from the next by the shape of the antemedial line of
the forewing and usually by the absence of white
striations in the subterminal area of the forewing
above.

Male eighth sternite and tergite (figs. 517, 518).

Female (fig. 79).Forewing maculation as in male,
but dark brown to dark gray brown; many specimens
with fine white striations on both wings.
Female genitalia (fig. 947).Signum present.
[Link] is some variation in the color of
the wings, but nothing significant.
[Link] named lustrarla from a single male
from "Brsil." This specimen is in the British
Museum of Natural History.
Specimens examined.60 males and 15 females, all
year.

Specimens examined.85 males and 1 female,

June-January.
VENEZUELA. Aragua Rancho Grande [7 km. N.
Huanuco; Tingo Maria;
Maracay], 1100 m. PERU
Satipo; Madre de
Junin; Perene River, 2000 ft
Dios; Avispas; Puno; Inambari River; La Oroya,
3100 ft.; La Union, Rio Huacamayo, 2000 ft.;
Yahuarmayo, 1200 ft. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba;
R. Cristal Mayu, Chapare, 1000-2000 m.; Yunga del
Espritu Santo; Santa Cruz; Pto. Greether, Ichilo,
250 m.; no specific locality; Bolivia.

Pero boa Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 82).Forewing antemedial Une with two
distinct projections as in lustrarla; postmedial
line outcurved between veins; subterminal area with

28

many fine white striations. Hindwing light brown

band in anal angle following postmedial line not
contrasting as in lustrarla. Below hindwing not
flecked with black as in lustrarla; dark brown mark
in anal angle about three times longer than wide.
Male genitalia (figs. 522, 522a).Characterized by
shapes of ventral processes of right and left valves.
Male eighth sternite and [Link] in lustrarla.
Female (fig. 83).Similar to female of lustrarla.

dark brown, darker than either basal or subterminal

area; discal dot absent (in two specimens discal dot
is present but obscure and areas between discal dot
are light brown, contrasting with remainder of
median area); postmedial line fine, light;
subterminal area uniform, of same color as basal
area. Hindwing dark brown; anal angle lighter
brown; postmedial line vague, light gray. Below
brown on gray base; gray strongest toward outer
margins of both forewing and hindwing; cream-colored
band along postmedial line of hindwing in anal
angle, shaded with brown on its outer side;
postmedial line of hindwing gray and vague.

Female genitalia (fig. 949).

[Link] specimens from Costa Rica have the
postmedial line of the forewing above with the
outcurvings between the veins less marked than in
the populations from Bolivia and Peru. The white
striations of the subterminal area of the forewing
above are poorly developed in the Costa Rican
specimens.

Male genitalia (figs. 523, 523a).Species lacks

sclerotized bulb in vesica, although membranous
area, possibly homologous, is present. Shape of
subscaphium is characteristic.
Female (fig. 85).Larger, lighter brown, with
apices of forewings more falcate than in male.
Female genitalia (fig. 950).

[Link]: Male, San Esteban Valley, Las

Quigas, [Carabobo], Venezuela, Klages, in U.S.
National Museum. Allotype: Female from type
locality in U.S. National Museum. Paratypes:
9 males from type locality in British Museum of
Natural History.
[Link] is a widespread species, but it
appears to be rare and sporadic, although a
moderately large series has been collected at Fonte
Boa, Amazonas, Brazil.
Specimens examined.65 males and 4 females,
March-September.
COSTA RICA. Cartago: Sixola River. PANAMA. Canal
Zone; Barro Colorado Island. VENEZUELA. Carabobo;
San Esteban Valley, Las Quigas; Lara; Sanare to
Barquisimeto, 6000 ft.; Yaracuy; Palma Sola.
BRAZIL. Amazonas ; Fonte Boa; Teffe; Upper Amazon.
BOLIVIA. Cochabamba; Charaplaya [Charapaya?],
1300 m.; R. Cristal Mayu, 1000-2000 m.; La Paz; Rio
Songo, 750 m.; Pando ; Humayta, Rio Madeiro; Santa
Cruz; Buenavista; Pt. Greether, Ichilo, 250 m.
PERU. Junin; Satipo; Loreto; Contamana, Rio
Ucayali; Rio Pacaya, Lower Ucayali; Madre de Dios;
Avispas; Ob. Madre de Dios, 500-1200 m.; Puno; La
Union, Rio Huacamayo, 2000 ft.; not located;
Pumayaca. ECUADOR. apo-Pastaza; Alpayacu, Rio
Pastaza, 3600 ft.; Archidona; R. Tiputini, Rio Napo;
Sarayacu. COLOMBIA. Cauca; Juntas.

GROUP 2
The species in group 2 are probably remaining
elements of a group from which group 3 has evolved.
Superficially there are several divergent types in
group 2, but the male genitalia are all similar.

Pero juna Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 84).Palpi with outer fringe light
gray. Inner faces of tibiae light gray. Forewing
dark brown; basal area gray brown, heavily scaled
with dark brown; antemedial line brown; median area

[Link]; Male, Huacapistana, Junin, Peru,

1800 m., July 27-30, 1965, P. and B. Wygodzinsky, in
American Museum of Natural History. Allotype;
Female, Santo Domingo, Carabaya, [Puno], Peru,
6000 ft., in British Museum of Natural History.
Paratypes; 2 males from Oconeque, Carabaya, Peru, in
British Museum of Natural History; 1 female from
Santo Domingo, Carabaya, Puno, in British Museum of
Natural History; 1 male from Yungas de la Paz,
1000 m., in U.S. National Museum; 1 male from La
Paz, 1000 m., in British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] species is closely related to the
next, although it differs in several characters in
the male genitalia. The geographic ranges of juna
and pulverosa are probably the best characters to
use in separating the two species.
Specimens examined.6 males, 2 females, February
and July.
PERU. Junin; Huacapistana; Puno; Oconeque,
Carabaya, 7000 ft.; Santo Domingo, 6000 ft.
BOLIVIA. La Paz; La Paz, 1000 m.; Yungas de la Paz,
1000 m.; no specific locality; Bolivia.

Pero pulverosa (Warren), NEW COMBINATION

Eusenea pulverosa Warren, 1895;142.
Male (fig. 86).Almost identical with preceding
species. Forewing with contrasting brown spot
between antemedial line and discal dot not as strong
as in juna; duller with more gray and less brown.
Hindwing with patch in anal angle of hindwing
duller. Below duller, less brown than in juna.
Male genitalia (figs. 524, 524a).Vesica in
pulverosa containing bulbous, sclerotized structure
not found in juna; shape of subscaphium different.
Female (fig. 87).Forewing maculation as in male,
but light brown, without gray of male. Below light
brown; discal dot of hindwing distinct.

29

Female genitalia (flg. 951).

Specimens examined.22 males and 2 females, March.

Type.^Warren described pulverosa from a single male

from Petropolls, Brazil, now In the British Museum
of Natural History.

BRAZIL. Parana; Castro, 950 m.; Rio de Janeiro;

Petropolls; Rio; Rio Janeiro; Teresopolls; Santa
Catarina; "St. Catherines"; Sao Paulo; Salto Grande,
Paranapanema; Sao Paulo.

[Link] pulverosa Is probably

geographically disjunct from juna. It Is almost
always more gray than juna.
Specimens examined.25 males and 1 female,
December.
BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro; Petropolls; Rio Janeiro;
Rio; Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo. PARAGUAY. Not located;
Paso Yubay; no specific locality; Paraguay.

Pero rapiarla (Guene)

Pero rapta Prout

Pero rapta Prout, 1928;62.
Male (flg. 90).Antennae pectinate, but not as
strongly as In rapiarla.
Forewlng richer brown
than In rapiarla ; angulatlon of postmedlal line on
M^ stronger and sharper than In rapiarla. Below
postmedlal line of forewlng dark, almost straight,
not waved; postmedlal line of hlndwlng not as well
developed as In rapiarla ; Inner margin strongly
flecked with cream-colored scales.

Azellna rapiarla Guene, 1857;157.

Male (flg. 88).Antennae pectinate. Palpi brown,
tip of third segment white. Legs brown, spotted
with cream-colored patches. Forewlng brown; basal
area lighter than median area, but darker than
subterminal area; median area gradually darker
toward postmedlal line; sharp white discal dot;
subterminal area light, contrasting with median
area, vaguely mottled with light and dark bands.
Hlndwlng dull dark brown; anal angle with orange
patch following postmedlal line; postmedlal line
white In anal angle, but obscure for remainder of
Its length. Below brown; postmedlal lines of both
wings white; postmedlal line of forewlng slightly
waved, spotted with white on veins; Inner half of
subterminal area of hlndwlng different shade of
brown than outer half; postmedlal line of hlndwlng
dentate, black followed by white In anal angle;
discal dot black, divided Into four quarters.
Male genitalia (figs. 525, 525a).Sclerotlzed bulb
In vesica and shape of uncus will separate this
species from rapta.
Female (fig. 89).Antennae simple. Forewlng light
brown to orange brown, not brown as In male;
subterminal area not contrasting with median area.
Below orange brown; postmedlal lines of both wings
white only on veins.

Male genitalia (figs. 526, 526a).^Absence of

sclerotlzed bulb In vesica and shape of uncus will
separate this species from rapiarla.
Female. Unknown.
[Link] If any.
[Link] described rapta from several specimens,
but stated that a male from Huancabamba, Cerro de
Pasco, Peru, was the type. This specimen Is In the
British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] characters given In the description
will distinguish rapta from rapiarla, although the
two species are superficially similar. Their ranges
appear to be separate.
Specimens examined.10 males, April and May,
October and November.
Huanuco;
PERU. Amazonas ; El Porvenir, 900 m
Pozuzo, 800 m.; Junln; Chanchamayo, 1000 m.;
Chanchamayo; Pasco; Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco; no
specific locality; Peru. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba;
Yunga del Espritu Santo; La Paz; Corvlco
[Corolco?], 1800 m.; no specific locality; Bolivia.

Pero catana (Jones), NEW COMBINATION

Female genitalia (flg. 952).
Azellna cetana Jones, 1921;336.
[Link] specimens are slightly darker than
others.
[Link] described rapiarla from a single male
from "Brsil." This specimen Is In the British
Museum of Natural History.
[Link] rapiarla and rapta are
superficially similar; however, the postmedlal line
of the forewlng below Is not as dark or as straight
In rapiarla as In rapta, and the angulatlon of the
postmedlal line of the forewlng above near M^ Is
not as sharp In rapiarla as In rapta. The antennae
In rapiarla are more strongly pectinate than In
rapta. As far as Is known the two species do not
occur together.

30

Male (fig. 91).Antennae simple. Legs brown, but

Inner faces, tarsi, and apices of tibiae cream
white. Thorax dark brown. Forewlng brown; basal
area yellow brown, heavily Infuscated with black
scales; antemedlal line black, distinct; median area
brown, often with slight orange tint; light patch
between discal dot and antemedlal line; discal dot a
white spot; brown median line; postmedlal line fine,
black, dentate on veins; subterminal area dull
yellow brown; apex darker than remainder of
subterminal area; broken black terminal line.
Hlndwlng dull brown; postmedlal line present only In
anal angle as yellow or cream-colored patch; black
dots along outer margin. Below brown spotted with
cream color; discal dot of forewlng large, white;
gray spot at apex of wing and another In outer half

of lower part of subterminal area of forewing;

postmedial line of hindwing shaded with cream color
in anal angle and to lesser degree for remainder of
its length; discal dot black.
Male genitalia (figs. 527, 527a).Characterized by
shape of costa of valve.

Specimens examined.13 males and 5 females, March,

September, and October.
BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro ; Campo Bello; Laguna de
Sacuaresma; Petropolis; Teresopolis; Santa Catarina;
Blumenau, Neu Bremen; Jaragua do Sul; Hansa
Humboldt; Joinville; Rio Laeiss, Blumenau; "St.
Catherines"; Sao Paulo: Sao Paulo.

Female. unknown.
[Link] male from Rio de Janeiro is smaller
and darker than the Sao Paulo specimens.

Pero ligera (Schaus)

Azelina ligera Schaus, 1901:180.

[Link] described cetana from a single male

from "Alto da Serra, Santos," now in the British
Museum of Natural History.
[Link] is a distinctive species, but it
seems best placed here.
Specimens examined.4 males, March and December.
BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro ; Teresopolis; Sao Paulo;
Alto da Serra, Santos, 800 m.; Alto da Serra, Sao
Paulo.

Pero hoffmanni Prout

Pero hoffmanni Prout, 1933:93.

Male (fig. 92).Antennae simple. Legs light brown,

spotted with dark brown scales. Forewing light
brown; basal area slightly lighter than median area;
antemedial line brown; outer one-third of median
area darker than inner two-thirds; discal dot a
white spot; subterminal area with dark shade
following postmedial line near inner margin; apex
darker than remainder of subterminal area. Hindwing
dull brown; postmedial line a light band;
orange-tinted patch in anal angle following
postmedial line; inner margin lighter than remainder
of wing, flecked with black scales. Below light
brown; discal dot of forewing a white line; inner
margin of forewing tending to dull white; base of
hindwing, particularly inner margin, lighter than
subterminal area; postmedial line a brown line,
dentate, followed by cream-colored band; discal dot
large, black.
Male genitalia (figs. 528, 528a).Shape of
subscaphium and costa will identify this species.

Male (fig. 93).^Antennae simple. Legs with femora

dark brown; tibiae and tarsi cream colored, spotted
with dark brown scales.
Forewing light brown; basal
area light brown, slightly lighter on inner margin;
antemedial line brown black, strong; median area
darker than either basal or subterminal areas, but
light toward costa; brown median line; discal dot
usually double, although dots may be connected
forming angulate line; inner half of subterminal
area lighter than outer half; thin light band
following dark brown postmedial line; two dark
blotches following middle of postmedial line; series
of black dots along outer margin. Hindwing dull
white; postmedial line brown, waved; yellow patch in
anal angle following postmedial line; inner margin
scaled with dark brown. Below dull gray brown;
inner half of upper third of subterminal area of
forewing yellowish; inner margin cream colored,
flecked with dark scales; discal dot large, black,
divided into quarters; postmedial line dark brown,
thick; inner half of subterminal area of hindwing
yellowish, outer half gray.
Male genitalia (figs. 529, 529a).Simplicity of
genitalia is characteristic of this species.
Female (fig. 94).Type female is orange brown
flecked with dark both above and below. Most
females are similar to males, but are perhaps
slightly darker.
Female genitalia (fig. 954).
[Link] polinnorphism in the females, with
one form orange brown and the other light brown as
in the males, is the only conspicuous variation in
this species.
[Link] by Schaus from a single female from
Castro, Parana, Brazil, now in U.S. National Museum.

[Link] to male, but darker.

Female genitalia (fig. 953).
[Link] females tend to vary in size, but
otherwise hoffmanni is a nonvariable species.
[Link] described hoffmanni from several
specimens. The male bearing his type label in the
British Museum of Natural History from Jaragua do
Sul, Santa Catarina, Brazil, is designated the
lectotype.

[Link] reason for the existence of two

forms in the females of ligera, one orange brown and
the other light brown as in the male, is confusing,
particularly with so few specimens available. Pero
ligera is otherwise a distinctive species that
should not be confused with anything else in the
genus.
Specimens examined.4 males, 3 females.
BRAZIL.
Paulo.

Parana: Castro, 950 m.; Sao Paulo: Sao

[Link] is a distinctive species from

southern Brazil.

31

eastanea Species Complex

This complex of species is easily distinguished from
all other groups of Pero by the rounded shape of the
forewing. Based on the male and female genitalia,
these species seem to be related to the following
group. The species of the complex are distributed
in the southern Andes and southern Brazil to
northeast Argentina.

dark for remainder of its length. Below lighter

brown; inner half of forewing dull, dark brown;
hindwing lighter than forewing; discal dot of
hindwing black and circular; inner margin and
postmedial line in anal angle white.
Male genitalia (figs. 530, 530a).Shape of
subscaphium characteristic of lasiocampodes.
Female. Unknown.

A key to males based on superficial appearance

follows.
1.

2.

Type.^Described from a single male from

"Huancabamba, Nord du Prou," in U.S. National
Museum.

Antemedial line and postmedial line of

forewing above followed by grayish
patch on inner margin

Antemedial line and postmedial line of

forewing above not followed by grayish
patch on inner margin

[Link] lasiocampodes cannot be confused

with anything else in Pero.
Specimens examined.2 males.

Larger (30-35 mm); forewing above orange

brown; Andean
eastanea
Smaller (20-25 mm); usually light brown;
southern Brazil to Argentina .... aeniasaria
Hindwing dark brown above; anal angle of
hindwing above orange brown; discal
dot of forewing small
lasiocampodes
Hindwing above not dark brown; anal
angle of hindwing above not orange
brown; discal dot of forewing above
larger

Postmedial line of forewing above

double ; Peru or Bolivia

Postmedial line of forewing above

single; southern Brazil to northeast
Argentina
aeniasaria
Forewing above light brown suffused with
white; median area not yellow brown or
contrasting with either basal or
subterminal area
albiorbis
Forewing above darker brown, not light
brown and not suffused with white;
median area yellow brown, contrasting
with basal and subterminal areas
lisima

PERU. Pasco; Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco;

Huancabamba.

Pero eastanea (Warren)

Eusenea eastanea Warren, 1904b:570.
Azelina miplesetharia Qberthr, 1912:297, fig. 1549.
Male (figs. 96, 97).Antennae with white band
between antennae, continuing up shafts. Legs dark
brown spotted with cream-colored scales. Forewing
basal area light brown, concolorous with remainder
of wing except for light gray costal one-eighth;
antemedial line black around gray part of basal
area, but obscure for most of its length; median
area with light gray patch next to antemedial line
and along inner margin; discal dot large, circular,
white; discal cell light between antemedial line and
discal dot; postmedial line light brown, preceded by
darker brown band; subterminal area with a light
gray patch following postmedial line on inner
margin; remainder of subterminal area light brown.
Hindwing light brown (usually), very light toward
costal margin, light brown in lower half of
subterminal area, and marked with black along inner
margin; postmedial line dark, followed by light band
(note: in Bolivian specimens hindwing is dark
brown). Below light brown, but with inner half of
forewing white; hindwing similar to that of
preceding species.
Male genitalia (figs. 531, 531a).Shapes of costa
of valve and juxta will separate this species from
the next.

Pero lasiocampodes (Dognin), NEW COMBINATION

Eusenea lasiocampodes Dognin, 1907:19.
Male (fig. 95).Legs dark brown, spotted with
cream-colored scales. Forewing rich orange brown;
basal area orange brown, slightly duller than
remainder of wing; antemedial line obscure; median
area darker in outer half, but only slightly; discal
dot white, small; postmedial line a light brown band
preceded by darker brown; inner half of subterminal
area more heavily speckled with gray black than
outer half. Hindwing dark brown, but inner third of
subterminal area concolorous with forewing;
postmedial line marked with white at anal angle, but

32

Female (fig. 98).Larger than male, with slight

violet tint, Below is more uniformly colored than
in male.
Female genitalia (fig. 955).
[Link] from Bolivia have the hindwing
dark brown, not light brown; however, the forewing
is typical for the species. The Bolivian specimens
are also slightly darker below and smaller on the
whole than the populations in northern and central
Peru. Pero eastanea is otherwise a nonvariable
species within populations.

Types.^Warren described castanea from two males

from Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco, Peru. The male
with Warren's type label is designated as lectotype
and is in the British Museum of Natural History.
Oberthiir described miplesetharia from an unstated
number of specimens from Huambo, Amazonas, Peru,
although he probably had only one at the time of the
description. The male bearing his type label and
figured in the original description is designated as
the lectotype and is in the British Museum of
Natural History.
[Link] castanea is superficially closest
to albiorbis, but it is a uniform, rich, light brown
with a gray patch on the inner margin at both the
antemedial and postmedial lines of the forewing
above. The Bolivian specimens are distinctly
different from the Peruvian ones, but the male
genitalia are similar in both populations.

Pero lslma Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 100).Similar to castanea. Forewing
median area light yellow brown contrasting with
basal and subterminal areas; gray patches following
antemedial and postmedial lines on inner margin
found in castanea lacking; light area between discal
dot and antemedial line also lacking. Hindwing with
costal half dark brown, inner half light orange
brown; not marked with black as in castanea. Below
light, uniform brown; postmedial line of hindwing a
dull black band.
Male genitalia (figs. 533, 533a).Characterized by
shapes of costa of valve, juxta, and subscaphium.
[Link].
[Link] : Male, "Bolivia," in U.S. National
Museum.

Specimens examined.49 males and 1 female.

PERU. Amazonas: Huambo; Junin; Chanchamayo; Pasco;
Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco; Huancabamba, Cerro de
Pasco, 6-10,000 ft.; Huancabamba, 5-6400 ft.;
Oxapampa; Oxapampa, 6400 ft.; San Martin; Huallaga.
BOLIVIA. La Paz; Yungas de la Paz; no specific
locality; Bolivia.

[Link] only species that lisima may be

confused with is the female of aeniasaria.
Specimen examined.1 male.
BOLIVIA.

No specific locality; Bolivia.

Pero aeniasaria (Walker)

Pero albiorbis Prout
Eusenea aeniasaria Walker, 1860a;254.
Pero albiorbis Prout, 1928;61.
Male (fig. 99).Forewing light brown, heavily
suffused with gray white; basal area light brown in
center, light gray to white along antemedial line
and toward base; median area light brown, slightly
grayish in discal cell; discal dot circular, white,
large; no gray patch following postmedial line on
inner margin; subterminal area light brown with
vague indication of white shade in center. Hindwing
light brown with slight blackish suffusion; inner
margin white heavily scaled with black; postmedial
line black followed by white band. Below light
brown; discal dot of forewing large, white;
postmedial lines of forewing and hindwing followed
by white band; discal dot of hindwing a small black
spot in a white area; inner margin white flecked
with black scales.
Male genitalia (figs. 532, 532a).

Male (fig. 101).Palpi light brown. Legs dull

white, heavily flecked with dark brown. Forewing
light brown usually; basal area light brown, but
gray before antemedial line near costa; median area
light brown; small gray patch following antemedial
line on inner margin; discal dot white, circular;
postmedial line a slightly darker band followed by
light band; subterminal area light brown; series of
black spots along outer margin. Hindwing light
brown; heavily scaled with black on inner margin;
discal dot a vague, black spot; series of strong
black dots along outer margin. Below light brown;
maculation obscure in most specimens; discal dot of
forewing white, comma shaped; inner margin of
hindwing cream white, scaled with black. Thorax
with gray tuft of scales at base of abdomen above.
Male genitalia (figs. 534, 534a) .Shapes of
subscaphium, juxta, and costa are characteristic for
aeniasaria.

[Link].
[Link] from three males from Huancabamba,
Cerro de Pasco, Peru. The male with Prout*s type
label is designated as the lectotype and is in the
British Museum of Natural History.

Female (fig. 102).Forewing orange brown, darker

than in male; median area often light yellow brown,
contrasting with basal and subterminal areas.
Hindwing usually light brown as in male.
Female genitalia (fig. 956).

[Link] species is superficially closest

to castanea, but the white suffused forewing above
and lack of a gray patch following the antemedial
line on the inner margin of the forewing above will
distinguish it from that species.
Specimens examined.3 males.
PERU. Pasco; Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco,
6-10,000 ft.

[Link] aeniasaria is a variable species,

but so few specimens are available that it is
difficult to separate geographic and individual
variation. Most males are as described, but one
from Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil, is brown with the
median area of the forewing above light yellow
brown, contrasting with the basal and subterminal
areas. The only known male from Uruguay has the
median area of the forewing above grayish, and the

33

postmedial line of the hindwing above strong and

black. A male from Punta Lara, Buenos Aires,
Argentina, is heavily marked with dull brown
scales. The size of the discal dot varies in all
these specimens as well as the strength of the
maculation of the underside of both wings. Two of
the females have the median area of the forewing
above light yellow brown, contrasting with the
remainder of the wing, but the third female, from
Castro, Parana, does not. A female from "Espritu
Santo" has the hindwing above dark, dull brown, not
light brown as in the other two females. The
intensity of the two gray patches on the inner
margin of the forewing above varies in both males
and females.

Discal dot of hindwing above a small

clear area; patch of yellow on costa
of forewing above only moderately
defined
Discal dot of hindwing above a larger,
clear area, not Just a dot; patch of
yellow on costa of forewing above very
distinct
externa
5.

No yellowish spot along inner side of

postmedial line of hindwing above in
area of median veins; brown
simila

[Link] described this species from a single

male from "Rio Janeiro," now in the Hope Museum,
Oxford University.
6.
[Link] is a variable species known from
only scattered specimens. Pero aeniasaria is
possibly either rare, local, or both.
It is the
smallest species of this complex, and it is probably
the only member of the complex in southern Brazil,
Paraguay, Uruguay, or Argentina.
7.
Specimens examined.20 males and 3 females, all
year.
BRAZIL. Espirito Santo : Espirito Santo; Parana :
Castro, 950 m.; Ponta Grossa; Rio de Janeiro; Rio
Janeiro ; Rio Grande do Sul: Guarani ; Santa Catarina;
Nova Teutonia, 2711 by 5223; Sao Paulo; Salto
Grande, Paranapanema; Sao Paulo. PARAGUAY.
Paraguar/; Sapucay. URUGUAY. Picada de Rodriguez,
Lavalleja. ARGENTINA. Buenos Aires; Punta Lara.

Yellowish spot along inner side of

postmedial line of hindwing above in
area of median veins ; dark brown ....
circumflexata

Postmedial line of hindwing above not

distinctly dentate

Postmedial line of hindwing above distinctly dentate, usually each tooth

tipped by black spot

Yellowish spot along inner side of

postmedial line of hindwing above in
area of median veins
circumflexata
No yellowish spot along inner side of
postmedial line of hindwing above in
area of median veins

8.

Distinct yellow patch on costa of forewing above between discal dot and
postmedial line
externa
No distinct yellow patch on costa of
forewing above between discal dot and
postmedial line

GROUP 3
Group 3 is a moderately large group of closely
related species. The L-shaped discal dot of the
forewing and the structure of the male genitalia are
characteristic of the group. Most of the species
are distributed primarily in lowland forest, and
several, including externa, juruana, clysiaria,
guruparia, and infantilis, are among the more common
species in the Amazon Basin and the Guianas.

9.

Bottom of discal dot of forewing above

and below expanded, rounded; discal
dot of hindwing not a small spot .. externa

Gray or dark gray brown

Brown or yellow brown

1.

Dark brown

2.

3.

10

Central America

South America

Distinct yellow patch on costa of

forewing above between discal dot and
postmedial line

12.
4

No distinct yellow patch on costa of

forewing above between discal dot and
postmedial line
clysiaria

34

11
16

2
11.

Light brown, golden brown, or gray

Bottom of discal dot of forewing above

and below not expanded; discal dot of
hindwing a small spot
clysiaria
10.

A key to males based on superficial characters

follows.

loca

Series of inward pointing triangles on

postmedial line of forewing above near
costa

12

No series of inward pointing triangles

on postmedial line of forewing above
near costa

14

Forewing above light silver gray on

yellow
infantilis
Forewing above not light silver gray on
yellow

13

13.

Upper projection of antemedlal line of

forewing above rounded, no longer or
larger than lower 2; large brown
blotch following discal dot of forewing below
incisa
Upper projection of antemedial line of
forewing above not rounded, longer
and larger than lower 2; no brown
blotch following discal dot of forewing below
fragila

14.

Postmedial line of hindwing above distinctly dentate, each tooth usually

tipped by small black dot

Bottom of discal dot of forewing

expanded, rounded; discal dot of
hindwing not a small spot

loca

Two white to silver-white streaks

bounded by brown or dark brown above
in subterminal area of forewing above

17
Streaks in subterminal area of forewing above, if present, not white
17.

19.

20.

23

Larger (40-45 mm from wing tip to wing

tip); forewing above light tan to
tan, white macultions strong and
costa almost entirely white
guruparia
Smaller (less than 40 mm from wing tip
to wing tip); not light tan and white
maculation usually not distinct

18.

18

Smaller (25 mm from wing tip to wing

tip); very pol3miorphic, usually not
uniform tan
infantilis
Larger (30-40 mm from wing tip to wing
tip); rarely polymorphic, often tan
or yellow tan

19

Ecuador

20

Elsewhere

21

Larger (35-40 imn from wing tip to wing

tip); maculation of forewing above
usually clear
rumina
Smaller (30-35 mm from wing tip to wing
tip); maculation of forewing above
not clear
maca

21.

Barro Colorado Island

Elsewhere

White markings of forewing above not as

strong; maculation not as sharp;
wings often yellowish
rumina
23.

Subterminal areas of forewing and hindwing above strongly flecked with

brown and mottled; upper projection
of antemedial line of forewing above
not strongly accented with dark brown
juruana
Subterminal areas of forewing and hindwing not strongly flecked with brown
above or mottled; upper projection of
antemedial line of forewing above
usually strongly accented with dark
brown
dorsipunctata

externa

Bottom of discal dot of forewing not

expanded; discal dot of hindwing not a
small spot
clysiaria

16.

White markings of forewing above stronger; maculation stronger; wings not

yellowish
registrada

15

Postmedial line of hindwing above not

distinctly dentate

15.

22.

22
rumina

Pero extema (Warren), NEW COMBINATION

Azelinopsis externa Warren, 1896:144.
Pero coracina Warren, 1907:318. NEW SYNONYMY.
Male (fig. 103).Palpi brown. Legs brown, spotted
with cream. Forewing dark brown; basal area dark
brown, not distinct from median area, although
somewhat lighter; antemedial line dark, but obscure,
sometimes lightly marked with gray spots on veins ;
median area dark brown except for light brown
triangular patch at costa stretching from top of
antemedial line to about one-third length of
postmedial line; discal dot a large white
coimna-shaped clear area, much like a musical eighth
note; postmedial line dark brown followed by light
gray band, both narrow; subterminal area dark brown
with vague grayer shades. Hindwing dark brown with
postmedial line light gray; discal dot a clear area
(variable); small light brown spot between discal
dot and postmedial line. Below light brown to
brown, heavily flecked with black; postmedial lines
of both wings dentate; large black patch in lower
half of subterminal area of forewing.
Male genitalia (figs. 535, 535a-b).Difficult to
distinguish from next two species, but identifiable
by comparison with figures 536b and 537b of the
apices of the right valves.
Female (fig. 104).^Markings as in male, but
uniformly light gray brown; discal dots of forewings
and hindwings often larger, but variable; costa
without light brown area of male. Below as in male.
Female genitalia (fig. 957).
[Link] males in the Guyanese and Amazonian
populations often have the patch on the costa of the
forewing weak or absent. There is a uniformly light
brown form from the Amazon Basin, although one
specimen from Guatemala is also uniformly dark
brown. Males from the Guianas and the Amazon Basin
are often gray blue suffused above as are specimens
of the next species from the same area. The size of
the discal dot varies and is largest in the Central
American populations. In females the size of the

35

discal dot varies tremendously, and although in

Central America it can be used to separate externa
from the next species, in South America this
character often fails. This is true to a lesser
extent of the males also.

Hindwing discal dot smaller than in externa. Below

browner than in externa, and with dark patch in
subterminal area of hindwing not as distinct.

Type(s).^Warren described externa from a single

female labeled "MacKay, N. Queensland." The
specimen is undoubtedly mislabeled. Pero coracina
was described from a single male from Sapucay,
Paraguay. Both types are in the British Museum of
Natural History.

Female (fig. 106).Similar to female of preceding

species, but smaller and in Central American
populations discal dots of forewing and hindwing
smaller and not as angulate; postmedial line of
forewing above tending to be more crenulate than in
externa.

[Link] species is closely related to the

next, and although the males are usually easy to
distinguish, the females are not. The distributions
of these two species are rather unusual, extending
from Central America through the Amazon Basin.
Although the next species was collected at Rancho
Grande, Venezuela, in cloud forest, externa was
not. Why both externa and clysiaria should have
blue-gray males in the Guianas and the Amazon Basin
but not in Central America is not known.

Female genitalia (fig. 958).

Specimens examined.142 males and 28 females, all

year.
MEXICO. Chiapas : La Granja; Sinaloa; Venadio;
Veracruz; Santa Rosa. BRITISH HONDURAS. Middlesex,
Stann Creek District; Orange Walk. GUATEMALA.
Izabal; Cayuga; Solla; Olas de Moka, 3000 ft.
PANAMA. Canal Zone; Barro Colorado^ Island.
NICARAGUA. Eden. VENEZUELA. Bolivar; Caura
Valley; La Union, Caura R.; La Vuelta, Caura R.; not
located; Corocito. GUYANA. Rio Demarara;
Rockstone, Essequibo. FRENCH GUIANA. St. Jean,
Maroni; St. Laurent, Maroni. BRAZIL. Amazonas ;
Fonte Boa, Upper Amazon; Guajarutuba, Rio Purus;
Manicore, Rio Madeira; Nauta, Upper Amazon;
R. Jutahi; R. Madeira; below Rio Putamayo, Rio
Solimoes; R. Solimoes; San Joas, Solimoes; Sao Paulo
de Olivenca; Tabatinga to San Joas, Solimoes; Matto
Grosso; Matto Grosso; Para; Para. PARAGUAY.
Paraguari; Sapucay. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba; Region
Chapare; Santa Cruz; Nuflo de Chavez, Esperanza;
Santa Cruz; not located; Rio Chimato, 1900 ft.
PERU. Amazonas ; Cavallo Cocho; Cusco; Quincemil,
2400 ft.; Junin; R. Perene; Satipo; Loreto;
Contamana, R. Ucayali; Rio Curray, near Rio Napo;
R. Pacaya, Lower Pacayali; Rio Pacaya; Rio
Sinpiuacu, Putamayo; near Taon, Rio Putamayo; Puno;
La Union, R. Huacamayo, 2000 ft.; San Martin;
Jelepacio [Jepelacio?]; not located; Rio Maranon.

Pero clysiaria (Felder)

Azelina clysiaria Felder and Rogenhofer, 1873;
pi. 123, fig. 12.
Pero gammaria Mschler, 1881;400, pi. 17, fig. 8.
NEW SYNONYMY.
Azelina micca Druce, 1892;64, pi. 47, fig. 15.
NEW SYNONYMY.
Male (fig. 105).Forewing maculation as in
preceding species; basal area brown flecked with
lighter brown; costa without light brown patch of
externa, although hinted at in some specimens;
discal dot smaller than in externa, particularly in
Central American populations of two species.

36

Male genitalia (figs. 536, 536a-b).

[Link] population from French Guiana has

the wings heavily shaded with gray and is
superficially different from the Central American
and most of the Amazonian specimens. The males of
other populations vary in the amount of light brown
flecking in the forewing above. The Amazonian
specimens are slightly more gray than the Central
American ones.
[Link] clysiaria described from a single
female from "Amazons" is in the British Museum of
Natural History. Pero gammaria based on a female
from Paramaribo, Surinam, is in the British Museum
of Natural History. Azelina micca was described
from several specimens from Central America, and the
male bearing Druce's type label from "V. de Atitlan,
2500-3500 ft., Guatemala," is designated as the
lectotype and is in the British Museum of Natural
History.
[Link] name "gammaria" is based on the
population from the Guianas and that of micca on
Central American populations. These two "types"
could conceivably be different species, but the
differences in the male genitalia are insignificant,
and the Amazonian populations are intermediate
between these two extremes. In the Amazon Basin and
on the east side of the Andes the sharp superficial
difference between clysiaria and externa from
Central America is not present, and in some
instances it is necessary to resort to the male
genitalia for positive identification.
Specimens examined.89 males and 42 females, all
year.
MEXICO. Chiapas ; Maravillas; La Granja; Colima;
Manzanillo; Veracruz ; Orizaba; Rinconada. BRITISH
HONDURAS. Middlesex, Stann Creek District.
GUATEMALA. Baja Verapaz; Chejel; Escuintla;
Panteleon, 1700 ft.; Izabal; Cayuga; Solla; V. de
Atitlan, 25-3500 ft.; not located; Esperanza.
PANAMA. Canal Zone; Barro Colorado Island;
Chiriqui; Chiriqui; Panama ; La Chorrera; not
located; Lino, 800 m. VENEZUELA. Aragua; Rancho
Grande [7 km. N. Maracay], 1100 m.; Bolvar;
Calcara, Orinoco; La Union, Caura River; Carabobo;
San Esteban Valley, Las Quigas; Valencia; Federal
District; Caracas; Yaracuy; Palma Sola. TRINIDAD.
Port of Spain; Caparo; St. Augustine; "Trinidad."
FRENCH GUIANA. St. Laurent, Maroni. BRAZIL.
Amazonas ; Sao Paulo de Olivenca; Maranhao; Maranhao;
Para; Para ; Rio de Janeiro ; Corcovado Forest, Rio de
Janeiro. BOLIVIA.
Santa Cruz; Nuflo de Chavez,
Esperanza. PERU. Puno; Yahuarmayo, 1200 ft.

ECUADOR. Bolivar; Balzapamba; La Chima, Los Ros;

Napo-Pastaza; Sarayacu. COLOMBIA. Boyaca; Muzo,
400-800 m.; Vaups: Ob. Rio Negro, 800 m.

Pero loca Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (flg. 107).Forewlng brown to dark brown,
darker when fresh, resembling that of clyslarla more
than of externa, but uniform without dark scaling of
that species; patch on costa of forewlng lighter and
more distinct than In clyslarla, but not nearly as
distinct as In Central American populations of
externa; discal dot as In clyslarla. Hlndwlng
postmedlal line almost even, without teeth present
^^ clys^a^ia and externa.
Male genitalia (figs. 537, 537a-b).
Female (fig. 108).Easily distinguished from
preceding two species by contrasting, cream-outlined
postmedlal line of forewlng; otherwise as In
clyslarla.
Female genitalia (flg. 959).
[Link] shade of brown varies, possibly
because of fading. Based on one or two specimens,
this species may also have populations of blue-gray
males.
[Link]: Male, Avispas, Madre de Dios,
Peru, Sept. 20-30, L.E. Pea, In American Museum of
Natural History. Allotype: Female, Cebas, Amazonas,
Peru, In U.S. National Museum. Paratypes: Cavallo
Cocho, Amazonas, Peru, V-VII, 5 males. In British
Museum of Natural History; La Union, R. Huacamayo,
Carabaya, 2000 ft., XI, Ockenden, Peru, 1 male In
British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] loca Is closely related to the
preceding two species. Initially It was considered
to be a race of clyslarla, but the presence of
specimens from the eastern part of South America
refutes this hypothesis.
It Is easily confused with
clyslarla, but It Is consistently more uniform In
appearance
Specimens examined.19 males and 2 females, all
year.
GUYANA. Rockstone, Essequlbo; Upper lOitarl. FRENCH
GUIANA. St. Jean, Maroni. BRAZIL.
Amazonas : Fonte
Boa. BOLIVIA. La Paz; Rio Songo, 750 m.; Santa
Cruz; Nuflo de Chavez, Esperanza; no specific
locality; Bolivia. PERU. Amazonas; Cavallo Cocho;
Cebas; Loreto; Rio Maranon; Madre de Dios; Avispas;
Puno; La Union, R. Huacamayo, 2000 ft. VENEZUELA.
Bolvar ; La Union, Caura River.

externa. Below dark brown, not light gray brown as

In externa.
Male genitalia (figs. 538, 538a). Easily
distinguished from other species In group by shape
of costal fold.
Female (fig. 110).Forewlng similar to that of
externa female, but browner; costa scaled with light
gray; colors fading from purple brown to brown.
Female genitalia (flg. 960).
[Link] specimens from Central America are
smaller and more strongly marked than those from
Peru.
[Link] from several specimens from Peru,
but the type Is stated to be a male from
Huancabamba, [Junln], Peru, now In the British
Museum of Natural History.
[Link] distribution of this species Is
spotty; the species Is perhaps just generally rare.
The two females from Costa Rica are only doubtfully
associated and may be females of the next species.
The spot between the discal dot and the postmedlal
line of the forewlng above will easily separate
circumflexata from either externa or slmlla.
Specimens examined.9 males and 7 females, June,
September, and August.
MEXICO. Oaxaca; Puerto Elegi, Municipio
Comaltepec, 2296 ft.
COSTA RICA. Cartago; Juan
Vinas; Orosl, 1200 m.; Tuls, 2400 ft.; Puntarenas;
Puntarenas, Monteverde; not located; Esperanza.
VENEZUELA. Aragua; Rancho Grande [7 km.
N. Maracay], 1100 m. PERU. Junln; Chanchamayo;
Pasco; Huancabamba, 3000 ft. Puno; Santo Domingo,
Carabaya, 6000 ft.

Pero slmlla Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 111).Forewlng brown, not dark brown,
and more uniform than that of circumflexata; costal
patch In median area not as clear cut as In
circumflexata. Hlndwlng brown, not dark brown;
patch between discal dot and postmedlal line absent
or Indistinct, not yellow. Below brown, not dark
brown.
Male genitalia (figs. 539, 539a).Separable from
circumflexata by shapes of costa of valve and uncus.
[Link].
[Link]; Male, Puntarenas, Monteverde, Costa
Rica, 4600 ft., 1960, In American Museum of Natural
History.

Pero circumflexata Prout

Pero circumflexata Prout, 1928;65.
Male (flg. 109).Forewlng with light patch on costa
of median area not as contrasting or as strong as In
externa. Hlndwlng with yellow blotch between discal
dot and postmedlal line; discal dot smaller than In

[Link] this species and circumflexata

have been taken at Puntarenas, Monteverde, Costa
Rica. The two females listed under circumflexata
from Costa Rica may be females of slmlla.
Specimen examined.^1 male, June-September.

37

COSTA RICA.
4600 ft.

Puntarenas; Puntarenas, Monteverde,

Pero dorsipunctata (Warren), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina dorsipunctata Warren, 1900;209.

Pero juruana (Butler), NEW COMBINATION

Azelna juruana Butler, 1881:43.
Male (fig. 112).Palpi and legs light clay
colored. Forewing with basal area light brown,
flecked with dark brown; antemedial line distinct
only toward costa; median area darker than either
basal or subterminal areas, but not conspicuously
so; discal dot a white angulate line; median area
often slightly lighter toward costa and with vague
brown line paralleling postmedial line; postmedial
line brown; subterminal area light brown, shaded
with darker brown, particularly across apex; two
darker shades in lower half of subterminal area.
Hindwing clay brown with postmedial lines of
hindwings followed by thin light shade; discal dot
small, white; vague brown shade in anal angle.
Below light clay brown with postmedial lines of
forewing and hindwing dentate; dark patch in upper
half of subterminal area of hindwing.
Male genitalia (figs. 540, 540a).Shapes of juxta
and uncus will separate juruana from any other
species in genus.
[Link] to male, but slightly more heavily
flecked with dark scales.
Female genitalia (fig. 961).
[Link] is some variation in the amount of
brown scaling on the forewing. The Amazonian
specimens tend to be more uniformly colored than
those from French Guiana and often have a set of
dark brown triangles pointing into the median area
on the upper one-fourth of the postmedial line of
the forewing.
[Link] from a single male from "Rio Jurua,
Amazonas, Brazil," in the British Museum of Natural
History.
[Link] juruana is distributed from the
Guianas through the Amazon Basin to the east side of
the Andes, paralleling the distribution of loca and
the South American populations of externa and
clysiaria.
Specimens examined.64 males and 6 females, all
year.
VENEZUELA. Bolivar; Cecilia Magdalena, Rio Caura;
La Union, Caura River; La Vuelta, Caura River;
Maripo, Caura River. GUYANA. Rio Demarara. FRENCH
GUIANA. St. Jean, Maroni; St. Laurent, Maroni.
SURINAM. Moengo, Boven, Cottica River; Aroewarwa
Creek, Maroewyn Valley. BRAZIL. Amazonas ; Fonte
Boa; below Rio Putamayo, Rio Solimoens; R. Jurua;
San Joas, Solimoes; Sao Paulo de Olivenca; Santo
Antonio do Javary, Upper Amazon; Tabatinga to San
Joas, Solimoens. PERU. Amazonas ; Cavallo Choco;
Loreto; Contamana, 1200 ft. COLOMBIA. Boyaca;
Muzo, R. Cantinero, 400 m.; Muzo, 400-800 m.; Cauca;
Cauca Valley; Gorgona Island; Gorgona Island,
200 ft.; not located; Bogota to Buenaventura.

38

Male (fig. 113).Legs speckled with brown.

Forewing clay colored with brownish tint; basal area
clay colored with few black speckles; antemedial
line dark brown, but distinct only toward costa and
in its lower indentations; median area concolorous
with remainder of wing; discal dot white, linear,
and with brown patch between it and postmedial line;
postmedial line brown, more prominent toward costa,
and marked with brown spots on veins toward inner
margin; subterminal area with apex brown and with
two vague darker bands in lower half. Hindwing with
fine brown postmedial line followed by thin light
band; rest of forewing concolorous with forewing.
Postmedial line of forewing and hindwing below
represented by series of black spots; ground color
clay colored with black scales scattered over both
wings; subterminal areas of both wings with obscure
areas of brown scaling. Abdomen with second and
third tergites with two black blotches.
Male genitalia (figs. 541, 541a).
will identify this species.

-V-shaped juxta

[Link] to male, but somewhat more uniform

appearing.
Female genitalia (fig. 962).
[Link] species is slightly variable in the
amount of brown present.
One specimen is heavily
scaled with black and much darker than any other
specimen I have seen.
Type.^Warren described dorsipunctata from a single
male from "Palma Sola, Venezuela," now in the
British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] dorsipunctata is widely
distributed, but it is primarily a lowland species.
There are some specimens from the Andes, but this
species was not taken at Rancho Grande, Venezuela.
Specimens examined.34 males and 11 females, all
year.
GUATEMALA.
Izabal; Cayuga; Quirigua. BRITISH
HONDURAS. Punta Gorda.
PANAMA. Canal Zone; Barro
Colo^rado Island; not located; Cabima. VENEZUELA.
Bolivar ; La Union, Caura River; La Vuelta, Caura
River; Munderapo, Orinoco; Yaracuy; Palma Sola.
TRINIDAD. Trinidad. BRAZIL. Amazonas; Curimata,
R. Jurua; Fonte Boa; Madeira; Santo Antonio do
Javary, Upper Amazon; Sao Paulo de Olivenca; Matto
Grosso; Matto Grosso. FRENCH GUIANA. St. Jean,
Maroni; St. Laurent, Maroni. SURINAM. Aroewarwa
Creek, Maroewym Valley. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba;
Chapre; Santa Cruz; Nuflo de Chavez, Esperanza.
PERU. I^huco; Tingo Maria; Loreto; Rio Maranon;
Puno; Chaquimayo, 2500-3000 ft.; La Union,
R. Huacamayo, 2000 ft.; Yahuarmayo, 1200 ft.
COLOMBIA. Boyaca; Medina, 500 m.

Pero fragua Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 114).Palpi gray. Legs gray, spotted
with dark scales. Forewing gray to violet brown;
basal area light gray or violet brown, concolorous
with subterminal area, and slightly flecked with few
black scales; antemedial line with upper projection
pointed, not rounded, more strongly developed than
lower two; median area darker than remainder of
wing, darkest in cell; discal dot an angulate white
line; series of black triangles on veins projecting
into median area on upper one-fourth of postmedial
line; subterminal area with two whitish bands, one
running from costa in middle to below apex, and
another from middle of postmedial line to outer
angle; apex darker than remainder of subterminal
area, but not greatly so. Hindwing discal dot a
white spot, vaguely ringed with black postmedial
line waved, dark, followed by light band;
subterminal area orange tinted in anal angle (purple
tinted in some populations); fringe white toward
apex, dark toward anal angle. Outer half below of
subterminal area of forewing very dark violet brown
to black; wings light gray; discal dot of forewing
large, angulate, and with small edging of black on
top; hindwing with discal dot large and black,
subterminal area in anal angle brownish; postmedial
line of hindwing crenulate.

Specimens examined.212 males and 20 females, all

year.

Female (fig. 115).Similar to male, but usually

larger, browner, and maculation not as clear.

MEXICO. Chiapas: La Granja; Veracruz ; Misantla;

Orizaba; Santa Rosa; "Vera Cruz." BRITISH
HONDURAS. Melinda, Stann Creek District; Middlesex,
Stann Creek District; Orange Walk; Rio Grande.
GUATEMALA. Baja Verapaz : Chejel; Purulha; Izabal;
Cayuga. NICARAGUA.
Cape Gracias. COSTA RICA. Not
located; Banana River; Esperanza. PANAMA. Canal
Zone: Barro Colorado Island; Chiriqui: Chiriqui;
V. de Chiriqui, 2-3000 ft.; not located: Cabima.
VENEZUELA. Aragua: Ranpho Grande [7 km. N.
Maracay], 1100 m.; Bolivar : La Union, Caura River;
La Vuelta, Caura River; Corocito; Aspure [Suapure?],
Caura River; Carabobo: San Esteban Valley, Las
Quigas; Las Quigas; Las Quigas, near San Esteban;
Trujillo: Valera; Yaracuy: Palma Pola; Zulia: Near
la Rosa, east shore L. Maracaibo. TRINIDAD.
Caparo. FRENCH GUIANA. St. Jean, Maroni. BRAZIL.
Amazonas : Sao Paulo de Olivenca; Parana: Castro,
950 m.; Rio de Janeiro: Petropolis; Rio Janeiro;
Santa Catarina: Iguassu, Parana; Jaragua do Sul;
Nuevo Teutonia; "St. Catherines"; Sao Paulo: Salto
Grande, Paranapanema; Sao Paulo. PARAGUAY.
Paraguari; Sapucay. URUGUAY.
"Uruguay." BOLIVIA.
Cochabamba: Region Chapare, 400 m.; La Paz: Chmate,
760 m.; Salampioni, 800 m.; Santa Cruz; Buenavista;
Nuflo de Chavez, Esperanza Pto. Greether, Ichilo,
250 m.; Rio Suruta, 400 m. PERU. Junin; Satipo;
Loreto: Contamana, Rio Ucayali; Rio Ampiyacu,
Putamayo; Puno: la. Union, R. Huacamayo, 200 ft.;
Yahuarmayo, 1200 ft. ECUADOR. Napo-Pastaza;
Canelos, Rio Bobonaza, 2100 ft.; Sarayacu.
COLOMBIA. Boyaca: Medina, 500 m.; Cundinamarca;
Santa fe de Bogota; Vaupes; Ob. Rio Negro, 800 m.

Female genitalia (fig. 963).Shape of ostium will

easily distinguish this species from the next.

Pero incisa (Dognin), NEW COMBINATION

Male genitalia (figs. 542, 542a).Species has

ventral processes of valves sharp and not rounded as
in next species. Cornutus in vesica is strong and
two pronged.

[Link] Central American populations are

dark, appearing violet brown, not gray; the
intensity of the brown of the hindwing also varies
considerably. In Venezuela, fragila is grayer than
in Central America, and the dark cap of the discal
dot of the forewing below is poorly developed. This
dark cap is developed in the Central American
populations. Bolivian specimens are light gray, but
the Brazilian specimens are similar to those from
Venezuela.
[Link]: Male, Rancho Grande [7 km.
N. Maracay], 1100 m., Aragua, Venezuela, August 11,
1976, R.W. Poole, in U.S. National Museum.
Aliotype: Female from type locality, August 17,
1967, also in U.S. National Museum. Paratypes:
1 male from type locality in each of following
museums: American Museum of Natural History, British
Museum of Natural History, Cornell University,
Museum of Comparative Zoology; male and female from
type locality in Universidad Central de Venezuela;
3 males and 1 female from type locality in U.S.
National Museum.
[Link] fragila is a moderately common
species, particularly in Central America. At Rancho
Grande, Venezuela, it was rather rare, and I suspect
its occurrence is patchy. It is absent in most
areas where the next species occurs.

Azelina incisa Dognin, 1889:67.

Maie (fig. 116).Forewing similar to that of
preceding species; antemedial line with three
projections even and rounded, top one not conical
and not projecting farther into median area than
other two; discal dot of forewing below with large
dark brown cap; wing often with more brown scaling
than in fragila.
Male genitalia (figs. 543, 543a).Ventral process
of valve strongly developed and rounded at tip;
cornutus in vesica not two pronged at apex.
Female (fig. 117).Similar to male, but perhaps
slightly browner.
Female genitalia (fig. 964).Easily identified by
shape of ostium.
[Link] is not much variation, either
geographic or individual in this species.
[Link] described this species from four males
from Palanda, Ecuador. The male with USNM type
number 32396 and with the male genitalia on slide
R.W.P. 10567 is designated as the lectotype.
[Link] incisa is usually larger than the
preceding species, but not always so, particularly

39

where the two occur together. The character of the

antemedial line (three rounded, equal projections in
incisa) will almost always separate these two
species. Specimens of incisa are not numerous and
occur as single specimens from many different
localities.
Specimens examined.50 males and 3 females, all
year.
COSTA RICA. Cartago; Tuis, 2400 ft. PANAMA.
Chiriqui; V. de Chiriqui, 2-3000 ft.; not located;
Lino. COLOMBIA. Boyaca; Medina, 500 m.; Muzo,
R. Cantinero, 400 m.; Muzo, 400-8000 m.; Magdalena;
Magdalena Valley. ECUADOR. Bolivar; La Chima, Los
ROS; Esmeraldas ; R. Cayapas; S. Javier, R. Cachabi,
60 ft.; Imbabura; Lita, 3000 ft.; Paramba; Loja;
Environs de Loja; Napo-Pastaza; Sarayacu; Zamora;
35 mi. S.E. Loja; Palanda. PERU. Huanuco; Pozuzo,
800-1000 m.; Tingo Maria; Junin; Chanchamayo; La
Merced, Chanchamayo; Pasco; Oxapampa, 2000 m.; Puno;
La Oroya, 3100 ft.; La Union, R. Huacamayo,
2000 ft.; La Union, R. Huacamayo; Yahuarmayo,
1200 ft.; not located; Podega, 11,000 ft.;
Pumayaca. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba Incachaca; La Paz;
Corvico [Coroico?], 1800 m.

Pero registrada Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 118).Palpi light brown. Legs brown to
cream colored, but with apices of tibiae tipped with
black. Forewing basal area whitish brown scaled
with darker brown, particularly toward center;
median area darker than basal area, lighter in
center and darker toward postmedial and antemedial
lines; costa of median area whitish, scaled with
brown; discal dot an angulate white line; one or two
dark brown triangles projecting into median area
from postmedial line toward costa, and another from
about middle to outer angle, followed distally by
darker line; inner half of costal part of
subterminal area whitish. Hindwing brown except
black-gray top half of subterminal area; postmedial
line a dark brown line followed by lighter band.
Below as in fragila.
Male genitalia (figs. 544, 544a).Species can be
identified by shape of cornutus of vesica, tip of
aedeagus, and division of spine patch toward tip of
aedeagus into two patches, one of small spines and
another of larger spines.
[Link].
[Link]; Male, Barro Colorado Island,
Panama, 3-VII-1941, J. Zetek, in U.S. National
Museum. Paratype; Male from type locality,
20-III-1942, also in U.S. National Museum.
[Link] this species is almost
inseparable from fresh specimens of rumina, although
it is perhaps a somewhat brighter color.

Pero guruparla (Felder and Rogenhofer), NEW

COMBINATION
Azelina guruparia Felder and Rogenhofer, 1873;
fig. 21, pi. 123.
Male (fig. 119).Palpi very light tan. Legs light
tan, with apices of tibiae black. Forewing basal
area light tan, suffused with darker scales; median
area light tan, darkest in middle and along
postmedial line, whitish along costa, and slightly
less so toward inner margin; discal dot an angulate
white line, followed in cell by yellow patch not
sharply differentiated from ground color; two brown
triangles on postmedial line projecting into median
area near costa; postmedial line brown, usually
followed by two small brown dots on Cu^ and Cu2;
two white lines in subterminal area, one running
from white accented costa to about one-third, and
other from just proximad of it to inner margin;
series of black dots along outer margin. Hindwing
light tan; subterminal area darker toward costa;
postmedial line diffuse, dark gray, and followed by
fine white line. Below cream colored to whitish,
speckled with black scales; outer half of
subterminal area from R4 to Cu2 dark brown;
discal dot an angulate white line, accented with
dark brown on top; subterminal area of hindwing
darker than remainder of wing; discal dot of
hindwing large and of four sections; postmedial line
brown, crenulate, and with anal angle red brown.
Male genitalia (figs. 545, 545a).Ventral process
of valves, shape of cornutus of vesica, and tip of
aedeagus are characteristic of this species.
[Link].
[Link] if any.
[Link] and Rogenhofer described guruparia
from a single specimen from "Amazonas." The abdomen
is badly crushed and glued onto the specimen, and it
is not possible to determine whether it is of a male
or female, or if it even belongs to the specimen.
This type is in the British Museum of Natural
History.
[Link] species is distinctive because of
its whitish-tan coloration.
Specimens examined.35 males, all year.
VENEZUELA. Amazonas ; Mt. Duida; Bolivar ; La Union,
Caura River; La Vuelta, Caura River. BRAZIL.
Amazonas ; Manicore, Rio Madeira; Rondonia; Calama,
R. Madeira below R. Machados. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba;
Region Chapare. PERU. Loreto; Contamana, Rio
Ucayali; Peruvian Amazonas, Chamieuros; Puno;
Yahuarmayo, 1200 ft. ECUADOR. Napo-pastaza;
Sarayacu.

Pero rumina (Druce), NEW COMBINATION

Specimens examined.2 males, March and July.
Azelina rumina Druce, 1892;64, pi. 47, figs. 17, 18.
PANAMA.

Canal Zone; Barro Colorado Island.

Male (fig. 120).Palpi light brown. Legs light
brown flecked with dark brown scales.
Forewing gray
brown to orange depending on specimen and

40

populations; basal and subterminal areas

concolorous, median area darker and brovmer;
antemedial line edged with-white; median area with
golden area between discal dot and postmedial line;
discal dot a white angulate line; median area light
on costa; postmedial line with dark brown inward
pointing triangle on radial veins; subterminal area
with two light bands, one from middle of costa to
about one-third length of area, and another from
middle of postmedial line to outer angle; between
two lines is gold area; usually two blackish
blotches following postmedial line at about middle.
Hindwing slightly darker toward costa; postmedial
line waved, dark brown, particularly toward inner
margin. Below dull light brown; outer half of outer
margin in forewing blackish, lighter than in
fragila; postmedial line dark and heavy; discal dot
black, large; postmedial line dark and crenulate;
hindwing flecked with darker scales.
Male genitalia (figs. 546, 546a).This species may
be separated from the following by the rounded
ventral process of the valve. The tip of the
aedeagus is longer and straighter than in maca.
Female (fig. 121).Similar to male, but usually
much darker; gold shining through in only one or two
places.

Paulo ; Salto Grande, Paranapanema. BOLIVIA.

Cochabamba; Incachaca; La Paz; Corvico [Coroico?],
1800 m.; San Ernesto, 1000 m., 68 W, 15 S. PERU.
Junin; La Merced, R. Chanchamayo; Puno; Chaquimayo,
2500-2000 ft.; Santo Domingo, 6000 ft.; Yahuarmayo,
1200 ft.; not located; Pumayaca. ECUADOR. Zamora;
Palanda; Zamora. COLOMBIA. Magdalena; Minea,
2000 ft.; Onca, St. Marta, 2200 ft.; Santander;
Cucuta; Vaupes; Ob. Rio Negro, 800 m.

Pero maca Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 122).Forewing light brown to light
yellow brown, similar to that of rumina, but
appearing softer, and with maculation not as
distinct; postmedial line of hindwing slightly less
crenulate than that of rumina.
Male genitalia (figs. 547, 547a) .Easily
distinguished from rumina by hooked, sharp shape of
ventral process of valve.
Female (fig. 123).Similar to male, but much darker.
Female genitalia (fig. 966).

Female genitalia (fig. 965).

Variation.^Most specimens are a soft brown, but a

few are light yellow perhaps because they are rubbed
or faded.

[Link] variation in this species is

considerable and seems to follow the same trends as
in fragila. The Central American populations are
darker and smaller than those from the Andes. The
Andean populations are large and yellow to gold.
The population at Rancho Grande, Venezuela, is
intermediate and is dark, probably because the
specimens are fresh. The color becomes more yellow
with age. In the female from Rancho Grande the
amount of yellow scaling showing through is
variable.

[Link]; Male, Macas, Santiago-Zamora,

Ecuador, E.W. Rorer, in U.S. National Museum.
Allotype; Female, Balzapamba, Bolivar, Ecuador, in
British Museum of Natural History. Paratypes;
1 male in American Museum of Natural History from
Naranjapata, Ecuador, 1850 ft.; 2 males from Chimbo,
Chimborazo, Ecuador, in British Museum of Natural
History; 1 male from Chimbo, 1000 ft., VII, in
British Museum of Natural History; 1 male from
Chimbo, Ecuador, in British Museum of Natural
History.

[Link] described rumina from several specimens

from Central America. The specimen from El
Zumbador, Guatemala, bears Druce*s type label and is
designated as the lectotype. It is in the British
Museum of Natural History.

[Link] soft brown coloration of the males

will usually distinguish this species from rumina.

[Link] species is widely distributed and

is probably common in many areas of montane forest.
It was coimnon at Rancho Grande, Venezuela, and has
also been collected commonly in the lowland forest
of Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone.

ECUADOR. Azuay; Sta. Isabel, 65 km. S.W. Cuenca,

600 m.; Bolfvar; Balzapamba; La Chimra, Los Rios;
Chimborazo; Chimbo; Chimbo, 1000 ft.; Naranjapata,
1850 ft.; Los Rios; Quevedo; Santiago-Zamora; Macas.

Specimens examined. -109 males and 36 females.

June-Novembe r.

Pero Infantills (Warren), NEW COMBINATION

Specimens examined.10 males and 5 females,

February, July, and November.

Azelina infantilis Warren, 1897;488.

MEXICO. Chiapas ; La Granja; Santa Maria; Chiapas;
Oaxaca; Puerto Elegi, Municipio Comaltepec, 2300
IT. GUATEMALA. Izabal; Cayuga; not_ located; El
Zumbador, 2500 ft. COSTA RICA. Cartago; Cashi
[Cachi?], 3300 ft.; Juan Vinas; Orosi, 1200 m.;
Sixola River; Tuis; no specific locality; Costa
Rica. PANAMA. Canal Zone; Barro Colorado Island;
Chiriqui; Chiriqui; V. de Chiriqui, 2-3000 ft.; not
located; Lino, 800 m. VENEZUELA. Aragua; Rancho
Grande [7 km. N. Maracay], 1100 m.; Carabobo; San
Esteban Valley, Las Quigas; Yaracuy; Aroa.
SURINAM. Geldersland, Surinam River. BRAZIL. Sao

Male (fig. 124).Legs cream color to white brown;

apices of tibiae black.
Forewing basal area white
brown, but heavily flecked with dark scales; median
area gray brown, darkest in cell between top of
antemedial line and discal dot; discal dot an
angulate white line; cell slightly golden between
bottom of discal dot and postmedial line; two dark
brown triangles from postmedial line projecting into
median area near costa; subterminal area gray brown
with two vague light lines as in other species of
group, but usually much more heavily shaded on their

41

outer sides, often to exclusion of white lines.

Hlndwlng postmedlal line almost straight, not
crenulate as In rumina ; wing cream colored, heavily
flecked with dark scales; dark margin of subterminal
area of forewlng poorly developed, often only a dark
line; maculatlon much less marked than In other
species of this group; discal dot of forewlng poorly
marked and not accented with dark scales; hlndwlng
similar to that of rumina, but maculatlon much less
developed.
Male genitalia (figs. 548, 548a) .Shapes of Juxta
and tip of aedeagus will Identify this species.
Female (fig. 125).--Similar to male, but much
browner and rougher appearing. Below heavily scaled
with dark brown.

Geldersland, Surinam River. BRAZIL.

Bahla;
Cachimbo; S. Antonio da Barra; Matto Grosso; Urucum,
nr. Corumba; "Matto Grosso"; Minas Grais; liberaba;
Vlcosa; Para; Italtubas to Obldos; Pernambuco; Serra
de Bernada; "Pernambuco"; Rio de Janeiro; Corcovado
Forest, Rio de Janeiro; Corcovado, 800 ft.; Rio
Grande do Sul; Guarani; Santa Catarina; Iguassu,
Parana; Jaragua do Sul; Neu Bremen, Rio Laelss;
Nuevo Teutonla; Santa Cruz; "St. Cruz"; Sao Paulo;
Alto da Sierra; Itapura; Sao Paulo. PARAGUAY.
Paraguarl; Sapucay; not located; Mboreva; Pallno
Cue; no specific locality; Paraguay. URUGUAY.
"Uruguay." BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz; Del Sara, 450 m.;
Nuflo de Chavez, Esperanza; Mutum, 20 ml. W. Porto
Suarez, 1500 ft. PERU. Loreto; Rio Ucayall,
Contamino. ECUADOR. Napo-Pastaza; Sarayacu.
COLOMBIA. Magdalena; Onca, St. Marta; not located;
Don Amo, 2000 ft.; Sierra del Llbane, 6000 ft.

Female genitalia (flg. 967).

[Link] description was made from Venezuelan
specimens. This Is an extremely variable species
and difficult to characterize. It Is the smallest
species of the group, but the average size of
specimens varies from place to place. The specimens
from French Guiana are the smallest and those from
northern Venezuela and southern Brazil the largest.
There Is also much variation within a population.
In specimens from St. Laurent, French Guiana, the
ground color of the forewlng Is In some Instances
smooth appearing and In others rough. In some
specimens the median area Is dark brown, contrasting
with the remainder of the wing, but In others the
wing Is almost concolorous. Some specimens are
slightly suffused with white. The female may vary
In the Intensity of the markings. The Venezuelan
and Brazilian specimens are much more like each
other than either of them Is to the French Guiana
population. The few Central American specimens I
have seen are weakly marked.
[Link] from a single male from "Onorlbo."
I do not know where this locality Is, but It Is
possibly In French Guiana. This specimen Is In the
British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] Venezuela this species was collected
In secondary growth and shrub desert, and It Is
probably more characteristic of dry habitats than of
forest. It Is probably rare In Central America; In
Venezuela where I collected It, It was not common.
Pero Infantllls Is common In the Gulanas judging
from available specimens.
Specimens examined.130 males and 35 females, all
year.
MEXICO. Veracruz; Paso de San Juan. COSTA RICA.
Not located; Avangarez. PANAMA. Canal Zone; Fort
Kbbbe. VENEZUELA. Aragua; Rancho Grande [7 km.
N. Maracay], 1100 m.; Bolivar; Ciudad Bolivar;
Guyapa, Caura River; La Union, Caura River; La
Vuelta, Caura River; Marlp, Caura River; Suapure;
Carabobo; San Esteban Valley; Cojedes; 4 km. S. El
Pao; Lara; El Cujl, 7 km. N. Barqulslmeto; MgrIda;
Merlda; Monagas ; Carlplto; Yaracuy; Aroa.
TRINIDAD. Arlma Valley, 800-1200 ft.; Caparo;
Trinidad. GUYANA. New River, 750 ft.; "Br.
Guiana." FRENCH GUIANA. Cayenne; St. Jean, Maroni;
St. Laurent, Maroni; French Guiana. SURINAM.

42

GROUP 4
Group 4 Is characterized by the structure of the
valves (fig. 551), particularly the projections from
their apices. The group Is probably derived from a
stock similar to the first species of group 1.
There are several striking similarities between the
aneeta complex of group 1 and the stolldata complex
of this group. Including the vesica of the aedeagus
and the outpocketlngs of the ductus bursae of the
female genitalia.
The species of group 4, except the stolldata
complex, seem to be mostly from peripheral parts of
the distribution of the genus. One complex of
species occurs In the West Indies and several other
species are found In Argentina.

Pero steinbachi Prout

Pero steinbachi Prout, 1928;65.
Male (fig. 126).^Antennae pectinate. Palpi brown.
Legs brown, speckled with cream-colored scales.
Forewlng brown or light brown; all maculatlon
usually obscure and soft appearing; basal area
brown, not contrasting with median area, lighter
toward costa; antemedial line accented with dark
scales toward costa, but indistinct for its lower
two-thirds; median area brown, darker along
postmedlal line; discal dot small, black; postmedlal
line marked by change in color from median to
subterminal areas; subterminal area lighter gray
with two vague light shades; subterminal area
lightly flecked with dark scales. Hlndwlng brown
with vague, light postmedial line. Below forewlng
dull gray brown; postmedlal line light and
moderately clear; hlndwlng browner, lighter;
postmedlal line of hlndwlng dark brown, slightly
waved; discal dot a brownish blotch.
Male genitalia (figs. 549, 549a).Genitalia of
species are characterized by tip of aedeagus.
Female (fig. 127).Similar to male in Bolivian
populations, but perhaps slightly brighter. In
population from Pernambuco, Brazil, postmedial line
of forewlng is strongly dentate.

Female genitalia (fig. 968).

[Link] the males are two color forms, one
light brown and another dark brown. This is
repeated in the females, but without the clear-cut
distinction between the two forms found in the
males. The females from Pernambuco, Brazil, have
the postmedial line of the forewing above strongly
dentate on the veins, much more so than in the
Bolivian specimens; the females of the two
populations are distinct. The single male from
Matto Grosso is smaller and more clearly marked than
males from either Bolivia or Pernambuco.
[Link] described steinbachi from two males and
three females from Buenavista, E. Bolivia. The male
bearing Prout's type label and with the male
genitalia on slide BM Geometridae 6722 is designated
the lectotype and is in the British Museum of
Natural History.
[Link] steinbachi is possibly a species
of grasslands. The females from Pernambuco are
distinct from the Bolivian ones, and possibly there
are two species rather than just one.
Specimens examined.6 males and 5 females, all year.
BRAZIL. Matto Grosso; Corumba; Pernambuco; Sierra
de Bernada; Tapera. BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz:
Buenavista.

Pero bicurvata Warren

Pero bicurvata Warren, 1901:490.
Stenodonta incurvata Warren, 1905b:370. NEW SYNONYMY.
Male (fig. 128).Antennae pectinate. Palpi and
legs light brown to brown, almost uniformly
colored. Forewing light brown to brown; basal area
not contrasting with median area, but lighter toward
costa, particularly along top of antemedial line;
antemedial line distinct toward costa, accented with
dark scaling, but becoming obscure in lower
two-thirds of wing; outer one-fourth of median area
darker than inner three-fourths; discal dot obscure
and gray; postmedial line strongly incurved, dark,
followed by thin light band; subterminal area light
brown with one to three dark brown blotches from
center toward inner margin. Hindwing brown to light
brown; postmedial line even, rounded, varying from
dark line with obscure light band following it to
complete absence of dark line and strong development
of light band; anal angle slightly browner than
remainder of wing. Below almost uniform brown;
postmedial lines of forewing and hindwing dark;
discal dot of hindwing dark brown.
Male genitalia (figs. 550, 550a).Shapes of costal
fold, aedeagus, and uncus will separate this species
from others in group.
[Link] to male.
Female genitalia (fig. 969).
[Link] wings vary from light to dark brown,
partly because older specimens have faded. The
contrast between the median and subterminal areas of

the forewing above is also variable as is the size

of the discal dot. The single male from Santiago de
Estero is smaller than the Tucuman specimens.
[Link] bicurvata was based on a single male
from Tucuman, Argentina. The type of Stenodonta
incurvata is a female from Santiago de Estero. Both
types are in the British Museum of Natural History.
Specimens examined.6 males and 7 females, January.
ARGENTINA. Jujuy; Jujuy; Santiago de Estero: Suncha
Corral; Tucuman: Ciudad de Tucuman; Tucuman.

Pero palmirensis Prout

Pero palmirensis Prout, 1910b:314.
Male (fig. 129).^Antennae pectinate. Forewing light
brown to brown; basal area light brown; antemedial
line brown, weak; outer half of median area darker
than inner half; discal dot absent, or at most a
small brown spot; postmedial line followed by
slightly lighter thin band; subterminal area almost
uniformly light brown. Hindwing lighter than
forewing, almost dull white; inner margins slightly
browner than remainder of wing; postmedial line
brown, strongest in anal angle, obsolescent on
costa.
Male genitalia (figs. 551, 551a).Shapes of uncus
and juxta will distinguish palmirensis from
bicurvata.
[Link].
[Link] described palmirensis from a single
male from Palmira, Mendoza, Argentina. This
specimen is now in the British Museum of Natural
History.
[Link] type is slightly rubbed but
distinctive.
Specimen examined.^1 male, September.
ARGENTINA.

Mendoza: Palmira.

Pero binasta Warren

Pero binasta Warren, 1906:552.
Male (fig. 130).Palpi brown. Legs light brown
speckled with dark brown scales. Forewing tan;
basal area light brown scaled with black,
particularly toward costa; basal area lighter along
antemedial line, markedly so toward costa; median
area darker than either basal or subterminal areas
and with dark median line running from inner margin
to costa; median area lighter brown along costa;
discal dot a vague light line; subterminal area
brown with two conspicuous light bands, one running
from top of postmedial line to middle of outer
margin, and another from middle of postmedial line
to outer angle; series of black spots along outer
margin. Hindwing gray black except tan to orange
brown in lower one-third of subterminal area;
postmedial line a light band; discal dot a white

43

spot; two black dots along outer margin in anal

angle. Below tan with top half of subterminal area
of forewing orange; subterminal area of hindwing
orange brown except along middle of outer margin;
discal dots of both wings large, black, with white
centers; postmedial lines of forewing and hindwing
cream colored; postmedial line of hindwing preceded
by black in lower one-third. Abdomen light brown
with apex dark brown.
Male genitalia (figs. 552, 552a).

This rectlsectaria species complex includes

nerisaria through lastima.

Pero nerisaria (Walker)

Azelina nerisaria Walker, 1860a;188.
Azelina vetustaria Walker, 1866;1550. NEW SYNONYMY.
Pero curvistrigaria Herrich-Schaeffer, 1870;184.
NEW SYNONYMY.
Azelina hubnerata var. atrocolorata Hlst,
1886;205. NEW SYNONYMY.

[Link] to male, but slightly larger.

Female genitalia (fig. 970).
[Link] from the Guianas are usually
lighter and smaller than those from Peru. The
Peruvian specimens are slightly more orange below
than other specimens.
[Link] from a single male from "Rockstone,
ssquibo, British Guiana." This specimen is in the
U.S. National Museum and lacks its abdomen.
[Link] binasta is a distinctive species
and perhaps not correctly placed here. It is
probably most common in parts of the Amazon Basin,
although most specimens are from southern Peru.
Specimens examined.54 males and 1 female, all year.
GUYANA. Rockstone, Essequibo; Tumatumari, Rio
Potaro. FRENCH GUIANA. St. Jean, Maroni; St.
Laurent, Maroni. SURINAM. Kwakoegron, Saramaca
River. BRAZIL. Amazonas; Sao Paulo de Olivenca;
Rondonia; Calama, Rio Madeira below Rio Machados.
PERU. Loreto; Rio Maranon; Rio Putamayo, Vic.
Yahuas; Pasco ; Huancabamba, 3000 ft.; Puno;
Chaquimayo, 2500-3000 ft.; Chirimayo, 1000 ft.; La
Oroya, R. Inambari, 3100 ft.; La Union,
R. Huacamayo, 2000 ft.; Oconeque, 7000 ft.; San
Gabon, 2500 ft.; Santo Domingo, 6000 ft.; Tinguri,
3400 ft.; Tinguri; Yahuarmayo, 1200 ft.

rectlsectaria Species Complex

The following complex of species is Antillean,
except one species from the Florida Keys. It is
also the focus of a nomenclatorial tangle involving
nerisaria and rectlsectaria due largely to the
extreme variability of these species, both sexual
dimorphism and individual variation. This has led
to many misidentifications. Most of the types of
Herrich-Schaeffer and Walker are either mislabeled
or ambiguously labeled. I have not been able to
construct a workable key based on superficial
appearance, but with the possible exception of the
Bahamas each species appears to be geographically
isolated from all others. Each is distinctive, and
a comparison of the photographs and the use of
geographic location should make identification
easy. With the exception of nerisaria, this complex
is poorly represented in collections, and more
collecting is needed to establish the geographic
limits of each species; possibly new species will
also be found. I suspect that most of them are in
lowland forest, although the series of sella came
from elevations of 5,000 to 7,000 feet.

44

Male (figs. 131, 132).Antennae pectinate.

Forewing some shade of gray; basal area concolorous
with subterminal area; antemedial line usually
vaguely accented with white, uppermost angulation
usually pointed, more so than in any other species
of complex; median area may or may not contrast with
remainder of wing; postmedial line often followed by
heavy white shade, either straight or angulate at
Ml and Cu2; subterminal area often with dark
blotches toward apex, but not always. Hindwing
brown gray; postmedial line light; two black dots in
anal angle. Below brown to dull gray; postmedial
line of forewing always straight, light gray to
brown; discal dot of forewing a grayish blotch;
discal dot of hindwing large, black, circular;
postmedial line of hindwing light, slightly waved;
subterminal area of hindwing darker than base,
entire wing flecked with dark scales.
Male genitalia (figs. 553, 553a).Shapes of valve
and juxta are characteristics of this species.
Male eighth stemite (fig. 575).
Female (figs. 133, 134).Forewing larger than that
of male, usually some shade of brown, not gray; may
have contrasting gray blotches in basal and
subterminal areas; maculation as in male.
Female genitalia (fig. 971).
[Link] is easily the most variable species
of Pero. Pero nerisaria has usually been divided
into two species in collections depending on whether
or not the postmedial line of the forewing is
straight or angulate. There is probably linkage
between pattern characters in the forewing, because
the male specimens with an angulate postmedial line
are also the grayest, have the most uniform
subterminal and basal areas, and have the greatest
tendency for the median area to be brown and
contrasting. The range of color in the males is
great, but the overall tendency is toward gray
brown. In the females there is also some linkage
between the jagged postmedial line and the
development of gray patches along the postmedial and
antemedial lines of the forewing. Again the range
of browns is great. Size is also variable, and the
discal dot of the forewing above in one specimen is
white, not black.
[Link] type of nerisaria is a female from
"Santo Domingo," and it is the straight postmedial
line, brown form. The type of vetustaria is also a
female, again from "Santo Domingo," and it is the
jagged postmedial line, gray blotch form. Both
types are in the British Museum of Natural History.

I have not seen the type of curvlstrlgaria, but the

description fits the gray blotch form well and is
probably also a female. Hlst described his variety
atrocolorata from seven specimens. Grossbeck
designated a female from "Florida" as lectotype and
stated that the three males still in existence were
honestarla. This female is in the American Museum
of Natural History and is this species, not the one
that occurs commonly in southern Florida.
It is
probably mislabeled.
[Link] great variability of this species
and its being confused with the next species have
led to considerable confusion in the literature.
Both of Walker's types were from "Santo Domingo,"
and I suspect that they are mislabeled because all
other known specimens of this species are from
Cuba. Pero nerisaria is one of only two species of
Pero in Cuba and that should be enough to identify
it.
Specimens examined.77 males and 29 females.
CUBA. Hologuin; Limones; San Jose, Santa Clara;
Santiago; Soledad. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
"Santo
Domingo."

through all possible shades of brown. The males are

not as variable. The males from Dominica are the
most clearly marked, and those from Puerto Rico have
fuzzy looking, indistinct markings. The single male
from Antigua is intermediate.
[Link]-Schaeffer
female from "Brsil," but
is clearly this species.
a male from "Amer. Aeq."
of either type.

based rectisectaria on a
the specimen illustrated
The type of campinaria is
I do not know the location

[Link] species occurs in the Lesser

Antilles from Puerto Rico to Dominica, and is known
from few specimens. Either it is rare, or it occurs
in areas not commonly collected. I suspect it may
be found in coastal areas.
Specimens examined.13 males and 4 females.
PUERTO RICO. Coamo Springs; Bayanon; Guajataca
Forest, Isabela; Guanica Insular Forest. ST.
CROIX. Mt. Eagle. ANTIGUA.
"Antigua."
DOMINICA. Macoucheri; "Dominica."

Pero sella Poole, NEW SPECIES

Pero rectlsectarla (Herrich-Schaeffer)
Gonodontis rectisectaria Herrich-Schaeffer,
1855b: fig. 325.
Gonodontis campinaria Herrich-Schaeffer, 1855b:
fig. 458. NEW SYNONYMY.
Male (fig. 135).Antennae pectinate, shaft white
dorsally. Legs brown, spotted with few creamcolored scales. Forewing light gray, light gray
brown, or brown; basal area flecked with few dark
scales; median area usually slightly darker than
either basal or subterminal areas, but not
contrasting; discal dot absent, or at most a small
white speck; postmedial line waved or not, followed
by thin light band; apex of wing usually slightly
darker than remainder of wing. Hindwing dull gray
brown; usually yellowish patch in anal angle
following postmedial line, bordered by brown;
usually series of strong black dots along outer
margin. Below forewing with light band in
subterminal area; center of wing dull black; discal
dot of hindwing a black blotch or vague black
circle.
Male genitalia (figs. 554, 554a).Shapes of juxta
and valve will identify this species.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 576).
Female (fig. 136).Forewing light brown, red brown,
orange brown, or gray; discal dot usually a white
spot, more distinct than in male; postmedial line
waved or not; outer margin of wing more angulate
than in male.
Female genitalia (fig. 972).
[Link] is another variable species, but
because of the paucity of specimens it is difficult
to characterize the variation. The coloration of
the females is particularly variable and ranges

Male (fig. 137).Antennae pectinate, strongly cream

colored, particularly shaft dorsally. Legs cream
colored, very slightly speckled with gray brown.
Forewing light brown to gray brown; basal area
usually light gray brown heavily scaled with dark
brown; antemedial line dark brown, distinct; median
area dark gray brown, but sometimes brown, darker
than either basal or subterminal areas; discal dot
at most a vague light spot; postmedial line always
waved, never straight, followed by thin slightly
lighter band; subterminal area gray brown, usually
with some dark blotches toward inner margin; apex
usually slightly darker than remainder of
subterminal area. Hindwing dull light gray brown;
yellow patch in anal angle following postmedial
line, accented on outer side with brown; postmedial
line brown. Below light gray brown to olive brown;
discal dot of hindwing a black circle; black patch
in anal angle of hindwing.
Male genitalia (figs. 555, 555a).Shapes of valve
and Juxta are characteristic of species.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 577).
[Link].
[Link] maculation of the series of males is
consistent, but the coloration varies from light
brown to gray brown heavily suffused with dark
brown. The dark brown form is most common, although
there is no clear-cut distinction between light and
dark forms.
[Link]: Male, La Viste and vie. La Selle
Range, Haiti, 5-7000 ft., Sept. 16-23, 1934,
M. Bates. This type is in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology. Paratypes: 7 males from the type locality
are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
[Link] is the largest species of the
complex and is distinctive.

45

specimens examined.8 males.

Male eighth stemite (fig. 578).

HAITI.

Female (fig. 141).Forewlng different from that of

male, either dark red brown or light brown; in
reddish specimens a clay-colored area in subterminal
area following postmedial line; postmedial line
straighter in light brown specimens; discal dot
usually circled with vague ring.

La Viste and vie, La Selle, 5-7000 ft.

Pero tana Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 138).Antennae pectinate; shaft cream
colored dorsally. Legs light brown, flecked with
few dark brown scales. Forewlng light tan; basal
area light tan, concolorous with remainder of wing;
antemedlal line light yellow brown; median area
light tan, not contrasting with either subterminal
area or basal area; discal dot a small, vague, dark
gray spot; postmedial line light yellow brown,
straight, contrasting; subterminal area light tan
with series of dark blotches in middle, particularly
toward costa; fringe dark brown. Hindwing dull tan;
discal dot a black spot; postmedial line brown, but
clear cut only in anal angle; anal angle lighter
than remainder of wing. Below tan; discal dot of
hindwing a large gray spot, circled with black;
postmedial lines of both forewlng and hindwing
yellow brown, but weak.
Male [Link].
Male eighth [Link].
Female (fig. 139).Forewlng maculation as in male,
but purple brown, not light tan; postmedial line not
yellow brown, not contrasting; antemedial line
slightly shaded with blue gray.

Female genitalia (fig. 974).

Variation.^A single specimen from the Bahamas is
light tan and the discal dot is all white, not
circled with black on the forewlng above. Variation
in the Florida specimens is given in the description.
[Link]: Male, Key Largo, Monroe Co.,
Florida, 25-VI-1966, Mrs. Spencer Kemp, in U.S.
National Museum. Allotype: Female from type
locality also in U.S. National Museum. Paratypes: 1
male from type locality in each of following
collections: American Museum of Natural History,
British Museum of Natural History, Cornell
University, Museum of Comparative Zoology; 14 males
and 1 female from type locality in collection of
C.P. Kimball.
[Link] single female from Grand Cayman
Island may not belong to this species, but the
female genitalia would place it here. It is the
lightest and brightest specimen I have seen of
lastima. This species has usually been
misidentified in collections as atrocolorata.

Female genitalia (fig. 973).

Specimens examined. -41 males and 8 females.

April-November.

[Link]: Female, Nassau, Bahamas,

18-XII-1902, J.L. Bonhote, in British Museum of
Natural History. Allotype: Male, Bahamas, G.
Carter, in British Museum of Natural History.

UI^ITED STATES. Florida: Key Largo, Monroe Co.;

Tavernier, Monroe Co. BAHAMAS. Georgetown, Grand
Cainnan.

Discussion.I have made the female the type of this

species because the male's abdomen is missing. The
tan female genitalia are distinct from anything else
in the complex. The tan of the single male is
distinctive.
Specimens examined.1 male and 1 female, December.
BAHAMAS.

Nassau ; "Bahamas."

Pero lastima Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 140).Antennae pectinate. Forewlng
purple brown to gray brown, variable; basal area not
contrasting with median area; antemedial line not
accented with white; postmedial line usually
angulate, never completely straight. Hindwing
violet brown; postmedial line usually obscure or
poorly developed; anal angle with yellow-orange
blotch, edged by dark brown shade and two black dots
along outer margin. Below almost uniform gray brown
with only contrasting marking the large, black
discal dot of hindwing; series of black dots along
outer margin of hindwing.
Male genitalia (figs. 556, 556a) .Shapes of juxta
and costa of valve will distinguish this species
from others in complex.

46

Pero amnlcincta Prout

Pero amnicincta Prout, 1910b:315, fig. 32, pi. 48.
Male (fig. 142).Antennae serrate. Palpi dark
brown. Legs brown, speckled with cream-colored
scales. Forewlng dark brown, light in parts of some
specimens; basal and median areas almost
concolorous, but median area usually slightly
darker, particularly along postmedial line; discal
dot a black dot or two black dots connected by line,
never very conspicuous; subterminal area lighter
than median area, flecked with darker scales and
with vague darker band following postmedial line.
Hindwing brown with dark postmedial line followed by
vague light band; subterminal area slightly browner
in anal angle; two black dots along outer margin in
anal angle. Below almost uniform brown with
postmedial lines of forewlng and hindwing dark
brown; postmedial line of hindwing waved.
Male genitalia (figs. 557, 557a) .Genitalia of
amnicincta differ from those of norma by shape of
tip of valve.
Female. Unknown.

[Link] type of amnlclncta is a male from Buenos

Aires, Argentina, and is in the British Museum of
Natural History.
[Link] norma and amnicincta are
different, but the male genitalia are similar.
Specimens examined.5 males, March-October.
ARGENTINA. Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires ; Mendoza;
Mendoza; Neuquen; Cipolietti; Neuquen.

Pero norma Prout

Pero norma Prout, 1910b:316, pi. 48, fig. 1.
Male (fig. 143).Antennae heavily serrate. Palpi
light gray brown, speckled with brown. Forewing
almost concolorous; basal area slightly lighter
along antemedial line; basal area with outer
one-fifth darker than inner four-fifths; discal dot
small, black; subterminal area with dark shade in
middle just following postmedial line; this band
followed by light band, and remainder of area dark.
Hindwing light brown; postmedial line dark brown
followed by vague light band; obscure light patch in
anal angle followed by dark brown band and two black
dots along outer margin. Below almost uniformly
light gray brown; hindwing with large black discal
dot and dark brown, waved postmedial line; brown
blotch in anal angle in subterminal area.
Male genitalia (figs. 558, 558a).Species may be
distinguished from preceding by shape of apex of
valve.
Female (fig. 144).^Antenna simple. Forewing
similar to that of male, but lines stronger.
Female genitalia (fig. 975).
[Link] species is variable, but is usually
dark brown with the median area in shades of brown,
from a light bronzy brown, as in the type, to dark
brown.
[Link] described norma from a single male from
Rodeo del Medio, Argentina, now in the British
Museum of Natural History.
[Link] norma is known only from
Argentina. The male genitalia indicate a close
relationship with amnicincta.
Specimens examined.12 males and 6 females,
March-September.
ARGENTINA. Buenos Aires; Gran Choco, nr. Florencio;
Cordoba; Cordova; Corrientes ; Goya; Entre Ros; La
Paz; Parana; La Roja; La Rioja; Mendoza; Rodeo del
Medio; San Rafael, Colonia areas; Santa Fe; Villa
Ana; Tucuman; Tucuman.

Pero constrlctifascia (Warren), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina constrlctifascia Warren, 1897;487.

Male (fig. 145).Forewing light brown, basal area

light brown, with dark brown band from about middle
of basal area to inner margin; base of wing also
brown; median area brown, contrasting with remainder
of wing; discal dot a black point; two white spots
in median area at costa in area formed by angulation
of postmedial line; subterminal area light brown,
but scaled with darker brown and with obscure
variegation of light and dark areas; apex of wing
darker than remainder of subterminal area,
concolorous with median area. Hindwing light brown
with slight orange tint, usually darker toward base;
postmedial line present, light, but not contrasting;
two black dots along outer margin near anal angle.
Below light brown, scaled slightly with black except
for outer part of subterminal area of hindwing;
discal dots black; postmedial lines white,
conspicuous to vague depending on specimen. Abdomen
brown with apex lighter brown.
Male genitalia (figs. 559, 559a).
[Link] than male, but otherwise similar.
Female genitalia (fig. 976).
[Link] seems to be some variation in the
dark color of the median area of the forewing above,
but it is not great and does not seem to follow any
geographical pattern.
Type.^Warren described constrlctifascia from two
males from "San Augustin, Mapiri," Bolivia. The
specimen with Warren's type label in the British
Museum of Natural History is designated as the
lectotype.
[Link] is an unusual species and I am not
certain about its affinities.
Its distribution is
centered in the Amazon Basin and extends to the east
slope of the Andes on one side and the Guianas on
the other.
Specimens examined.- -90 males and 3 females, all
year.
FRENCH GUIANA. St. Jean, Maroni; St. Laurent,
Maroni. BRAZIL. Amazonas; Fonte Boa, Upper Amazon;
Santo Antonio do Javary, Upper Amazon; Sao Paulo de
Olivenca. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba; Chimate, 700m.,
760 m.; Rio Chimate, 1900 ft.; La Paz; Corvico
[Coroico?], 1800 m.; Salampioni, Mapiri; San
Augustin, Mapiri, 3500 ft.; San Ernesto, 1000 m.,
68 W, 15 S; not located; Rio Veligre, 1905 ft.
PERU. Loreto; Contamana, R. Ucayali; Rio Pacaya,
Lower Ucayali; Madre de Dios; Madre de Dios; Puno;
Chaquimayo, 2500-3000 ft.; San Gabon, 2500 ft.;
Yahuarmayo, 1200 ft.; La Union, R. Huacamayo,
2000 ft. ECUADOR. Napo-Pastaza; Sarayacu;
Tungurahua; El Topo, Rio Pastaza, 4200 ft.
alblvena Species Complex
This complex is difficult and consists of three
superficially identical species. I have not been
able to make a key to species based on superficial
appearance, but the genitalia provide a satisfactory
and easy way to separate the species. The apex of
the male valve can usually be seen by brushing the

47

scales away from the end of the abdomen, and the

differences among the three species can be seen.

Pero gapa Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 148).Identical with solitaria.

Pero solitaria (Schaus), NEW COMBINATION

Male genitalia (figs. 561, 561a).Characterized by

bilobed uncus and shape of apex of valve.

Azelina solitaria Schaus, 1911:593.

Female. Unknown.
Male (fig. 146).Legs cream colored, spotted with
dark brown. Forewing brown to dark brown, faded
specimens lighter than fresh ones; basal area brown,
clouded with gray, not strongly contrasting with
median area; antemedial line dark and vague; median
area darker than remainder of wing; median area dark
brown in fresh specimens and usually strongly
contrasting with subterminal area; discal dot
absent; postmedial line light brown and almost
straight, but bent in area of cell; subterminal area
light brown to brown, usually with veins slightly
accented; subterminal area scaled slightly with dark
brown. Hindwing dark, dull brown; postmedial line
light; light ill-defined patch in anal angle. Below
wings brown, upper half of subterminal area of
forewing darker; hindwing darker than forewing;
postmedial lines in both wings light and conspicuous.
Male genitalia (figs. 560, 560a) .Apices of valves
are characteristic of this species.
Female (fig. 147) .Forewing orange brown, darker
when fresh, almost concolorous over entire wing;
maculation as in male. Hindwing concolorous with
forewing; light patch in anal angle lacking.

[Link]; Male, Chanchamayo, [Junin], Peru,

in U.S. National Museum.
Specimens examined.2 males.
ECUADOR. No specific locality; Ecuador.
Junin; Chanchamayo.

PERU.

Pero albivena (Warren), NEW COMBINATION

Pergama albivena Warren, 1897;499.
Male (fig. 149).Almost identical with solitaria.
Forewing veins in subterminal area more strongly
accented with brown than in solitaria.
Hindwing postmedial line light, stronger than in
solitaria, incurved.
Male genitalia (figs. 562, 562a).Easily identified
by shapes of apices of valves.
Female (fig. 150).Similar to female of solitaria,
but postmedial line of hindwing incurved as in male.

Female genitalia (fig. 977).

Female genitalia (fig. 978).

[Link] specimens are slightly darker than

others.

[Link] postmedial line of the hindwing is

weaker than normal in some specimens, and these
specimens are difficult to separate by superficial
appearance from the preceding two species.

[Link] described this species from a female,

although the original description is vague as to the
number of specimens he had. The labeled type is in
the U.S. National Museum.
[Link] solitaria is primarily a Central
American species, although it also occurs in
Venezuela and Colombia. It is superficially almost
identical to the next species, but usually can be
separated from albivena. In albivena the veins on
the forewing above are more strongly accented and
the postmedial line of the hindwing is more strongly
incurved than in solitaria. If the scales are
brushed from the tip of the male abdomen, the end of
the valve can be seen.
Specimens examined.15 males and 18 females, all
year.
MEXICO. Oaxaca; Puerto Elegi, Municipio
Comaltepee, 2296 ft. GUATEMALA.
Izabal; Cayuga.
COSTA RICA. Not located; Banana River.
PANAMA. Taboga Island, Gulf of Panama. VENEZUELA.
Amazonas; Mt Marahuaca, North Slopes, Benitez Camp;
Aragua; Rancho Grande [7 km. N. Maracay], 1100 m.;
Portochuelo Pass, 7 km. N. Maracay, 1200 m.;
Carabobo; Las Quigas, San Esteban Valley.
COLOMBIA. Magdalena ; Santa Marta; Onca, Santa
Marta, 2000 ft.; Vaupes; Ob. Rio Negro, 800 m.; not
located; Medina.

48

Type.^Warren described albivena from a male from

"S. America," now in the British Museum of Natural
History.
[Link] albivena is widely distributed,
but never common. The long pointed tip of the valve
is characteristic of albivena and can usually be
seen by brushing away the scales from the tip of the
abdomen.
Specimens examined.62 males and 5 females, all
year.
BRITISH HONDURAS. Melinda, Stann Creek District;
Orange Walk. PANAMA. Canal Zone; Barro Colorado
Island; Panama; La Chorrera. VENEZUELA. Bolivar;
La Union, Caura River; La Vuelta, Caura River;
Carabobo; San Esteban Valley. TRINIDAD. Caparo.
FRENCH GUIANA. St. Jean, Maroni; St. Laurent,
Maroni. BRAZIL. Bahia; Cachimbo; Matto Grosso;
Matto Grosso; Urucum, 15 mi. S. Corumba, 650 ft.;
Parana; Castro, 650 ft.; Rio de Janeiro; Corcovado
Forest, Rio de Janeiro; Rio Janeiro; Santa Catarina;
Iguassu, Parana; Jaragua do Sul; New Bremen, Rio
Laelss. PARAGUAY. Paraguari; Sapucay; not located;
Mborevo. URUGUAY.
"Uruguay." BOLIVIA.
Cochabamba; Region Chapare; Santa Cruz; Buenavista;
Del Sara, 450 m.; Nuflo de Chavez, Esperanza.
PERU. Junin; Chanchamayo; Loreto; Contamana,

R. Ucayali. ECUADOR. Napo-Pastaza; Sarayacu.

COLOMBIA. Magdalena; Onca, Santa Marta, 2000 ft.;
not located; R. Araguaya Goyaz; Corcovado, 7000 ft.

dull, red brown; forewing with subterminal area

slightly darker than remainder of wing.
Female genitalia (fig. 979).

stolldata Species Complex

This complex, including stolidata through spitzi, is
particularly troublesome because it consists of
several similar appearing species. Tv70 or three of
them (i.e., fusaria, bulba, and stolidata) seem to
be common, but the others are apparently rare,
although some species may be common in restricted
localities. The most extraordinary modifications of
the male genitalia occur in the rarer species, for
example, diana, tridenta, and monstrosa.
It would
be interesting to know if this represents some type
of specialization. The loss of the characteristic
sexual dimorphism in spitzi is also remarkable.
This complex has several characters in common with
the aneeta complex of group 1, such as the shape of
the aedeagus and the striate end plate, the
villi-like projections of the vesica, and the
outpocketing of the ductus bursae of the female
genitalia. However, the projections of the apices
of the valves are distinctive, and I believe that
the complex is best placed here together with the
other species of this group.
The species of the complex, although superficially
similar, are identified by comparing the male
genitalia with figures 563-574.

[Link] the series of specimens from Rancho

Grande, Venezuela, there is some variation in the
dark brown of the wings.
[Link], given in the description as "Colombie,
un male."
Discussion.^Although the type of this species is
lG"st, the description is clear enough to determine
it as this species. Little is known except that it
occurs in the Andes, following the chain of
mountains into the northern Cordillera of Venezuela.
Specimens examined.80 males and 22 females, all
year.
VENEZUELA. Aragua; Rancho Grande [7 km.
N. Maracay], 1100 m.; Mrida; Merida. COLOMBIA.
Cauca; Popayan; Tolima; Canon del Tolima, 1700 m.;
no specific locality; "Colombie." ECUADOR. Loja;
El Monje; Environs de Loja; Zamora; Zamora. PERU.
Amazonas; Chachapoyas; Huambo, 3700 ft.; Cusco;
Caradoc, Marcapata, 4000 ft.; Hunuco; Pozuzo,
900 m.; Tingo Maria; Junin; Chanchamayo; Puno;
Chaupe, 6100 ft.; La Oroya, R. Inambari, 3100 ft.;
San Gabon, 2500 ft.; Santo Domingo, 6000 ft.;
Tinguri, 3400 ft.; not located; River Tabaconas,
6000 ft.; Tambo Enenas, Cam. Del Pichis. BOLIVIA.
Cochabamba: Incachaca.

Pero stolidata (Guene)

Pero diana Poole, NEW SPECIES
Azelina stolidata Guene, 1857;158.
Male (fig. 151).Legs dark brown, slightly speckled
with cream color. Forewing dark brown; basal area
yellow brown, but heavily shaded with dark brown,
appearing dark brown and not contrasting with median
area; median area dark brown, particularly outer
one-third; discal dot small, inconspicuous;
postmedial line distinct and light brown;
subterminal area yellow brown with dark brown
stritions forming obscure line following
angulations of postmedial line; apex of forewing
dark brown. Hindwing dark brown, postmedial line
moderately developed; light patch in anal angle.
Below brown with slight purple tint, particularly on
hindwing; forewing with subterminal area distinctly
darker than remainder of wing; hindwing concolorous;
postmedial lines of forewing and hindwing straight
and contrasting.
Male genitalia (figs. 563, 563a).Characterized by
shape of various projections of apex of valves and
shapes of subscaphium and uncus.

Male (fig. 153).^Almost identical with stolidata.

Forewing maculation as in stolidata, but ground
color darker, heavily suffused with dark brown,
without bright appearance of stolidata. Below
ground color brown, heavily suffused with dark
brown, not purple brown.
Male genitalia (figs. 564, 564a).Characterized by
shapes of subscaphium and uncus.
Male eighth tergite and sternite.^As in stolidata.
[Link].
[Link]; Male, Tingo Maria, [Huanuco],
Peru, 17-XI-1949, H.A. Allard, in U.S. National
Museum. Paratype; 1 male, Santo Domingo, Carabaya,
[Puno], Peru, 6500 ft., in British Museum of Natural
History.
[Link] species is similar to stolidata,
but is darker and duller appearing. The male
genitalia are distinctive.

Male eighth tergite and sternite (figs. 579, 580).

Specimens examined.2 males, November.
Female (fig. 152).Forewing strongest marking a
distinct median line; median area sometimes with
slight purple tinge, particularly in fresh
specimens; postmedial line often with white dots on
veins; angulation of outer margin of forewing better
developed than in male. Below almost uniformly

PERU. Huanuco; Tingo Maria; Puno; Santo Domingo,

Carabaya, 6500 ft.

49

Pero bulba Poole, NEW SPECIES

Pero muza Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 154).Forewing much like that of

stolidata, but smaller, duller, and markings on
average darker; well-defined brown striations in
subterminal area lacking, although dark markings
present following postmedial line; projection of
postmedial line between Cu^ and 2A better
developed than in stolidata; veins of forewing
conspicuous, accented with cream color. Below
darker than stolidata; postmedial line of hindwing
slightly rounded.

Male (fig. 156).Forewing ground color brown, not

yellow brown as in stolidata, without bright
appearance of that species; contrasting black apex
lacking; postmedial line followed by white line, not
yellow brown. Below hindwing flecked with brown;
postmedial line and veins not yellow brown.

Male genitalia (figs. 565, 565a) .Characterized by

shapes of projections of left valve and uncus.

Male eighth tergite (fig. 582) .Tergite with tip

sclerotized, but not in shape of knob.

Male eighth tergite (fig. 581).I^ob-shaped end of

eighth abdominal tergite is characteristic of
species.

Female (fig. 157).Identical with female of bulba.

Female (fig. 155).Forewing similar to that of

stolidata except black shade on inner margin of
discal dot. Below usually more heavily striate with
dark brown than in stolidata.

[Link]: Male, Rancho Grande [7 km.

N. Maracay], 1100 m., Aragua, Venezuela, R.W. Poole,
August 2, 1967, in U.S. National Museum. Allotype:
Female from type locality in U.S. National Museum.
Paratypes: 1 male and 1 female from type locality in
each of following collections: American Museum of
Natural History, British Museum of Natural History,
Cornell University, Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Universidad Central de Venezuela; 2 males and
1 female from type locality in U.S. National Museum.

Female genitalia (fig. 980).

[Link] is not a variable species. The
population from Puntarenas, Costa Rica, is slightly
larger than that from north of there, but this is
based on only a few specimens. The intensity of
brown striations on the dorsal surface of the
forewing in the female is somewhat variable, but not
conspicuously so. The ground color of males from
Santa Marta, Colombia, is reddish and lighter than
normal. The median area in these specimens is also
conspicuously lighter, and in general these males
appear much like females from Central America.
[Link]: Male, Puerto Elegi, Municipio
Comaltepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, 2296 ft., E.C. Welling,
26-IX-1961, in American Museum of Natural History.
Allotype: Female from type locality in American
Museum of Natural History. Paratypes: 14 males from
type locality in American Museum of Natural History.
[Link] of the dates of capture of this
species are in October, November, and December;
however, the specimens from Guatemala were taken in
June, at the same time as specimens of fusaria. The
knobbed end of the tergite in the male is
characteristic and can be used to identify the
species by brushing away the scales from the tip of
the abdomen.
Specimens examined.57 males and 10 females, all
year, primarily October-December.
MEXICO. Oaxaca: Puerto Elegi, Municipio
Comaltepec, 2296 ft.; Veracruz: Jalapa; Misantla;
Orizaba. GUATEMALA. Alta Verapaz: Baleu, Municipio
San Cristobal, Verapaz, 1350 m.; Baja Verapaz:
Chejel; Quezaltenango: Cerro Zunnil, 4-5000 ft.;
Solla: Volcan de Atitlan, 25-3500 ft. COSTA RICA.
Cartago: Juan Vinas; Orosi, 1200 m.; Sitio; San
Jose; Tuis; Puntarenas: Puntarenas, Monteverde,
4600 ft. COLOMBIA. Cauca: Popayan; Magdalena:
Vista Vieva near Santa Marta Mts.; Vaupes: Ob. Rio
Negro, 800 m. PERU. Junin: Chanchamayo.

50

Male genitalia (figs. 566, 566a).Characterized by

bifurcate processes of apex of valves; end plate of
aedeagus compressed.

Female genitalia (fig. 981).

[Link] muza was moderately common at

Rancho Grande.
Specimens examined. -9 males and 8 females.
June-August.
VENEZUELA. Aragua: Rancho Grande [7 km.
N. Maracay], 1100 m. COLOMBIA. Boyaca; Muzo.

Pero fusarla (Walker), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina fusaria Walker, 1860a:256.
Azelina adrastaria Oberthr, 1883:26, pi. 1,
fig. 2. NEW SYNONYMY.
Azelina? nasuta Warren, 1895:138. NEW SYNONYMY.
Pero egens Dognin, 1912:150. NEW SYNONYMY.
Male (fig. 158).Forewing slightly duller than in
bulba; postmedial line interrupted where veins
cross; projections of postmedial line between CU3
and 2A not as well pronounced as in bulba. Below
postmedial line of hindwing not as well developed as
in bulba; discal dot of forewing more likely to be
absent than in bulba.
Male genitalia (figs. 567, 567a) .Easily identified
by shapes of subscaphium and uncus.
Male eighth tergite and stemite.^As in stolidata.
Female (fig. 159).-Forewing darker than in bulba;
projection of postmedial line between CU3 and 2A
not as well developed. Below dark purplish, not
brown.
Female genitalia (fig. 982).

[Link] does not seem to be much variation

within any one locality; however, this species
exhibits geographical variation on a grand scale.
Although fusaria is generally distinct from bulba
where they occur together, in southern Brazil
fusaria looks almost exactly like bulba except that
the postmedial line does not have the projection
developed between CU3 and 2A of the forewing.
Specimens of fusaria from Rio Grande do Sul have a
slight olive tint. The populations in northern
Ecuador and southern Colombia are a very "fuzzy"
gray and slightly more robust than any other known
population. The Peruvian specimens from
Chanchamayo, Peru, are like the Central American
specimens.
[Link] type of fusaria is a female from
"Brazil" and is in the Hope Museum, Oxford
University. Oberthiir described adrastaria from a
single male from Huambo, Amazonas, Peru, and this
specimen is in the British Museum of Natural
History. Azelina nasuta was based on a single
female without data from the Felder collection and
is in the British Museum of Natural History. The
specimen is probably from Colombia. Dognin
described egens from four males; the male with type
number USNM 32389 and with the male genitalia on
slide Capps 1923 is designated as the lectotype.
[Link] species is exceedingly similar to
bulba, although the male genitalia will readily
separate them. In areas of Central America where
they occur together, they can usually be
distinguished superficially, but the Brazilian
populations of fusaria are almost identical with
those of bulba from Central America.
Specimens examined.200 males and 36 females, all
year.
MEXICO. Hidalgo; Zimapan. GUATEMALA. Alta
Ve rapaz; Baleu, Municipio Can Cristobal, Verapaz,
above 1350 m.; Izabal; Cayuga. BRITISH HONDURAS.
Middlesex, Stann Creek District; Punta Gorda; Cayo;
Orange Walk.
COSTA RICA. Cartago; Juan Vinas;
Orosi, 1200 m.; Puntarenas; Puntarenas, Monteverde,
4600 ft. HONDURAS. La Cambre. PANAMA. Chiriqui;
Volcan de Chiriqui, 2-5000 ft.; not located; Mo
Trinidad. VENEZUELA. Aragua; Rancho Grande [7 km.
N. Maracay], 1100 m.; Carabobo; San Esteban Valley,
Las Quigas; Merida; Merida; Yaracuy; Aroa.
TRINIDAD. Arima Valley, 800-1200 ft.; Caparo; Port
of Spain. BRAZIL. Minas Gerais; Uberaba; Parana;
Parana ; Rio Grande do Sul; Guarani ; Pelotas ; Santa
Catarina; Blumenau; Hansa Humboldt, 60 m.; Iguassu,
Parana; Jaragua do Sul; Nova Bremen, 250 m.; Neu
Bremen, Rio Laeiss; Rio Vermelho, 840 m.; Nuevo
Teutonia; "St. Catherines;" Sao Paulo; Alto da
Serra, Santos. PARAGUAY. Guaira ; Independencia ;
Paraguari; Sapucay; not located; Mborevo; Puerto
Belloni. URUGUAY. "Uruguay." ARGENTINA.
Misiones; Iguassu Falls, 1500 ft.; Iguazu Falls; not
located; Puerto Bemberg. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba;
Region Chapare, 400 m.; Santa Cruz; Rio Suruta,
400 m. PERU. Amazonas: Huambo, 3700 ft.; Junin;
Chanchamayo, 1000 m. Piura; Quiros. ECUADOR.
Azuay; Sta. Isabel, 65 km. S.W. Cuenca, 600 m.;
Bolvar;
Balzapamba; Imbabura; Lita, 3000 ft.;
Lrvai
Paramba, 1050 m.; Paramba, 3500 m.; Loja; Environs
de Loja; Napo-Pastaza; Baeza; Zamora; Zamora; not

located; Naranjapata, 1850 ft. COLOMBIA. Boyaca;

Muzo, 400-800 m.; Muzo; Cauca ; Guabinas, Rio Cauca;
Popayan; Santa Rita, Rio Cauca; Juntas;
Cundinamarca; Finca San Pablo, 3 km. N. Alban,
1800 m.; Santa Fe de Bogota; Canache; Valle de
Cauca; Palmira; Yuntas prs Cali; Vaups; Ob. Rio
Negro, 800 m.; no specific locality; Colombia.

Pero vera Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 160.).Forewing almost identical with
that of fusaria; inner half of median area becoming
red brown in faded specimens. Below postmedial line
of hindwing indistinct and preceded by dark shade.
Male genitalia (figs. 568, 568a).Characterized by
bifurcate uncus and shapes of apices of valves; end
plate of aedeagus round, not square.
Male eighth tergite and [Link] in stolidata.
[Link] with fusaria.
Female [Link].
[Link]; Male, Municipio Acatenango,
Quisache, Chimaltenango, Guatemala, 750 m.,
E.G. Welling, lO-XI-1966, in American Museum of
Natural History. Allotype; Female, Orizaba,
Veracruz, Mexico, Hoffmann, lacking abdomen, in
American Museum of Natural History. Paratypes; 6
males from type locality in American Museum of
Natural History.
[Link] types of vera are dull dark black,
but older specimens fade to red brown.
Specimens examined.15 males and 1 female, July and
November.
MEXICO. Mexico; Zacualpan; Veracruz ; Jalapa;
Orizaba; "Vera Cruz." GUATEMALA.
Chimaltenango;
Municipio Acatenango, Quisache, 750 m.

Pero tridenta Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 161).Forewing olive brown, basal area
lighter than median area; subterminal area
contrasting with median area; veins in subterminal
area marked with cream; postmedial line concave
between costa and M^, followed by cream-colored
shade; otherwise similar to stolidata.
Male genitalia (figs. 569, 569a).Very
characteristic, particularly shape of uncus, fuzzy
subscaphium, and shape of end plate of aedeagus.
Male eighth tergite (fig. 583).
Female. Unknown.
[Link]; Male, Rancho Grande [7 km. N.
Maracay], 1100 m., Aragua, Venezuela, R.W. Poole,
June 8, 1967, in U.S. National Museum.
[Link] appearance of tridenta is much like
that of southern Brazil populations of fusaria, but
this species has a distinctive appearance and can be

51

identified by the markings on the veins and the

light shade following the postmedial line of the
forewing. Although not common, tridenta is widely
distributed.

particularly as vague band following postmedial

line; apex not dark as in stolidata. Hindwing gray
heavily shaded with brown. Below gray with thick
red-brown shade following postmedial lines in
forewing and hindwing; discal dot of hindwing absent.

Specimens examined.25 males, all year.

VENEZUELA. Aragua: Rancho Grande [7 km.
N. Maracay], 1100 m.; Bolivar: La Union, Caura
River; Yaracuy; Aroa. BRAZIL. Parana; Castro;
Santa Catarina; Iguasu, Parana;^ Sao Paulo ; Itapura;
Sao Paulo. PARAGUAY. Paraguari ; Sapucay; not
located; Mborevo. ARGENTINA. Misiones; Iguazu
Falls. PERU. Puno; La Union, R. Huacamayo,
2000 ft. COLOMBIA. Boyaca; Muzo, 400-800 m.; no
specific locality; Colombia.

Male genitalia (figs. 571, 571a).Characterized by

shape of uncus and ends of valves. End plate of
aedeagus not developed and part of vesica heavily
sclerotized and with apical group of spines.
Male eighth sternite and tergite (figs. 586, 587).
[Link] to male, but perhaps slightly
larger.
Female genitalia (fig. 983).

Pero monstrosa Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 162).Forewing longer than in other
members of this species complex; median area
slightly lighter brown than in stolidata; postmedial
line interrupted on veins. Below light brown, not
purplish.
Male genitalia (figs. 570, 570a).Easily identified
by shape of apices of valves, shape of uncus, and
inflated appearance of end plate of aedeagus.

[Link] specimens are slightly grayer than

others.
[Link] described spitzi from several
specimens from Brazil, but he stated that the type
is from Alto da Serra, Sao Paulo. The male from
that locality with Prout*s type label is designated
as the lectotype.

Male eighth tergite and [Link] of tergite

sclerotized, but otherwise identical with that of
stolidata.

[Link] is the most aberrant species of

the stolidata complex, and its light gray is
characteristic. The end plate of the aedeagus of the
male genitalia is not present as in other members of
the complex, and the males and females are not
dimorphic.

[Link].

Specimens examined.16 males and 1 female, all year.

[Link]; Male, Yahuarmayo, [Puno], Peru,

1200 ft., Watkins, in British Museum of Natural
History. Paratypes; From type locality, 1 male in
American Museum of Natural History and 3 males in
British Museum of Natural History; La Union,
R. Huacamayo, [Puno], Peru, 2000 ft., 1 male in
British Museum of Natural History; Rio Huacamayo,
[Puno], Peru, 1 male in U.S. National Museum; Santo
Domingo, [Puno], Peru, 6500 ft., 1 male in British
Museum of Natural History.

BRAZIL.
950 m.;
do Sul;
830 m.;
800 m.;
Cubotas

[Link] wing shape of this species is

probably an allometric modification of the stolidata
wing. The male genitalia are also distinctively
shaped.
Specimens examined.9 males, all year.
COLOMBIA. Vaups; Ob. Rio Negro, 800 m. PERU.
Puno; La Union, R. Huacamayo, 2000 ft.;
R. Huacamayo; Santo Domingo, 6500 ft.; Yahuarmayo,
1200 ft.; no specific locality; Peru.

Minas Gerais; Minas Geraes; Parana ; Castro,

Rio de Janeiro ; Rio; Santa Catarina ; Jaragua
Neu Bremen, Rio Laeiss; Rio Vermelho,
"St. Catherines"; Sao Paulo; Alto da Serra,
Boraceia, Salesopolis, 800 m.; Serro do

Pero contrasta Poole, NEW SPECIES

[Link] light gray to gray; basal area light
gray, slightly flecked with dark brown; antemedial
line with its projection in discal cell followed by
blackish shade; median area red brown or dark brown,
except around discal dot; discal dot black;
subterminal area gray with few black and red-brown
scales. Hindwing gray with brown flecking;
postmedial line light gray, preceded by brown
shade. Below light gray with red-brown scales
scattered over both wings.
Male genitalia (figs. 572, 572a).Characterized by
shapes of valve, juxta, and uncus.

Pero spitzi Prout

Male eighth tergite and sternite (figs. 584, 585).

Pero spitzi Prout, 1928;63.

Female (fig. 164).Similar to male.

Male (fig. 163).Legs cream colored. Forewing

light gray; basal area light cream color but
completely suffused with violet brown; median area
violet brown, outer one-third dark brown;
subterminal area light gray, strongly contrasting
with remainder of wing, slightly flecked with brown.

Female genitalia (fig. 984).

52

[Link] male from French Guiana has a

reddish tint, but the holotype and allotype from
Venezuela are both gray brown. The female from

Paraguay, if It belongs to this species, is larger

and darker than the female from Venezuela.
[Link]: Male, Rancho Grande [7 km.
N. Maracay], 1100 m., Aragua, Venezuela, R.W, Poole,
June 7, 1967, in U.S. National Museum. Aliotype:
From type locality, female, also in U.S. National
Museum.
[Link] species may be variable, but it is
known from a few specimens.
Specimens examined.2 males and 2 females, June.
VENEZUELA. Aragua; Rancho Grande [7 km.
N. Maracay], 1100 m. FRENCH GUIANA. St. Jean,
Maroni. PARAGUAY. No specific locality; Paraguay.

slight orange tint; basal area not contrasting with

median area, but slightly lighter; antemedial line
dark gray; median area lighter along costa, darker
along postmedial line; discal dot black but vague;
subterminal area lighter than median, vaguely
mottled with dark and light areas. Hindwing very
light brown, almost white; inner margin dark tan;
postmedial line distinct only on inner margin;
strong series of black dots along outer margin.
Below almost uniform dull white spotted with brown
scales; postmedial line of forewing marked on costa,
but otherwise absent; discal dot of hindwing
present, black, but not strong; series of large,
black dots along outer margin.
Male genitalia (figs. 574, 574a).
Male eighth stemite.^As in contrasta.

Pero collenettei Prout

Female (fig. 167)

grayer.

Similar to male but darker.

Pero collenettei Prout, 1934;116.

Female genitalia (fig. 985).
Male (fig. 165).Forewing light brown to brown;
basal area slightly lighter than median area, but
darker than subterminal area; median area dark brown
to black brown; discal dot absent; subterminal area
light brown to brown; apex flecked with black
scales. Hindwing dull brown to gray brown;
postmedial line light; anal angle lighter than
remainder of subterminal area, varying from light
brown to brown. Below gray brown speckled with
brown; upper half of subterminal area of forewing
rusty brown; subterminal area of hindwing also rusty
brown; discal dot of hindwing black, but sometimes
not well developed, white.
Male genitalia (figs. 573, 573a).

[Link]; Male, Sierra de Bernada,

Pernambuco, Brazil, L. Gounelle, in British Museum
of Natural History. Allotype; Female, from type
locality, also in British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] is a distinctive species, but it
is known only from the male and female types. The
female is similar to the female of contrasta, but
the male is unusual.
It remains to be seen if this
species is as variable in color as collenettei.
Specimens examined.1 male and 1 female.
BRAZIL.

Pernambuco; Sierra de Bernada.

Female. Unknown.
Pero fusca (Warren)
[Link] of the three specimens are light
brown, but the male from Rio de Janeiro is darker
and strongly marked below.
[Link] described collenettei from a single
male from Urucum, Matto Grosso, Brazil, in the
British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] collenettei is known only from
three males, it is probably widely distributed in
southern Brazil and Argentina.
It resembles most of
the species of the stolidata complex, but it is
lighter brown and even the darkest male is not as
dark as any of these. The male genitalia indicate a
relationship to contrasta.

Azelina fusca Warren, 1901;483.

Female (fig. 168).Forewing light brown, flecked
with dark brown; antemedial line brown, diffuse;
median area more heavily flecked toward postmedial
line; discal dot double, two small brown spots,
upper slightly larger than lower; postmedial line
brown, followed by thin light band; subterminal area
light brown flecked with brown scales, but in no
definite pattern. Hindwing light brown, flecked
with brown scales; postmedial line obsolescent.
Female genitalia (fig. 986).
[Link].

Specimens examined.3 males, November.

BRAZIL. Matto Grosso ; Urucum, 15 mi. S. Corumba,
650 ft.; Rio de Janeiro; Corcovado Forest, Rio de
Janeiro. ARGENTINA. Tucuman; Sierra de la Ramada,
650 m.

Pero pemamba Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 166).Antennae pectinate. Palpi very
light brown. Legs cream colored to light brown,
spotted with few dark scales. Forewing tan with

[Link] from single female from Paran,

Entre Rios, Argentina, now in British Museum of
Natural History.
[Link] species is known only from a
single battered female.
Its systematic position is
problematical, but the female genitalia indicate
that it belongs to this species group. I have not
been able to associate it with the males of any
known species from Argentina.
Specimen examined.^1 female.

53

ARGENTINA.

Entre Rios: Parana.

GROUP 5
Group 5 is an assemblage of brightly colored
species, some of which are among the most common
species of Pero in South and Central America. The
shapes of the ventral process of the valve of the
male genitalia and of the eighth abdominal sternite
of the male indicate a close relationship with the
species at the end of group 1. The speciosata
complex contains several species, many of them
superficially similar and often difficult to
separate. There may be one or two undiscovered
sibling species here, and the two species otra and
polygonaria certainly deserve the name.
Tv70 superficially distinct groups are included here,
one clustered around polygonaria and the other
around speciosata. The genitalia of amanda and
pumaria are intermediate between the genitalia of
these two subgroups, and both subgroups have
similarly shaped juxtae.

Pero plagodiata (Warren), NEW COMBINATION

Pergama plagodiata Warren, 1897:500.
Male (fig. 169).Palpi brown. Legs cream colored.
Thorax brown, tegulae grayish. Forewing yellow with
brown striations; basal area small and brownish,
darker toward inner margin; antemedial line double;
median area yellow with fine brown striations;
discal dot double, small, black; postmedial line
vague or almost absent, usually indicated by
concentration of brown striations, often with
slightly pink or violet tint toward inner margin;
subterminal area similar to median area; series of
small black dots along outer margin. Hindwing
yellow with smooth brown band representing
postmedial line; slightly pinkish toward anal angle;
fringe darker toward anal angle. Below yellow,
without brown striations; postmedial line of
forewing brown, distinct, but only toward costa;
subterminal area of hindwing darker. Abdomen light
brown with double line running length of dorsum; end
lighter.
Male genitalia (figs. 588, 588a).
[Link] as male.
Female genitalia (fig. 987).
[Link] is a nonvariable species, although
some specimens are lighter than others. One
specimen from Ecuador has the postmedial line of the
forewing distinct and brown and the postmedial band
of the hindwing orange tinted.
Type.^Warren described plagodiata from "one male
from Cucuta, Venezuela," but the specimen bearing
Warren's type label in the British Museum of Natural
History is labeled "Bogota." The Cucuta specimen is
in the collection, but is not marked as type and has
several pinholes in the label indicating that the
label has been removed and replaced several times.
The specimen from Cucuta, Venezuela [department of

54

Santander, Colombia], is designated as the

lectotype. Because both specimens are the same
species and come from localities close to each
other, there should be no difficulty in the fixation
of this type.
[Link] plagodiata is easily recognized by
its yellow coloration. Although it is widely
distributed, it does not seem to be common except in
Venezuela.
Specimens examined. -138 males and 11 females, all
year.
MEXICO. Oaxaca: Cerro Peln, Municipio Yolox,
7052 ft.; Puerto Elegi, Municipio Comaltepec,
2300 ft.; Veracruz ; Cordoba; Orizaba; "Vera Cruz."
"San
GUATEMALA. Izabal; Cayuga. SAN SALVADOR.
Cartago; Juan Vinas,
Salvador."" COSTA RICA.
2500 ft. PANAMA. Chiriqui; Chiriqui; not located;
Lino, 500 m. VENEZUELA. Aragua; Rancho Grande
[7 km. N. Maracay], 1100 m.; Bolivar; La Union,
Caura River; Carabobo; San Esteban Valley, Las
Quigas; Lara; Terepaima, 10 km. S. Barquisimeto;
Yaracuy; Aroa. TRINIDAD. Arima Valley,
800-1200 ft.; Arima Valley. GUYANA. Potaro;
"British Guiana." BRAZIL. Matto Grosso; Burity,
30 mi. N.E. Cuyaba, 2250 ft , ; Rio de Janeiro:
Petropolis; Santa Catarina ; Blumenau; Jaragua do
Sul; Joinville; Rio Laeiss, Blumenau; "St.
Catherines"; Sao Paulo; Alto da Serra; Boraceia,
Salesopolis; Sao Paulo; Serra do Cubotas. BOLIVIA.
Santa Cruz: "St. Cruz." PERU. Amazonas : Rentema
Falls, Upper Maranon, 1000 ft. Huanuco; Pozuzo;
Tingo Maria; Junin: Chanchamayo, 2000 m. Satipo;
Loreto: Rio Ucayali; Madre de Dios: Avispas ; Puno:
La Union, R. Huacamayo, 2000 ft.; Yahuarmayo,
1200 ft. ECUADOR. El Oro: Zaruma, to Mchala,
850 m.; apo-Pastaza: Canelos, Rio Bobonaza,
2100 ft. COLOMBIA. Boyaca: Muzo, 400-800 m.;
Cundinamarca; Medina, 500 m.; Bogota; Santander;
Cucuta; Vaups; Ob. Rio Negro, 800 m.

Pero otra Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 171).Palpi orange brown. Legs orange
brown slightly flecked with brown, inner faces
lighter. Thorax dark brown, darker than either
wings or abdomen. Forewing orange brown except
contrasting basal area; antemedial line double, dark
brown; median area orange brown, heavily striate
with dark brown; discal dot double, small, black;
postmedial line indistinct, double, slightly
yellowish between inner and outer line; subterminal
area similar to median area; series of black dots
along outer margin. Hindwing orange brown to straw
yellow, heavily flecked with dark gray; postmedial
line a diffuse, wide, dark gray band, merging with
dark inner margin of wing, slightly darker in anal
angle. Below yellow orange, brighter than above;
apex of forewing orange, costa light gray, and
remainder of wing dull, light yellow, none of these
areas contrasting; postmedial line of forewing dull
gray, partially interrupted by veins; hindwing
orangish, heavily flecked with dark, dull gray;
postmedial line light gray, but not contrasting;
discal dot a single dull black point. Abdomen
orange brown with double line dorsally.

Male genitalia (figs. 589, 589a-b).Shape of costal

fold will separate this species from polygonaria and
arciogona.
[Link] to male, but usually slightly
larger, darker; postmedial line of hindwing more
diffuse.
Female genitalia (fig. 988).
[Link] is variation in the distinctness
of the postmedial line of the forewing and also in
the color of the wings, but as a whole this is not a
variable species.
[Link]: Male, Tingo Maria, [Huanuco],
Peru, 22-XI-1949, H.A. Allard, in U.S. National
Museum. Allotype: Female, Coosnipata, Paucartambo,
Cusco, Peru, in American Museum of Natural History.
Paratypes: 17 males from type locality in U.S.
National Museum.
[Link] species and polygonaria are
impossible to separate except by the male
genitalia. Of the two species, otra has a more
restricted range, and outside of central and
southern Peru and Bolivia it is fairly safe to
assume that one is dealing with polygonaria. Within
the range of otra both species occur together in the
same places and at the same times. Sometimes the
shape of the ventral process of the male valve can
be seen by brushing away the scales from the tip of
the abdomen, but this character is often hard to
evaluate without a slide mount.
Specimens examined.50 males and 3 females, all
year.
BOLIVIA. Cochabamba; Incachaca; Santa Cruz; Del
Sara, 450 m. PERU. Cusco; Coosnipata, Paucartambo;
Quincemil, 2400 ft.; Huanuco; Tingo Maria; Junin; La
Merced, 3000-4500 ft, ; Puno; La Oroya, 3100 ft.; La
Union, R. Huacamayo, 2000 ft. ; Santo Domingo,
6500 ft.; San Gabon, 2500 ft. ; not located;
Pumayaca. ECUADOR. Zamora ; Palanda. BRAZIL.
Amazonas; Sao Paulo de Olivenca.

Pero polygonaria (Herrich-Schaeffer)

Pergama polygonaria Herrich-Schaeffer,
1855b; figs. 412, 413.
Male (fig. 170).Superficially identical with otra.
Male genitalia (figs. 590, 59Oa-b).Shape of costal
fold will separate polygonaria from otra and
arciogona.
[Link] with female of otra.
Female genitalia (fig. 989).
[Link] is little variation in
polygonaria, but the postmedial lines of the
forewing and hindwing vary slightly in distinctness.
[Link] polygonaria was described from a
specimen listed as "Am. Aequinoct. Coll. Kef. m."
The specimen illustrated by Herrich-Schaeffer is a

male, and if in existence should be in the

University Museum of Zoology, Halle, East Germany.
I have assigned the name to the common, widespread
species of this complex as the most likely and
desirable choice, but I have not seen the type.
[Link] polygonaria is one of the most
common and most widespread Pero species in tropical
America. It is almost impossible to distinguish it
from otra, but the male and female genitalia are
different. Where the two species occur together, it
is sometimes possible to separate them by brushing
away the scales from the tip of the male abdomen and
looking for the ventral processes of the valves.
This method cannot be completely relied on, and when
an exact determination is needed, a genitalia slide
should be made.
Specimens examined.
year.

-255 males and 59 females, all

MEXICO. Chiapas ; Marvellas; Santa Anita; Oaxaca;

Puerto Elegi, Municipio Comaltepec, 2300 ft.;
Veracruz; Jalapa; Misantla; Orizaba. BRITISH
HONDURAS. Middlesex, Stann Creek District.
GUATEMALA. Baja Verapaz; Chejel; Izabal; Cayuga;
Quirigua; Quezaltenango; Cerro Zunil, 4000 ft.
HONDURAS. Lancetilla. NICARAGUA. Eden, 14 N
84 W. COSTA RICA. Cartago; Cachi; Juan Vinas;
Orosi, 1200 m.; San Jose; Tuis; not located;
Avangarez; Banana River; Esperanza; Candelera Mts.;
no specific locality; Costa Rica. PANAMA. Canal
Zone; Barro Colorado Island; Chiriqui; Chiriqui;
Volcan de Chiriqui, 2-3000 ft.; V. de Chiriqui,
5000-8000 ft.; Volcan de Chiriqui; not located;
Lino, 500 m.; Porto Bello. VENEZUELA. Aragua;,
Rancho Grande [7 km. N. Maracay], 1100 m.; Bolivar;
La Union, Caura River; La Vuelta, Caura River;
Suapure, Caura River; Carabobo; San Esteban Valley;
Yaracuy; Aroa; Palma Sola; not located; Las Cruces,
Colon, 250-750 ft. TRINIDAD. Arima Valley,
800-1200 ft.; Caparo. GUYANA. Omai; Potaro;
"British Guiana." FRENCH GUIANA. St. Jean, Maroni;
St. Laurent, Maron. BRAZIL. Amazonas ; Allianca
below S. Antonio, Rio Madeira; Codajas. Upper
Amazon; Fonte Boa, Upper Amazon; R. Madeira; San
Joas, Solimoes; Matto Grosso; Matto Grosso; Minas
Gerais; San Jacinto Valley; Rio de Janeiro ;
Corcovado Forest, Rio de Janeiro; Rio Grande do Sul;
Pelotas; Santa Catarina; Iguassu, Parana; Neuvo
Teutonia; Nova Bremen, 250 m.; Rio Laeiss, Blumenau;
"St. Catherines"; Jaragua do Sul; Sao Paulo ; Alto da
Serra, Santos, 800 m.; Alto da Serra; Salto Grande,
Paranapanema; Santos,; Sao Paulo, 2500 ft.
PARAGUAY. Paraguari; Sapucay; not located; Caagazu;
no specific locality; Paraguay. URUGUAY. Uruguay.
ARGENTINA. Misiones; Iguazu Falls. BOLIVIA.
Cochabamba; Chapare; R. Cristal Mayu, Chapare,
1000-2000 m. PERU. Cusco; Quincemil, 2400 ft.;
Huanuco; Tingo Maria; Junin; Estancia Naranjal, San
Ramon; La Merced, Chanchamayo; Satipo; Loreto; Rio
Maranon; Rio Ucayali; Madre de Dios; Avispas; Puno;
La Union, Rio Huacamayo, 2000 ft.; San Gabon,
2500 ft.; Santo Domingo, 6500 ft.; Tinguri,
3400 ft.; Yahuarmayo, 1200 ft.; not located; R.
Tiputini, Rio apo; Utcyacu, 50j00 ft.; no specific
locality; Peru. ECUADOR. Bolivar; La Chima, Los
Rios; Chimborazo; Chimbo; Esmeraldas ; R. Cayapas;
Imbabura; Lita, 3000 ft.; Paramba; Sarayacu; not
located; Hacienda Cayandeled, Rio Bamba, 4200 ft.

55

COLOMBIA. Boyaca: Muzo, 400-800 m.; Cundnamarca;

Bogota; Vaups; Ob. Rio Negro, 800 m.; not located;
Bogota to Buenaventura.

Pero amanda (Druce), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina amanda Druce, 1898;533, pl. 98, fig. 20.
Pergama dissimilis Warren, 1905b;375. NEW SYNONYMY.
Pergama dissimilis ab. perfusa Warren, 1907;318.

Pero arclogona Prout

Pero (Pergama) arciogona Prout, 1933:93.
Male (fig. 172).Similar to preceding two species.
Forewing lighter than that of either otra or
polygonaria, but not as heavily striate with brown;
antemedial line double and more sharply set off from
both basal and median areas than in preceding two
species; discal dot small, black points, smaller
than in preceding two species; postmedial line
double, distinctly filled with yellow. Hindwing
yellow orange, not as heavily flecked with black as
in otra and polygonaria; postmedial line double and
distinct, inner line more so than outer line. Below
almost smooth, dull yellow orange, without contrasts
of polygonaria and without dark scaling.
Male genitalia (figs. 591, 591a, 592).Shape of
costal fold is distinctive.
[Link] to female of polygonaria, but
darker; postmedial lines of both forewing and
hindwing double and distinct. Below smoother
appearing than in polygonaria.
Female genitalia (fig. 990).
[Link] specimens are more strongly marked
than others, and a few have the postmedial line of
the hindwing more diffuse than normal. Peruvian
specimens are not as strongly marked as the
Brazilian ones.
[Link] described this species from several
specimens, but stated that the type was from Alto da
Serra, Sao Paulo, Brazil, October 1922. The male
from this locality with Prout's type label in the
British Museum of Natural History is designated as
the lectotype.
[Link] similar to the preceding two
species, this species can almost always be
identified by its lighter, more distinct appearance
and the double postmedial line of the hindwing. The
characteristic shape of the costal fold of the male
genitalia can often be seen in males by brushing
away the scales from the end of the abdomen.
Specimens examined.47 males and 27 females, all
year.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais; liberaba; "Minas Geraes";
Paran; Castro, 950 m.; Rio Grande do Sul; Guarani;
Pelotas; Porto Alegre; "Rio Grande do Sul;" Santa
Catarina; Iguasu, Parana; Jaragua do Sul; Nova
Teutonia, 300-500 m.; Nova Teutonia; Rio Vermelho,
850 m.; Sao Paulo; Alto da Serra; Cantareira;
Salesopolis; Santos; Sao Paulo; Ypiranga.
PARAGUAY. Paraguar; Sapucay. PERU. Huanuco;
Pozuzo; Junin; Chanchamayo; no specific locality;
Peru. ECUADOR. Tungurahua; Alpayacu, Rio Pastaza,
3600 ft.

56

Male (fig. 173).Exceedingly variable species;

described from Venezuelan specimens. Palpi brown to
rust colored, most often orange or rust colored.
Forewing variable, usually some shade of gray; basal
area usually gray; upper part of antemedial line
black and definite, but lower four-fifths obscure;
median area usually light tan or salmon color,
sometimes heavily suffused with gray; discal dot, if
present, very obscure; postmedial line double,
straight; subterminal area varying from uniform gray
to almost yellow, usually variegated with light and
dark patches. Hindwing light yellow to light tan,
with black speckles; postmedial line double, dull
white, almost straight; subterminal area with dark
brown line from anal angle to about one-third width
of wing. Below light yellow marked with either
orange or rust red; forewing almost white along
costa, and orange tinted along upper one-third of
outer margin, color of these two areas varying from
specimen to specimen; hindwing with postmedial line
white; basal area lighter than subterminal area,
although both are orange tinted to red.
Male genitalia (figs. 593, 593a-b).May be
separated from following species by shapes of
ventral processes of valves.
Female (fig. 174).Brown, not gray as in male.
Forewing maculation in general black, variable in
definition; basal area brown; antemedial line often
double, strongly marked toward inner margin; discal
dot distinct; subterminal area with light gray patch
along postmedial line on inner margin, extending
about one-half length of postmedial line. Hindwing
as in male, but more orange. Below darker than male.
Female genitalia (fig. 991).
[Link] variation in this species is
rampant. In the male the forewing varies from
uniform gray to variegated with light yellow and the
subterminal area from salmon to dark gray. The
females vary in the intensity of the dark markings
of the forewing. Below the postmedial line varies
in clarity, and the anal angle may or may not have a
very well-defined cream-colored patch.
Some
specimens are suffused with smoky brown, but almost
all these specimens come from Central America.
Geographical variation in the Guatemalan and British
Honduras populations consists of a large number of
males suffused with dark smoky gray. Some Cuban
males have the median area almost orange and
contrasting with the remainder of the wing.
Southern Brazilian and Paraguayan specimens are
smaller and have the median and basal areas very
dark gray, contrasting with the lighter subterminal
area.
[Link] described amanda from a single female
from "Jalapa, Mexico," now in the British Museum of
Natural History. Pergama dissimilis was described
from a single male from Chanchamayo, [Junin], Peru,
and the aberration perfusa was based on four males
from Sapucay, [ParaguariT], Paraguay, November 1904.

The type of dlsslmllls is in the British Museum of

Natural History.

Male genitalia (figs. 594, 594a-b).Ventral process

of valve will distinguish this species from amanda.

[Link] amanda is apparently common in

most of Central and South America except the Andes,
where possibly it is partially replaced by the next
species. I believe it is most characteristic of
lowland habitats, possibly secondary growth.

Female (fig. 176).Similar to female of amanda, but

postmedial line of hindwing concave, followed by
strong black band.

Specimens examined. -224 males and 74 females, all

year.

[Link] species is much more uniform

appearing than amanda, but there is some variation
in the intensity of the dark band following the
postmedial line of the hindwing.

CUBA. Barocoa; Central Soledad; Matanzas; Santiago

de Cuba; San Bias St. Clara; Tanamo. MEXICO.
Chiapas ; La Granja; Mts., Soconusco; Qaxaca; Puerto
Elegi, Municipio Comaltepec, 2300 ft.; San Luis
Potos: Tamanzuchale; Tamaulipes; El Salto Falls,
26 mi. W. Antiguo, Morelos, 2000 ft.; Veracruz ;
Jalapa; Misantla; 7 mi. S.W. Poza Rica, 200 ft.;
Yucatan; Peto. BRITISH HONDURAS. Middlesex, Stann
Creek District; Rio Grande. GUATEMALA. Baja
Verapaz; Chejel; Izabal; Cayuga; Quirigua;
Quezaltenango; Volcan Sta. Maria. COSTA RICA.
Cartago; Juan Vinas; San Jose, 5000 ft.; San Jose;
not located: Avangarez; no specific locality: Costa
Rica. PANAMA. Canal Zone: Barro Colorado Island.
VENEZUELA. Aragua; Rancho^ Grande [7 km.
N. Maracay], 1100 m.; Bolivar : Caura Valley;
Suapure, Caura River; Suapure; La Union, Caura
River; La Vuelta, Caura River; Carabobo: San Esteban
Valley, Las Quigas; Valencia; Federal District:
Caracas; Mrida; Merida; Yaracuy: Aroa. TRINIDAD.
Arima Valley. FRENCH GUIANA. Cayenne; St. Laurent,
Maroni. BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Uberaba; Vicosa;
Parana: Castro, 950 m.; Rio de Janeiro: Corcovado
Forest, Rio de Janeiro; Rio Janeiro; Rio Grande do
Sul; Guarani; Rondonia; Porto Velho; Santa Catarina;
Iguassu, Parana; Jaragua do Sul; Nova Bremen,
250 m.; Neuvo Teutonia; Sao Paulo: Alto da Serra;
Pennapolis, 450 m.; Salto Grande, Paranapanema; Sao
Paulo; Yp^iranga. PARAGUAY. Guaira; Independencia;
Paraguari; Sapucay; not located; Mbovero; Paso
Zobai; Santo Barbara; no specific locality:
Paraguay. URUGUAY. Uruguay. ARGENTINA. Misiones ;
Iguazu Falls; Parana, San Ignacio; Puerto Aguirre;
not located: Misoyer. BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz:
Buenavista, 750 m.; Del Sara, 450 m.; Nuflo de
Chavez, Esperanza; Rio Suruta, 450 m.; Santa Cruz de
la Sierra to S. Jose de Chiquitos. PERU. Junin:
Chanchamayo, 1000 m; Chanchamayo; Perene River; no
specific locality: Peru. COLOMBIA. Magdalena:
Onca, St. Marta; Santander : Cucuta; Vaups; Ob. Rio
Negro, 800 m.

Pero pumaria (Felder and Rogenhofer), NEW COMBINATION

Pergama pumaria Felder and Rogenhofer, 1873: pi.
123, fig. 15.
Male (fig. 175).Similar to amanda. Forewing
identical with that of amanda, but without variation
in colors of that species; basal area gray; median
area light tan to salmon colored, but never suffused
entirely with gray; subterminal area gray,
variegated with yellow patches. Hindwing postmedial
line concave, followed by strong black band; more
heavily speckled with black than in amanda. Below
postmedial line of hindwing more strongly incurved
than in amanda.

Female genitalia (fig. 992).

[Link] from a single male from "Amazonas

(Bates)," now in the British Museum of Natural
History.
[Link] species is most common in the
interior of Peru, Bolivia, and Venezuela, but it
extends into the Amazon Basin, the Andes, and
southern Brazil. Pero amanda and pumaria have
almost geographically exclusive ranges, although
there are exceptions.
The concave postmedial line
of the hindwing is the best superficial character
for separating pumaria from amanda, but the ventral
process of the valve can often be seen by brushing
away the scales from the end of the male abdomen.
Specimens examined.124 males and 21 females, all
year.
BRAZIL. Amazonas; Allianca below S. Antonio, Rio
Madeira; Codajas, Upper Amazon; Fonte Boa; Manaos;
Sao Paulo de Olivenca; Matto Grosso: Matto Grosso;
Para; Para; Santa Catarina; Blumenau, Neu Bremen;
Hansa Humboldt, 60 m.; Jaragua do Sul; Rio Laeiss,
Blumenau; Sao Paulo: Serra do Cubotas; no specific
locality: Brasil. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba; Region
Chapare, 400 m.; La Paz; Rio Chmate, 1900 ft.;
Santa Cruz; Nuflo de Chavez, Esperanza. PERU.
Junin; Satipo; Loreto: Caytamaa, Rio Ucayali;
Sapatiny, R. Purus; Puno; La Union, Rio Huacamayo,
2000 ft.; San Gabon, 1200 ft.; Santo Domingo,
6500 ft.; Yahuarmayo, 1200 ft. ECUADOR. No
specific locality: Ecuador. COLOMBIA. Boyaca;
Medina, 500 m.; Cundinamarca; Santa Fe de Bogota.
VENEZUELA. Bolivar; La Union, Caura River; La
Vuelta, Caura River; Carabobo; San Esteban Valley.
GUYANA. Potaro.

speclosata Species Complex

Of all the species complexes of Pero this is one of
the more perplexing. Most of the species are
similar to each other superficially as are the male
and female genitalia. Although in some instances,
good genitalic characters are present, in others the
differences are small. This is particularly true in
pallidior, naranja, and suffusa. If one considers
the large amount of geographical variation in the
male genitalia of other species groups, these three
species would be considered only racial variants if
they did not occur together. The females are
particularly difficult to distinguish without making
preparations of the genitalia.
The best procedure for identifying species of this
complex is to compare specimens to the illustrations

57

and descriptions. The place of capture is also of

great help, A key to males is given here, but it is
based almost entirely on relative characters and
will probably prove of limited value.

Postmedial line of hindwing not as

strongly concave; hindwing not as dark
or distinctively flecked with brown;
long ventral process of valve absent
clana

Most of the species are not variable, but clana is

widely distributed, and in the Andes it has formed
two distinctive populations. Most of the members of
this complex are limited in distribution, and only
pallidior and clana are widely distributed or common.
A key to males follows.
1.

2.

Hindwing light yellow to straw yellow

Hindwing with distinct orange tint

Postmedial line of hindwing strongly

concave; light yellow and brown
species

Strongly marked; patch on inner margin

in basal area of forewing strongly contrasting with remainder of basal area;
postmedial line of hindwing well
marked and contrasting; hindwing
flecked with gray

Hindwing dark orange and darkly scaled

Peru to Colombia
Central America

6.

6
cruza and costa

Light orange below; hindwing not darkly

scaled above
Dark orange below; hindwing darkly
scaled above

7.

clana

speciosata

Larger (35-40 mm); yellow; postmedial

line of hindwing not distinct and contrasting
naranja
Smaller (30-35 mm); more olive yellow
than yellow; postmedial line of hindwing white, distinct, and contrasting .... 8

8.

Dark orange below; hindwing above rough

appearing; postmedial line of hindwing
less distinct, more heavily flecked
with gray scales
pallidior

Azelina speciosata var. pallidior Thierry-Mieg,

1916:50.

Hindwing light orange, not darkly scaled ... 7

5.

clana

delauta

Weakly marked; patch on inner margin of

basal area of forewing not contrasting
with remainder of basal area; postmedial line of hindwing not well
marked; hindwing only weakly flecked
with gray
suffusa
4.

Light orange below; hindwing above

smooth appearing; postmedial line of
hindwing more distinct, not heavily
flecked with gray scales

Pero pallidior (Thierry-Mieg), NEW COMBINATION and

NEW STATUS

Postmedial line of hindwing not strongly

concave ; yellow to olive yellow
3.

9.

Postmedial line of hindwing strongly

concave; hindwing distinctively
flecked with brown; long ventral
process of valve easily seen by
brushing scales from end of abdomen

Male (fig. 177).Yellow to light brown. Palpi red

brown. Legs light brown, inner faces of femora red
brown. Thorax steel gray, with light brown median
crest. Forewing basal area steel gray, with light
brown median patch from inner margin to about
two-thirds way to costa; olive colored between this
patch and antemedial line; antemedial line double
toward costa; median area salmon colored with many
dark brown streaks; postmedial line almost even,
curved, slightly waved in middle; subterminal area
yellow brown, inner one-third lighter than outer
two-thirds; light wavy line in middle of outer
two-thirds of subterminal area, sometimes separate
from inner third, but sometimes anastomosing with
it; small brown patch on costa in subterminal area.
Hindwing yellowish light brown; postmedian line a
white band bounded on both sides by gray; wings
speckled with gray spots; brown line in anal angle
extending about one-third length of subterminal
area; postmedial line marked by two brown spots on
inner margin. Below light brown, heavily marked
with orange or red brown; costa of forewing grayish;
top half of subterminal area red or orange with most
of subterminal area and part of median area occupied
by large light brown patch; hindwing orange to red,
flecked with gray; postmedial line of hindwing a
white line bordered with gray; inner margin light
brown to white. Abdomen gray cream color with sides
marked with red.
Male genitalia (figs. 595, 595a).Ventral process
of valve forms more obtuse angle than in next
species. Shape of costal fold is also slightly
different.
^
Female (fig. 178).Forewing maculation as in male,
but coloration salmon to red brown; subterminal area
with olive-gray patch along postmedial line from
inner margin to about one-third its length; two
darker patches along outer margin. Hindwing darker
than male's. Below as in male, but much darker.
Abdomen red brown.

decora
Female genitalia (fig. 993).
[Link] pallidior is not variable. The
light line in the middle of the subterminal area of

58

the forewing is more distinct in some specimens than

in others, and in some specimens tends to diffuse
into the light patch along the postmedial line. The
intensity of the color below varies from orange to
red. The Central American populations tend to be
slightly smaller than the majority of populations,
and the hindwing is slightly more orange tinted.
[Link]-Mieg described his variety pallidior
from "Prou, Bolivie, Equteur, etc., plusierus
males, ma. coll." The type series, if still in
existence, will probably be in the Musum National
d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. The description
clearly fits this species although I have not seen
the types.
[Link] pallidior is widespread but is
probably most common in montane forest.
Specimens examined.243 males and 22 females, all
year.
COSTA RICA. Cartago; Juan Vinas; Orosi, 1200 m.;
Tuis; Limon; Guapiles. PANAMA. Chiriqui; Volcan de
Chiriqui; not located; Lino, 500 m. VENEZUELA.
Aragua; Rancho Grande [7 km. N. Maracay], 1100 m.
BRAZIL. Santa Catarina; Jaragua do Sul; Joinville;
Rio Laeiss; Blumenau. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba;
Charaplaya, 1300 m., 65 W, 16 S; Incachaca; Yunga
da Espritu Santo; La Paz; La Paz, 1000 m.; Yungas
de la Paz, 1000 m.; Santa Cruz; Pto. Greether,
Ichilo, 250 m.; Rio Suruta, 400 m.; not located;
Carahuarani, Chuquini, 3000 ft.; Chmate, 760 m.;
Corvico, 1800 m.; Rio Songo; Salampioni, 800 m.; San
Jacinto; no specific locality; Bolivia. PERU.
Amazonas ; Huambo, 3700 ft.; Cusco; Caradoc,
Marcapata, 4500 ft.; Huanuco; Pozuzo, 800 m.; Junin;
Chanchamayo; La Merced, 2-3000 ft.; Puno; Agualani,
9000 ft.; La Oroya, Rio Inambari, 3100 ft.; La
Union, Rio Huacamayo, 2000 ft.; San Gabon, 2500 ft.;
Yahuarmayo, 1200 ft.; not located; Huallaga;
Pampaconas River; Pumayaca; Quiroz; Rentema Falls,
Upper Maranon, 1000 ft.; Upper Maranon; no specific
locality; Peru. ECUADOR. Loja; El Monje, prs
Loja; Loja; Zamora ; Palanda; Zamora.
COLOMBIA.
Antioquia; Valpariso; Boyaca; Muzo, 400-800 m.;
Cundinamarca; Pizagua; Vaups; Ob. Rio Negro, 800 m.

Pero naranja Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 179).Almost identical with pallidior.
Hindwing dorsally light orange, not light yellow
brown. Below lighter than in pallidior.

American Museum of Natural History, 2 males in

Cornell University collection.
[Link] species is difficult to
distinguish from pallidior, and if they did not
occur together I would be inclined to consider them
as races of one species. The color of the hindwing
is the best superficial character to distinguish
them, but it is not completely infallible.
Specimens examined.36 males, June, October, and
November.
PERU. Amazonas ; Huambo; Chachapoyas; Hunuco;
Pozuzo, 800 m.; Junin; Chanchamayo; Pasco ;
Huancabamba; Puno; La Oroya, R. Inambari, 3100 ft.;
Santo Domingo, 6000 ft.; not located; El Porvenir,
900 m.; Quiroz; Rentema Falls, Upper Maranon,
1000 ft.; no specific locality; Peru. BOLIVIA.
Cochabamba; Caraplaya, 1300 m., 65 W, 13 S.

Pero suffusa Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 180).Forewing superficially similar to
that of pallidior, but with suffused, slightly
misty-gray appearance and without any contrasting
markings. Below lighter than in pallidior or
naranja.
Male genitalia (figs. 597, 597a) .Similar to
genitalia of naranja and pallidior but with ventral
processes of valves shorter. Juxta is wider than in
either of two preceding species, and tip of aedeagus
has one flap more rounded than in either pallidior
or naranja.
[Link].
Variation.^Although most of the specimens have the
characteristic suffused appearance, some of them
approach pallidior rather closely.
[Link]; Male, Environs de Loja, Ecuador,
1893, in U.S. National Museum. Paratypes; From type
locality, 1 male in American Museum of Natural
History, 1 male in British Museum of Natural
History, 5 males in U.S. National Museum.
[Link] suffused appearance of this species
will usually identify it. Although similar to
pallidior, it occurs with that species in southern
Ecuador.
Specimens examined.10 males.

Male genitalia (figs. 596, 596a).Ventral processes

of valves are closer together than in preceding
species and costal fold is slightly different in
shape.

ECUADOR.
Loja.

[Link].

Pero clana Poole, NEW SPECIES

[Link] color of the hindwing tends to vary,

but it is never as light as in the preceding
species.

Male (figs. 181-183).Described from Venezuelan

specimen. Thorax dull olive gray, with crest as in
pallidior. Forewing basal area mostly olive; patch
on inner one-third of inner margin lighter than
remainder of basal area and also browner; darker
olive scaling between patch and antemedial line;
median area purple brown with fine striations as in
pallidior; subterminal area with light band along

[Link]; Male, Pozuzo, [Hunuco], Peru, 800

m., W.F.H. Rosenberg, in Cornell University
collection. Paratypes; 11 males from type locality
in British Museum of Natural History, 2 males in

Loja; El Monje, prs Loja; Environs de

59

postmedial line poorly developed as compared with

pallldlor, light line in middle of subterminal area
always distinct from it. Hindwing as in pallidior,
but darker, more orange, and much more heavily
flecked with dark scales; postmedial line less
distinct. Below orange, not reddish; inner margin
of hindwing heavily flecked with dark scales.
Abdomen olive brown, orange ventrally.
Male genitalia (figs. 598, 598a, 599, 599a).Two
short prongs of ventral processes of valves and
tomentose arm of vesica are characteristic of this
species.
Female (fig. 184).Smaller and browner than
pallidior. Forewing boundary between light and dark
areas of subterminal area more clear cut, hindwing
browner, more heavily flecked with dark scales, and
below darker than in pallidior; postmedial line of
hindwing whiter and more distinct.

of the vesica arm. The Venezuelan specimens from

Rancho Grande have a tomentose vesica arm as do the
Brazilian specimens, but the costal fold of the
valve is shaped as in the Andean specimens. Until
more material is available, particularly from the
Peruvian populations, it is probably best to treat
this assemblage as one species.
Where this species and decora occur together in
southern Brazil, the females may be separated
superficially by the contrast between dark and light
areas of the subterminal area of the forewing
above. In decora the subterminal area is almost
uniformly orange. The females are almost always
impossible to distinguish superficially, but males
can be easily identified by brushing away the scales
from the end of the abdomen and looking for the long
processes of the valves in decora.
Specimens examined.101 males and 51 females, all
year.

Female genitalia (fig. 994).

[Link] this is just one species, it is
variable. The specimens described are from Rancho
Grande, Venezuela. Within this population there is
a moderate amount of variation, particularly in the
darkness or lightness of the coloration. Some
specimens have the markings clearer than others, and
often the amount of dark scaling varies. The
Mrida, Venezuela, specimens are faded, but they are
slightly lighter than those from Rancho Grande. The
Brazilian specimens are lighter and more clearly
marked than the Venezuelan ones.
There are two particularly aberrant populations, one
from southern Colombia and the other from Ecuador
and Peru. The Colombian specimen is much like the
Venezuelan specimens, but is suffused and orange
below. The Ecuadorian population is unusual, and in
most ways it is almost superficially identical to
specimens of pallidior, but the markings are very
crisp appearing.
There is also variation in the male genitalia. The
shape of the costal fold of the valve is variable as
is the arm of the vesica, which in the Brazilian and
Venezuelan specimens is well developed and
tomentose, but in the Andean populations (including
the Mrida specimen) it is only slightly or not at
all tomentose.
[Link]: Male, Rancho Grande [7 km. N.
Maracay], Aragua, Venezuela, R.W. Poole, June 7,
1967, in U.S. National Museum. Allotype: Female
from type locality also in U.S. National Museum.
Paratypes: From type locality 1 male and 1 female
each in American Museum of Natural History, British
Museum of Natural History, Cornell University,
Museum of Comparative Zoology; 5 males and 2 females
in Universidad Central de Venezuela collection; 16
males and 8 females in U.S. National Museum.
[Link] may be two or three species
involved. The specimens from Peru, Ecuador, and
Colombia are particularly suspect. There seems to
be a continuous variation in the specimens up
through the Andes, into the northern mountains of
Venezuela, and down to southern Brazil in the shape
of the costal fold and the degree of tomentoseness

60

VENEZUELA. Aragua; Rancho Grande [7 km.

N. Maracay], 1100 m.; Marida: Merida. BRAZIL.
Parana: Castro; Ponta Grossa; Rio de Janeiro :
Corcovado Forest, Rio de Janeiro; Petropolis; Rio
Grande do Sul: Elsenuas; Farroupilha; Guarani; Porto
Alegre ; Santa Catarina : Blumenau; Hansa Humboldt,
60 m.; Jaragua do Sul; Nova Bremen, 250 m.; Nova
Teutonia; Rio Leiss, Blumenau; Rio Vermelho, 830 m.;
Iguassu, Parana; "St. Catherines"; Sao Paulo: Alto
da Serra, Santos; Salto Grande, Paranapanema;
Santos; Sao Paulo; Serra do Cubotas. PARAGUAY. Not
located; Puerto Beloni. ARGENTINA. Misiones:
Iguazu. PERU. Puno: La Oroya, R. Inambari,
3100 ft.; La Union, R. Huacamayo, 2000 ft.
ECUADOR. Loja: Loja; no specific locality:
Ecuador. COLOMBIA.
Cundinamarca: Finca San Pablo,
8 km. N. Alban, 1800 m.; Pacho, 2200 m.; Valle del
Cauca: Rio Dagua.

Pero speciosata (Guene), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina speciosata Guene, 1857:159.
Maie (fig. 185).Very much like pallidior, but more
orange with maculation not as bright and clear.
Forewing patch in basal area uniform light olive,
not lighter toward outside; subterminal area with
light patch along postmedial line poorly developed,
not fusing with light line in middle. Hindwing more
orange than in pallidior; postmedial line less well
developed, particularly white part. Below orange,
not reddish; postmedial line of hindwing broader and
not as clear as in pallidior. Abdomen dark orange.
Male genitalia (figs. 600, 600a).Shape of ventral
process of valve is characteristic.
Female (fig. 186).Similar to female of pallidior.
Forewing coloration slightly lighter; gray patch at
inner margin on postmedial line not extending upward
as gray band along outer side of postmedial line.
Hindwing postmedial line less clear cut than in
pallidior and heavily scaled with brown toward base.
Female genitalia (fig. 995).

Variation.^A few specimens are slightly darker than

others, but speciosata is otherwise not a variable
species.
[Link] described this species from "Colombie,
un male, coll. Marchand." This specimen is probably
lost, but the description is explicit enough to tie
the name to this species.
[Link] species is usually easy to
recognize because of the dark orange hindwing.

Pero cruza Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 189).Almost identical with costa.
Forewing lighter than in costa, particularly
subterminal area; light band along postmedial line
and light line in center of subterminal area not
distinct. Below lighter orange than costa, without
slight red of that species.
Male genitalia (figs. 602, 602a).Easily
distinguished from costa by shape of ventral process
of valve.

Specimens examined.42 males and 1 female, all year.

[Link].
COLOMBIA. Antioquia; Frontina; Mesopotamia,
5000 ft.; Tolima; Canon del Tolima, 1700 m.
ECUADOR. Azuay: Santa Isabel, 65 km. S.W. Cuenca,
600 m.; Imbaburai Lita, 3000 ft.; Loja; Environs de
Loja; Loja to km. 30 Zamora, Santiago-Zamora prov.,
1600 m.; Loja; Tungurahua; Hacienda Machay, Valle de
Pastaza; no specific locality; Ecuador. PERU.
Amazonas ; Chachapoyas; Huambo; Huanuco; Pozuzo;
Junin; Chanchamayo; Pasco; Oxapampa, 6500 ft.;
Huancabamba, 6-10,000 ft.; not located; Charape,
River Tabaconas, 4000 ft.; Cahupe, 6100 ft.; El
Porvenir, 900 m.; Tambillo; no specific locality;
Peru.

[Link]; Male, Orizaba, [Veracruz], Mexico,

Sept. 48, in American Museum of Natural History.
[Link] cruza is closely related to the
preceding species.
It may only be a race, but it is
easily identified by the shape of the ventral
process of the valve.
Specimen examined.1 male, September.
MEXICO.

Veracruz ; Orizaba.

Pero decora (Butler), NEW COMBINATION

Pero costa Poole, NEW SPECIES
Azelina decora Butler, 1881;44.
Male (fig. 187).Much like clana, but slightly
larger and appearing orange, not olive. Forewing
light patch in basal area wider than in clana;
subterminal area with light areas less well
developed. Hindwing orange, not olive; inner margin
heavily infuscated with dark scales. Below slightly
red, redder than clana.
Male genitalia (figs. 601, 601a).Easily recognized
by shape of ventral process of valve.

Male (fig. 190). Almost impossible to separate

from clana superficially. Hindwing postmedial line
more incurved than in clana; darker orange. Below
hindwing with basal half lighter than subterminal
part of wing (in clana coloration is almost uniform).
Male genitalia (figs. 603, 603a).Easily identified
by shape of ventral process of valve.

Female (fig. 188).Similar to female of clana, but

hindwing orange, without slight brownish appearance
of clana; generally lighter.

Female (fig. 191).^Much like female of clana, but

forewing darker; dark and light areas of subterminal
area not as clear cut and hindwing more heavily
infuscated than in clana.

Female genitalia (fig. 996).

Female genitalia (fig. 997).

[Link]; Male, Mount Poas, [Heredia], Costa

Rica, Schaus and Barnes, May, in U.S. National
Museum. Allotype; Female, Puntarenas, Monteverde,
Costa Rica, in American Museum of Natural History.
Paratypes; 2 males from allotype locality in
American Museum of Natural History; 2 males from
Orosi, Cartago, Costa Rica, in British Museum of
Natural History.

[Link] appears to be a moderate amount of

variation in the coloration of the hindwing, both in
the color and the intensity of the dark scaling.

[Link] species and the next are closely

related. The shape of the ventral process of the
valve, the costal fold, and the aedeagus are all
similar.
Specimens examined.6 males and 2 females, all year.
COSTA RICA. Cartago; Juan Vinas; Orosi, 1200 m.;
Heredia; Mount Poas; Puntarenas; Monteverde,
4500 ft.; no specific locality; Costa Rica.

[Link] from a single female from "Rio

Janeiro" in the British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] the male genitalia are
distinctive, the tomentose arm of the vesica seems
to link decora with clana. Superficially decora
also seems to be closest to this species. Although
the two species are difficult to distinguish
superficially, the males can usually be identified
by brushing the scales from the end of the abdomen
and looking for the long ventral process of the
valve characteristic of decora.
In the females the presence of light and dark areas
in the subterminal area of the forewing indicates
clana; the subterminal area of decora is more
uniform appearing.

61

Specimens examined.15 males and 11 females, July,

February, and April.
BRAZIL. Parana; Castro; Rio de Janeiro ; Rio
Janeiro; Santa Catarina; Nuevo Teutonia; Sao Paulo ;
Santos; Sao Paulo.

Pero delauta (Warren), NEW COMBINATION

Pergama delauta Warren, 1907;318.
Male (fig. 192).Palpi and legs light straw
yellow. Forewing macultion as in other members of
this complex, but light straw yellow, marked with
dark brown; basal area dull yellow, light yellow
patch on inner margin and olive band before lower
half of antemedial line; median area heavily scaled
with brown; postmedial line dark, waved, and
followed by olive-brown band; subterminal area light
yellow to straw yellow, lightest along postmedial
line, and with light wavy band in middle. Hindwing
light straw yellow; postmedial line strongly
incurved, diffuse, brown. Below light yellow, only
slightly scaled with dark flecks, brighter than
above; apex of forewing slightly orange.
Male genitalia (figs. 604, 604a).Shapes of costal
fold and ventral process of valve are distinctive.
Female (fig. 193).Similar to male, but darker and
more heavily scaled with dark brown. Below hindwing
with postmedial line marked with strong brown band.
Female genitalia (fig. 998).
[Link] from a single male from La Union,
Caura River, Venezuela, in the British Museum of
Natural History.
[Link] delauta is most common in lowland
areas; it is very common on Barro Colorado Island in
the Canal Zone of Panama. The light straw yellow
and the deep incurving of the postmedial line of the
hindwing are characteristic.
Specimens examined.95 males and 22 females, all
year.
MEXICO. Chiapas ; La Granja; Oaxaca; Puerto Elegi,
Municipio Comaltepec, 2300 ft.; Veracruz ; Jalapa;
"Vera Cruz." GUATEMALA. Izabal; Cayuga; Solla;
Volcan de Atitlan, 25-3500 ft.; not located; San
Las Jinotepes. HONDURAS.
Gernimo. NICARAGUA
COSTA RICA. Cartago; Cachi; San
S. Pedro Sula
Jose; Tuis; Limon; Guapiles, 984 ft.; Puntarenas;
Monteverde, 4600 ft.; not located; La Florida,
500 ft. PANAMA. Canal Zone; Barro Colorado Island;
Chiriqui; Chiriqui; not located; Lino, 500 m.
VENEZUELA. Bolivar; La Union, Caura River.
COLOMBIA. Boyaca; Muzo, 800 m.; no specific
locality; Colombia. ECUADOR. Napo-Pastaza;
Sarayacu. PERU. Junin; Satipo; Pasco; Oxapampa,
2000 m.; La Union, R. Huacamayo, 2000 ft. BOLIVIA.
Santa Cruz; Santiage del Estero.

62

GROUP 6
Group 6 is characterized by the structure of the
valve of the male genitalia (fig. 606). The costal
fold of the valve is usually followed by a wide
expanse of membrane and the subscaphium is often
highly modified. The vesica of the aedeagus usually
has a large cornutus. The bursa of the female
genitalia is often minutely spinose, although not in
one or two species. The last abdominal sternite in
the male is usually highly developed and modified
into a "box-like" structure with two strengthened
areas and apodemes for muscle attachments.
This group is almost entirely Central and North
American, although a few species are found in South
America. The North American group of species that
has gone under the name of Pero is included in this
group.

Pero mellssa (Druce), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina melissa Druce, 1892;63, pi. 47, fig. 12.
Azelina subochreata Warren, 1900;210. NEW SYNONYMY.
Azelina subochreata ab. nocturna Warren, 1900;210.
Male (fig. 194).Legs concolorous with forewing,
sprinkled with dark scales; spurs of legs with black
band at about middle. Forewing polymorphic, varying
from rusty orange to dark brown with slight purplish
tint; discal dot thin and white; outer one-fifth of
median area darker than inner four-fifths; series of
vague black dots along outer margin. Hindwing
postmedial line vague and slightly set off in white;
anal angle with black shade running along postmedial
line, and one or two vague black dots along edge.
Below most markings vague; median area with diffuse
black band running length of median area of forewing
to costa; postmedial line of hindwing white.
Male genitalia (figs. 605, 605a).Shape of costal
fold is characteristic.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 631).
Female (fig. 195).Slightly larger than male;
maculation more distinct. Forewing usually violet
brown, in a few individuals darker or lighter;
discal dot larger; antemedial and postmedial lines
edged with white; veins in subterminal area marked
with black.
Female genitalia (fig. 999).
Variation.^Although maculation and size seem to be
constant from individual to individual and from
place to place, there is a great amount of
polymorphism in color, the ground color varying from
rusty orange to dark purple brown. The color
variation is, in general, a continuous character,
but there are three basic formsrusty orange, dark
purple brown, and red brown. In the males, rusty
orange and dark brown are the two common forms and
the red-brown form is moderately rare, but in the
females, the red-brown form is common, the orange
form is absent, and the dark brown form is rare.
The frequencies of the three forms in the males are
variable from place to place; a large series from
San Cristobal, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, has

significantly more dark brown males than a series

from Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. The calculated
percentage of light brown to dark brown at Jalapa
was 0.5454 (24 out of 44) and at San Cristobal
0.2987 (23 out of 77). There are not enough large
samples from other places to make further
generalizations, but it is clear from the material
that I have seen that there are no clear-cut
geographical trends. The Colombian specimens are
more suffused than those from Central America.
[Link] described melissa from a single male
from Jalapa, Mexico, now in the U.S. National
Museum. Azelina subochreata was described from two
males from "Popayan, Colombia." The male bearing
Warren's type label is designated as the lectotype
and is in the British Museum of Natural History.
The aberration nocturna was based on the "second
male from Popayan, Colombia."
[Link] is one of the more common species
of Pero in Central America, particularly northern
Central America, and it is probably related to the
stock from which the North American species of the
group are descended. Pero melissa appears to occur
at altitudes of about 3,000-6,000 feet.

Male genitalia (figs, 606, 606a).Characterized by

shape of subscaphium.
Male eighth tergite and sternite (figs. 632, 633).
Female (fig. 197).Forewing brown, heavily flecked
with black scales; median area not contrasting with
either basal or subterminal areas as in male; discal
dot large, inner edge black; antemedial and
postmedial lines marked with black; outer margin
with three white dots and black one. Hindwing outer
margin with six well-marked black dots; postmedial
line prominent and well marked with white. Below
similar to male, but with outer margin of hindwing
heavily marked with white.
Female genitalia (fig. 1000).
[Link]; Male, Pinar Bonito, 2 mi.
S. Constanza, Repblica Dominicana, April 2, 1953,
J.A. Ramos, in U.S. National Museum. Aliotype;
Female from type locality in U.S. National Museum.
[Link] species is related to bicolor, but
the genitalia of the male and female are distinctive.
Specimens examined.1 male and 1 female, April.

Specimens examined.227 males and 51 females, all

year.
MEXICO. Chiapas; Lagos del Montebelo, 25 mi. E. El
Trinitaria; Federal District; Mexico; S. Angel;
Mexico; Ruins of Teotichuacan; Zaculpan; Nuevo Leon;
3 mi. E. Galeana, 5000 ft.; Qaxaca; Cerro Pelon"^!
Municipio Yolox, 7052 ft.; Vista Hermosa, Municipio
Comaltepec, 4650 ft.; Veracruz ; Cordoba; Jalapa;
Orizaba; "Vera cruz." GUATEMALA. Alta Verapaz;
Baleu, Municipio San Cristobal, Verapaz, above
1350 m.; Baja Verapaz; Purulha; Chichicastenango;
Quiche, St. Thomas, 7060 ft.; Chimaltenango;
Municipio Acatenango, Quisache, 750 m.;
Quesaltenango; Volcan St. Maria; Solol; Chechexik,
Municipio Santa Lucia, Utatlban, above 2250 m.
HONDURAS. Rosario, San Juancito Mtns., 5150 ft.
COSTA RICA. Cartago; Juan Vinas; Orosi, 1200 m.;
San Jose, 4000 ft.; Heredia; Mount Poas; Puntarenas;
Monteverde, 4600 ft.; not located; Candaleria Mts.
PANAMA. Chiriqui; Chiriqui; not located; Lino,
800 m. COLOMBIA. Cauca; Popayan.

Pero rica Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 196).Antennae bases white. Legs brown,
flecked with white; spurs white with black band in
middle. Forewing basal area light brown, but
heavily shaded with brown; median area dark brown,
outer one-third slightly darker than inner
two-thirds; discal dot large, white, with central
black dot; subterminal area light brown, lightest
next to postmedial line; two white dots along outer
margin. Hindwing postmedial line vague and with
light shade along it at anal angle. Below bottom
half of forewing almost completely dull white; top
half dark red brown; hindwing dark, red brown,
heavily flecked with white, and with very large
white discal dot.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
Constanza.

Pinar Bonito, 2 mi. S.

Pero bicolor (Warren), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina bicolor Warren, 1895;137.
Male (fig. 198).Forewing light brown to dark
brown, but also with various shades of violet brown;
maculation as in rica, but discal dot not as well
developed. Below forewing not white on inner
margin; hindwing not nearly as heavily marked with
white as in rica; discal dot of hindwing black.
Larger than rica.
Male genitalia (figs. 607, 607a).Characterized by
subscaphium, which looks like a little doll with two
stubby arms, and costa fold.
Male eighth tergite and sternite (figs. 634, 635).
Female (fig. 199) .Similar to male, but slightly
larger. Forewing postmedial line marked with white;
angle of postmedial line at M3 marked with light
brown patch that fades into ground color of
subterminal area. Below similar to male. Abdomen
end tipped with white scales.
Female genitalia (fig. 1001).
[Link] color of this species varies, with
brown the average and the color variation being
either toward lighter or darker, and with or without
a purplish tint.
[Link] from a long series from "Jamaica."
The male in the British Museum of Natural History
with Warren's type label is designated as the
lectotype.

63

[Link] bicolor is limited to Jamaica and

probably occurs mostly in the mountains.

10 km. S. Barquisimeto; Yaracuy; Aroa. GUYANA.

Tumatumari, Rio Potaro.
COLOMBIA. No specific
locality; Colombia.

Specimens examined.14 males and 7 females,

May-November.
Pero curuma (Schaus), NEW COMBINATION
JAMAICA. Chinchona; Hardware Gap, 4800 ft.; 1 mi.
N. Hardware Gap; Newcastle; Portland Parish,
Hardware Gap, Green Hills; Jamaica.

Pero vecina (Schaus), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina vecina Schaus, 1901:180.
Male (fig. 200).Antenna base white. Legs dark
brown with very little white flecking. Forewing
dark brown, becoming slightly lighter when faded;
median area usually little darker than basal and
subterminal areas; outer third of median area darker
than inner two-thirds; antemedial and postmedial
lines shaded with black; discal dot white, usually
distinct. Hindwing concolorous with forewing;
postmedial line distinct, shaded with white; four
black dots at outer edge near anal angle. Below
light brown, heavily flecked with white; maculation,
except black discal dot on hindwing, indistinct.
Male genitalia (figs. 608, 608a).Characterized by
oddly shaped subscaphium. Tip of aedeagus slightly
pleated.
Male eighth tergite and sternite (figs. 636, 637),
Female (fig. 201). -Tends to be slightly larger and
Next to last abdominal segment
darker than male
covered with white scales above.
Female genitalia (fig. 1002).
[Link] is only a small amount of
variation in the shade of brown of the wings and the
black flecking of the forewing of the male.
[Link] from a single male from Jalapa,
[Veracruz], Mexico, in U.S. National Museum.
[Link] species appears to fly in the same
places and at the same times as melissa, although it
is not as common. The bulbous tip of the aedeagus
signifies a relationship with bicolor and rica, but
it is superficially distinct from them.
Specimens examined.61 males and 25 females, all
year.
MEXICO. Hidalgo ; Jacala; Morelos: Cuernavaca; Nuevo
Leon; 3 mi. E. Galeana, 5000 ft.; Veracruz ; Jalapa;
Orizaba. GUATEMALA. Alta Verapaz; Baleu, Municipio
San Cristobal, Verapaz, above 1350 m.;
Chimaltenango; Municipio Acatenango, Quisache,
750 m. COSTA RICA. Cartago; Cartago; Azlan de
Cartago, 5-6000 ft.; Juan Vinas; La Uruca, prs San
Jose, 1100 m.; Orosi, 1200 m.; San Jose, 5000 ft.;
Puntarenas; Monteverde, 4600 ft.; not located;
Candaleria Mtns.; no specific locality; Costa Rica.
PANAMA. Chiriqui; Chiriqui; Volcan de Chiriqui,
5-9000 ft. VENEZUELA. Aragua; Rancho Grande [7 km.
N. Maracay], 1100 m.; Federal District; Caracas;
Lara; El Cuji, 7 km. N. Barquisimeto; Terepaima,

64

Azelina curuma Schaus, 1901;182.

Male (fig. 202).Legs with tibiae tipped with
white. Forewing violet brown; basal area lighter
than median area and with obscure darker striations;
top of projection of antemedial line into discal
cell with black streak; apex of wing brownish with
bottom three-fourths of subterminal area composed of
two triangles, brown one along postmedial line
pointing upward, and gray-black one along outer
margin pointing downward. Hindwing black brown;
yellow-brown patch in anal angle after postmedial
line; three black dots along outer margin. Below
dark violet brown; inner margin of forewing lighter;
hindwing with white flecking and with conspicuous
cream-white patch near anal angle following
postmedial line; postmedial line not contrasting.
Male genitalia (figs. 609, 609a).Characterized by
shape of subscaphium.
Male eighth tergite and sternite (figs. 638, 639).
Female (fig. 203).Forewing light brown; maculation
as in male, but without two triangles in subterminal
area; two paler transverse stripes and darker shade
following postmedial line in subterminal area.
Hindwing light brown. Below discal dot of hindwing
cream colored.
Female genitalia (fig. 1003).Can be distinguished
from genitalia of idola by two inpocketings of neck
of ovipositor and by shape of ostium.
[Link] on the small number of specimens
available, curuma does not appear to be a variable
species, although some variation is in the darkness
of the ground color of the males and females,
particularly in the latter. There is also
considerable variation in the size of the females,
although they are almost always larger than the
males.
[Link] from a single male from Jalapa,
[Veracruz], Mexico, in U.S. National Museum.
Discussion.^Although this species and the next are
closely related and superficially difficult to
separate, curuma seems to be restricted to southern
Mexico and idola to Costa Rica and northern Panama.
Pero curuma is not as distinctly violet gray as the
next species.
Specimens examined.3 males and 8 females,
September and October.
MEXICO. Guerrero; Guerrero; Oaxaca; Vista Hermosa,
Municipio Comaltepec, 4650 ft.; Veracruz ; Jalapa.

Pero Idola Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 204).Forewlng similar to that of curuma
but slightly more violet gray; postmedial line
jutting out on M2 and 2A more than in curuma.
Below even violet gray, without whitish scaling of
curuma, except along inner margin of hindwing; apex
of forewing with orange-brown patch; fringe of
hindwing also orange brown.

Male genitalia (figs. 611, 611a) .Easily

characterized by shapes of subscaphium and costal
fold.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 642).

Male genitalia (figs. 610, 610a).Subscaphium is

characteristic and gives species its name. Male
genitalia are larger than in curuma.

Female (fig. 207).Similar to male, but lighter;

median area of forewing varying from brown to red
brown; postmedial line of hindwing usually better
defined. Below light brown, without red-brown patch
of male; postmedial line of hindwing crenulate,
followed by white shade more conspicuous than in
male.

Male eighth sternite and tergite (figs. 640, 641).

Female genitalia (fig. 1005).

Female (fig. 205).Dark brown, not light brown as

in curuma. Below postmedial line brown, not white;
discal dot of hindwing black, not white.

[Link] Mexican populations are smaller than

those from Guatemala and Costa Rica, although the
samples are not large enough for statistical
analysis. A female from Monterrey, Mexico, is
particularly small compared with the three females
from Puntarenas, Costa Rica. The most distinctive
variation is in coloration. In the males, the
median area varies from black to brown and a few
specimens are red brown. The intensity of the
maculation in the subterminal area varies from
almost absent to alternating dark and light shades.
In the population from Santa Maria, Guatemala, there
are two principal forms, one with a black and
another with a red-brown median area. One of the
females from Puntarenas, Costa Rica, is larger than
the other females and has the basal and subterminal
areas gray, marked with black scales, and a
red-brown median area. In the other females the
median area varies from dark brown to red brown, and
the basal and subterminal areas are not flecked with
gray scales.

Female genitalia (fig. 1004).This species lacks

outpocketings of ovipositor neck found in curuma.
Shape of ostium is also different.
[Link] the series from Orosi, Cartago, Costa
Rica, there seems to be little if any variation.
[Link]: Male, Orosi, 1200 meters,
[Cartago], Costa Rica, Fassl, in British Museum of
Natural History. Allotype: Female from type
locality in British Museum of Natural History.
Paratypes: 3 males and 3 females from type locality
in British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] species can best be distinguished
from curuma by its geographical range or by the
distinctive male genitalia.
Specimens examined.5 males and 5 females, June.
COSTA RICA. Cartago; Orosi, 1200 m.; Vol.
Turrialba. PANAMA. Chiriqui; Chiriqui.

Pero lessema (Schaus), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina lessema Schaus, 1901:181.
Male (fig. 206).Legs with apices of tibiae and
tarsi of metathoracic legs cream white. Forewing
polymorphic in color, particularly median area;
basal area usually light brown, but sometimes with
fuscous shading; median area varying from black to
brown to red brown; antemedial line followed by
blackish shade; subterminal area variously marked
with lighter or darker shades, usually one following
postmedial line at cubital veins and another longer
one transversing subterminal area from anal angle,
running toward origin of postmedial line on costa;
apex often darker than remainder of subterminal
area. Hindwing postmedial line not distinct;
obscure cream-colored patch in anal angle after
postmedial line. Below with red-brown patch
proximal to apex of forewing; hindwing with
crenulate postmedial line followed by cream-colored
shade; discal dot black; wing heavily flecked with
black and white.

[Link] from a single female from Jalapa,

Mexico, in U.S. National Museum.
[Link] variation in the color of the
median area of this species is remarkable. There
are relatively few intergrades between the black and
red-brown forms in the males. The dark brown of the
females may correspond to the black of the male.
Most specimens are from mountainous areas.
Specimens examined.9 males and 32 females, all
year.
Mexico: Zacualpan; Nuevo Leon; 2 mi.
MEXICO
S. Monterrey, 4200 ft Chipinque Mesa; Oaxaca; Vista
Hermosa, Comaltepec, 4650 ft.; Sinaloa; El Palmito;
Veracruz ; Cordoba; Jalapa; Orizaba. GUATEMALA.
Chimaltenango; Municipio Acatenango, Quisache,
750 m.; Quezaltenango: Volcan St. Maria. HONDURAS.
Rosario Mine, San Juancito, 5000 ft. COSTA RICA.
Heredia: Mount Poas; Puntarenas; Monteverde, 4600 ft.

Pero iraza Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 208).Palpi black brown. Legs black
brown, tibiae tipped with white. Forewing black
brown to black; basal area dull brown, but heavily
infuscated with black brown; antemedial line strong
only toward costa; median area black brown, but
outer one-fifth darker than inner four-fifths;
discal dot large, white, with black point in center;

65

subterminal area dull brown, mottled with areas of

black-brown flecking, Hindwing dark gray brown;
postmedial line white, slightly wider in anal angle,
but forming only wide line, not patch; strong series
of black dots along outer margin. Below brown;
rusty-orange patch around postmedial line toward
costa of forewing; discal dot of forewing cream
white with black spot in center; postmedial line of
hindwing fine, brown, dentate, accented with cream
white; hindwing flecked with cream-colored scales,
not concentrated on inner margin; discal dot of
hindwing a black spot in white area.
Male genitalia (figs. 612, 612a).Shapes of costal
fold and subscaphium are characteristic.
Male eighth stemite (fig. 650).
[Link].
[Link]: Male, Irazu, 6-7000 ft., [Cartago],
Costa Rica, H. Rogers, in British Museum of Natural
History.
Specimens examined.4 males.
COSTA RICA.

Cartago: Irazu, 6-7000 ft.

Pero saturata (Walker)

Azelina saturata Walker, 1868:196.
Azelina emmaria Oberthr, 1883:22.
Male (fig. 209).Legs dark brown; metathoracic legs
with tips of femora and tibiae cream colored; tibial
spurs of metathoracic legs banded with white and
brown; prothoracic and mesothoracic tibiae often
tipped with white. Forewing dark brown, but fading
to lighter, chocolate brown; angulation of
antemedial line into discal cell topped with black;
dark median line present; discal dot large and white
with black center; postmedial line angulated into
median area on 2A, Cu2, and Cu^; postmedial line
at these points followed by bluish shade; three or
four white spots at apex. Hindwing with four black
dots in anal angle. Below cream-white spot in
bottom half of subterminal area of forewing;
postmedial line of hindwing white.
Male genitalia (figs. 613, 613a).Characterized by
shapes of costal fold and subscaphium.
Male eighth stemite and tergite (figs. 643, 644).

the species complex is absent in saturata as it is

in the next complex of four species.
Specimens examined.328 males and 68 females, all
year.
MEXICO. Chiapas : La Florida; Oaxaca: Puerto Elegi,
Municipio Comaltepec, 2296 ft.; Puerto Elegi,
Municipio Comaltepec, 3200 ft.; Sinaloa: Presidio;
Veracruz : Cordova; Jalapa, 4680 ft.; Jalapa; Misantla;
Orizaba; "Vera Cruz." GUATEMALA. Alta Verapaz:
Baleu, Municipio San Cristobal, Verapaz, above 1350
m.; Baja Verapaz: Chejel; Chimaltenango: Municipio
Acatenango, Quisache, 750 m.; Guatemala; Guatemala
City; Izabal: Cayuga; Quezaltenango: Volcan St. Maria.
HONDURAS. Rosario Mine, San Juancito.
COSTA RICA.
Cartago: Cashi [Cachi?], 3300 ft.; Irazu, 6-7000 ft.;
Juan Vinas; La Fuente, Turrialba; Orosi, 1200 m.; San
Jose, 4000 ft.; San Jose; Puntarenas; Monteverde,
4600 ft.; not located: Candaleria Mts. PANAMA.
Chiriqui: Chiriqui. VENEZUELA. Aragua: Rancho
Grande [7 km. N. Maracay], 1100 m.; Carabobo: San
Esteban Valley, Las Quigas; Federal District: Caracas.
GUYANA. Maroni. BRAZIL. Parana: Ponta Grossa; Rio
de Janeiro: Corcovado Forest, Rio de Janeiro;
Friburgo; Organ Mts., Tijuca; Petropolis; Santa
Catarina: Blumenau; Hansa Humboldt, 60 m.; Hansa
Humboldt; Jaragua do Sul; Neu Bremen, 250 m.; Neu
Bremen, Rio Laeiss; Neu Bremen, Blumenau; Neu Bremen;
Rio Laeiss, Blumenau; Rio Vermelho, 830 m.; "St.
Catherines"; Sao Paulo: Alto da Serra, Santos, 800 m.;
Serra do Cubotas; Serra do Mar. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba;
Charaplaya [Charapaya], 1300 m., 65** W, 16 S;
Incachaca; Yunga del Espritu Santo; La Paz: Rio
Songo, 750 m.; Yunga de la Paz; no specific locality:
Bolivia. PERU. Amazonas: El Porvenir, 900 m.;
Huambo; Hunuco: Cushi, 1900 m.; Pozuzo, 800 m.;
Junin: Chanchamayo, 2000 m.; Chanchamayo; La Merced,
Chanchamayo; Rio Colorado; Pasco: Huancabamba,
5000-6000 ft.; Puno: Santo Domingo, 6000 ft.;
Uruhuasi 7000 ft.; not located: Pumayaca. ECUADOR.
Bolivar: Balzapamba; Chimborazo: Chimbo, 1000 ft.;
Imbabura: Paramba; Loja: Environs de Loja; El Monje
prs Ixjja; Los Rios: Quevedo; Napo-Pastaza: Sarayacu;
Pichincha: S. Domingo de los Colorados; Tungurahua:
El Topo, Rio Pastaza, 4200 ft.; Zamora: Zamora,
3-4000 ft. COLOMBIA. Antioquia: El Cerro, Frontion,
6000 ft.; Fontion; Boyaca: Muzo, R. Cantinero, 400
m.; Muzo, 400-800 m.; Muzo; Cauca: Juntas; Popayan;
Cundinamarca: Bogota; Canache; Finca San Pablo, 3 km.
N. Alban, 1800 m.; Santa Fe de Bogota; Tolima: Canon
del Tolima, 1700 m.; Paramo del Quindiu, 3800 m.;
Valle del Cauca: R. Dagua; not located: Michay; no
specific locality: Colombia.

[Link] to male.
nucleata Species Complex
Female genitalia (fig. 1006).
[Link] if any.
[Link] type of saturata is a female from
"Bogota" and that of emmaria is a male from Huambo,
Amazonas, Peru. Both are in British Museum of
Natural History.
[Link] is one of the most common species
of Pero in tropical America. Possibly saturata is a
generally adapted species occurring in disturbed
locations. The characteristic sexual dimorphism of

66

This complex consists of four species (from electra

through aragua). Two are from the Andes and two from
Central America and northern Venezuela, although
these distributions may be extended when more
specimens are collected. A key to males based on
superficial appearance follows. It will probably
serve for females also.
1.

Smaller (25-35 mm); brown; known only

from northern Venezuela
Larger (35-45 mm)

aragua
2

2.

When fresh, purple brown; discal dot

small; striatlons of forewing in
subterminal area above not well
defined; mostly Central American
rotundata
Light brown to brown, not purple brown;
subterminal area of forewing above
with striations defined; discal dot
of forewing above large; mostly from
Andes

3,

Light brown; discal dot large

Brown; discal dot smaller

Pero nucleata (Warren), NEW COMBINATION

Eusenea nucleata Warren, 1907:304.

nucleata
electra

Male (fig. 211).Forewing light brown; discal dot

very large, white, often with black dot in center.
Hindwing without light patch in anal angle;
postmedial line only faintly indicated. Below very
light tan; discal dot of forewing very large with
black blotch in center, no black shade between
discal dot and postmedial line; postmedial line of
hindwing gray blue; discal dot white with black
center.
Male genitalia (figs. 615, 615a-b).Characterized
by shapes of subscaphium and process below costal
fold.

Pero electra Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male eighth sternite.^As in rotundata.
Male (fig. 210).Legs with tibiae tipped with
white. Forewing light brown to brown; median area
darker shade of brown than either subterminal area
or basal area; postmedial line straight, followed by
fine bluish-gray line; subterminal area darker
toward outer margin; subterminal area finely striate
with brown lines; discal dot large, white, and with
black dot in center. Hindwing brown with obscure
white postmedial line; patch in anal angle very
obscure compared to other members of complex. Below
postmedial lines of hindwing and forewing dark
brown; forewing with dark shade running from discal
dot through postmedial line; dull white blotch in
subterminal area of forewing.

[Link] to male.
Female genitalia (fig. 1008).
[Link] size of the discal dot varies
slightly.
[Link] described nucleata from four males
from La Oroya, Peru, R. Inambari. The male with
Warren's type label in the British Museum of Natural
History is designated as the lectotype.

Male genitalia (figs. 614, 614a).Characterized by

shape of subscaphium and process below costal fold.

[Link] large white discal dot and the

light tan of the forewing will usually distinguish
nucleata from any of the other three species in this
complex.

Male eighth sternite (fig. 645).

Specimens examined.9 males and 1 female, all year.

[Link] to male.

PERU. Huanuco: Pozuzo, 800 m.; Puno: Agualani;

La Oroya, R. Inambari, 3100 ft.; S. Domingo,
6500 ft. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: Incachaca.

Female genitalia (fig. 1007).

[Link]: Male, Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco,
6-10,000 ft., [Pasco], Peru, Boettger, in British
Museum of Natural History. Allotype: Female,
Chaupe, Peru, in British Museum of Natural History.
Paratypes: 2 males from type locality in British
Museum of Natural History; 1 male from Huancabamba,
N.E. Peru, 6400 ft., in Cornell University
collection.
[Link] species is known from Peru,
Ecuador, and Colombia, but apparently it is not
coimnon.
Specimens examined. -12 males and 3 females, all
year.
COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca: Pacho, 2200 m. ECUADOR.
Napo-Pastaza Baeza; Sarayacu; Tungurahua; Hacienda
Machay, Valle du Pastaza, Ambato
PERU. Pasco:
Huancambaba, Cerro de Pasco, 6-10,000 ft.; Piura:
Huancabamba, 5000-6400 ft.; Puno; Santo Domingo,
6000-6500 ft.; not located: Chaupe, 6100 ft.; no
specific locality: Peru.

Pero rotundata (Warren), NEW COMBINATION

Eusenea rotundata Warren, 1900:215.
Male (fig. 212).Forewing purple brown to brown,
darker than in electra; maculation not as distinct
as in preceding two species; discal dot small,
sometimes indistinct; subterminal area without brown
striations as in electra and nucleata. Below all
maculation indistinct.
Male genitalia (figs. 616, 616a-b).Characterized
by shapes of subscaphium and process below costal
fold.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 646).
[Link] to male, but veins of forewing
above accented with brown; discal dot of forewing
less distinct than in male. Below an obscure white
postmedial line on forewing and hindwing.
Female genitalia (fig. 1009).
[Link] from Mexico are slightly
larger and darker than those from Costa Rica. The

67

series from Rancho Grande, Venezuela, varies in the

intensity of the ground color, brown to distinctly
purple brown.
[Link] from a single male from "Merida,
Venezuela," in British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] rotundata is primarily a Central
American species, but reaches Venezuela in the
Northern Cordillera and the northern tip of the
Andes.
Specimens examined. 54 males and 9 females, all
year.
MEXICO. Guerrero; Coatepec; Oaxaca; Vista Hermosa,
Municipio Comaltepec, 4650 ft.; Veracruz ; Jalapa;
Orizaba; "Vera Cruz." GUATEMALA. Quezaltenango;
Volcan St. Maria. COSTA RICA. Cartago; Cash!
[Cachi?], 5000 ft.; Cachi; Juan Vinas; La Urea, prs
San Jose, 1100 m.; Orosi, 1200 m.; San Jose;
Puntarenas; Monteverde, 1400 m. VENEZUELA. Aragua;
Rancho Grande [7 km. N. Maracay], 1100 m.; Merida:
Merida. COLOMBIA. Cauca: Coreato.

Pero contenela Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 214).Palpi dull brown. Legs dull
brown, but tips of tibiae white. Forewing basal
area yellow brown, heavily infuscated with dark
brown, strongest toward inner margin and lower half
of antemedial line; antemedial line indistinct
toward inner margin, strong brown toward costa;
median area dark brown, lighter only between discal
dot and antemedial line; discal dot a white bar with
black line in it; postmedial line almost straight,
although with slight angle on M3; subterminal area
yellow brown, with cover of brown striations in
mottled pattern; black dots along outer margin very
weak or absent. Hindwing dark, dull gray brown;
postmedial line fine, dull white, but not strong;
small yellow patch in anal angle. Below tan,
yellow-orange patch on top of postmedial line of
forewing; patch surrounded on its lower side by
black; hindwing tan; postmedial line of hindwing
brown, waved, accented with cream color; discal dot
a black spot in white area.
Male genitalia (figs. 618, 618a).Shapes of costal
fold and subscaphium easily identify this species.

Pero aragua Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male eighth sternite (fig. 651).

Male (fig. 213).Forewing similar to that of other

three species of this complex but smaller and brown,
without purple tint of rotundata; discal dot larger
than that of rotundata, but smaller than in
nucleata; postmedial line slightly straighter than
in rotundata. Below brown, not purple.

Female. Unknown.
[Link]: Male, "Guatemala, G. Bruckner," in
British Museum of Natural History.

[Link] to male.

Discussion.^Although the type locality of this

species is not precise, I have named the moth
because it is so distinctive. The male genitalia
indicate that it is related to the species of the
preceding complex, and the maculation, if color is
disregarded, is also similar.

Female genitalia (fig. 1010).

Specimen examined.1 male.

[Link] is some slight variation in the

intensity of the brown and the uniform coloration of
the forewing.

GUATEMALA.

Male genitalia (figs. 617, 617a-b).Shape of

subscaphium is characteristic of this species.

No specific locality: Guatemala,

honestarla Species Complex

[Link]: Male, Rancho Grande [7 km.
N. Maracay], Aragua, Venezuela, 1100 m., August 13,
1967, R.W. Poole, in U.S. National Museum.
Allotype: Female from type locality in U.S. National
Museum. Paratypes: 1 male and 1 female from type
locality in each of following museums: American
Museum of Natural History, British Museum of Natural
History, Cornell University, Museum of Comparative
Zoology; 4 males and 1 female. Universidad Central
de Venezuela; 9 males and 1 female in U.S. National
Museum; 1 female from Portochuelo Pass, 7 km.
N. Maracay, 1200 m., Aragua, Venezuela, in U.S.
National Museum.
[Link] is the smallest species of the
nucleata complex.
Specimens examined.18 males and 8 females,
June-September.
VKNKZUKLA. Aragua: Rancho Grande [7 km.
N. Maracay], llOO m.; Portochuela Pass [7 km.
N. Maracay], 1200 ra.

68

The species of the honestarla complex include

honestarla through occidentalis. All are North
American. Grossbeck (1910) revised the complex, and
since then McDunnough (1949) and Rindge (1955) have
reported on it. Rindge*s report covered most of the
western species and did a great deal to clear up the
confusion resulting from the individual and
geographic variation found in these species.
The species of the complex are superficially
similar, and the male genitalia are the only certain
means of identification. I have constructed a key
to males with the hope that it will identify a large
percentage of specimens without resort to genitalia
slides. However, many of the characters I have used
are relative, and some specimens will either not key
or will key incorrectly.
I have not tried to completely revise this complex
because the distribution, variation, and taxonomic
legalities have already been treated. In most
Instances, the reader will be referred to these
reports.

11.

A key to males follows.

1.

2.

Catalina Island, CA
Mainland U.S.A., Canada, and northern
Mexico

Antennae simple

Antennae dentate
3.

4.

catalina

occidentalis

Wing expanse from wing tip to wing tip

usually over 45 mm

Wing expanse from wing tip to wing tip

usually under 45 mm

5.

6.

Azelina honestarla Walker, 1860a:258.

Azelina stygiaria Walker, 1866:1548.
Pero dyari Cassino and Swett, 1922a:143.
[Link] McGuffin (1963).

Rocky Mountains, California, and

Southwest

9
honestarla

Brown

Pero honestarla (Walker)

miz on

East of Rocky Mountains

Gray

Not light brown, but brown; 2 lobes of

8th sternite of male abdomen not
strongly developed; southwest U.S.
and northern Mexico
modesta

(Figs. 215, 216, 619, 619a, 652, 1011)

Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado

gigantea
British Columbia to middle California
and Idaho

Light brown, subterminal area mottled

with dark and light brown areas;
2 lobes of 8th sternite of male
abdomen strongly developed; northwest
U. S. and Canada
morrisonaria

[Link] a complete list of the

misidentifications that have plagued this species as
well as for a further discussion of honestarla, see
Grossbeck (1910). The types of honestarla and
stygiaria are in the British Museum of Natural
History and that of dyari in the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Harvard University.

7
Pero hubneraria (Guene), NEW COMBINATION

7.

Subterminal area of forewing above

mottled with light and dark areas as
in figure 219

(Figs. 217, 218, 620, 620a, 653, 1012)

8

Subterminal area of forewing above not

mottled with light and dark areas ...
honestarla
8.

Costa of median area of forewing above

light brown, lighter than remainder
of median area; 2 lobes of 8th
sternite of male abdomen strongly
developed
morrisonaria
Costa of median area of forewing above
not light brown, concolorous with
remainder of median area; 2 lobes of
8th sternite of male abdomen not
strongly developed
hubneraria

9.

Subterminal area light gray to dark

gray, usually contrasting with median
area; maculation of forewing sharp,
clear
b ehr ens aria
Forewing not as above

10.

10

Wing expanse 40-45 mm from wing tip to

wing tip; light gray to gray brown,
very soft appearing; southern
California to Baja California
macdunnoughi

Azelina hubneraria Guene, 1857:159.

Pero marmoratus; Grossbeck, 1910:375. NEW SYNONYMY.
Pero barnesl Cassino and Swett, 1922a:143. NEW
SYNONYMY.
[Link] described, but it has been reared by
J.G. Franclemont on Prunus sertina (black cherry)
and probably occurs on many shrubs and trees.
[Link] are several misidentifications of
hubneraria, and the name was often used for
honestarla until 1910, when Grossbeck put it into
limbo. While at the British Museum, I had the
opportunity to see the original Hbner drawing on
which Guene based hubneraria, and there is no doubt
that it is this species. Forbes (1948) treated this
as two species, but the variation in the costal fold
among specimens within and between the two broods
covers his two species. Pero hubneraria has two
broods, one in late spring and the other in
midsummer.
Grossbeck described marmoratus from several
specimens, and the male from "Cambridge" in the U.S.
National Museum is designated as the lectotype.
Pero barnesl was described from a single male from
Salem, Massachusetts, which is in the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Harvard University.

Wing expanse 35-40 mm from wing tip to

wing tip; not soft gray or gray brown .. 11

69

Pero morrsonarla (H. Edwards)

[Link] the small series that I have seen

there is some variation in the darkness of the wings.

(Figs. 219, 220, 621, 621a, 654, 1013)

Azelina morrsonarla Henry Edwards, 1881:121.
Pero morrlsonatus; Grossbeck, 1910:373.
[Misspelling.]
[Link] McGuffin (1963) and Prentice et al.
(1963). This species has been reared most commonly
from Picea, Abies, and Tsuga, although it has also
been collected on several other genera of plants.

[Link]: Male, Avalon, Santa Catalina

Island, California, 31-III-1932, Don Meadows, in
U.S. National Museum. Allotype: Female from type
locality in U.S. National Museum. Paratypes:
3 males and 2 females from type locality in U.S.
National Museum.
[Link] species is obviously closely
related both geographically and structurally to
macdunnoughi, but the shape of the subscaphium of
the male genitalia is distinctive.

Pero gigantea Grossbeck

(Figs. 221, 222, 622, 622a, 655, 1014)

Pero modesta Grossbeck

Pero giganteus Grossbeck, 1910:366.

Pero provoensis Cassino and Swett, 1922a:136.

(Figs. 229, 230, 626, 626a, 627, 659, 1018)

[Link] larva of gigantea has not been

described, but I have reared it part way to maturity
on douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in Arizona.
[Link] a fuller discussion, see Rindge
(1955).

Pero mizon Rindge

(Figs. 223, 224, 623, 623a, 656, 1015)
Pero mizon Rindge, 1955:7.
[Link] McGuffin (1963) (listed under gigantea).
[Link] a fuller treatment, see Rindge
(1955).

Pero modestus Grossbeck, 1910:372.

Pero grossbecki Pearsail, 1911:91.

NEW SYNONYMY.

[Link] larva of modesta has not been described

in the literature, but I have reared it in Arizona
on willow (Salix sp.).
[Link] is a variable species, although
most of the variation is individual rather than
geographical. Some specimens are strongly mottled
with dark and light bands in the subterminal area of
the forewing above, and the maculation in these
specimens is usually strong. In other specimens the
markings are softer, and the subterminal area is
more uniform. The median area of the forewing above
varies from dark brown to bronze. The shape of the
costal fold in the male genitalia varies slightly
from area to area, but I do not believe that any of
these differences are of specific value. There are
two broods in modesta. The spring brood is usually
softer appearing and larger than the summer brood.

Pero macdunnoughi Cassino and Swett

[Link] Comstock (1963). This species probably

feeds on many species of shrubs and herbs.

A male from Palmerly [sici], Cochise, Arizona, in

the U.S. National Museum with Grossbeck*s cotype
label is designated as the lectotype of modesta.
Pearsall described grossbecki from "a male and a
female from Eureka, Utah, with cotypes." The male
type is designated as the lectotype and is in the
American Museum of Natural History.

[Link] a fuller treatment, see Rindge

(1955).

Pero behrensaria (Packard)

(Figs. 225, 226, 624, 624a, 657, 1016)

Pero macdunnoughi Cassino and Swett, 1922a:141.

(Figs. 233, 628, 628a, 660, 1020, 1021)

Pero catalina Poole, NEW SPECIES
Male (fig. 227).Forewing almost identical with
that of macdunnoughi, but almost always light gray
and suffused appearing.
Male genitalia (figs. 625, 625a).Shape of
subscaphium is characteristic of catalina.

Azelina behrensaria Packard, 1871:386.

Stenaspilates smithii Grossbeck, 1906:273.
Pero vanduzeeata Wright, 1921:109.
Pero blackmorei Cassino and Swett, 1922a:139.
Pero modocata Cassino and Swett, 1922b:180.
Pero splendorata Cassino and Swett, 1922b:181.
[Link] McGuffin (1963) and Prentice (1963).

Male eighth stemite (fig. 658).

Female (fig. 228).Similar to male, but brown, not
light gray.
Female genitalia (fig. 1017).

70

[Link] a fuller treatment of thils variable

species, see Rindge (1955).

Pero occldentalls (Hlst)

(Figs. 231, 232, 629, 629a, 661, 1019)
Marmarea occldentalls Hlst, 1896:380.
Marmarea peplarioldes Hlst, 1898:218.
Pero colorado Grossbeck, 1910:374.
Pero packardi Cassino and Swett, 1922a:135.
Pero patriciata Cassino and Swett, 1925:41.
[Link] (1963) and Dyar (1904).
[Link] a fuller discussion, see Rindge
(1955).

Pero corata (Schaus), NEW COMBINATION

Azellna corata Schaus, 1901:181.
Male (fig. 234).Legs with tips of tibiae cream
white. Forewing gray brown; basal area light in
upper third, bottom two-thirds strongly shaded with
dark brown; lower two-thirds of median area dark
brown, upper third light brown; discal dot a white
line; subterminal area gray brown with black blotch
between Cuj^ and Cu2 after postmedial line;
transverse dark brown shade in middle of subterminal
area; various other dark shadings in subterminal
area. Hindwing dark brown with postmedial line
vague except toward anal angle. Below brown with
much dull brown scaling. Abdomen end box shaped,
square at tip, and slightly lighter than remainder
of abdomen.
Male genitalia (figs. 630, 630a) .Easily identified
by shapes of subscaphium, uncus, and costal fold.
Male eighth tergite and sternite (figs. 648, 649).
Female (fig. 235).Similar to male, but brown and
without dark brown scaling of male.
Female genitalia (fig. 1022).Bursa is only vaguely
stellate in contrast to that of other species of
this group, and bursa and ductus bursae are lined
with crenulate ridges as in most other groups of
Pero.
[Link] males seem not to vary, but in the
females the subterminal area of the forewing above
varies from brown to a gray. The female from Costa
Rica has the subterminal area gray compared with the
other females and appears much closer in coloration
to the males.
[Link] described corata from a single female
from Jalapa, Mexico, in the U.S. National Museum.

MEXICO. Oaxaca; Vista Hermosa, Municipio

Comaltepec, 4650 ft.; Veracruz : Jalapa; Orizaba.
GUATEMALA. Chimaltenango: Municipio Acatenango,
Quisache, 750 m.; Quezaltenango: Volcan St. Maria.
COSTA RICA. Puntarenas: Monteverde, 4600 ft.

GROUP 7
Group 7 is easily characterized by the structure of
the valve of the male genitalia and the presence of
the "pseudofurca," an appendage of the juxta similar
in appearance to the furca found in some other
groups of the Geometridae. The signum of the bursa
of the female genitalia is not present, but a knifelike plate projects into the bursa as shown in
figure 1024. The eighth sternite of the male
abdomen is often modified, and is sometimes similar
to the sternite of the males found in the next group
and in group 10. The antennae of the males are
either strongly serrate or pectinate and of the
females simple.
Most species of group 7 come from southern Brazil,
although others are distributed more widely.
It is
my impression that the species of the group occur
most commonly in dry or secondary growth.

Pero charadrea Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 236).Antenna simple or slightly
serrate. Palpi dull gray brown. Legs dull gray
brown, vaguely spotted with cream-colored scales.
Forewing gray brown; basal area brown, heavily
flecked with gray toward costa; antemedial line
brown; median area uniform gray brown; discal dot a
black spot; postmedial line straight, dark brown;
subterminal area gray brown, slightly lighter than
median area; subterminal area lighter and grayer
along postmedial line, and only vaguely mottled.
Hindwing dull gray brown; postmedial line vague; no
light patch in anal angle. Below light gray brown,
lighter than above; discal dot and postmedial line
of forewing vague; postmedial line of hindwing
usually vague, at most a series of brown spots on
veins; discal dot an obscure spot.
Male genitalia (figs. 662, 662a).- -Aedeagus is
characteristic of this species.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 662b).
Female (fig. 237) .Similar to male, but slightly
lighter and more strongly marked below.
Female genitalia (figs. 1023, 1024).
[Link] specimens are grayer than others.

[Link] is the most distinctive species of

the group, and one of the more distinctive in the
genus. Particularly unusual is the eighth abdominal
segment in the male. The last tergite folds down
over the end of the abdomen and forms a "box" for
the male genitalia. Whether the setae on the last
tergite and sternite have any function is unknown.
Specimens examined. -7 males and 7 females.
September-December.

[Link]: Male, Rio Vermelho, Santa

Catarina, 830 m., Brazil, June 1936, A. Mailer, in
British Museum of Natural History. Allotype:
Female, Castro, Parana, Brazil, 950 m., also in
British Museum of Natural History. Paratypes:
3 males from type locality in British Museum of
Natural History; 2 females from Castro, Parana",
Brazil, in British Museum of Natural History.

71

[Link] male genitalia indicate a close

relationship with imperfectaria, but the wings are
considerably narrower in this species. Pero
charadrea is brown and the veins of the forewing
above are not accented.
Specimens examined.4 males and 3 females, June.
BRAZIL. Parana : Castro, 950 m.; Santa Catarina; Rio
Vermelho, 830 m.

Female genitalia (fig. 1026).

[Link].
Type.^Warren described simplex from two females
from Sapucay, Paraguay. The specimen with Warren*s
type label is designated as the lectotype and is in
the British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] male of this species is unknown.
However, simplex is probably closely related to
imperfectaria.

Pero Imperfectaria (Guene), NEW COMBINATION

Specimens examined.4 females, January and October.
Azelina imperfectaria Guene, 1857:161.
Male (fig. 238).Antennae weakly pectinate.
Forewing clay brown, macultion darker brown; veins
marked with dark brown in subterminal area; discal
dot present. Hindwing clay brown, but suffused with
brown gray; postmedial line vague, darker in anal
angle; series of small black dots along outer
margin; fringe brown. Below both wings clay brown,
almost entirely without markings except for vague
postmedial line in both wings and light covering of
darker brown scales.
Male genitalia (figs. 663, 663a).Characterized by
shapes of juxta and pseudofurca.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 663b).
[Link] to male.
Female genitalia (fig. 1025).
[Link] named imperfectaria from a male and a
female from Brazil. The male was figured by
Oberthiir (1912) and is designated as the lectotype.
This specimen is in the British Museum of Natural
History.
[Link] light clay-brown wings and the
brown accented veins in the subterminal area of the
forewing make this a distinctive species.

BRAZIL. Minas Gerais; liberaba; Sao Paulo; Sao

Paulo. PARAGUAY. Paraguar; Sapucay.

Pero poaphllara (Guene)

Azelina poaphilaria Guene, 1857;161.
Apicia incrassata (Walker), 1860a;236.

NEW SYNONYMY.

Male (fig. 240).Antennae pectinate. Forewing

light clay brown, marked with dark brown; antemedial
line followed by dark brown, conspicuous in one form
but inconspicuous in another, extending into median
area at projections of antemedial line; antemedial
line sharply indented on anal vein; discal dot
absent or present; postmedial line preceded by dark
brown band, more or less developed according to form
involved; postmedial line fine, light cream-colored
thin, followed by series of small dark brown
blotches in some specimens (in specimens with dark
brown reduced, veins conspicuous and slightly
yellowish). Hindwing light clay brown; vague
postmedial line; series of small black dots along
outer margin. Below light clay brown; postmedial
lines of forewing and hindwing vague; slight amount
of dark brown scaling.
Male genitalia (figs, 664, 664a).Shape of aedeagus
is characteristic.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 664b).

Specimens examined.14 males and 1 female, March

and May.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais; Campo Belo; Rio de Janeiro;
Petropolis; Rio de Janeiro; Sao Paulo ; Alto da
Serra; Alto da Serra, 800 m.; Santos; Sao Paulo.

Pero simplex (Warren)

Pero? simplex Warren, 1907;320.
Female (fig. 239).Forewing clay brown; basal area
infuscated with dark brown; basal line dark brown,
preceded by light band; veins in median area and
subterminal area accented; discal dot a small black
spot; postmedial line preceded by thin dark brown
band; postmedial line followed by light band;
subterminal area slightly darker along outer
margin. Hindwing clay brown, only postmedial line
present, followed by light band; discal dot absent.
Below clay brown on light gray base; postmedial
lines of forewing and hindwing vague, waved.

72

Female (fig. 241).Similar to male, but antennae

simple.
Female genitalia (fig. 1027).
[Link] species is subject to much
variation, particularly the presence or absence of
dark brown shades following the antemedial line and
preceding the postmedial line of the forewing. In
one form the dark brown is conspicuous, the veins
tend to be accented, but when the brown is
conspicuous, the veins are usually not pronounced.
This is not absolute, and in some specimens neither
form prevails. The form without the dark brown is
the commonest in the female, and the dark brown form
is commonest in males. However, both forms are
found in male and female specimens.
The Andean populations are on the whole better
marked and have a much higher percentage of the dark
brown form than the Brazilian populations. The
discal dot is also variable and is present in some
specimens and absent in others.

TypesGuene based poaphlaria on three males and

two females from Brazil. The male in the British
Museum of Natural History bearing the label
"poaphilaria Gn. Brsil" is designated as the
lectotype. The type of incrassata is from "Rio
Janeiro" and is a female. This type is in the Hope
Museum, Oxford University.
[Link] is a common species in some parts
of South America, but absent from Central America.
It appears to be most common in southern Brazil.
Specimens examined.- -83 males and 75 females, all
year.
BRAZIL. Bahia: Preto; Espritu Santo; Espirito
Santo; Minas Gerais; Vicosa; Minas Geraes; Parana;
Castro, 950 m.; Fernandes, Pinheiro, 2600 ft.; Rio
de Janeiro; Nova Friburgo; Petropolis; Rio Janeiro;
Rio; Teresopolis; Santa Catarina; Blumenau, Rio
Laeiss; Blumenau; Hansa Humboldt, 60 m.; Jaragua do
Sul; Joinville; Neu Bremen, Rio laeiss; Nova Bremen,
250 m.; Nova Teutonia; Rio Vermelho, 830 m.; "St.
Catherines"; Sao Paulo; Alto da Serra; Santos; Sao
Paulo; not located; Canto Gallo. BOLIVIA. La Paz;
La Paz, 1000 m.; Rio Songo, 750 m. PERU. Amazonas ;
River Tabaconas, 6000 ft.; Pasco; Huancabamba, Cerro
de Pasco, 6-10,000 ft.; Puno; Oconeque, 7000 ft.;
Oconeque; Quinton, 5000 ft.; Tinguri; not located;
Utcuyacu, 5000 ft. ECUADOR. Santiago-Zamora; Loja
to km. 30 Zamora, 1600 m. COLOMBIA. Cauca;
Popayan; Choco; Valpariso; Cundinamarca; Pacho,
2200 m.; Pueblo Guasca; Vaups; Ob. Rio Negro; no
specific locality; Colombia. VENEZUELA. Aragua;
Rancho Grande [7 km. N. Maracay], 1100 m.

[Link] type of mollis is a female from "Rio

Janeiro" and is in the British Museum of Natural
History. Butler described ochracea from two
specimens from "Rio Janeiro," but only one was found
in the British Museum of Natural History and this
male is designated as the lectotype.
[Link]*s two names were based on the
male and female of this species.
Specimens examined.20 males and 6 females, all year.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais; Minas Geraes; Parana; Castro;
Rio de Janeiro ; Rio Janeiro; Santa Catarina ; Rio
Laeiss; Rio Vermelho, 830 m.; Sao Paulo; Alto da
Serra, 800 m. Alto da Serra; Boraceia, Salesopolis,
800 m.

Pero geraesa Poole, NEW SPECIES

Female (fig. 244).Legs dull brown. Forewing brown
to gray brown; basal area gray brown; antemedial
line dark gray; median area brown, slightly darker
in outer quarter than inner three-quarters; discal
dot a black point; postmedial line straight, double,
outer line not nearly as dark or as distinct as
inner; subterminal area gray brown, outer half
slightly darker than inner half. Hindwing dull,
light brown; postmedial line present, but indistinct;
no patch in anal angle. Below almost uniform gray
brown and none of markings distinct; postmedial line
of hindwing formed of dots on veins; discal dot of
hindwing present, black, but not contrasting.
Female genitalia (fig. 1029).

Pero mollis (Butler), NEW COMBINATION

[Link].

Azelina mollis Butler, 1881;34.

Azelina ochracea Butler, 1881:39.

[Link] paratype female is larger and not

nearly as strongly marked as the holotype.

NEW SYNONYMY.

Male (fig. 242).^Antennae pectinate. Forewing

yellow brown; antemedial line black, appearing
double, often preceded by some black markings in
scalloping of line; median area usually slightly
darker than remainder of wing; discal dot present,
but small; postmedial line double, outer line finer
than inner, preceded by dark brown line; series of
small black blotches often following postmedial
line; subterminal area slightly darker toward outer
margin. Hindwing postmedial line fine, black;
discal dot vague; wing flecked with dark scales
toward basal margin; outer margin with series of
small black-brown dots. Below yellow brown;
postmedial line of forewing double.

[Link]; Female, "Minas Geraes," Brazil,

29-1-1921, J.F. Zikan, in British Museum of Natural
History. Paratype; 1 female from type locality,
also in British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] species is distinctive, and
although I have only two females, I have given it a
name. It is superficially similar to the dark form
of the female of mollis, but the genitalia of the
two species are distinct. In mollis the
sclerotization of the ductus bursae extends all the
way to the bursa but in geraesa only about
one-fourth the length of the ductus bursae.
Specimens examined.2 females.

Male genitalia (figs. 665, 665a) .Easily identified

by shape of aedeagus.

BRAZIL.

Minas Gerais; Minas Geraes.

Male eighth sternite (fig. 665b).

crocallaria Species Complex
Female (fig. 243).Forewing darker and more orange
than male, but maculation same; postmedial line of
forewing below not conspicuously double.
Female genitalia (fig. 1028).

This is a complex of three species easily recognized

by the light yellow wings. All three species are
from Brazil. A key to males based on superficial
appearance follows.

[Link] is some variation in the intensity

of the maculation.

73

Postmedial line of hlndwlng above not

reaching costa; hlndwlng light yellow,
only slightly If at all flecked with
dark scales; conspicuous white band
following postmedlal line of forewing
above
calinarla
Postmedial line of hlndwlng above
reaching costa; hlndwlng usually dull
yellow, heavily flecked or suffused
with dark scales; white band following
postmedial line of forewing above not
as conspicuous or not white

Forewing and hlndwlng above heavily

flecked with dark scales; band
following postmedial line of forewing
above not distinctly bordered; basal
area of hlndwlng above usually distinctly lighter than subterminal area
crocallaria
Forewing and hlndwlng above not heavily
flecked with dark scales, although
they may be dark; band following postmedial line of forewing above distinctly bordered; basal area of hlndwlng
above only slightly if at all lighter
than subterminal area
rocanaria

Pero rocanaria Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 245).Antennae serrate, not pectinate.
Legs dull yellow, flecked with dark scales.
Forewing straw yellow with slightly orange tint;
antemedial line dark brown; upper one-fourth of
basal area grayish; discal dot circular and
conspicuous; postmedial line brown, fine, followed
by white area shading into gray brown; outer edge of
white band distinct; remainder of subterminal area
dull yellow; series of fine black dots along outer
margin. Hlndwlng darker than forewing, particularly
subterminal area; discal dot and postmedial line
dark brown and conspicuous; series of black dots
along outer margin. Below straw yellow; discal dot
of forewing followed by dark gray-brown band; discal
dot of hlndwlng conspicuous; postmedial line of
hlndwlng vague, followed by dark band.

Pero calinarla Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 246).Forewing lighter than in either
rocanaria or crocallaria; band following postmedial
line pure white, sometimes divided into two parts,
one part along postmedial line and other in middle
of subterminal area; this band usually more distinct
and whiter than in rocanaria and crocallaria.
Hlndwlng lighter than in either of two other
species, particularly toward costa; postmedial line
not reaching costa; slightly darker in anal angle.
Below light, dull yellow; costa of forewing dark;
band following postmedial lines of forewing and
hlndwlng well developed and more contrasting than in
other two species.
Male genitalia (figs. 667, 667a).- -Shape of aedeagus
is characteristic.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 667b).
Female (fig. 247).Forewing veins accented with
brown; heavily flecked with dark brown, although not
as heavily as in the next species; white band
following postmedial line not as distinct as in
male, but better developed than in female of
crocallaria.
Female genitalia (fig. 1030).
[Link] specimens are darker and more
orange than others, and the white band following the
postmedial line of the forewing above varies in
distinctness.
[Link]: Male, Castro, Parana, Brazil, in
British Museum of Natural History. Aliotype: Female
from type locality in British Museum of Natural
History. Paratypes: 11 males from type locality in
British Museum of Natural History.
Specimens examined.14 males and 2 females.
BRAZIL.
Paulo.

Parana; Castro, 950 m.; Sao Paulo; Sao

Pero crocallaria (Guene), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina crocallaria Guenee, 1857:162.

Male genitalia (figs, 666, 666a).Tip of aedeagus

is characteristic.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 666b).
[Link].
[Link]: Male, "Santa Cruz," Brazil, in
U.S. National Museum. Paratype: 1 male from type
locality in American Museum of Natural History.
[Link] rocanaria is similar to
crocallaria, but the maculation is clearer and the
wings are not heavily flecked with dark scales.

Male (fig. 248).Forewing almost identical with

that of rocanaria, but more heavily flecked with
dark brown scales; white band following postmedial
line poorly developed, not distinctly bordered
outwardly; veins sometimes accented, particularly in
subterminal area. Hlndwlng postmedial line reaching
costa.
Male genitalia (figs. 668, 668a).Only one patch .of
spines is in vesica and shape of aedeagus is
characteristic. Two pseudofurcae are of equal
length and width.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 668b).

Specimens examined.2 males.

BRAZIL.

74

Not located; Santa Cruz, Brsil Mridionale.

Female (fig. 249).Heavily flecked with dark brown;

white band following postmedial line of forewing
absent or poorly developed; veins clearly marked

with brown in forewing; angulatlons of outer margin

of forewing more pronounced than in male.

Pero edentaria (Guene), NEW COMBINATION

Odontopera edentaria Guene, 1857:166.

Female genitalia (fig, 1031).

[Link] specimens from Castro, Parana, and
Rio de Janeiro are darker than those from Santa
Catarina.
[Link] described crocallaria from two males
from "Brsil." The male figured by Oberthr (1912)
and so marked is designated as the lectotype and is
in the British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] crocallaria is the most common of
the three species of this complex. It is the most
heavily brown flecked species of the three and has
the least developed white band following the
postmedial line of the forewing. The specimen
labeled "Peru" is probably incorrectly labeled, but
it is much more orange than any other specimen I
have seen.
Specimens examined.25 males and 8 females,
August-October.
BRAZIL. Parana: Castro, 950 m.; Rio de Janeiro:
Itatiaya; Rio Janeiro; Rio; Santa Catarina: Nova
Teutonia; Rio Laeiss; Rio Laeiss, 830 m.; Sao Paulo:
Petropolis; Santos. PERU. No specific locality:
Peru.

Male (fig. 250).^Antennae pectinate. Legs light

gray brown, slightly speckled with dark scales.
Forewing light gray brown; basal area light gray
brown, very slightly speckled with dark scales;
antemedial line followed by thin brown shade evident
or not depending on color of median area; median
area brown, varying from light to dark; in light
specimens discal cell lighter and slightly
yellowish; discal dot large and conspicuous;
subterminal area light gray brown, often with strong
blue tint; vague blotches often following postmedial
line. Hindwing light gray brown, heavily covered
with dark gray brown, both in basal area and
subterminal area; postmedial line fine, brown,
followed by thin light band; series of black dots
along outer margin. Below light gray brown;
postmedial line of forewing and hindwing waved;
forewing brownish along inner margin of postmedial
line, particularly toward costa, and gray-brown
blotch on middle of postmedial line; hindwing
uniform with postmedial line and discal dot
contrasting.
Male genitalia (figs. 669, 669a).This species can
be separated from paranaria by shape of juxta and
presence of two patches of spines in vesica.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 669b).

edentaria Species Complex

Female (fig. 251).Forewing larger than in male,

with maculation weaker; wing heavily flecked with
dark scales. Antennae simple.

This is another complex of three species from

southern Brazil. It includes edentaria through
flora.

Female genitalia (fig. 1032).

A key to males follows.

1.

Subterminal area of forewing above

strongly blue gray; median area bright
yellow brown; lower half of postmedial
line of forewing strongly waved; postmedial line of hindwing vague
flora
Subterminal area of forewing above not
strongly blue gray although it may
have slight blue tint; median area if
yellow, dull; lower half of postmedial
line of forewing not strongly waved;
postmedial line of forewing distinct

[Link] color of the median area of the

forewing above varies from even red brown to redbrown flecking on light gray brown with yellow in
the discal cell in others. The number of blotches
of various types in the subterminal area also varies
considerably.
[Link] named this species from a male and a
female from Brazil. The male in the British Museum
of Natural History is designated as the lectotype.

Hindwing strongly marked with dark

blotches and specks; subterminal area
of forewing above lighter, grayer,
often with dark blotches following
postmedial line; Minas Gerais to
Sao Paulo
edentaria
Hindwing not strongly marked with dark
blotches and with very little dark
scaling; subterminal area of forewing
above slightly darker, browner,
usually more uniform without any dark
blotches following postmedial line;
Sao Paulo to Santa Catarina
paranaria

[Link] edentaria is similar to the next

species but is slightly larger, more mottled, and
the hindwing is heavily infuscated with dull brown.
It occurs in southern Brazil, but north of the range
of paranaria, although they both occur in Sao Paulo.
Specimens examined.6 males and 2 females. May and
December.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: "Minas Geraes"; Rio de
Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro; Sao Paulo: Alto da Serra.

Pero paranaria (Schaus), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina paranaria Schaus, 1897:162.
Male (flg. 252).^Antennae pectinate. Forewing
similar to that of edentaria but smaller and more
uniform appearing; postmedial line of forewing

75

slightly more waved than In edentarla. Hindwlng

lighter and without dark patches and scaling of
edentaria.
Male genitalia (figs. 670, 670a) .Vesica has only
one patch of spines and juxta is shaped differently
than that of edentaria.
Male eighth [Link] in edentaria.
Female (fig. 253).Forewing larger than in male;
angulations of outer margin on veins more produced
than in male; wing more heavily flecked with brown
scales. Antennae simple.
Female genitalia (fig. 1033).
[Link] brown of the median area of the
forewing varies from strongly contrasting to almost
concolorous with the remainder of the wing. Some
specimens have a distinct blue-gray tint, but others
are gray brown.
[Link] based paranaria on a single male from
Castro, Paran, Brazil, in the U.S. National Museum.
[Link] paranaria is similar to edentaria
but is smaller, more uniform appearing, and without
the dark scaling on the hindwing.
It also occurs in
southern Brazil, but to the south of the preceding
species.

Specimen examined.1 male.

BRAZIL.

Parana; Castro, 950 m.

Pero amlca (Butler)

Azelina amica Butler, 1881;38.
Pero amica fructuosa Prout, 1928;63.
Male (fig. 255).Antennae pectinate. Forewing blue
gray, becoming brown when faded; basal area blue
gray, sometimes slightly infuscated with dark
scales, particularly toward antemedial line; basal
area darker than remainder of wing, often
contrasting slightly with subterminal area; discal
dot absent, or at least never obvious; postmedial
line preceded by dark shade; often patch of yellow
in discal cell between shade and postmedial line
(particularly in specimens from southern Brazil);
usually series of dark blotches following postmedial
line. Hindwing markings all vague, almost
unicolorous; series of black dots along outer
margin. Below blue gray, usually darker toward
outer margin; postmedial lines of forewing and
hindwing often represented only by dots on veins;
white spot on outer margin of hindwing.
Male genitalia (figs, 672, 672a).Shape of juxta is
characteristic.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 672b).

Specimens examined. -25 males and 4 females, all

year.
BRAZIL. Parana ; Castro, 950 m.; Castro; Santa
Catarina; Rio Vermelho; Sao Paulo; Salesopolis; Sao
Paulo.

Female (fig. 256).Forewing larger than in male and

often darker, veins usually accented; discal cell
never with yellow spot; faded specimens browner than
males when faded.
Female genitalia (fig. 1034).

Pero flora (Jones), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina flora Jones, 1912:431.
Male (fig. 254).Antennae pectinate. Forewing
light gray brown with strong bluish tint; basal area
light gray brown, slightly bluish, not as strongly
as subterminal area; antemedial line not as strongly
waved as in preceding species; median area yellow
brown, lighter and brighter than in either paranaria
or edentaria; postmedial line more strongly waved
than in either of preceding species; subterminal
area blue gray, slightly mottled. Hindwing light
gray brown, flecked with dark scales, more so than
in paranaria, but not as heavily as in edentaria;
postmedial line vague.
Male genitalia (figs, 671, 671a).Characterized by
shape of aedeagus.
[Link].
[Link] from a single male from Castro,
Parana'', Brazil, in British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] .flora is known only from the type
locality, but it is easily recognized by the
blue-gray subterminal area of the forewing.

[Link] is a moderate amount of variation

in this species. Specimens from the Andes are darker
and appear browner when faded than do those from
southern Brazil. A series of specimens from Castro,
Paran, Brazil, have the yellow spot in the discal
cell of the forewing particularly well developed.
There appears to be much change from locality to
locality in Peru, but the series are not long enough
and the specimens too faded to make any definite
conclusions about the differences.
[Link] described amica from a single male
from "Rio Janeiro" in the British Museum of Natural
History. The race fructuosa was based on several
specimens from southern Peru, and the type locality
was stated to be Agualani, Carabaya, Peru. The male
from Agualani with Prout*s type label is designated
as the lectotype.
Discussion.^Almost all the Peruvian specimens are
from high localities, and the two largest series are
from Agualani and Limbani, Puno, Peru, both over
9,000 feet elevation. The disjunct distribution of
amica is odd, but not unique.
Specimens examined.144 males and 44 females, all
year.
BRAZIL. Parana; Castro, 950 m.; Rio de Janeiro;
Itatiaya, Petropolis; Rio Janeiro; Rio Grande do

76

Sul: Guarani; Pelotas; Santa Catarina; Rio Vermelho;

S5o Paulo; Alto da Serra; Campos de Jordao, 1200 m.;
Sao Paulo; not located; Santa Cruz, Brsil
Mridionale. PARAGUAY. Paraguar; Sapucay.
ARGENTINA. Misiones; Haut-Parana, San Ignacio.
PERU. Puno; Agualani, 9000 ft.; Agualani, Carabaya;
La Oroya, 3000 ft.; Limbani, 9500 ft.; Limbani;
Oconeque, 7000 ft.; Oconeque; Quinton, 5000 ft.; Rio
Huacamayo, 3100 ft.; Tinguri.

Pero Inconstans (Butler), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina inconstans Butler, 1881;38.
Male (fig. 257).Antennae pectinate. Forewing gray
blue; basal area darker than either median or
subterminal areas; basal line double; discal dot
black; vague median line, running along postmedial
line; postmedial line double, partially filled with
white; subterminal area with spots of black
particularly along postraedial line; series of black
dots along outer margin. Hindwing dull brown;
postmedial line brown; discal dot dark brown; upper
half of subterminal area darker than lower; series
of black dots along outer margin. Below dull light
gray, heavily infuscated with dark brown,
particularly forewings; discal dots of forewing and
hindwing black, simple; white patch at apex of
forewing.
Male genitalia (figs. 673, 673a).
Male eighth sternite (fig. 673b).
Female (fig. 258).Known only from single battered
female, but probably much like male.
Female genitalia (fig. 1035).
[Link] population described is from Rio de
Janeiro, the type locality. Specimens from other
localities are smaller and duller, sometimes without
the blue-gray tint of the typical populations.
[Link] described inconstans from "two
specimens from Rio Janeiro." The male with its
genitalia on slide BM Geometridae 6726 in the
British Museum of Natural History is designated as
the lectotype.
[Link] the male genitalia seem to
indicate a relationship with arnica, inconstans most
closely resembles mollis superficially.
Specimens examined. -7 males and 1 female, April,
June, and December.
BRAZIL. Parana; Castro, 950 m.; Ponta Grossa; Rio
de Janeiro; Rio Janeiro; Rio Grande do Sul; Pelotas;
Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo. URUGUAY. Q. Cuervos, Treinta
y Tres.

Pero refaliarla (Guanee), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina refellarla Guene, 1857;161.
Azelina gonopteraria var.? peruviae Oberthr,
1883;23.

Male (fig. 259).^Antennae weakly pectinate.

Forewing blue gray when fresh, but brown when faded;
maculation brown; discal dot small but present;
postmedial line fine, brown, and preceded by
yellowish shade; shade wider in discal cell than for
remainder of its length, preceded by thin dark band;
postmedial line followed by variable blotches of
black in subterminal area. Hindwing postmedial line
present, but not conspicuous, consisting of thin
dark line followed by thin light band; subterminal
area sometimes darker toward inner margin. Below
uniformly light brown to blue gray, with only
postmedial line and discal dot of forewing and
postmedial line of hindwing present; postmedial
lines of both wings waved.
Male genitalia (figs. 674, 674a).Shape of median
process of right valve is characteristic.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 674b).
Female (fig. 260).Forewing strongly flecked with
dark scaling; veins accented; otherwise as in male.
Female genitalia (fig. 1036).
[Link] and geographical variation is
common in this species. Brazilian specimens are
usually lighter than those from western South
America. Individually there is variation in the
development of the black blotches following the
postmedial line of the forewing; these vary from
well developed to absent. The darkness of the
hindwing is also variable. One specimen from
Yahuarmayo, Peru, is dark and appears different from
any other specimen I have seen. The hindwing of
this specimen is almost solid dark brown.
[Link]'s type of refellaria is a female from
Brazil and is in the British Museum of Natural
History. Oberthr*s variety peruviae is based on a
single male from Huambo, Amazonas, Peru, and is also
in the British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] refellaria seems to be common in
parts of the Andes and southern Brazil.
Specimens examined.118 males and 16 females, all
year.
BRAZIL
Minas Gerais; Vicosa; Parana; Castro,
950 m. Ypiranga; Rio de Janeiro; Corcovado Forest,
Rio de Janeiro; Petropolis; Rio Janeiro; Rio;
Itatiaya; Rio Grande do Sul; Pelotas; Santa
Catarina; Blumenau; Donna Emma; Jaragua do Sul; Nova
Teutonia; Nova Bremen, 250 m.; Rio Laeiss; Rio
Vermelho, 850 m.; Sao Paulo; Alto da Serra; Santos;
Sao Paulo, 750 m. PARAGUAY. Par aguarla Sapucay;
not located; Mborevo; Naso Yubay; Yhu; no specific
locality; Paraguay. ARGENTINA. Tucuman; Tucuman.
BOLIVIA. La Paz ; Corvico [Coroico?], 1800 m.;
Suapi; Santa Cruz; "Santa Cruz." PERU. Amazonas;
Huambo; Huanuco; Pozuzo, 800 m.; Junin; Chanchamayo,
1000 m.; Chanchamayo; Huacapistana, 1800 m.; Satipo;
La Merced, Chanchamayo; Pasco; Huancabamba,
5000-6000 ft.; Huancabamba; Puno; Chaquimayo,
2500-3000 ft.; La Oroya, R. Inambari, 6000 ft.;
S. Domingo, 6000 ft.; Yahuarmayo, 1200 ft.
ECUADOR. Not located; Hacienda Cayandeled, Rio

77

Bamba, 4200 ft. COLOMBIA.

GRENADA. Grenada.

Santander; Cucuta.

Pero olivcea Warren

Pero olivcea Warren, 1904b;578.

Pero gonopterarla (Guene)

Azellna gonopterarla Guene, 1857:160.
Male (fig. 261).Legs slightly lighter than wings.
Forewing dark olive green, slightly brownish when
faded; antemedial line sometimes with light spots on
veins; discal dot absent or not conspicuous; dark
band in median area before postmedial line; vague
yellowish area in discal cell enclosed between band
and postmedial line; postmedial line dull white,
thin, preceded by dark, thin line; veins usually
accented in subterminal area. Hindwing unicolorous;
postmedial lines waved, but not contrasting. Below
almost uniform; postmedial lines not contrasting.
Male genitalia (figs. 675, 675a).Shape of aedeagus
is characteristic. Median process of left valve is
not cup shaped as in remaining species of this group.
Male eighth stemite (fig. 675b).
[Link] to male, but grayer and darker.
Female genitalia (fig. 1037).
[Link] color of the forewing varies from
distinctly olive green to dull olive gray. Some
specimens also tend to have the inner half of the
subterminal area of the forewing above yellowish,
sometimes sharply contrasting with the rest of the
wing.
[Link] based gonopteraria on three males and
one female from "Nouvelle-Fribourg, Brsil." The
male bearing the label "Azelina gonopteraria Guenee
no. 253" is designated as the lectotype and is in
the British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] olive-green forewing will usually
distinguish this species from everything else in
this species group.
Specimens examined.112 males and 25 females, all
year.
BRAZIL. Espirito Santo; Espirito Santo; Minas
Gerais; Vicosa; "Minas Geraes"; Parana; Castro,
950 m.; Ponta Grossa; Rio de Janeiro; Itatiaya; Nova
Friburgo; Petropolis; Rio Janeiro; Rio; Rio Grande
do Sul; Guarani; Pelotas; Porto Alegre; Santa
Catarina; Hansa Humboldt, 60 m.; Jaragua do Sul;
Nuevo Teutonia; Rio Laeiss, Blumenau; Rio Vermelho,
830 m.; "St. Catherines"; Sao Paulo; Alto da Serra,
800 m.; Alto da Serra; Campo Jerado, 1200 m.;
Cantareira; Santos; Sao Paulo; not located; Santa
Cruz, Brsil Mridionale. PARAGUAY. Not located;
Carlos Pfannl. URUGUAY. Montevideo; Montevideo;
Sayago. ARGENTINA. Salta; Metan.

Male (fig. 262).Antennae pectinate with gray band

stretching between bases of antennae. Legs olive
brown spotted with cream-colored scales. Forewing
olive brown; basal area and subterminal area lighter
than median area; veins not marked with dark as much
as in preceding two species; outer one-fifth of
median area darker than inner four-fifths; yellow to
orange markings found in gonopteraria absent;
postmedial line not straight as in preceding two
species, but incurved on M^ and Cu2. Hindwing
as in chanchamaya. Below similar to preceding two
species; postmedial line straight, crenulate, not
incurved; hindwing darker than in chanchamaya.
Male genitalia (figs. 676, 676a).Shapes of costal
fold and median process of left valve distinguish
this species from other species in group.
Male eighth stemite (fig. 676b).
Female (fig. 263).Forewing maculation as in male,
but brown, varying from brown to yellow brown, some
specimens dusted with dark brown scales on yellowbrown base. Below as in male, but brown, not olive
brown.
Female genitalia (fig. 1038).
[Link] on the few specimens that I have
seen, olivcea is probably very variable. The male
varies from olive brown, dark brown, or light gray
brown. In the females the darkness of the brown is
again variable from brown to yellow brown, and some
specimens are heavily dusted with dark scales on a
light base.
[Link] olivcea was based on a single male from
Tucuman, Argentina. This male is in the British
Museum of Natural History.
[Link] olivcea is superficially
different from the other species in the group, but
based on the genitalia, it is placed here.
Specimens examined.
year.

-10 males and 16 females, all

ARGENTINA. Jujuy; Jujuy; Salta; Metan, 850 m.;

Tucuman; Horco Molle; Siambon, 1600 m.; Sierra de la
Ramada, 650 m.; Tucuman; not located; Los Vasques.

Pero chanchamaya Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 264).Forewing superficially almost
identical to that of gonopteraria, although perhaps
browner and not as strongly olive green; never with
inner half of subterminal area yellow and
contrasting with remainder of wing.
Male genitalia (figs. 677, 677a).^Median process of
left valve is cup shaped as in next two species, not
simple as in gonopteraria.
Male eighth stemite (fig. 677b).

78

[Link].
[Link] specimens are darker than others,
but most are clearly marked. One specimen Is
suffused.
[Link]: Male, "Peru," In U.S. National
Museum. Paratypes: 2 males from type locality In
American Museum of Natural History, and 1 male In
British Museum of Natural History; Chanchamayo,
Peru, 2 males in British Museum of Natural History
and 1 male in American Museum of Natural History.
[Link] species is superficially similar
to gonopteraria, but based on the male genitalia, it
is most closely allied to the next species. The two
known localities are both very vague; Chanchamayo
has been used to designate several localities in
Peru.
Specimens examined.7 males.
PERU. Junin: Chanchamayo; Chanchamayo, 1000 m.; no
specific locality; Peru.

Pero buckleyi (Butler), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina buckleyi Butler, 1881:34.
Azelina frgida Butler, 1881:35. NEW SYNONYMY.
Azelina incarum Oberthr, 1883:23. NEW SYNONYMY.
Male (fig. 265).Antennae pectinate. Palpi brown.
Legs cream colored, slightly spotted with brown.
Forewing steel gray, usually fading to gray brown in
older specimens; basal and subterminal areas steel
gray, contrasting with darker, slightly brownish
median area; antemedial line dark, with slight
purplish tint; median area lighter along costa and
toward antemedial line, no sharp demarcations;
postmedial line double, inner line fine, purplish,
outer black, usually fading out toward inner and
costal margins; slightly outward angulation of
postmedial line filled with dull yellowish in median
area; discal dot small, black; inner half of
subterminal area lighter than outer half, sometimes
with dark spots along postmedial line. Hindwing
steel gray when fresh, suffused with dull brown;
postmedial line dull brown, followed by lighter
shade; series of black dots along outer margin;
fringe brown. Below dull white; postmedial lines of
forewing and hindwing represented by series of dots;
vague discal dot on each wing; forewing slightly
brownish along outer margin.
Male genitalia (figs. 678, 678a, 679-682) .This
species may be distinguished from following species
by shapes of costal fold and apex of uncus.
Male eighth stemlte (figs. 683, 684).
Female (fig. 266).Larger and darker than male,
with forewing and hindwing above sprinkled with dark
flecks; otherwise similar to male.
Female genitalia (fig. 1039).
[Link] is a variable species, both
superficially and in the male genitalia. Most of
the variation seems to be geographical. The

population described is from Peru. The southern

Brazilian male specimens are slightly smaller and
tend to have more dark scaling on the upper side of
the wings. The Peruvian specimens are the largest
of the species, and individuals seem to become
smaller as one goes into northern Ecuador, Colombia,
and Venezuela. The specimens from Rancho Grande,
Venezuela, are the smallest so far collected. The
population in Vaupes, Colombia, is much like that of
northern Ecuador, but the Tolima population is more
similar to the Peruvian populations than those from
northern Ecuador.
In the male genitalia (figs.
678-682) the Brazilian and Peruvian specimens are
much alike, but the Brazilian specimens have the
outer end of the costal fold more square than in the
Peruvian specimens. In Ecuador and Colombia the
last stemlte of the male abdomen becomes more and
more asymmetrical and the median process of the
valve becomes smaller and more square. In specimens
from Ecuador and Venezuela the outer end of the
costal fold is pointed.
[Link] buckleyi was described from a single
male from "Ecuador." This specimen is in the
British Museum of Natural History. Butler based
frgida on two males from "Rio Janeiro," and the
male bearing his type label is designated as
lectotype and is in the British Museum of Natural
History. Oberthr described incarum from three
specimens from Huambo, Amazonas, Peru, only one of
which I could find in the British Museum of Natural
History. This specimen bearing the label "Typicum
specimen" is designated as the lectotype.
[Link] buckleyi is widely distributed,
but I have no idea of the kind of habitat it prefers.
Specimens examined.428 males and 22 females, all
year.
VENEZUELA. Aragua: Rancho Grande [7 km.
N. Maracay], 1100 m.; Marida: Merida. BRAZIL.
Parana: Castro, 950 m.; Rio de Janeiro: Rio Janeiro;
Santa Catarina: Blumenau; Hansa Humboldt, 60 m.;
Jaragua do Sul; Neu Bremen, Blumenau; Neu Bremen,
Rio Laeiss; Nuevo Teutonia; Rio Laeiss, Blumenau;
Rio Vermelho, 830 m.; Rio Vermelho; "St. Catherines."
BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: Chapare; Charaplaya
[Charapaya?], 1200 m.; 65 S, 16 S; Incachaca;
R. Cristal Mayu, 1000-2000 m.; Yunga del Espritu
Santo; Yungas del Palmar, 2000 m.; La Paz: La Paz,
1000 m.; Rio Songo, 750 m.; R. Tanampaya; Yungas de
la Paz, 1000 m.; no specific locality: Bolivia.
PERU. Amazonas : Chachapoyas; El Porvenir, 900 m.;
Huambo; River Tabaconas, 6000 ft.; Cusco: Callanga,
1500 m.; Caradoc, Marcapata, 4500 ft.; Huanuco:
Cushi, 1900 m.; Pozuzo, 800 m.; Pozuzo, 800-1000 m.;
Junin: Chanchamayo, La Merced; Chanchamayo, 1000 m.;
Chanchamayo, 1000-1500 m.; Chanchamayo; Estancia
Naranjal, San Ramon, 1000 m.; La Merced; Upper Rio
Toro, La Merced, 3000 m.; Pasco: Huancabamba, Cerro
de Pasco; Oxapampa, 6400 ft.; Oxapampa, 2000 m.;
Piura: Quiroz; Puno: Chirimayo, 1000 ft.; La Oroya,
R. Inambari, 3100 ft.; Oconeque, 7000 ft.; Quinton,
5000 ft.; Santo Domingo, 6400 ft., 6000 ft.,
4000 ft.; Tinguri, 3400 ft.; Tinguri; Uruhuasi,
7000 ft.; San Martin: Huallaga; not located:
Pumayaca; San Remon, ^3000 ft.; no specific locality:
Peru. ECUADOR. Bolivar: Balzapamba; Chimborazo:
Dos Puentes, 1700 ft., kil. 99; Huigra, 4000 ft.;

79

Loja; El Monje prs Loja; Environs de Loja;

Napo-Pastaza: Hacienda la Mascota, Rio Topo,
4500 ft.; Tungurahua: Ambato; El Rosarlo, 4900 ft.;
Zamora ; Palanda; Zamora; not located; Hacienda
Cayandeled, Rio Bamba, 4200 ft.; Oriente; no
specific locality; Ecuador. COLOMBIA. Antloqula;
Mesopotamia, 5000 ft.; Boyaca; Muzo; Cundlnamarca;
Bogota; Finca San Pablo, 3 km. N. Alban, 1800 m.;
Tolima; Canon del Tollma, 1700 m.; Vaupes ; Ob. Rio
Negro, 800 m.; no specific locality; Colombia.

Pero cinrea Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 267).Forewlng similar to that of
buckleyl; median area rusty brown to brown, much
richer In appearance than median area In buckleyl;
antemedlal line double, with area between two lines
lighter and browner than basal area; median area
with costal edge grayish; postmedlal line triple
with dark Inner line, absent In buckleyl, and
enclosing between It and second line yellowish area
In discal cell. Hlndwlng postmedlal line slightly
lighter than In buckleyl. Below postmedlal lines of
forewlng and hlndwlng surrounded by suffusion of
brown.
Male genitalia (figs. 686, 686a) .Distinguished
from buckleyl by shapes of costal fold and apex of
uncus.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 685).
[Link].
[Link] is variation in the depth of the
brown of the median area. One of the specimens is
very much like buckleyl except for the double
antemedial and triple postmedial lines. Not enough
specimens are available to comment about
geographical variation, but there does not seem to
be much.
[Link]; Male, La Oroya, 3100 ft., [Puno],
Peru, G. Ockenden, in American Museum of Natural
History. Paratypes; 22 males from type locality in
British Museum of Natural History; Santo Domingo,
6000 ft., [Puno], Peru, 5 males in British Museum of
Natural History; Tlnguri, 3400 ft., [Puno], Peru,
1 male in British Museum of Natural History;
Chirlmayo, 1000 ft., [Puno], Peru, 1 male in British
Museum of Natural History; Rio Songo, 750 m., [La
Paz], Bolivia, 3 males in U.S. National Museum;
Bolivia, 1 male in U.S. National Museum.
[Link] species is superficially similar
to buckleyl. It is easily identified by double
antemedial and triple postmedlal lines of the
forewlng above.

GROUP 8
This group is distinctive, although its closest
affinities are probably with group 7. The juxta of
the male genitalia is modified and has a curious
process on the left side extending up the side of
the left valve. This process may be homologous with
the pseudofurca of the preceding group. In the
female the bursa has lost the slgnum, which has been
replaced by a series of three pleats that look very
much like a piece of corrugation. This is unique to
the group, although the single Infolding in group 7
is similar to it. The shape of the eighth sternite
of the male, although distinctive, is again similar
to the eighth sternite found in group 7.

Pero minima (Butler), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina minima Butler, 1881;41.
Male (fig. 268).Head, thorax, and legs brown to
dark brown.
Forewlng basal area brown to dark
brown; antemedial line brown, but vague, not
contrasting; median area usually lighter than
remainder of wing, but varying from concolorous to
much lighter with yellow tint; median area lightest
at costa and inner margin, darkest in middle; discal
dot white, linear, preceded by yellowish patch
confluent with yellow costa; postmedlal line brown,
usually vague, sometimes preceded by brownish band
in median area; subterminal area uniform brown.
Hlndwlng uniform brown; postmedial line vague.
Below light brown, scaled heavily with dark brown;
postmedial line of hlndwlng represented by wide dark
brown band.
Male genitalia (figs. 687, 687a).Shapes of juxta
and pseudofurca are characteristic of this species.
Female. Unknown.
[Link] darkness of the median area varies
from a uniform brown to yellowish in the upper and
lower parts. The specimens from Peru are darker
brown and the veins are accented with dark brown.
[Link] described minima from "Six specimens,
Rio Janeiro." The male with Butler's type label is
designated as the lectotype. This specimen is in
the British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] is the most aberrant member of the
group. This species is browner than externata and
many specimens have the veins accented with brown.
These two species are difficult to distinguish
superficially, although the male genitalia are quite
different.
Specimens examined.53 males, January and February.

Specimens examined.36 males, all year.

BOLIVIA. La Paz; Corvico [Coroico?], 1800 m.; Rio
Songo, 750 m. PERU. Junln; Chanchamayo; Lima;
Lima-Chanchamayo; Puno; Chirlmayo, 1000 ft.; La
Oroya, 3100 ft.; Santo Domingo, 6000 ft.; Tlnguri,
3400 ft.

80

BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro ; Petropolis; Rio Janeiro;

Rio; Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo. PERU. Puno; Oconeque,
7000 ft.; Quinton, 5000 ft.

Pero extema ta Warren

Female genitalia (fig. 1041),

Pero externata Warren, 1905b:376.

[Link] is considerable geographical

variation in this species. Specimens from the Andes
are almost always dark brown, but those from
southern Brazil are light gray brown. The
coloration of some of the Brazilian specimens is
reminiscent of the next species. The Brazilian
populations have the coloration of the hindwing
considerably less uniform appearing than in the
Andean populations, again a characteristic of
marcata. Within the Brazilian populations the
amount of gray or brown varies; some specimens are
almost entirely gray, but others are mostly brown.
This is partially a reflection of the amount of
brown flecking present.
In general, the populations
from Brazil are smaller than those from the Andes,
and the population from Paran has the smallest
specimens of all.

Male (fig. 269).Similar to minima in size.

Forewing light brown to gray, heavily scaled with
dark brown; maculation much more vague, poorly
defined; grayer than minima ; postmedial line turning
in on veins in middle; discal dot small and thin;
postmedial line near costa preceded by dark brown
band; subterminal area gray with dark spots,
particularly near postmedial line.
Male genitalia (figs, 688, 688a).Shape of juxta is
characteristic.
Female (fig. 270).Forewing almost uniformly brown,
heavily scaled with brown; patch on costa poorly
developed.
Female genitalia (fig. 1040).
[Link] may be considerable variation in
this species. In the few specimens that I have seen
it ranges from dark brown to almost yellow brown.
[Link] from a single male from Castro,
Paran, Brazil, in the British Museum of Natural
History.
[Link] externata is at first glance most
similar to minima, but it is probably much closer to
the other members of this species group. It is
difficult to distinguish superficially from minima,
but is usually grayer and not as well marked.

Type.^Warren described maculicosta from one male

from Popayn, Colombia, in the British Museum of
Natural History.
[Link] the six species in this group, this
one appears to be the only one that is widespread
and common. The light brown of marcata will
distinguish it from maculicosta, and the smooth gray
of coreata will distinguish it from maculicosta.
Specimens examined.123 males and 22 females, all
year.

Male (fig. 271).Head, thorax, and legs gray brown

to dark brown. Forewing uniform gray brown to dark
brown; median area usually only slightly darker than
remainder of wing; antemedial line brown, generally
not distinct; light yellow patch from bottom of
discal dot to costa, contrasting with remainder of
wing; discal dot white, linear; many specimens with
two dark brown dots on radial veins in median area
just before postmedial line; subterminal area almost
uniformly colored except linear series of vague
darker blotches from middle of costa to about
one-third. Hindwing brownish with postmedial lines
of forewing and hindwing represented by series of
dots along veins; no light patch preceding discal
dot on forewing.

BRAZIL. Matto Grosso; Burity, 30 mi.^N.E. Cuyaba,

2250 ft.; Minas Gerais; Vicosa; Paran; Castro,
950 m.; Rio de Janeiro; Petropolis; Rio Janeiro;
Rio; Rio Grande do Sul; Santa Rosa; Rondonia;
Calama, Rio Madeira; Santa Catarina; Blumenau,
R. Laeiss; Blumenau; Iguassu, Parana; Jaragua do
Sul; Joinville; Neu Bremen, Rio Laeiss; Nuevo
Teutonia; Rio Vermelho, 830 m.; Sao Paulo; Salto
Grande, Paranapanema; Sao Paulo; not located; Santa
Cruz. PARAGUAY. Guaira; Independencia; Paraguarl;
Sapucay; not located; Buena Vista ; Mborovo;
Villarica; Puerto Belloni; no specific locality;
Paraguay. ARGENTINA. Misiones; Iguazu Falls;
Posadas; not located; Puerto Bemberg. BOLIVIA.
Cochabamba; Chapare; Charaplaya [Charapaya?],
1300 m.; 65 W, 16 S; Yunga del Espritu Santo; La
Paz; Corvico [Coroico?], 1800 m. ; Santa Cruz; Rio
Grande, Cordillera. PERU. Amazonas; Chachapoyas;
Huambo, 3700 ft.; River Tabaconas, 6000 ft.; Junin;
Chanchamayo, 1000 m.; Chanchamayo; Satipo; Lima;
Lima; Pasco; Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco; Oxapampa,
6400 ft.; Puno; La Oroya, R. Inambari, 3100 ft.; San
Gabon, 2500 ft.; no specific locality; Peru.
ECUADOR. Loja; Environs de Loja; Tungurahua;
Hacienda Machay, Valle de Pastaza, Ambato; Rio
Verde, Rio Pastaza, 5000 ft. COLOMBIA. Cauca;
Popayan.

Male genitalia (figs. 689, 689a).Shapes of juxta

and pseudofurca are characteristic.

Pero marcata Poole, NEW SPECIES

Specimens examined.9 males and 2 females.

BRAZIL.

Parana; Castro; Rio de Janeiro; Rio Janeiro.

Pero macullcosta (Warren)

Azelina maculicosta Warren, 1897:488.

Male eighth stemite (fig. 689b).

Female (fig. 272).Appearing more striate than male
and with postmedial and antemedial lines of forewing
accented by lighter band.

Male (fig. 273).Forewing similar to that of

maculicosta but light gray brown; patch on costa
more contrasting than in maculicosta. Hindwing
grayish with upper half of subterminal area darker
than remainder of wing; postmedial line more
distinct than in maculicosta. Below almost

81

uniformly light grayish, without brown of

maculicosta.
Male genitalia (figs. 690, 690a) .Easily separated
from maculicosta by shapes of juxta, median
processes of valves, and pseudofurca.
Male eighth stemite (fig. 690b).
[Link].
[Link] the short series available, the black
of the upper half of the subterminal area of the
hindwing varies from very distinct to only slightly
so. The amount of brown scale flecking on the
forewing is also variable. The process from the
left side of the juxta (pseudofurca) is straighter
and heavier in the Colombia specimens, and the
fingerlike process from the top of the juxta is
slightly longer.

Museum. Paratypes: 1 male. Tome, Colombia, in

British Museum of Natural History; El Congo, Cauca
Valley, Colombia, 3 males in British Museum of
Natural History; Coreata, Cauca, Colombia, 4 males
in British Museum of Natural History; "Colombie,"
1 male in U.S. National Museum.
[Link] coreata is easily distinguished
from ochriscrlpta by the lack of a contrasting patch
on the costa of the forewing, and from maculicosta
by its blue-gray appearance and the vagueness of the
macultion.
Specimens examined.11 males, August and October.
COLOMBIA. Tolima: Canon del Tolima, 1700 m. ; Tome;
not located: Coreata, Cauca Valley; El Congo, Cauca
Valley; no specific locality: Colombie.

Pero ochriscrlpta (Warren), NEW COMBINATION

[Link]: Male, Quincemil, Cusco, Peru,
2400 ft., Sept. 1-6, 1962, L.E. Pena, in American
Museum of Natural History. Paratypes: 1 male from
type locality in American Museum of Natural History;
2 males from Chapare, Bolivia, 400 m., in American
Museum of Natural History; 1 male from Muzo,
[Boyac], Colombia, in British Museum of Natural
History; 1 male from "Cundinamarca" in British
Museum of Natural History.
[Link] marcata is known only from a few
scattered localities in the Andes. It is apparently
widely distributed but rare and local. Its light
coloration will usually distinguish it from both
maculicosta and coreata.
Specimens examined.6 males, July-September.
BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: Chapare, 400 m. PERU. Cusco:
Quincemil, 2400 ft. COLOMBIA. Boyaca; Muzo,
400-800 m.; Cundinamarca: Cundinamarca.

Pero coreata Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 274).Forewing lighter and grayer than
in maculicosta, almost bluish; yellow patch in
median area from bottom of discal dot to costa
present, but poorly developed and not contrasting
with remainder of wing; blotches in subterminal area
absent or small and poorly developed. Hindwing
postmedial line very poorly developed, even less
than in ochriscrlpta. Below grayer than in
ochriscrlpta.
Male genitalia (figs. 691, 691a) .Easily identified
by shapes of juxta, pseudofurca, and median
processes of valves.
Male eighth stemite (fig. 691b).
[Link].

Azelina ochriscrlpta Warren, 1904a:133.

Male (fig. 275).Legs cream colored, dotted with
brown. Forewing gray, heavily striate with brown;
basal area heavily striate, and not distinct from
median area; antemedial line brown, indistinct;
median area from lower half of discal dot to costa
yellow and strongly contrasting with remainder of
wing; discal dot white, linear, with bend in it;
postmedial line sharply waved, brown, followed by
series of small, dull, dark gray blotches;
subterminal area gray with various blotches of
darker scaling; fringe brown. Hindwing almost
uniformly dark gray brown; postmedial line whitish,
vague; series of black dots along outer margin.
Below brown to very light brown; postmedial lines of
forewing and hindwing mostly represented by series
of dots on veins; discal dot of forewing preceded by
small yellowish patch, but yellow not extending to
costa as on upper side; inner margin of forewing
almost white; hindwing uniformly brown.
Male genitalia (figs. 692, 692a).- -Characterized by
shapes of juxta and pseudofurca.
Male eighth stemite (fig. 692b).
Female (fig. 276).^Almost entirely brown except
yellow patch on costa of forewing, without gray of
male, and without blotches in subterminal area.
Female genitalia (fig. 1042).
Type.^Warren described ochriscrlpta from "1 male
from Santo Domingo, S.E. Peru, Carabaya, 6000 ft.,
December, 1901." This specimen is in the British
Museum of Natural History.
[Link] ochriscrlpta is easily separated
from the other species in this group by the sharply
contrasting color of the costa, the striations, and
the gray subterminal area with its blotches.

[Link] specimens are grayer and bluer than

others, and usually they are not as strongly marked
as the browner ones.

Specimens examined.22 males and 8 females,

June-December.

[Link]: Male, Canon del Tolima, [Tolima],

Colombia, X, 1700 m., Fassl, in U.S. National

BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: Yunga del Espritu Santo;

La Paz: Corvico [Coroico?], 1800 m.; La Paz,

82

Pero velutina (Warren), NEW COMBINATION

1000 m.; Rio Songo, 750 m.; Yungas de la Paz,

1000 m.; no specific locality; Bolivia. PERU.
Pasco; Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco, 6-10,000 ft.:
Puno; Agualani, 9000 ft.; La Oroya, R. Inambari,
3100 ft.; Oconeque, 7000 ft.; Santo Domingo,
6000 ft.; not located; Tambillo.

Azelina velutina Warren, 1900;211.

GROUP 9
Species group 9 is distinctive and perhaps deserving
of generic status. However, it is clearly derived
from some part of Pero, and I placed the group here
because the structure of the valve resembles that of
the next few species groups. The juxta, valve, and
aedeagus are all characteristic and unlike anything
else in the genus. The females of habenaria and fea
are brown, but the females of hanebaria and velutina
are like the males. The female of kathina is
unknown. A key to males based on superficial
appearance follows.
Forewing above all brown, no yellow
velutina
Costa of median area of forewing above
yellow; usually other areas of yellow
in both forewing and hindwing

Male genitalia (figs. 693, 693a).Shapes of valve,

subscaphium, and aedeagus are characteristic.
[Link] to male, but usually slightly
larger.
Female genitalia (fig. 1043).

Antemedial line of forewing above

without projection in discal cell,
evenly rounded toward costa, strongly
accented with black; outer half of subterminal area of forewing above with
rusty-red tint
hanebaria
Antemedial line of forewing above with
projection in discal cell, not evenly
rounded toward costa, nor strongly
accented with black; outer half of
subterminal area of forewing above may
or may not be tinted with rusty red

Male (fig. 277).Palpi and legs dull brown.

Forewing brown; basal area brown, not contrasting
with median area; antemedial line brown, clear, but
not conspicuous; median area brown, darker in outer
one-fifth than inner four-fifths; discal dot dark
brown, variable; postmedial line brown, strongly
sloping inward toward inner margin, followed by
white line. Hindwing dull brown, with poorly marked
lighter postmedial line and brown shade in
subterminal area paralleling it. Below postmedial
lines of forewing and hindwing dentate; discal dot
of hindwing brown, large; anal angle of hindwing
lighter, but not contrasting with remainder of
wing. Abdomen lighter than thorax.

[Link] is some variation in size, and a

few specimens are much smaller than normal. There
are also differences in the clarity of the lines and
the darkness of the brown of the forewing above.
[Link] species was described from two males and
two females from Castro, Parana, Brazil. The male
with Warren's type label is designated as the
lectotype.
[Link] velutina is clearly related to the
following four species, but superficially it is
different.
It lacks the yellow of these species,
and the postmedial line of the forewing is strongly
incurved to the inner margin.

Outer half of subterminal area of forewing above dark gray, not tinted with
rusty red; upper projection of antemedial line of forewing above small;
basal area of forewing even, dark
gray, streaked with black
kathina

Specimens examined.9 males and 10 females. May,

June, and December.

Outer half of subterminal area of forewing above not even dark gray, usually
slightly tinted with rusty red; upper
projection of antemedial line of forewing above larger; basal area of forewing above usually browner, not dark,
even gray, streaked with black

Pero habenaria (Guenee), NEW COMBINATION

Upper and lower projections of antemedial line of forewing above equal in

size or upper larger than lower;
antemedial line of forewing above
perpendicular to costa

BRAZIL.
Parana; Castro, 950 m. ; Santa Catarina; Rio
Vermelho, 830 m.; Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo, 750 m.

Azelina habenaria Guenee, 1857;159.

fea

Upper projection of forewing above

smaller than lower; antemedial line
rounded, turned inward on costa .. habenaria

Male (fig. 278).Legs with apices of tibiae and

inner faces cream colored; remainder of legs dark
brown. Forewing brown to dark brown; basal area
brown, slightly striate with dark brown; antemedial
line with projection in discal cell; antemedial line
followed by thin, dark brown band; median area brown
in lower half, upper half cream colored to yellow,
contrasting with remainder of wing; yellow usually
extending farther down on inner side of discal dot
than on outer side; discal dot linear; postmedial
line brown, followed by thin yellow to cream-colored
band, incurved on M3 and then straight or slightly
curving inward to inner margin; lower half of
postmedial line followed by light yellow in
subterminal area, rest brown; series of white or
black dots along outer margin. Hindwing dull brown;

83

postmedial line obscure, cream colored; anal angle

yellow to cream colored. Below brown with
postmedial lines of forewing and hindwing dentate;
brown except along cream-colored costa of forewing
and inner margin of hindwing; subterminal area of
forewing with vague cream-colored patch on lower
one-half; anal angle of hindwing with conspicuous
patch of cream-colored scales; discal dot of
hindwing large and brown.
Male genitalia (figs. 694, 694a).May be
distinguished from next three species by shapes of
aedeagus, juxta, and valve.
Female (fig. 279).Forewing maculation as in male,
but all brown, not yellow; discal dot larger than in
male; conspicuous light band following postmedial
line. Below all brown.

Pero hanebarla (Jones), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina hanebaria Jones, 1921:336.
Male (fig. 281).Forewing basal area gray with
slight violet tint; antemedial line with no
projection or only small projection in discal cell;
antemedial line strongly accented with black; upper
half of median area more strongly contrasting than
in habenaria; angulation of postmedial line square,
rarely rounded as in habenaria. Below as in
habenaria.
Male genitalia (figs. 696, 696a).Shapes of juxta
and aedeagus identify this species.
Female (fig. 282),
larger.

-Similar to male, but slightly

Female genitalia (fig. 1044).

Female genitalia (fig. 1045).

[Link] is a slight amount of variation in

the distinctness and size of the discal dot of the
forewing above.

[Link] is some variation in the amount of

yellow following the postmedial line of the forewing
above.

[Link] described habenaria from three males

and one female, but one of the males was not found
in the British Museum. The male with the label
"habenaria Gn. Brsil" is designated as the
lectotype.

[Link] described hanebaria from a single male

from Alto da Serra, Santos, Brazil. This specimen
is in the British Museum of Natural History.

[Link] habenaria is similar to the next

three species, but it is easily distinguished by the
characters given in the key at the beginning of the
group.
Specimens examined.15 males and 1 female.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais ; Minas Geraes; Rio de Janeiro ;
Campo Bello; Rio Janeiro; Rio; Santa Catarinai
"St. Catherines."

[Link] hanebaria is easily distinguished

from the other species of this group by the
characters given in the key. This is the most
brightly colored species of the group.
Specimens examined.20 males and 1 female, all year.
BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro; Rio; Santa
Catarina ; Jaragua do Sul; Neu Bremen, Rio Laeiss;
Neu Bremen, 830 m. Sao Paulo: Alto da Serra,
Santos; Alto da Serra, 800 m.

Pero fea Poole, NEW SPECIES

Pero kathna Pode, NEW SPECIES
Male (fig. 280).Forewing similar to that of
habenaria, but darker, more uniform gray; basal area
dark, uniform gray, not speckled or striate with
black; antemedial line followed by thin black band
and with small projection into discal cell; median
line very vague; yellow following postmedial line a
band, not diffuse; outer half of subterminal area
uniform dark gray, without rusty-red tint. Below as
in habenaria.
Male genitalia (figs. 695, 695a) .Shapes of
aedeagus and valve separate this species from others
in group.

Male (fig. 283).Forewing antemedial line with two

strong projections, upper larger than in any other
species of this complex, and larger than lower;
antemedial line not incurved on costa, followed by
thin black band; yellow on costa less extensive and
less contrasting than in three preceding species ;
postmedial line folded in on M3 and then outfolded
on Cu2; yellow to cream-colored scaling following
postmedial line more diffuse and less evident than
in preceding species. Hindwing lighter than any
three previous species. Below as in other members
of group.
Male genitalia (figs. 697, 697a).- -Shapes of juxta
and aedeagus are characteristic.

[Link].
[Link]: Male, "St. Catherines," Brazil, in
U.S. National Museum.
[Link] kathina is possibly only a race of
habenaria.
Specimen examined.1 male.
BRAZIL.

84

Santa Catarina: "St. Catherines."

Female (fig. 284).Forewing maculation as in male,

but brown as in habenaria; no light band following
postmedial line.
Female genitalia (fig. 1046).
[Link]: Male, Castro, Parana, Brazil,
Jones, in U.S. National Museum. Allotype: Female,
Rio Vermelho, Santa Catarina, Brazil, 830 m., in
British Museum of Natural History. Paratypes:

2 males from type locality in British Museum of

Natural History; 1 male from type locality in U.S.
National Museum; 4 males and 1 female from Rio
Vermelho, Santa Catarina, Brazil, in British Museum
of Natural History.

[Link] algerna was based on a single

male from "Chanchamayo, Peru," in the U.S. National
Museum. Azelina notodontina was based on two males
in the U.S. National Museum from Huancabamba, Peru,
and the specimen with the male genitalia on slide
R.W.P. 10538 is designated as the lectotype.

[Link] is the smallest and dullest

colored of the four species with yellow costas in
this group.

Specimens examined. 26 males and 8 females.

June-September.

Specimens examined.8 males and 2 females. May and

June.
BRAZIL. Parana ; Castro, 950 m.; Santa Catarina; Rio
Vermelho, 830 m.

VENEZUELA. Aragua; Rancho Grande [7 km.

N. Maracay], 1100 m. PERU. Amazonas : Huallaga;
Junin; Chanchamayo; Pasco; Huancabamba,
6-10,000 ft.; Huancabamba; Puno; Oconeque, 7000 ft.
Santo Domingo, 6000 ft. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba;
Incachaca.

GROUP 10
Group 10 is characterized by the structure of the
valve of the male genitalia (fig. 296), and it is
the first group in the present arrangement of Pero
with the valve structure characteristic of almost
all the remainder of the genus. The costal fold in
group 10 is usually long and large, and often at the
base is a strongly spinose process, which is perhaps
homologous with the ventral process found in
group 1. The eighth abdominal stemite of the male
is modified and is similar to the stemite found in
group 7.
Group 10 is made up of three large species
assemblages, and it includes the largest and
possibly the most difficult subgroup of Pero, the
denticulata complex.

Pero algerna (Schaus), NEW COMBINATION

Meticulodes algerna Schaus, 1901;182.
Azelina notodontina Thierry-Mieg, 1904;183.
SYNONYMY.

NEW

Male (fig. 285).Palpi gray. Legs gray, but tarsi

brown. Forewing basal area violet brown except
where yellow-brown pale stripe crosses; antemedial
line distinct and black; median area violet brown
except dull white pale streak; costa of median area
black, but not contrasting; postmedial line distinct
toward inner margin, but becoming indistinct above
pale streak; subterminal area light brown with brown
subterminal line (distinct only to pale streak);
terminal line distinct and brown. Hindwing dull
white, but becoming dark gray toward inner and outer
margins; veins beyond postmedial line yellow; black
scaling toward inner margin. Below gray; discal dot
of forewing a white line; black blotch toward middle
of outer margin; hindwing violet brown; yellow dots
on veins at outer margin and postmedial line; white
toward inner margin.
Male genitalia (figs. 698, 698a) .Characterized by
spiculate pad at middle of valve.
Male eighth stemite (fig. 716),
[Link] to male.
Female genitalia (fig. 1047).

Pero morltzl (Felder and Rogenhofer), NEW

COMBINATION
Meticulodes? moritzi Felder and Rogenhofer, 1873;
pi. 123, fig. 27.
Meticulodes ambusta Prout, 1910a;522. NEW SYNONYMY.
Male (fig. 286).Legs brown, tarsi yellow brown.
Forewing basal area yellow brown, heavily flecked
with black; antemedial line heavy and black; median
area red brown with slightly purple tint when fresh;
vague, linear discal dot, median area light yellow
brown around it; postmedial line black, thin, most
evident toward inner margin; subterminal area yellow
brown near inner margin, heavily marked with black
and becoming violet gray toward outer margin and
costa; suggestion of pale streak in discal cell as
in algerna, but not well marked; terminal line
yellow brown, but evident only toward costa.
Hindwing dull white toward inner margin and base,
violet gray on outer margin, and flecked with black
toward anal margin; anal margin flecked with yellow
brown; fringe red brown. Below forewing dark gray,
inner margin dull white, and black blotch at about
middle of outer margin; hindwing red brown, flecked
with yellow brown and with black postmedial line;
discal dot of hindwing obscure.
Male genitalia (figs. 699, 699a) .Characterized by
various processes of valve and sclerotized hook at
base of vesica.
Male eighth stemite (fig. 717).
[Link] to male.
Female genitalia (fig. 1048).
[Link] the series of specimens from Rancho
Grande, Venezuela, the intensity of the coloration
varies as well as the angulation of the postmedial
line of the forewing. The specimens from Peru are
bright and more distinctly marked than those from
Colombia or Venezuela.
[Link] type of moritzi is a male from Venezuela
in the British Museum of Natural History. Felder
and Rogenhofer listed this specimen as a female, but
the abdomen on the specimen is glued and probably is
not even that of a geometrid. The type of ambusta
is a single male from Tome, Colombia, also in the
British Museum of Natural History.

85

[Link] much can be said about this species

except that it has a spotty distribution. It is
probably more closely related to aIgema than to
propinqua, although it is superficially much more
similar to the latter.
In moritzi the markings are
more distinct than in propinqua and the colors are
brighter, without the rough appearance of the next
species.
Specimens examined.35 males and 4 females,
June-December.
VENEZUELA. Aragua; Rancho Grande [7 km.
N. Maracay], 1100 m.; no specific locality:
Venezuela.
COLOMBIA. Tolima; Canon del Tolima,
1700 m.; Monte Tolima, 3200 m.; Tome
PERU. Puno;
La Oroya, R Inambari, 3100 ft. Santo Domingo.

Pero propinqua (Dognin), NEW COMBINATION

Meticulodes propinqua Dognin, 1913b:50.
Male (fig. 287).Forewing median area yellow brown,
particularly discal cell, but also toward costa, not
dark gray as in moritzi, darker just before
postmedial line; subterminal area yellow brown,
evenly and heavily flecked with brown; terminal line
black, not yellow brown. Hindwing dull white,
heavily flecked with black and not becoming violet
gray toward outer margin as in moritzi; red-brown
spot on veins where they reach outer margin; fringe
entirely red brown as in moritzi. Below forewing
yellow brown on costa; hindwing with anal margin
heavily marked with black; discal dot of hindwing
well marked.
Male genitalia (figs. 700, 700a) .Distinguished by
lack of spine at base of vesica and shapes of uncus
and median process of valve.

Pero spina Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 288).Palpi dark brown. Legs cream
colored, femora dark brown. Forewing basal area
light brown, flecked with black scales; antemedial
line black, followed by dark shade, forming point in
discal cell; median area slightly darker than
remainder of forewing, particularly heavily flecked
with black toward inner margin; discal dot a long
thin white line; radial veins in median area marked
with black; postmedial line black, well marked, and
toothed inwardly on radial veins; subterminal area
light brown, with dark brown subterminal line;
terminal line black and broken into smaller pieces.
Hindwing dark gray from base to postmedial line and
light brown, heavily marked with dark gray from
postmedial line to outer margin; series of black
dots along outer margin; red-brown patch in anal
angle. Below forewing dark gray, but dull white
toward inner margin; discal dot present and dull
white; hindwing with area from base to postmedial
line dark gray; discal dot white, outlined by black
line; subterminal area light brown with thick
red-brown line running length of middle. Abdomen
light brown, but heavily shaded with black scales
except toward apex.
Male genitalia (figs. 701, 701a) .Easily recognized
by heavy patch of spines at base of costal fold.
Male eighth stemite (fig. 719).
[Link] to male but slightly larger.
Female genitalia (fig. 1049).
[Link]: Male, Jalapa, [Veracruz], Mexico,
in U.S. National Museum. Allotype: Female from type
locality in U.S. National Museum. Paratypes:
4 males from type locality in British Museum of
Natural History.

Male eighth stemite (fig. 718).

[Link].
[Link] specimens are slightly more
strongly marked than others.
[Link] from several males, but one male
from "Volcancito, Quindin, 3500 meters" was
designated in the description as the type. The
two males listed from Monte Tolima are specimens of
moritzi. The type is in the U.S. National Museum.
[Link] species is similar to moritzi, but
is darker and not as bright or strongly marked. It
has a rather odd distribution with specimens from
Colombia, Ecuador, and Bolivia, but none from Peru.
Specimens examined.14 males, January-May.
COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca; Puebla Guasca, Bogota;
Tolima: Monte Tolima, 32-3500 m.; Paso del Quindiu,
3500 m.; Volcancito, Quindin [Quindiu], 3000 m.
ECUADOR. Tungurahua: Banos, 6800 ft. BOLIVIA.
Cochabamba: Yungas del Palmar.

Specimens examined.10 males and 7 females. May,

November, and December.
MEXICO. Guerrero : Guerrero; Veracruz : Jalapa;
Orizaba; "Vera Cruz." GUATEMALA.
Chichicastenango:
Quiche, St. Thomax, 7060 ft.; Chimaltenango:
Municipio Acatenango, Quisache, 750 m.; not located:
Gernimo; Quezaltenango: Volcan Santa Maria; no
specific locality: Guatemala.
COSTARICA. Cartago:
Irazu, 6-7000 ft. HONDURAS. Rosario.

Pero pobrata Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 289).Palpi dark brown. Legs as in
spina. Forewing median area yellow brown, but
heavily marked with black toward inner margin,
contrasting with top half of median area; radial
veins in median area only slightly marked with
black, contrasting; discal dot a line, but not
contrasting with ground color; subterminal area as
in spina, but heavily flecked with black toward
costa. Hindwing as in spina. Below as in spina.
Male genitalia (figs. 702, 702a) .Characterized by
shapes of subscaphium and spiny process of valve.
Male eighth stemite (fig. 720).

86

Female. Unknown.
[Link]: Male,
VIII, 31, 08, 5800 ft,
Paratypes: 3 males from
Rica, in British Museum

Tuls, [Cartago], Costa Rica,

in U.S. National Museum.
Orosi, [Cartago], Costa
of Natural History.

Specimens examined.4 males, July.

COSTA RICA.

Cartago; Orosi, 1200 m.; Tuis, 5800 ft.

Nova Bremen, 250 m.; Neu Bremen; Rio Vermelho,

850 m.; "St. Catherines"; Sao Paulo; Alto da Serra;
Alto da Serra, Santos, 800 m.; Sao Paulo; Serra do
Cubotas. PERU. Puno; La Oroya, Rio Inambari,
3100 ft. ECUADOR. Bolivar; Balzapamba. COLOMBIA.
Antioquia; Mesopotamia, 5000 ft.; Boyaca; Medina,
500 m.; Muzo, R. Cantinero, 400 m.; Muzo,
400-800 m.; Cundinamarca; Bogota; Valle del Cauca;
Palmira; not located; Jimenez, 1600 ft.; San Gabon,
800 m.

Pero mnasilaria (Oberthr), NEW COMBINATION

Pero turba Poole, NEW SPECIES

Azelina mnasilaria Oberthr, 1912;297.

Male (fig. 291).Palpi brown. Legs cream colored

except brown femora. Forewing basal area light
brown, flecked with black; median area slightly
darker than basal area, heavily flecked with black,
particularly toward inner margin; discal dot white
and moderately distinct; postmedial line crenulate
and each tooth with white dot at tip; radial veins
marked with black in median area; subterminal area
concolorous with basal area, with thick brown
subterminal line, followed by yellow at inner margin
(toward costa brown fades out and only yellow line
remains, with perhaps little spots of brown);
terminal line black, broken and distinct only toward
costa. Hindwing dark gray; postmedial line black,
followed by yellow and brown spot in anal angle;
outer margin with red-brown spots where veins reach
it; series of black dots along outer margin. Below
forewing dark gray; discal dot dull white; hindwing
dark gray from base to postmedial line; subterminal
area of hindwing yellow brown, striate with black
and dark brown. Abdomen becoming cream colored
toward apex.

Male (fig. 290).Forewing basal area slightly

darker than in spina; antemedial line thinner and
not as heavily marked with black; fine black line
paralleling postmedial line in median area;
dentations of postmedial line near costa not as well
marked as in spina; subterminal area slightly darker
than in spina. Below darker than in spina,
appearing black on dull white background,
particularly in fresh specimens.
Male genitalia (figs. 703, 703a).Characterized by
shapes of subscaphium and spiny process of valve.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 721).
[Link] to male, but slightly larger.
Female genitalia (fig. 1050).
[Link] this species is widely
distributed, it is rather uniform appearing
throughout its range. The intensity of the brown of
the forewing varies, a difference noticeable only
when the specimens have faded. The shape of the
subscaphium in the male genitalia is also variable.
[Link] described this species from four
specimens, one male and three females. The male is
designated as the lectotype and is in the British
Museum of Natural History.

Male genitalia (figs. 704, 704a).Characterized by

shape of spiny process of valve.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 722).
[Link] to male, but with teeth of
postmedial line of forewing above slightly more
distinct.
Female genitalia (fig. 1051).

[Link] species is much like spina

superficially, and the best way to distinguish it
from that species is by the presence of the black
line in the median area paralleling the postmedial
line. This is the most widely distributed species
of this complex.
Specimens examined.- -78 males and 11 females, all
year.
MEXICO. Chiapas ; Hourburg; Oaxaca; Puerto Elegi,
Municipio Comaltepec, 2300 ft.; Veracruz; Orizaba.
GUATEMALA. Alta Verapaz; Baleu, Municipio San
Cristobal, Verapaz, 1350 m.; Baja Verapaz; Chejel.
COSTA RICA. Cartago; Juan Vinas; Orosi, 1200 m.;
Sitio; Tuis; Puntarenas; Monteverde, 4600 ft.; not
located; Carreblanca. PANAMA. Not located; Lino,
800 m. VENEZUELA. Aragua; Rancho Grande [7 km.
N. Maracay], 1100 m.; Carabobo; San Esteban Valley,
Las Quigas; nr. Valencia, 1500-3000 ft. BRAZIL.
Parana; Castro, 950 m.; Rio de Janeiro; Rio de
Janeiro; Rio Janeiro; Santa Catarina; Hansa
Humboldt, 60 m.; Hansa Humboldt; Jaragua do Sul;

[Link]; Male, Coosnipata, Paucartambo,

Cusco, Peru, F.L. Wygodzinsky, 15-11-51, in American
Museum of Natural History. Allotype; Female, Santo
Domingo, [Puno], Peru, in U.S. National Museum.
Paratypes; 4 males and 4 females from Santo Domingo,
Peru, in British Museum of Natural History; 1 female
from Santo Domingo in U.S. National Museum; 1 male,
Chaupe, Peru, 6100 ft., in British Museum of Natural
History; 1 male from Huancabamba, N.E. Peru,
5000-6400 ft., in Cornell University collection.
[Link] turba is found at higher
altitudes, and is known from only a few specimens.
Specimens examined.8 males and 6 females,
October-February.
ECUADOR. Tungurahua; El Topo, Rio Pastaza,
4200 ft. PERU. Cusco; Coosnipata, Paucartambo;
Pasco; Huancabamba, 5000-6400 ft.; Puno; Santo
Domingo, 6000 ft.; not located; Chaupe, 6100 ft.

87

Pero nasala Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 292).Palpi brown. Legs cream colored
except for brown femora. Forewing basal area light
brown, heavily flecked with black scales; median
area darker brown than basal area, heavily marked
with black, particularly toward inner margin; radial
veins in median area marked with black; discal dot a
white line; postmedial line crenulate for its entire
length and not strongly bent in toward inner margin
as in spina; subterminal area light brown, heavily
marked with black and red-brown striations;
subterminal line much less distinct than in spina.
Below dull white, heavily marked with black;
forewing with distinct dull white discal dot;
hindwing with discal dot surrounded by black line,
but not well marked; subterminal area of hindwing
with dark brown striations on dull white background,
but not forming any distinct markings.
Male genitalia (figs. 705, 705a) .Characterized by
shapes of subscaphium and spiny process of valve.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 723).
[Link] to male.

Male genitalia (figs. 706, 706a).Can be

distinguished from preceding species and next two by
shapes of spiny process of valve, juxta, and
subscaphium.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 724).
[Link] to male.
Female [Link] (only female is lacking
its abdomen).
[Link] specimens from Colombia and the type
of crepusculascens are a richer brown than the two
specimens from Loja. The blackish striations are
considerably heavier in the Loja specimens than they
are in any other specimens. The type of
crepusculascens from Napo-Pastaza, Ecuador, is the
brightest and best marked specimen of any.
[Link] described pala from "une paire" from
Loja, Ecuador. The male is designated as lectotype
and is in the U.S. National Museum. Prout described
crepusculascens from "two males" from Baeza,
Ecuador.
I could find only one specimen from this
locality in the British Museum, and this specimen is
designated as the lectotype.

Female genitalia (fig. 1052).

BOLIVIA. Cochabamba; Incachaca; no specific

locality; Bolivia.

[Link] species, nasala, amniculata, and

mitrarla are closely related as shown by the male
genitalia, although they appear superficially
different. Possibly they represent races of one
species, but this is unlikely because of the
differences in the male genitalia and general
appearance. The limited ranges of each of these
four species and a lack of specimens from Peru are
interesting. The two Colombian specimens of pala
are from almost 10,000 feet elevation, and these
four species are possibly limited to high localities.

Pero pala (Dognin), NEW COMBINATION

Specimens examined.6 males and 1 female,

January-March.

[Link]: Male, Incachaca, Cochabamba,

Bolivia, J. Steinbach, in U.S. National Museum.
Allotype: Female from type locality in U.S. National
Museum. Paratypes: 2 males and 1 female from type
locality in U.S. National Museum.
Specimens examined.3 males and 3 females.

Meticulodes pala Dognin, 1896:142.

Pero crepusculascens Prout, 1928:66.

NEW SYNONYMY.

Male (fig. 293).Forewing basal area light brown

with some black scaling, but not obscuring light
brown appearance; median area light brown to yellow
brown; discal dot large, conspicuous; median area
darker than basal area, marked with black striations
toward inner margin; subterminal area yellow brown
with brown line from inner margin to about half way
up wing; crenulate yellow brown line from about
middle of subterminal area to costa; terminal line
black and present from about middle of wing to
costa, but broken on veins. Hindwing yellow brown
heavily scaled with black, particularly from base to
postmedial line; postmedial line black, followed by
light shade; subterminal area yellow brown with
black scaling; series of black dots along outer
margin; fringe with red-brown dots at veins. Below
forewing gray on dull white background, with large,
conspicuous discal dot; hindwing yellow brown,
heavily marked with gray brown; discal dot white
with large, conspicuous black ring surrounding it;
postmedial line followed by light shade; inner half
of subterminal area brown and contrasting with outer
half. Abdomen light brown and lighter at apex than
base.

88

COLOMBIA. Tolima: Monte Tolima, 3200 m.; Tochesito,

Quindiu, 3000 m. ECUADOR. Loja: Environs de Loja;
Napo-Pastaza: Baeza.

Pero amniculata (Warren), NEW COMBINATION

Meticulodes amniculata Warren, 1907:310.
Male (fig. 294).Forewing gray brown; basal area
light brown, heavily flecked with dark, dull brown;
median area dull brown, lower half darker than
upper; discal dot a white, thick line; discal cell
yellowish between discal dot and first projection of
antemedial line, less so between discal dot and
postmedial line; postmedial line crenulate, black;
subterminal area concolorous with basal area, with
vague darker band in lower half. Hindwing dull
brown; postmedial line thin, brown, followed by
light band; anal angle slightly darker.
Male genitalia (figs. 707, 707a) .Characterized by
shapes of juxta and subscaphium.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 725).
Female. Unknown.

[Link] from a single male from Cushi,

Huanuco, Peru, in the British Museum of Natural
History.

uniformly dull gray brown; discal dot only slightly

apparent; hindwing uniform brown with vague brown
postmedial line followed by white shade, strongest
in anal angle; discal dot white and partially
outlined in black.

[Link] amniculata is superficially

closest to nasala, but the yellow in the discal cell
of the forewing above between the discal dot and the
antemedial line of amniculata will separate it from
nasala.

Male genitalia (figs. 709, 709a).Can be

distinguished from genitalia of caliginosa and fawna
by shape of subscaphium.

Specimen examined.1 male.

Male eighth sternite (fig. 727).

PERU.

[Link] to male, but somewhat darker and

larger.

Huanuco; Cushi, 1900 m.

Pero mitrarla (Oberthtir)

Female genitalia (fig. 1053).

Azelina mitrarla Oberthr, 1912:297.

[Link] is considerable geographical and

individual variation in this species. The
description is based on Bolivian and Peruvian
populations. The population from Tucuman,
Argentina, is smaller than that from Peru or Bolivia
and is darker and smoother appearing. The contrast
between the upper and lower halves of the median
area is not nearly as great in this Argentinean
population as in the Andean populations. The
specimens from Loja, Ecuador, are brighter and not
as darkly striate as those from Bolivia or southern
Peru. Some specimens from Amazonas, Peru (the type
locality), approach fawna in appearance. One female
from northern Peru is particularly dark. Three
specimens from "Colombie" are heavily striate with
black and are dark below, and the single specimen
from Rancho Grande, Venezuela, is very dark and
small. The one specimen from Chiriqui, Panama, is
like the Peruvian specimens, but may be mislabeled.
The shape of the subscaphium also varies slightly,
but significantly so only in the Colombian and
Venezuelan populations.

Male (fig. 295).Forewing brown to yellow brown;

basal area yellow brown, darker toward base and
inner margin; antemedial line black, contrasting;
lower half of median area dark brown, upper half
yellow brown; discal dot a white bar; postmedial
line black, crenulate; subterminal area light brown,
not concolorous with basal area; vague light band in
middle of upper half of subterminal area and dark
band in lower half following postmedial line.
Hindwing dull brown, not striate with dark brown;
postmedial line brown, followed by light band;
yellow-brown patch in anal angle following
postmedial line; outer margin lighter than remainder
of wing.
Male genitalia (figs, 708, 708a).Characterized by
shape of subscaphium.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 726).
Female. Unknown.
[Link] from a single male from "Hacienda
Cayandeled, Rio Bamba," Ecuador, in the British
Museum of Natural History.
Specimen examined.1 male, February.
ECUADOR. Not located; Hacienda Cayandeled, Prov.
Rio Bamba, versant quest Cordell, 4200 ft.

Pero perleulosarla (Oberthr), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina periculosaria Oberthr, 1883;27.
Male (fig. 296).Palpi dark brown. Legs cream
colored except for brown femora. Forewing basal
area brown, speckled with dark brown; antemedial
line black, not followed by shade; upper half of
median area light brown to brown, dark brown in
lower half; discal dot white, linear; postmedial
line black, marked with short white dashes on radial
veins; subterminal area light brown to brown with
indefinite dark red-brown shade from inner margin to
about middle of wing; subterminal area lighter along
outer margin from middle of wing to inner margin;
upper half of subterminal area gray brown, but
sometimes with some brown showing. Hindwing gray
brown with white postmedial line; red-brown spots in
fringe at ends of veins. Below forewing almost

[Link] described this species from several

males. The male with his type label and figured in
the original description is designated as the
lectotype.
[Link] is probably a common species in
certain parts of the Andes, but it is possibly rare
in Colombia and Venezuela. Pero periculosaria is
superficially similar to the next two species, but
the male genitalia are distinctive. Pero fawna is
smaller and light brown and caliginosa is dark,
uniform brown without black striations.
Specimens examined.197 males and 18 females, all
year.
VENEZUELA. Aragua; Rancho Grande [7 km.
N. Maracay], 1100 m.
COLOMBIA. Antioquia; El
Cerro, Frontino, 6000 ft.; Cauca; Popayan; Choco;
Siato, Rio Siato, Slopes of Choco, 5200 ft.;
Cundinamarca; Finca San Pablo, 3 km. N. Alban,
1800 m.; Pacho, 2200 m.; Tolima; Canon del Tolima,
2700 m.; Monte Tolima, 3200 m.; Tome; no specific
locality; Colombie. ECUADOR. Loja; El Monje, prs
Loja; Environs de Loja; Loja; apo-Pastaza; Baeza;
Sarayacu; no specific locality; Ecuador. PERU.
Amazonas; Chachapoyas; El Porvenir, 900 m.; Huambo;
River Tabaconas, 6000 ft.; Cusco; Callanca, 1500 m.;
Huanuco; Cushi, 1900 m.; Junin; Chanchamayo; Pasco;
Huancabamba, 5000-6400 ft.; Huancabamba,

89

6-10,000 ft.; Huancabamba, Nord du Prou; Oxapampa,

2000 m.; Puno: Agualanl, 9000 ft.; La Oroya,
3000-3100 ft., Rio Inambari; Oconeque, 7000 ft.;
Qulnton, 5000 ft.; Santo Domingo, 6500 ft.; Tingurl,
3400 ft.; Tinguri; Uruhuasi, 7000 ft.; not located;
Chaupe, 6100 ft.; San Martin: Huallaga; no specific
locality: Peru. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: Chapare;
Incachaca; Yungas del Palmar, 2000 m.; La Paz:
Chulumani, 2000 m.; R. Solicame, 1200 m., 67 W,
16 S; La Paz; Salampioni, 800 m.; Yunga del
Espritu Santo; Yungas la Paz; no specific locality:
Bolivia. ARGENTINA. Tucuman: Tucuman. PANAMA.
Chiriqui: Chiriqui [probably mislabeled].

distinctive appearance of the Ecuadorian specimen is

amazing, but based on the male genitalia it is
placed with this species. The uniform dark brown
forewing of caliginosa will usually distinguish it
from either fawna or periculosaria.

Pero caliginosa (Dognin), NEW COMBINATION and

NEW STATUS

Pero fawna Poole, NEW SPECIES

Meticulodes periculosaria var. caliginosa Dognin,

1913b:50.
Male (fig. 297).Forewing not striate as in
periculosaria; median area brown to dark brown,
often with slightly violet tint in basal half;
costal half of median area lighter, but not
conspicuously contrasting with lower half;
contrasting white discal dot, larger than in
periculosaria; postmedial line more even than in
periculosaria; subterminal area brown with only hint
of darker shade in lower half; apex of wing almost
uniformly dark. Hindwing as in periculosaria but
more uniform. Below as in periculosaria, but more
uniform, darker, and with discal dot of hindwing
obvious; series of white dots along postmedial line
of hindwing.
Male genitalia (figs. 710, 710a).Shapes of
subscaphium and costal fold are distinctive.
Male eighth stemite (fig. 728).

Specimens examined.^17 males and 2 females,

January, February, and August.
COLOMBIA. Tolima: Monte Tolima, 2800 m.; Monte
Tolima, 3200 m.; Paso del Quindiu, 3500 m.;
Tochesito, Quindiu, 3000 m. ; Tome. ECUADOR. Loja:
Environs de Loja.

Male (fig. 298).Forewing similar to that of

caliginosa, but smaller and soft, light brown;
median area almost uniform throughout, but slightly
darker just before lower half of postmedial line;
discal dot white, well developed; white dots on
radial veins on postmedial line well developed;
subterminal area almost uniform light brown with
only a suggestion of any variegation. Hindwing as
in caliginosa, but lighter. Below uniform brown,
particularly hindwing; hindwing with postmedial line
white, not broken into white dots as in caliginosa.
Male genitalia (figs. 711, 711a).Characterized by
shapes of subscaphium, juxta, and costal fold.
Male eighth stemite (fig. 729).
Female. unknown.
[Link]: Male, Tome, [Tolima], Colombia,
August, in British Museum of Natural History.
Paratypes: 3 males from type locality in British
Museum of Natural History; 1 male from "Colombie" in
U.S. National Museum.

[Link] to male.
Female genitalia (fig. 1054).
[Link] caliginosa is possibly a
geographically variable species, but only a few
specimens are known. The specimens from Colombia
vary in the color of the median area, from uniformly
dark brown to specimens with a brown costa as in
periculosaria. The one Ecuadorian specimen is
different and is almost uniformly orange brown with
the lower half of the median area only slightly
darker than the costal half. The tooth of the
antemedial line in the discal cell in this specimen
is not as well developed as in specimens from the
type locality. The specimen from Loja, Ecuador, is
orange brown below, not brown.
[Link] described caliginosa from two males
and one female from Tochesito, Quindiu, Colombia.
Although one of the males bears a U.S. National
Museum type label, it does not have Dognin*s type
label, which is on the second male. This second
male is designated as the lectotype.
[Link] seems to be an oddly distributed
species with one specimen known from Ecuador and all
the others from the Department of Tolima, Colombia.
It probably occurs in high localities. The

90

[Link] fawna is related to caliginosa,

but it is smaller and soft light brown, not dark
brown. It resembles some specimens of periculosaria
from Amazonas, Peru, but the genitalia are different
and will distinguish this species.
Specimens examined.5 males, August.
COLOMBIA.
Colombie.

Tolima : Tome; no specific locality:

Pero ochreicosta (Dognin), NEW COMBINATION

Meticulodes ochreicosta Dognin, 1913b:51.
Male (fig. 299).Palpi brown to dark brown. Thorax
dark brown to brown. Legs cream colored, except for
dark brown femora.
Forewing basal area yellow
brown, but striate with brown; antemedial line
black; costal half of median area yellow brown;
median area slightly darker toward postmedial line
than toward antemedial line; discal cell light from
discal dot to antemedial line; discal dot white, not
contrasting; median area from bottom of discal dot
to inner margin dark brown with few darker
striations; postmedial line black, heavier toward
inner margin; postmedial line tending to become

diffuse and to break up in area of radial veins;

subterminal area light brown to cream colored, but
with heavy brown striations forming a shade in lower
half of subterminal area at about one-third way from
postmedial line to outer margin; upper half of
subterminal area dark brown along postmedial line,
followed by light brown line; grayish shade along
outer margin. Hindwing base gray brown with
postmedial line black, but indistinct, followed by
white shade; subterminal area orange brown toward
anal angle, but becoming brown gray toward costal
margin; series of black dots along outer margin,
particularly well developed in anal angle. Below
forewing brown from base to postmedial line; dull
white contrasting discal dot; postmedial line dull
white at inner margin, becoming black toward costa;
postmedial line marked with white dashes on veins;
subterminal area brown with gray-brown shade along
outer margin in upper half, and with light brown
shade in lower half along outer margin; hindwing
yellow brown, heavily striate with dark brown scales
from base to about middle of subterminal area;
discal dot white, outlined with black, but not
contrasting with remainder of wing; postmedial line
black, followed by cream-colored shade, with short
cream-colored shades on veins. Abdomen light brown,
darker toward base.
Male genitalia (figs. 712, 712a).Characterized by
shapes of costal fold and juxta.
Male eighth stemite (fig. 730).

and costa; discal dot white and conspicuous; brown

shade preceding postmedial line, especially
conspicuous toward inner margin; postmedial line
slightly crenulate; subterminal area light brown,
bottom half finely striate with dark brown,
striations forming more or less conspicuous brown
band from middle of subterminal area to inner
margin; apex of wing light brown, with gray patch
toward middle of outer margin. Hindwing light
brown, infuscated with gray, particularly toward
base; postmedial line poorly marked; outer half of
subterminal area lighter than inner half; inner half
of subterminal area light red brown; series of black
dots along outer margin. Below light brown with
slightly grayish cast; postmedial line of hindwing
wavy, black, and conspicuous, followed by lighter
shade; subterminal area with dark brown band in it.
Abdomen light brown, darker toward base.
Male genitalia (figs. 713, 713a) .Characterized by
shapes of subscaphium and juxta.
Male eighth stemite (fig. 731).
[Link] to male.
Female genitalia (fig. 1056).
[Link] shape of the antemedial line of the
forewing above varies as well as the black scaling
that follows it. The discal dot is variable in
strength. There is little if any geographical
variation.

[Link] to male.
Female genitalia (fig. 1055).
[Link] if any.
[Link] described this species from three
males, but a male from Tochesito, Quindiu, [Tolima],
Colombia, was designated as the type. This specimen
is in the U.S. National Museum.
[Link] ochreicosta probably has a
distribution limited to the high mountains of
Colombia; all specimens available are from
elevations near 10,000 feet. Pero ochreicosta is a
distinctive species, but is probably most closely
related to periculosaria, fawna, and caliginosa.
Specimens examined.6 males and 4 females.
COLOMBIA. Tolima; Monte Tolima, 3200 m.; Monte
Tolima, 3500 m.; Paso del Quindiu, 3500 m. ;
Tochesito, Quindiu, 3000 m.

Pero cyclodaria (Felder)

Azelina cyclodaria Felder, 1873: pi. 123, fig. 16.
Meticulodes albiditata Prout, 1916:189. NEW
SYNONYMY.

[Link] cyclodaria was based on a single male

from "Venezuela" now in the British Museum of
Natural History. Prout described albiditata from a
male from "Jimenez, W. Colombia." This type is also
in the British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] species is widely distributed in
the Andes and is common in places. Its range seems
to be disjunct from that of isotenes.
Specimens examined.80 males and 16 females, all
year.
VENEZUELA. No specific locality; Venezuela.
COLOMBIA. Tolima ; Tome ; not located: Fusagasuga,
prs Bogota; Jimenez, 1600 ft.; Sierra del Libane,
6000 ft.; no specific locality; Colombia. ECUADOR.
Loja: El Monje prs Loja; Napo-Pastaza: Baeza.
PERU. Amazonas; Chachapoyas; Junin; Chanchamayo;
Pasco : Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco, 6-10,000 ft.;
Huancabamba, 5-6000 ft.; Oxapampa, 2000 m.; Puno;
Agualani, 9000 ft.; Limbani, 9500 ft.; Oconeque,
7000 ft.; R. Slucuri, 2500 ft.; Santo Domingo,
6000 ft.; Tinguri; Uruhuasi, 7000 ft.; not located;
Chaupe, 6100 ft. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba; Incachaca;
Yungas del Palmar, 3000 m.; La Paz; Yunga del
Espritu Santo.

Pero xyllnarla (Guene)

Male (fig. 300).Palpi and legs light brown.
Forewing light brown; basal area light brown flecked
with black and dark brown; tooth of antemedial line
between cubitus and anal veins followed by black
scaling; median area light brown, especially light
in middle of wing, darker toward both inner margin

Azelina xylinaria Guenee, 1857:162.

Meticulodes xylochromaria Walker, 1860b:296.
Male (fig. 301).Forewing basal area as in
cyclodaria, but darker and more heavily striate;

91

discal dot black; black shade running along cubitus

vein from discal dot to postmedial line;
crenulations of postmedial line on radial and median
veins not as pronounced as in cyclodaria;
subterminal area as in cyclodaria, but darker.
Below as in cyclodaria.
Male genitalia (figs. 714, 714a).Characterized by
shapes of uncus, juxta, and costal fold.
Male eighth sternite (figs. 732, 733).
[Link] to male.
Female genitalia (fig. 1057).
[Link] from southern Brazil are
marked with considerably more black than specimens
from the rest of South America and Central America.
The variation in the shape of the eighth abdominal
sternite of the male is considerable and
embarrassing in a group in which I have used it as a
main character. Two basic forms occur, one in
Central America and northern and western South
America (fig. 733) and another in southern Brazil
(fig. 732).
[Link] named xylinaria from a single male
from "Brsil." This specimen is in the British
Museum of Natural History. Walker based
xylochromaria on a male from Brazil, and this
specimen is in the Hope Museum, Oxford University.
Discussion.---This species is superficially similar
to cyclodaria, but can almost always be identified
by the absence of a white discal dot in the forewing
and its replacement by a black dot or line. It is
darker appearing than cyclodaria, and the striations
of the forewing are black, not brown. From the
meager data available, it would appear that
xylinaria occurs at lower elevations than
cyclodaria. It is widely distributed and is
possibly a species of secondary forest. The
southern Brazil populations are distinct in several
ways, particularly the eighth sternite of the male
abdomen, and this population could conceivably be a
separate species.
Specimens examined. -159 males and 45 females, all
year.
MEXICO. Veracruz ; Huatuxco; Jalapa; Misantla;
Orizaba. GUATEMALA. Alta Verapaz; Baleu, Municipio
San Cristobal, Verapaz; Baja Verapaz; Purulha;
Quezaltenango; Volcan Santa Maria. COSTA RICA.
Cartago: Cachi; Cartago; Irazu, 6-7000 ft.; Juan
Vinas; Orosi, 1200 m.; Tuis; Heredia; Mount Poas;
Puntarenas; Monteverde, 4600 ft.; not located;
Carreblanco. PANAMA. Chiriqui; Chiriqui; V. de
Chiriqui, 2-3000 ft. VENEZUELA. Aragua; Rancho
Grande [7 km. N. Maracay], 1100 m. ; Carabobo_; San
Esteban Valley, Las Quigas. BRAZIL. Parana;
Castro, 950 m.; Ponta Grossa; Rio Grande do Sul;
Porto Alegre; Santa Catarina; Blumenau; Iguassu,
Parana; Jaragua do Sul; Neu Bremen, Rio Laeiss; Neu
Bremen; Nova Bremen, 250 m.; Nova Teutonia,^27-11 S,
52-23 W; Nova Teutonia; "St. Catherines"; Sao Paulo;
Alto da Serra; not located; Canto Gallo.
ARGENTINA. Misiones ; Alto Parana; Iguazu Falls.
BOLIVIA. Cochabamba; Incachaca; Yunga del Espritu

92

Santo; no specific locality; Bolivia. PERU.

Amazonas ; River Tabaconas, 6000 ft.; Junin;
Chanchamayo, 1000 m.; Chanchamayo, La Merced; Pasco;
Huancabamba, 3000 ft.; Piura; Quiroz [Quiros?];
Puno; La Oroya, R. Inambari, 3100 ft.; Santo
Domingo, 6000 ft.; not located; R. Colorado,
2500 ft. ECUADOR. Bolivar; Balzapamba; Esmeraldas ;
S. Domingo de los Colorados; Imbabura; Paramba.
COLOMBIA. Boyaca; Muzo, 400-800 m.; Cauca; Juntas;
Cundinamarca; Finca San Pablo, 3 km. N. Alban,
1800 m.; Pacho, 2200 m.

Pero isotenes Prout

Pero isotenes Prout, 1928;66.
Male (fig. 302).Forewing darker than that of
cyclodaria; basal area light brown, almost cream
colored on upper half; dark brown line or indefinite
blotch in lower half of basal area; antemedial line
with large tooth projecting into discal cell, and
other just below cubital veins; median area light
brown; discal dot white, vaguely outlined with
black; black flecking around discal dot in discal
cell; dark brown to black shade preceding postmedial
line from inner margin to Cui; subterminal area
light brown with fine striations and darker shade
from inner margin to Mi at about one-third way
from postmedial line to outer margin; outer margin
darker than remainder of subterminal area except at
apex; apex of wing light except for dark veins.
Hindwing as in cyclodaria, but darker and with teeth
of outer margin more pronounced. Below forewing
light brown, heavily suffused with gray brown from
base to postmedial line; discal dot white,
conspicuous; postmedial line black, contrasting with
remainder of wing; subterminal area light brown, but
darker than forewing; postmedial line heavy, black;
discal dot white, partially outlined in black.
Male genitalia (figs. 715, 715a) .Characterized by
shapes of subscaphium and costal fold of valve.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 734).
[Link] to male, but perhaps not as strongly
marked.
Female genitalia (fig. 1058).
[Link] is little, if any, variation
although some specimens are slightly more mottled
appearing than others.
[Link] from several males, but Prout
stated that the type is one of two males from Tome,
Colombia. The male from this locality bearing
Prout's type label is designated as the lectotype,
and is in the British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] isotenes resembles cyclodaria but
is smaller and darker.
Specimens examined. - -21 males and 4 females.
August-November.
VENEZUELA, Aragua; Rancho Grande [7 km.
N. Maracay], 1100 m.; Merida; Merida, 1630 m.;
Merida. COLOMBIA.
Cundinamarca; Finca San Pablo,

3 km. N. Alban, 1800 m.; Pacho, 2200 m.; Tollma;

Canon del Tollma, 2500 m.; Canon del Tollma; Rio
Taches, Quindiu, 2400 m.; Tochesito, Quindiu,
3000 m.; Tome; not located; Sierra del Li bane,
6000 ft.

denticulata Species Complex

The denticulata species complex is one of the
largest and taxonomically most difficult in Pero.
Although the complex has a distinctive appearance,
all the species except ravida are similar, often
identical. I have found that within a locality,
given the series, the species can be distinguished;
however for positive identification the male
genitalia must be used. I have not been able to
construct a key based on superficial appearance.
Females are known only for a few of the species,
although I have seen a few females that I have not
been able to associate with males.
The complex is found almost entirely in the Andes,
although two species have been taken in southern
Central America and one in the northern cordillera
of Venezuela.

[Link]; Male, La Oroya, 3100 ft., Peru,

Nov. and Dec. 1905, G. Ockenden, in Cornell
University collection. Allotype: Female, Bolivia,
probably from Incachaca, Cochabamba, in U.S.
National Museum. Paratypes: 38 males in British
Museum of Natural History from type locality;
2 males from type locality in Cornell University
collection.
[Link] is one of the commonest members of
the complex, and it is apparently common in parts of
southern Peru.
Specimens examined.91 males and 2 females, all
year.
BOLIVIA. Cochabamba; Incachaca; Yunga del Espritu
Santo; La Paz; Rio Songo, 750 m.; no specific
locality; Bolivia. PERU. Pasco; Huancabamba, Cerro
de Pasco, 6-10,000 ft.; Huancabamba; Puno;
Chirimayo, 1000 ft.; La Oroya, R. Inambari,
3100 ft.; La Union, R. Huacamayo, Carabaya;
Oconeque, Carabaya, 7000 ft.; R. Inambari, 6000 ft.;
R. Slucuri, 2500 ft.; Santo Domingo, 6000 ft.; San
Gabon, 2500 ft.; Tinguri, 3400 ft.; Uruhuasi,
7000 ft.; not located; Chaupe, 6100 ft. ECUADOR.
Loja; Environs de Loja; Tungurahua; Hacienda la
Mascota, Rio Topo, 4500 ft.; Huigra, 4000 ft.

Pero pretensa Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 303).^Antennae slightly serrate. Palpi
brown, outer edge cream colored. Legs cream colored
streaked with brown. Forewing basal area brown,
lighter along antemedial line toward costa;
antemedial line shaded on outside with brown toward
costa; median area brown, lighter toward costa;
discal dot double, usually consisting of upper white
line and lower spot; outer one-fourth of median area
darker than inner three-fourths; postmedial line
very faintly edged outwardly with light band;
subterminal area brown, striate with dark brown;
light streak in subterminal area from outer angle to
near middle of postmedial line and another more
vague one from middle of outer margin to beginning
of postmedial line on costa. Hindwing dull brown;
postmedial line a white, slightly dentate light
band; no light patch in anal angle. Below brown;
conspicuous white patch in lower half of subterminal
area of forewing; postmedial lines of forewing and
hindwing cream colored; discal dot of hindwing
black, large, divided into quarters; subterminal
area of hindwing slightly darker along postmedial
line.
Male genitalia (figs. 735, 735a).Shapes of
subscaphium and costal fold are characteristic.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 750).
[Link] to male.

Pero supposa Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 304).Forewing almost identical with
that of pretensa, but slightly darker; light bands
in subterminal area not as strong as in pretensa.
Male genitalia (figs. 736, 736a) .Shapes of juxta,
subscaphium, and costal fold will identify this
species.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 751).
Female. Unknown.
[Link] male from Canon del Tollma, Tollma,
Colombia, is uniform appearing and has the
postmedial line more waved than in the type. The
size of the discal dot of the forewing above also
varies from individual to individual.
[Link]; Male, Pacho, Cundinamarca,
Colombia, 2200 meters, Fassl, in British Museum of
Natural History. Paratypes; 2 males from Canon del
Tollma, Colombia, in British Museum of Natural
History; 2 males from Monte Tollma, Colombia,
2700 m., also in British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] is a single female from Pacho,
Colombia, that may be the female of this species,
but some slight differences superficially have kept
me from including it with supposa.

Female genitalia (fig. 1059).

Specimens examined.5 males, December and February.
[Link] specimens from Chaupe, Peru, are
darker and smaller than individuals from southern
Peru. The specimens from Loja, Ecuador, may be
lighter than those from the type locality, but it is
difficult to tell because they are in poor condition.

COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca; Pacho, 2200 m.; Tollma;

Canon del Tollma, 1700 m.; Monte Tolima, 2700 m.

93

Pero dentlculata (Butler), NEW COMBINATION

Male eighth sternite (fig. 753).

Azelina denticulata Butler, 1881:42.

[Link].

Male (fig. 305).Forewing similar to that of

pretensa; basal area light brown, flecked with
black-brown scales; median area lighter than in
pretensa, flecked with black brown toward costa;
subterminal area light brown, with two distinct
light bands; distinct dark patch usually present
between two light bands, also sometimes following
middle of postmedial line. Hindwing subterminal
area light brown in anal angle and outer half from
middle of outer margin to costa. Below light brown,
veins sometimes accented with cream color, but
otherwise as in pretensa.

[Link] male from Amazonas, Peru, is smaller

and lighter than those from Tolima, Colombia, and
the base of the basal area is not as heavily striate
with black. The specimen from Antioquia, Colombia,
is a richer brown than those from Tolima. The
costal fold and subscaphium of the male genitalia
both show considerable variation, the limits of
which are difficult to define because there are so
few specimens. This variation is shown in figures
738-740.

Male genitalia (figs. 737, 737a).Characterized by

shapes of subscaphium, aedeagus, and juxta.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 752).
Female. Unknown.
[Link] specimens vary in the intensity of
the two light lines in the subterminal area of the
forewing above; this does not seem to be
geographical but individual variation.

[Link]: Male, Canon del Tolima, 1700 m.,

Tolima, Colombia, Fassl, December, in British Museum
of Natural History. Paratype: 1 male from type
locality in U.S. National Museum.
Discussion.I have not included any specimens from
outside the type locality in the type series because
of the variation in the male genitalia and the
possibility of more than one species. Pero
ministrella occurs in the same area as spada, but it
is smaller and slightly duller than that species.
Specimens examined.4 males, December.

[Link] described denticulata from two males

from "Ecuador." The male with Butler's type label
is designated as the lectotype and is in the British
Museum of Natural History.

PERU. Amazonas : Chachapoyas.

COLOMBIA. Antioquia;
Mesopotamia, 5000 ft.; Tolima: Canon del Tolima,
1700 m.

Discussion.I have seen two females from Colombia

that are probably the females of this species, but
since they are not associated with males, I have not
included them. Although this species and pretensa
are similar superficially, denticulata is
consistently lighter than pretensa and is heavily
flecked with black brown, particularly in the
subterminal area of the forewing above. Pero
denticulata is widespread, but has not been taken
commonly anywhere.

Pero cama Poole, NEW SPECIES

Specimens examined.28 males, all year.

BOLIVIA. Cochabamba; Incachaca; Yunga del Espritu
Santo; La Paz: Rio Songo, 750 m. PERU. Huanuco:
Pozuzo; Puno: Agualani, 9000 ft.; Chirimayo,
1000 ft.; La Oroya, R. Inambari, 3100 ft.; La Union,
R. Huacamayo, 2000 ft.; R. Huacamayo, 3100 ft.;
Santo Domingo, 6000 ft.; Tinguri, 3400 ft.
ECUADOR. Napo-Pastaza: Baeza; Tungurahua: Rio Topo,
1200 m. COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Frontino; Cauca:
Popayan; not located: Santo Antonio, W. Colombia,
5800 ft.; no specific locality: Colombie.

Pero ministrella Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 306).Forewing similar to that of
pretensa, but subterminal area strongly striate with
black brown; each of two light bands in subterminal
area shaded on upper part with black brown.
Male genitalia (figs. 738, 738a, 739, 740).Shapes
of costal fold, subscaphium, and juxta will identify
this species.

94

Male (fig. 307).Forewing similar to that of

pretensa; antemedial line much more even than in any
other species of complex; projections of antemedial
line into median area small; subterminal area duller
and more heavily striate with black than in
pretensa. Below lighter than in pretensa; inner
half of subterminal area of both forewing and
hindwing darker than outer half, much more so than
in pretensa ; white blotch in lower half of
subterminal area of forewing, not contrasting.
Male genitalia (figs. 741, 741a).Shapes of juxta
and subscaphium characterize this species.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 754).
[Link].
[Link]; Male, La Union, R. Huacamayo,
Carabaya, [Puno], Peru, 2000 ft., Nov., G. Ockenden,
in British Museum of Natural History. Paratypes:
1 male, Yahuarmayo, [Puno], Peru, 1200 ft., in
Cornell University collection; 1 male, Quincemil,
Cusco, Peru, 2400 ft., in American Museum of Natural
History; 1 male from Rio Songo, [La Paz], Bolivia,
750 m., in U.S. National Museum.
[Link] is the smallest member of the
complex. The short projections of the antemedial
line of the forewing above are characteristic.
Specimens examined. -4 males, April-May, September,
and December.

BOLIVIA. La Paz : Rio Songo, 750 m. PERU. Cusco;

Quincemil, 2400 ft.; Puno; La Union, R. Huacamayo,
2000 ft.; Yahuarmayo, 1200 ft.

Pero spada Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 308).Forewing almost identical with
that of pretensa, but slightly larger and more
heavily flecked with black brown, particularly
subterminal area. Postmedial line of hindwing
stronger than in pretensa.
Male genitalia (figs. 742, 742a).Shape of costal
fold is characteristic.

[Link] described ramulata from three

males, one from Cushi, Peru, and two males from
Huancabamba, Peru. The male from Cushi is
designated as the lectotype. I have not seen the
type, but it is probably in the Schenkenberg Museum,
Frankfurt, Germany.
[Link] the exception of ravida, this is
the largest and probably the most geographically
variable species in the complex. The description of
ramulata fits this species well, and Prout
determined specimens in the British Museum of
Natural History as this species after having seen
the types.
Specimens examined.33 males, all year.

Male eighth sternite (fig. 755).

[Link].
[Link] is a slight variation in the
darkness of the wing as well as in size.
[Link]; Male, Monte Socorro, 3400-3800
meters, [Tolima], Colombia, in U.S. National
Museum. Paratypes; 1 male from type locality in
U.S. National Museum; 3 males from Monte Tolima,
3200 m., [Tolima], Colombia, in British Museum of
Natural History.

BOLIVIA. Cochabamba; Incachaca; Yunga del Espritu

Santo; no specific locality; Bolivia. PERU.
Huanuco; Cushi, 1900 m.; Junin; Chanchamayo, La
Merced; Pasco ; Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco,
6-10,000 ft.; Huancabamba, 6800 ft.; Huancabamba;
Puno; Agualani, 9000 ft.; Oconeque; Tinguri; not
located; Uruyacu, 5000 ft.

Pero absenta Poole, NEW SPECIES

Specimens examined.6 males, January.

Male (fig. 311).Forewing projections of antemedial

line much smaller than in pretensa, almost as small
as in cama; antemedial line slightly accented with
black; discal dot larger than in pretensa ;
postmedial line more strongly waved than in
pretensa ; subterminal area with two light bands
accented with dark brown above; overall coloration
with slight yellow to olive tint.

COLOMBIA. Tolima; Monte Socorro, 3400-3800 m.;

Monte Tolima, 3200 m.; Paso del Quindiu, 3500 m.

Male genitalia (figs. 745, 745a).Shapes of uncus,

juxta, and subscaphium characterize species.

[Link] species may occur with

ministrella, but possibly at higher elevations.
These two species are similar, but spada is larger
and not as heavily striate with dark brown.

Male eighth sternite (fig. 759).

Pero ramulata Bastelberger
Female. Iftiknown.
Pero ramulata Bastelberger, 1908:87.
[Link] specimens are darker than others.
Male (figs. 309, 310).Forewing similar to that of
pretensa, but larger and lighter; two projections of
antemedial line usually not as strongly developed as
in pretensa
Male genitalia (figs. 743, 743a, 744).Characterized
by shapes of costal fold, juxta, and aedeagus.
Male eighth sternite (figs. 756-758).
[Link].
[Link] is a great deal of geographical
variation in ramulata. The population found in
Cochabamba, Bolivia, has the median area of the
forewing above almost concolorous with the
subterminal and basal areas, and the striations in
the subterminal area are thicker than in the other
populations. The population from Agualani, Peru, is
the lightest I have seen. A single male from
Uruyacu, Peru, is very heavily striate with black in
the subterminal area. In the male genitalia there
is variation in both the aedeagus and the thickness
of the gnathos (figs. 743-744).

[Link]; Male, Tinguri, Carabaya, 3400 ft.,

[Puno], Peru, August 1904, G. Ockenden, in British
Museum of Natural History. Paratypes; 7 males from
La Oroya, [Puno], Peru, 3000 ft., in British Museum
of Natural History; 3 males from San Gabon, [Puno],
Peru, in British Museum of Natural History; 2 males
from type locality in British Museum of Natural
History.
[Link] is one of the more distinctive
species of the complex.
Specimens examined.13 males, all year.
PERU. Puno; La Oroya, R. Inambari, 3000 ft.; San
Gabon, 2500 ft.; Tinguri, 3400 ft.

Pero lvera Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 312).Forewing almost identical with
that of pretensa, but slightly duller and not as
strongly marked.

95

Male genitalia (figs. 746, 746a).Projection of

transtilla is characteristic of this species.

Male eighth stemite (fig. 763).

[Link] to male.

Male eighth stemite (fig. 760).

Female genitalia (fig. 1061).
Female. Unknown.
[Link] Colombian specimens are larger than
those from Rancho Grande, Venezuela.
[Link]: Male, Ob. Rio Negro, 800 m.,
Vaupes, Colombia, Fassl, in British Museum of
Natural History.
[Link] odd process of the transtilla is
characteristic of this species.

[Link]; Male, Orosi, 1200 m., [Cartago],

Costa Rica, Fassl, in British Museum of Natural
History. Allotype; Female, Irazu, 6-7000 ft.,
[Cartago], Costa Rica, in British Museum of Natural
History. Paratype; 1 female from type locality in
British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] is the only species of the complex
known from Costa Rica.
Specimens examined.1 male and 2 females.

Specimens examined.5 males, June and September.

COLOMBIA. Choco; Siato, Rio Siato, 5200 ft.;
Vaupes; Ob. Rio Negro, 800 m. VENEZUELA. Aragua;
Rancho Grande [7 km. N. Maracay], 1100 m.

COSTA RICA.
6-7000 ft.

Cartago; Orosi, 1200 m.; Irazu,

Pero ravlda Warren

Pero strapa Poole, NEW SPECIES

Pero ravida Warren, 1905b;376.

Male (fig. 313).Forewing almost identical with

that of pretensa, but slightly lighter and more
heavily striate with black brown.

Male (fig. 315).^Antennae serrate, shaft cream

colored. Legs with femora brown, tibiae and tarsi
cream colored. Forewing dark brown; basal area
brown, heavily suffused with dark brown, slightly
lighter along antemedial line toward costa; median
area dark brown, outer third darker than inner
two-thirds; discal dot a white vertical line,
usually slightly angulate; subterminal area light
brown to brown, heavily striate with black brown.
Hindwing brown, darker toward base and inner margin;
postmedial line a brown line followed by light band;
inner half of subterminal area more strongly striate
than outer half. Below brown; discal dot of
forewing a white band with black line in it;
postmedial line of forewing dark; discal dot of
hindwing a black spot in white area, divided into
quarters; black patch in anal angle.

Male genitalia (figs. 747, 747a).Shape of

subscaphium and hook at end of aedeagus are both
characteristic.
Male eighth stemite (figs. 761, 762).
[Link] to male.
Female genitalia (fig. 1060).
[Link] specimens are slightly darker and
more heavily striate with black brown above.
[Link]; Male, Balzapamba, Bolivar,
Ecuador, M. de Mathan, in British Museum of Natural
History. Allotype; Female from type locality in
British Museum of Natural History. Paratypes;
3 males from type locality in British Museum of
Natural History; 1 male from Tingo Maria, Huanuco,
Peru, in U.S. National Museum.
[Link] species appears superficially to
be a cross between pretensa and denticulata. It is
one of the more widespread species in the complex
but does not appear to be common.
Specimens examined.8 males and 1 female, January.
PERU. Huanuco; Tingo Maria. ECUADOR. Bolivar;
Balzapamba. COLOMBIA. No specific locality;
Colombia. PANAMA. Chiriqui; Chiriqui.

Male genitalia (figs. 749, 749a).

subscaphium is characteristic.

-Shape of

Male eighth stemite and tergite (figs. 764, 765).

Female (fig. 316).Similar to male, but lighter
brown.
Female genitalia (fig. 1062).
Type.^Warren described ravida from two males and
two females from Limbani, Carabaya, [Puno], Peru.
The male with Warren's type label in the British
Museum of Natural History is designated as the
lectotype.
[Link] is the most distinctive species of
the denticulata complex and perhaps should not be
included in it.

Pero roseta Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 314).--Forewing almost identical with
that of pretensa, but slightly lighter.
Male genitalia (figs. 748, 748a).Shape of uncus
will identify this species.

96

Specimens examined.25 males and 5 females, all

year.
BOLIVIA.
Cochabamba; Incachaca. PERU. Puno;
Agualani, Carabaya, 9000 ft.; La Oroya, Carabaya,

into four parts; postmedial line dull yellow and

waved; slightly darker brown shade following
postmedial line. Abdomen with hair pencils of male
genitalia white and conspicuous when extended.

3000 ft.: Limbani, Carabaya, 9500 ft.; Oconeque,

7000 ft.

odonarla Species Complex

Male genitalia (figs. 766, 766a).Characterized by
shapes of subscaphium, uncus, and aedeagus.
This complex consists of four superficially similar
species, but they are easily separated by the male
and female genitalia. Two speciesogmopoea and
caustomerisoccur only in the Andes, but the other
twoodonaria and derechaare more widely
distributed throughout tropical America. Although
the two latter species are widespread, the
distribution of all four is spotty, and only
caustomeris appears to be common where found.
Pero odonaria, ogmopoea, and derecha are probably
closely related, but caustomeris is more removed.
There is little or no sexual dimorphism. A key to
males of the four species based on superficial
appearance follows. It should apply to females as
well.
1.

Whiter above; forewing with projection

of antemedial line into cell thin and
rounded at tip; inner margin of hindwing above conspicuously white; series
of diffuse white spots along outer
margin of hindwing above
caustomeris
Not as white above; forewing with projection of antemedial line into cell
broader and usually truncate; inner
margin of hindwing above darker; at
most a white line along outer margin
of hindwing above

2.

ogmopoea

3.

[Link] to male.
Female genitalia (fig. 1063).
[Link] and geographical variations
appear to be slight.
[Link] from a single male from "Nouvelle
GrenadeVouyagede Bogota a Buenaventura" in
British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] species appears to be widespread in
Central and South America, but is never common.
Although it and derecha are usually distinct because
of the incurving of the postmedial line on the costa
of the forewing above in this species, in Ecuador
the two are similar and the male genitalia must be
examined. This can usually be done by brushing away
the scales from the end of the male abdomen and
looking for the characteristic uncus of derecha.
Specimens examined. -83 males and 9 females, all
year.

Postmedial line of hindwing below even

Postmedial line of hindwing below wavy

Male eighth sternite (fig. 766b).

Postmedial line of forewing above curved

inward at costa
odonaria
Postmedial line of forewing above meeting costa at right angles
derecha

Pero odonaria (Oberthr)

Azelina odonaria Oberthr, 1883:26.
Male (fig. 317).Legs dull cream colored, spotted
with smoky black. Forewing brown to dark brown,
depending on age of specimen, lighter toward costa;
basal area brown in basal half and pearly gray in
outer half along postmedial line; projection of
antemedial line into cell followed by black shade,
usually truncated; discal dot white; postmedial line
incurved at costa, scalloped with white on veins;
center of subterminal area with pearly white shade.
Hindwing dark gray or brown gray, white toward inner
margin; postmedial line white and followed by white
shade and line in anal angle; fringe preceded by
white line; fringe brown. Below forewing with
series of large dull black spots along top half of
outer margin; discal dot large and white; hindwing
light brown with large, black discal dots subdivided

MEXICO. Qaxaca; Puerto Elegi, Municipio

Comaltepec, 2296 ft.
COSTA RICA. Cartago; Juan
Vinas; Tuis. VENEZUELA. Aragua; Rancho Grande
[7 km. N. Maracay], 1100 m.; Carabobo: San Esteban
Valley, Las Quigas; Yaracuy; Aroa. BRAZIL. Minas
Gerais: Minas Geraes; Parana: Castro; Parana; Rio de
Janeiro : Campo Bello; Itatiaya; Petropolis; Rio
Janeiro; Proc. Rio; Teresopolis; Rio Grande do Sul:
Guarani; Santa Catarina: Blumenau; Hills between
Hansa and Jaragua, 400 m.; Jaragua do Sul;
Joinville; Rio Vermelho; Sao Paulo: Alto da Serra,
Santos, 800 m.; Alto da Serra; Sao Paulo; Serra do
Mar; S. de Cubotao. PERU. Huanuco: Tingo Maria;
Puno: La Union, R. Huacamayo, 2000 ft.; Yahuarmayo,
1200 ft.; not located: Pumayaca. ECUADOR. Bolivar:
La Chima, Los Rios; Chimborazo: Chimbo, 1000 ft.
COLOMBIA. Boyaca: Muzo, R. Cantinero, 400 m.;
Magdalena: Onca, St. Marta; Valle del Cauca:
R. Dagua; Vaups: Ob. Rio Negro, 800 m.; no specific
locality: Bogota to Quernavaca; Colombia.

Pero ogmopoea Prout

Pero ogmopoea Prout, 1928:63.
Male (fig. 318).Similar to odonaria and derecha.
Forewing less flecked with dark brown; discal dot
less developed and tending to break up into two
dots. Hindwing postmedial line more strongly
developed than in either odonaria or derecha. Below
postmedial line of hindwing even, not waved as in
either odonaria or derecha.
Male genitalia (figs. 767, 767a).Characterized by
shapes of subscaphium and aedeagus.

97

Male eighth sternlte (fig. 767b).

specimens available seem to indicate that, although

widespread, it is rarely common.

[Link] to male.
Female genitalia (fig. 1064).
[Link] by Prout from a single male from La
Union, [Puno], Peru, in British Museum of Natural
History.
[Link] ogmopoea is considerably more rare
than either odonaria or derecha, and occurs almost
exclusively in the Andes.
It can always be easily
separated from the other three species in the
odonaria complex by the even postmedial line of the
lower side of the hindwing.
Specimens examined.9 males and 3 females, July,
November, and December.
VENEZUELA. Aragua; Rancho Grande [7 km.
N. Maracay], 1100 m. COLOMBIA. Boyaca; Medina,
500 m.; Cundinamarca; Pacho, 2200 m. ECUADOR.
Loja; Environs de Loja. PERU. Amazonas; Rentema
Falls, Upper Maranon, 1000 ft.; Huanuco; Tingo
Maria; Pasco; Oxapampa, 6400 ft.; Puno; La Union,
R. Huacamayo, 2000 ft.; S. Domingo, 6500 ft.
BOLIVIA. Cochabamba; Incachaca.

Pero derecha Pode, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 319).Forewing similar to that of
odonaria, but postmedial line joining costa at right
angle, not incurved as in odonaria; coloration
yellow brown, not brown, appearing slightly lighter
than in odonaria.
Male genitalia (figs. 768, 768a).Everything about
the male genitalia is distinctive.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 768b).
[Link] to male.
Female genitalia (fig. 1065).
[Link] specimens from Balzapamba, Bolivar,
Ecuador, are considerably darker than the other
populations, and they also have the postmedial line
of the forewing slightly incurved and could possibly
be confused with odonaria.

Specimens examined.58 males and 17 females, all

year.
MEXICO. Chiapas; La Granja; Oaxaca; Vista Hermosa,
Municipio Comaltepec, 4650 ft.; Veracruz ; Jalapa;
Misantla; Orizaba. GUATEMALA. Baja Verapaz;
Purulha; Quezaltenango; Volcan Santa Maria.
COSTA
RICA.
Cartago; Irazu, 6-7000 ft.; Orosi, 1200 m.;
San Jose; Heredia; Mount Poas; Puntarenas;
Monteverde, 4600 ft. PANAMA. Chiriqui; Volcan de
Chiriqui. VENEZUELA. Aragua; Rancho Grande [7 km.
N. Maracay], 1100 m.
COLOMBIA. Vaupes; Ob. Rio
Negro, 800 m. ECUADOR. Bolivar; Balzapamba;
Chimborazo; Dos Puentes, 1700 ft.; no specific
locality; Ecuador. PERU. Huanuco; Tingo Maria;
Junin; Chanchamayo; Puno; Agualani, 9000 ft.; La
Oroya, R. Inambari, 3100 ft.; La Union,
R. Huacamayo, 2000 ft.; San Gabon, 2500 ft.; Santo
Domingo, 6500 ft. BOLIVIA. La Paz : Rio Songo,
750 m.; Yungas de la Paz.

Pero caustomeris Prout

Pero caustomeris Prout, 1928;62.
Maie (fig. 320).Forewing larger, with greater
amount of white than in other three members of
complex; projection of antemedial line into cell
narrower, with black projecting considerably beyond
tip; postmedial line meeting costa at right angle;
white shade in subterminal area large and
conspicuous. Hindwing dull gray brown with much
white, particularly along inner margin, in upper
half of outer margin, and in anal angle; white
scaling along outer margin in form of series of
obscure white blotches; postmedial line white and
well defined. Below dark spots of terminal area of
forewing poorly defined; hindwing brown, heavily
striate with yellow and with conspicuous white shade
in anal angle.
Male genitalia (figs, 769, 769a).Characterized by
spatulate uncus.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 769b).
[Link] to male.
Female genitalia (fig. 1066).

[Link]; Male, Rancho Grande [7 km.

N. Maracay], Aragua, Venezuela, 1100 m., August 25,
1967, R.W. Poole, in U.S. National Museum.
Allotype; Female from type locality in U.S. National
Museum. Paratypes; 1 male and 1 female from type
locality in each of following collections; American
Museum of Natural History, British Museum of Natural
History, Cornell University, Museum of Comparative
Zoology; 5 males in Universidad Central de
Venezuela; 11 males in U.S. National Museum.
[Link] species occurs sympatrically with
odonaria in many places. I have seen no specimens
from Brazil, and it evidently has followed the Andes
in its distribution, although it has managed to move
into the northern cordillera of Venezuela. It was
common at Rancho Grande, Venezuela, but the

98

[Link] Colombian specimens, particularly

from northern Colombia, are darker than the Peruvian
ones, and are sometimes easily confused with
odonaria from these areas. However, the wide
subterminal band of the forewing above in
caustomeris will almost always identify it.
[Link] described caustomeris from a series of
males from La Oroya, [Puno], Peru. The male with
Prout*s type label in the British Museum of Natural
History is designated as the lectotype.
[Link] caustomeris is found in the Andes
and, although spottily distributed, is probably
common where found.

specimens examined. -141 males and 2 females, all

year.

Female genitalia (flg. 1067).Peculiar thumblike

structure at opening of ostium is characteristic.

COLOMBIA. Antioquia; El Cerro, Frontino, 6000 ft.;

Frontino; Cundinamarca; Pacho, 2200 m.; Tollma;
Canon del Tollma, 2700 m.; Monte Tollma, 3200 m.;
Monte Tollma; Paso del Quindiu, 3500 m.; Vaupes; Ob.
Rio Negro, 800 m.; no specific locality; Colombia.
ECUADOR. Tungurahua; La Victoria, Rio Pastaza,
3500 ft. PERU. Cusco: Caradoc, Marcapata,
4000 ft.; Coosnipata, Paucartambo; Huanuco; Cushi,
1900 m.; Pasco; Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco,
6-10,000 ft.; Puno; Chlrimayo, 1000 ft.;" Chaquimayo,
25-3000 ft.; La Oroya, 3100 ft.; Oconeque, 7000 ft.;
Rio Huacamayo, 3100 ft.; R. Inambari, 6000 ft.;
R. Slucuri, 2500 ft.; San Gabon, 2500 ft.; Santo
Domingo, 6000 ft.; Tinguri, 3400 ft.; Yahuarmayo,
1200 ft.; not located; Chaupe, 6100 ft.; no specific
locality; Peru. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba; Incachaca;
Yunga del Espritu Santo; la Paz; Corvico
[Coroico?], 1800 m.; Rio Songo, 750 m.; no specific
locality; Bolivia.

[Link] intensity of the yellow patch

preceding the postmedial line of the forewing is
variable within a population and varies from
strongly developed to almost absent. Specimens from
the Andes are larger, and the patch of the forewing
is more yellow and more prominent than in specimens
from Central America or Venezuela.

OlOUP 11
This group contains only one species, but the ostium
of the female genitalia is so distinctive I have
considered the species of group status. The male
genitalia, although similar to genitalia of the
following first few groups, are distinct from all of
them. The spiny costa, the shape of the
subscaphium, the vesica of the aedeagus, and the
shape of the juxta are all distinctive.

Pero lindigi (Felder and Rogenhofer), NEW

COMBINATION
Azelina lindigi Felder and Rogenhofer, 1873; pi.
123, fig. 20.
Azelina indlstincta Warren, 1900;210. NEW SYNONYMY.
Pero curvistigma Dognin, 1912;151. NEW SYNONYMY.
Male (fig. 321).Palpi dark brown. Legs dark
brown, tips of tibiae cream colored, Forewing
almost unicolorous, median area not darker than
either basal or subterminal areas; top of basal area
along subterminal line slightly lighter; discal dot
an angulate white line; median area often with
orangish to yellowish patch in angulation between
radial and median veins, sometimes also between
Cu2 and 2A; darker brown line preceding postmedial
line in median area; subterminal area almost
uniform, but with one or two slightly darker bands;
vague series of dots along outer margin. Hindwing
brown with dark postmedial line, otherwise uniform.
Below brown with slightly purplish tint; discal dot
of hindwing black; postmedial line of hindwing
shaded with cream color toward anal angle.
Male genitalia (figs. 770, 770a).- -Everything about
genitalia is characteristic.
Female (fig. 322).Forewing lighter brown than in
male; veins of forewing clearly outlined in dark
brown; yellowish patch along postmedial line
missing; subterminal area striate with many fine
brown lines. Below lighter than in male.

[Link] lindigi was described from a single

male (not female as in the description) from
Bogota. Warren described indlstincta from two males
and a female from Popayan, Colombia, and the male
with his type label is designated as the lectotype.
Both of these types are in the British Museum of
Natural History. Dognin described curvistigma from
a single female from "Rio Toche, Quindin, Colombie,"
in U.S. National Museum.
[Link] lindigi probably occurs at high
altitudes.
Specimens examined. 87 males and 12 females, all
year.
COSTA RICA. Cartago; Juan Vinas; Irazu, 6-7000 ft.
Orosi, 1200 m.; Tuls, 5800 ft. PANAMA. Chiriqui;
Chiriqui. VENEZUELA. Aragua; Rancho Grande [7 km.
COLOMBIA. Boyaca; Muzo,
N. Maracay], 1100 m.
Cauca; Popayan; Tome; Choco;
R. Cantinero, 400 m
Siato, Rio Siato, Slopes of Choco, 5200 ft.
Cundinamarca; Bogota; Finca San Pablo, 3 km.
N. Alban, 1800 m.; Pacho, 2200 m.; Tollma; Rio
Toche, Quindin, 2400 m.; Vaupes; Ob. Rio Negro,
800 m.; not located; Sierra de Libane, 6000 ft.; no
specific locality; Colombie. ECUADOR. Bolivar;
Balzapamba; Chlmborazo; Pallatanga, 4400 ft.; not
located; Hacienda Cayandeled, Rio Bamba, 4200 ft.;
Napo-Pastaza; Baeza. PERU. Amazonas; Rio
Tabaconas, 6000 ft. Huanuco; Cushi, 1900 m.;
Pozuzo, 800-1000 m. Junin; Chanchamayo; Pasco;
Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco, 6-10,000 ft.;
Huancabamba, 5-6000 ft.; Oxapampa, 6400 ft.; Piura;
Huancabamba; Puno; Oconeque, 7000 ft.; Santo
Domingo, 6000 ft.; Uruhuasi, 7000 ft.; San Martin;
Huallaga; no specific locality; Peru. BOLIVIA. La
Paz; Corvico [Coroico?], 1800 m.; no specific
locality; Bolivia.

GROUP 12
The species of group 12 are characterized by the
structure of the valve of the male genitalia (fig.
771), particularly the basal position of the median
process. The juxta, subscaphium, and eighth
sternite of the male abdomen are often modified.
The ostium of the female genitalia usually has some
kind of inner lip and is often covered by a flap of
the sternite below it.
The species in group 12 are almost all found in the
Andes, although there are a few exceptions.

99

Pero parambensis Dognin

parambensis has been collected mostly in montane

forest.

Pero parambensis Dognin, 1907:22.

Male (fig. 323).Palpi brown, outer edge and tip of
third palpal segment light cream colored. Legs
light cream colored, contrasting with body.
Forewing basal area brown, heavily overlain with
dark gray scales, appearing dark gray; antemedial
line shaded with black; median area dark gray;
brownish streak in cell from discal dot to
antemedial line; discal dot white, sometimes with
black dot in it; median area black along postmedial
line, black widest near inner margin, but narrowing
strongly toward costa; subterminal area yellow
brown, variegated with dark and light areas; apex
concolorous with median area; series of black dots
along outer margin. Hindwing dark black gray;
yellow-brown band in anal angle along postmedial
line; series of black dots along outer margin.
Below black gray; white blotch in lower half of
forewing; upper half of forewing with red-brown
blotch; discal dot white; postmedial line of
hindwing white and highly waved, contrasting in anal
angle, but otherwise diffuse; entire hindwing
speckled with white.
Male genitalia (figs. 771, 771a).Shape of
subscaphium is characteristic.

Specimens examined. -59 males and 16 females.

March-October.
MEXICO. Veracruz; Jalapa. COSTA RICA. Cartago;
Cachi; Juan Vinas; Tuis, 2400 ft.; Tuis; not
located; Careblanco de Sarapiqui. PANAMA.
Chiriqui; Chiriqui; not located; Lino, 800 m.
VENEZUELA. Aragua; Rancho Grande [7 km. N.
Maracay], 1100 m. BRAZIL. Parana; Castro, 950 m.;
Rio de Janeiro ; Petropolis; Rio de Janeiro; Santa
Catarina; Blumenau; Hansa Humboldt, 60 m.; Nova
Bremen, 250 m.; Rio Vermelho, 850 m.; Joinville.
BOLIVIA. Cochabamba; Incachaca. PERU. Junin;
Chanchamayo; La Merced, Chanchamayo; Puno; San
Gabon, 2500 ft.; Santo Domingo, 6000^ ft.;
Yahuarmayo, 1200 ft. ECUADOR. Bolivar ; Balzapamba;
Chimborazo; Chimbo; Imbabura; Lita, 3000 ft.;
Paramba, 1050 m.; Paramba, 3500 ft.; Pichincha ;
Santo Domingo de los Colorados; Zamora; Zamora; no
specific locality; Ecuador. COLOMBIA. Boyaca;
Muzo, 400-800 m.; Muzo; Medina, 500 m.; Cauca ;
Juntas; Choco; Juntas, Rio Tamaua, Rio San Juan, 400
ft.; Valpariso, 4500 ft.; Cundinamarca; Bogota;
Valle del Cauca; Rio Dagua; Vaups; Ob. Rio Negro,
800 m.; no specific locality; Colombia.

Male eighth sternite (fig. 784).

tabltha Species Complex

Female (fig. 324).^Maculation as in male, but more

uniform brown, not black; median area of forewing
above darker than either basal or subterminal areas.

This complex consists of five species, one common

and widespread and four rare and local. It includes
tabitha through xylonaria. The male is not known
for kaybina, and females are lacking for curvifera
and xylonaria. Although the male of kaybina is not
known, the discal dot of the forewing below in the
female is very characteristic and is probably also
found in the male. A key to the males based on
superficial appearance follows.

Female genitalia (fig. 1068).

[Link] is a variable species
geographically. The description was based on
specimens from Colombia and Ecuador. Males from
Costa Rica are much more uniform than those from
Colombia, and the subterminal area of the forewing
above in these Costa Rican specimens is light yellow
brown. The black preceding the postmedial line of
the forewing is less evident in the specimens from
Costa Rica than in those from Colombia. A male from
Panama is similar to the Colombian specimens but
lacks the yellow of the subterminal area. A male
from Jalapa, Mexico, is almost uniformly dark brown
without either the black of the Colombian specimens
or the yellow subterminal area in specimens from
Costa Rica. The basal area of the forewing above in
the specimens from Brazil is conspicuously lighter
than the median area, and the apex of the wing is
not noticeably lighter than the remainder of the
subterminal area. The males and females are very
similar in the Brazilian populations and do not show
the dimorphism characteristic of the species in
other localities.
[Link] described this species from two males
and one female. The male bearing Dognin's type
label and U.S.N.M. type number 32385 is designated
as lectotype.
[Link] species is rather widely
distributed in tropical America, but the scattered
specimens indicate that it is never common. Pero

100

1.

Costa of forewing above blue gray; subterminal area yellow, heavily covered
with brown striations; known only from
department of Amazonas, Peru
xylonaria
Costa of forewing above not blue gray;
subterminal area not yellow, covered
with brown striations

2.

Discal dot of hindwing a conspicuous

white spot circled with black; known
only from Costa Rica
kaybina
Discal dot of hindwing below not as
above, usually a white spot with black
dot in center, not circled with black .... 3

3.

Postmedial line of forewing above below

cell perpendicular to inner margin;
subterminal area of forewing strongly
variegated; known only from northern
Venezuela
guacamaya
Postmedial line of forewing above below
cell incurved to inner margin; subterminal area of forewing above not
strongly variegated

4.

Wings below uniform violet brown, almost

no white scaling present; subterminal
area of forewing below without white
patch in lower half; forewing above
very soft and uniform, particularly
subterminal area
curvifera
Wings below not uniform violet brown,
heavily scaled with white; subterminal
area of forewing below with dull white
patch in lower half; forewing above
not soft and uniform
tabitha

Pero tabitha (Maassen), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina tabitha Maassen, 1890:157.
Azelina rogenhoferi Druce, 1892:60.

NEW SYNONYMY.

Male (fig. 325).Palpi brown, outer fringe and tip

of third segment cream colored. Legs cream
colored. Forewing brown to violet brown; basal area
light brown, but appearing dull, dark violet to
violet black because of overlay of dark scales;
antemedial line followed by black; median area dark,
violet black to black, contrasting with subterminal
area, darker along postmedial line and antemedial
line, lightest between discal dot and antemedial
line; discal dot white, usually with black central
dot; subterminal area light brown, slightly
patterned with dark brown; apex of wing darker than
remainder of subterminal area, concolorous with
median area. Hindwing gray black; postmedial line
vague; light yellow-brown patch in anal angle.
Below mostly brown, but with violet-black tint; top
half of subterminal area of forewing with light
brown patch, lower half with dull white blotch;
cream-colored patch in anal angle of hindwing,
extending about half way up postmedial line as thin
cream-colored line.
Male genitalia (figs. 772, 772a, 773-777).Shapes
of subscaphium and aedeagus are characteristic,
although both are variable.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 785).
Female (fig. 326).
Female genitalia (fig. 1069).
[Link] from Ecuador, Colombia, and
Venezuela are darker and usually smaller than those
from Peru and Bolivia. The postmedial line of the
forewing in these northern populations also tends to
meet the inner margin at right angles. The single
female from Orosi, Cartago, Costa Rica, is the
largest and lightest specimen I have seen. The
subscaphium and aedeagus of the male genitalia are
both variable from locality to locality, and some of
this variation is shown in figures 773-777.

[Link] is the most common species of the

tabitha complex. Much geographic variation is found
in the male genitalia. The wide distribution of
tabitha is in contrast to that of other members of
the complex.
Specimens examined.113 males and 21 females, all
year.
COSTA RICA. Cartago: Orosi, 1200 m. PANAMA.
Chiriqui : Chiriqui. VENEZUELA. Aragua : Elancho
Grande [7 km. N. Maracay], 1100 m. Mrida: Merida.
COLOMBIA. Boyaca: Muzo, 400-800 m
Cauca : Popayan;
Valle del Cauca: Narangito, Rio Dagua, 3900 ft.;
Vaups: Ob. Rio Negro, 800 m.; not located: San
Antonio, 5800^ft.; no specific locality: Colombie.
ECUADOR. Bolivar : Balzapamba; Imbabura: Paramba;
Loja: Environs de Loja; Napo-Pastaza: Baeza;
Pichincha: Mindo; Tungurahua: El Rosario, Rio
Pastaza, 4900 ft.; La Victoria, Rio Pastaza,
3500 ft.; not located: Oriente; Rio Pescado. PERU.
Amazonas : Rio Tabaconas, 6000 ft.; Cusco: Caradoc,
Maracapata, 4000 ft.; Marcapata, 4500 ft.; Huanuco:
Cushi, 1830 m.; Pozuzo; Tingo Maria; Junin:
Chanchamayo, La Merced; Pasco: Huancabamba, Cerro de
Pasco; Puno: Agualani, 9000 ft.; La Oroya, 3100 ft.;
La Union, R. Huacamayo, 2000 ft.; San Gabon,
2500 ft.; Santo Domingo, 6500 ft.; Santo Domingo,
6000 ft.; Santo Domingo; Tinguri, 3400 ft.;
Yahuarmayo, 1200 ft. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: Chmate,
760 m.; Incachaca; Yungas del Palmar, 2000 m.; La
Paz; Rio Songo, 750 m.; no specific locality:
Bolivia.

Pero guacamaya Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 327).Similar to tabitha, but duller,
with slight purple tint. Forewing basal area steel
gray, lighter than median area; antemedial line
vaguely outlined with white; discal dot white,
round, with central black spot; postmedial line
below cell perpendicular to inner margin, not
incurved; postmedial line followed by light, dark,
and then light band in subterminal area. Below
brown patch in subterminal area of forewing red
brown, not light brown; cream-colored patch in anal
angle of hindwing poorly developed or absent.
Male genitalia (figs. 778, 778a).Shape of
subscaphium will separate guacamaya from tabitha.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 786).
Female (fig. 328).^Maculation as in male, but brown
to red brown, usually darker than in female of
tabitha. Forewing postmedial line below cell
perpendicular to inner margin, not incurved as in
tabitha. Below hindwing only weakly flecked with
white (but variable).
Female genitalia (fig. 1070).

[Link] tabitha was based on a single male

from San Florencio, Ecuador.
I have not seen the
type, but the figure is clearly this species. The
type of rogenhoferi is a male and is a specimen
figured as saturata by Felder and Rogenhofer in the
"Reise Novara." This specimen is in the British
Museum of Natural History.

[Link] males of guacamaya are not variable,

but the females vary both in size and color. Some
of the females are purple brown, but others are tan
and difficult to separate from females of tabitha.
These tan specimens also have the hindwing below
more heavily flecked with white scales than do the
purple-brown females.

101

[Link]: Male, Rancho Grande [7 km.

N. Maracay], 1100 m., Aragua, Venezuela, August 13,
1967, R.W. Poole, In U.S. National Museum.
Allotype: Female from type locality in U.S. National
Museum. Paratypes: 1 male and 1 female from type
locality in each of following collections: American
Museum of Natural History, British Museum of Natural
History, Cornell University, Museum of Comparative
Zoology, and Universidad Central de Venezuela;
2 males and 4 females in U.S. National Museum.
[Link] species is known only from the
type locality where both it and tabitha occurred.
Neither of them was common.
Specimens examined. -8 males and 10 females.
June-August.

white; discal dot a round white spot circled with

black ring.
Female genitalia (fig. 1071).
[Link].
[Link]: Female, Juan Vinas, [Cartago],
Costa Rica, November, Schaus and Barnes, in U.S.
National Museum. Paratypes: 1 female from Cartago,
Costa Rica, in U.S. National Museum and 2 females
from Orosi, [Cartago], Costa Rica, in British Museum
of Natural History.
[Link] white discal dot circled with black
of the hindwing below is distinctive.
Specimens examined.4 females, November.

VENEZUELA.
1100 m.

Aragua; Rancho Grande [7 km. N. Maracay],

COSTA RICA.
1200 m.

Cartago; Cartago; Juan Vinas; Orosi,

Pero curvlfera Dognln

Pero xylonarla (Oberthlir)
Pero curvifera Dognin, 1913a:414.
Azelina xylonaria Oberthlir, 1883:24.
Male (fig. 329).Similar to tabitha. Forewing with
outward bulge of postmedial line between Cu2 and
2A poorly developed or absent; lower half of
subterminal area soft, uniform brown; any
variegations of subterminal area subtle and
subdued. Below light brown patch in upper half of
subterminal area of forewing and white blotch in
lower almost absent; wings uniform violet brown,
dark, and lacking almost all white scaling.
Male genitalia (figs. 779, 779a) .Easily identified
by shapes of subscaphium and aedeagus.
Male eighth stemite (fig. 787).
[Link].
[Link] from a male from Huallaga, Loreto,
Peru, in U.S. National Museum.
[Link] soft brown subterminal area of the
forewing above and the uniform dark violet-brown
underside will distinguish this species from
tabitha. This species is similar to tabitha, but
the male genitalia, particularly the aedeagus, and
the eighth stemite of the male are distinctive.
Specimens examined.5 males, January and February.
PERU. Huanuco: Cushi, 1900 m.; Junin: Chanchamayo;
Loreto: Huallaga; not located: Chaupe, 6100 ft.

Pero kaybina Poole, NEW SPECIES

Female (fig. 330).Forewing antemedial line heavy,
black, very conspicuous; outer one-fourth of median
area not darker than inner three-fourths; only
suggestion of black shade along outer edge of median
area; postmedial line black, distinct, not incurved
to inner margin; subterminal area strongly
variegated as in guacamaya. Below inner half of
forewing dull white, much more so than in either
guacamaya or tabitha; hindwing strongly marked with

102

Male (fig. 331).Forewing basal area brown, heavily

overlain with gray-violet scales; antemedial line
followed by dark brown shade; median area brown,
striate with dark brown; dark brown line paralleling
postmedial line two-thirds way to costa; costa blue
gray; discal dot cream colored; subterminal area
yellow brown, lightest along postmedial line,
heavily striate with dark brown; apex of wing dull
black; series of black dots along outer margin, dots
white in dark area around apex. Hindwing dull
black; postmedial line present but vague; patch in
anal angle smaller than in tabitha. Below similar
to tabitha.
Male genitalia (figs. 780, 780a) .Shapes of
subscaphium and juxta are characteristic.
Male eighth stemite (fig. 788).
Female. Unknown.
[Link] described xylonaria from an unknown
number of specimens from Huambo, Amazonas, Peru.
However, a specimen collected on February 27, 1880,
is stated to be the type and is figured by
Oberthur. A specimen matching this description is
in the British Museum of Natural History and bears
Oberthur*s type label.
[Link] blue-gray costa and the yellow
subterminal area with rusty-brown striations make
this an easily identified species. It is known only
from the type locality and it was evidently common
there. The specimens labeled only "Peru" were also
collected by Mathan and probably came from Huambo.
Specimens examined.67 males, April.
PERU.

Amazonas : Huambo; no specific locality: Peru.

Pero trena (Dognin)

Azellna trena Dognin, 1895:108.
Azelna munycharla Oberthr, 1912:297.
Male (fig. 332).Palpi black, outer edge and apex
of third segment cream colored. Legs cream colored,
slightly speckled with black. Thorax black with few
cream-colored speckles. Forewing black on yellow
brown; basal area light brown to cream colored, but
heavily overlain with gray black; bottom of basal
area along inner margin slightly darker; median area
black, darker along postmedial line; discal dot
large, cream colored; veins in median area marked
with small olive-brown blotches; subterminal area
yellow brown; light line in lower half of
subterminal area paralleling postmedial line; apex
of wing gray black. Hindwing gray black; obscure
black postmedial line followed by vague lighter
shade; anal angle with yellow-brown patch; series of
large black dots along outer margin, particularly
strong in anal angle. Below gray black; discal dots
of forewing and hindwing large and cream colored;
discal dot of hindwing with black crescent in it;
top half of subterminal area of forewing with
brownish patch; whitish blotch in lower half of
subterminal area; postmedial line of hindwing waved
and defined with cream color; large cream-colored
patch in anal angle followed by black band; inner
margin of hindwing speckled with cream-colored
scales and black.
Male genitalia (figs. 781, 781a).Subscaphium is
characteristic.
Male eighth tergite and sternite (figs. 789, 790).
Female (fig. 333).Similar to male, but whiter and
duller.
Female genitalia (fig. 1072).
[Link] from Ecuador and Colombia are
whiter and not as brightly colored as ones from Peru
and Bolivia.

6400 ft.; Oxapampa, 2000 m.; Puno: Chirimayo,

1000 ft.; Chaquimayo, 2500-3000 ft.; La Oroya,
R. Inambari, 3100 ft.; La Union, R, Huacamayo,
2000 ft.; Oconeque, 7000 ft.; San Gabon, 2500 ft.;
Santo Domingo, 6000 ft.; Santo Domingo; Yahuarmayo,
1200 ft.; no specific locality; Peru. BOLIVIA.
Cochabamba: Incachaca; La Paz: Corvico [Coroico?],
1800 ft.; Rio Songo, 750 m.; no specific locality:
Bolivia.

Pero alboculata Dognin

Pero alboculata Dognin, 1907:21.
Male (fig. 334).Similar to parambensis, but brown
without black or gray tints. Forewing with shaded
area preceding postmedial line brown, not black,
extending farther toward costa than in parambensis.
Hindwing postmedial line better defined than in
parambensis.
Male genitalia (figs. 782, 782a).Shapes of
subscaphium and aedeagus are characteristic.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 791).
[Link] to male.
Female genitalia (fig. 1073).
[Link] specimens of alboculata are darker
than others.
[Link] described alboculata from "a series of
males." The specimen from Santo Domingo, Carabaya,
Peru, with Dognin*s type label is designated as the
lectotype. It is in the U.S. National Museum.
[Link] alboculata is commonest in Peru.
It is most similar to parambensis, but is brown, not
gray or black.
Specimens examined. ^103 males and 5 females, all
year.

[Link] species is distinctive and cannot

be confused with any other species in Pero. Most
specimens of trena are from Peru.

COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Mesopotamia, 5000 ft.

ECUADOR. Loja: El Monje prs Loja; Zamora :
Palanda. PERU. Cusco: Caradoc, Marcapata,
4000 ft.; Junin: Chanchamayo; La Merced,
3000-4500 ft.; Puno: Chaquimayo, 2500-3000 ft.; La
Oroya, R. Inambari, 3100 ft.; La Union, Rio
Huacamayo; La Union, 2000 ft.; Quinton, 5000 ft.;
R. Inambari; San Gabon, 1200 ft.; Santo Domingo,
6000-6500 ft.; Santo Domingo; Yahuarmayo, 1200 ft.;
Tinguri, 3400 ft.; Tinguri; no specific locality:
Peru. BOLIVIA. La Paz : Corvico [Coroico?],
1800 m.; Yungas de la Paz, 1000 m.

Specimens examined.85 males and 8 females, all

year.

inferna Species Complex

COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Frontina; no specific

locality: Colombie. ECUADOR. Loja: Environs de
Loja; Tungurahua: Ambato; El Topo, Rio Pastaza,
4200 ft.; Zamora: Zamora, 3-4000 ft. PERU.
Amazonas : Chachapoyas; Huallaga; Cusco : Caradoc,
Marcapata, 4000 ft.; Huanuco: Cushi, 1900 m.;
Pozuzo; Pasco : Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco,
6-10,000 ft.; Huancabamba, 5-6000 ft.; Oxapampa,

I have not been able to construct a key to the

following complex of four species based on external
characters, although there are small differences in
appearance among them. All four species seem to be
allopatric, although both inferna and alaga occur in
the State of Puno in Peru. In Puno, inferna is
found at higher elevations (7-9,000 ft) and alaga at
lower altitudes (6-7,000 ft).

[Link] described trena from "three males and

one female, LojaAmbato." The female listed is
actually a male, but only three males and not four
are in the U.S. National Museum. The specimen with
U.S.N.M. type number 32384 is designated as the
lectotype. Azelina munycharia was based on a single
specimen from "Huancabamba, Peru," and this type is
in the British Museum of Natural History.

103

Pero refna Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 335).Palpi black, outer edge cream
colored. Legs cream colored speckled with black,
particularly forefemora. Forewing black on yellow
brown; basal area gray black, speckled toward costa
with cream color; antemedial line followed by fine
black shade, thickest toward costa; discal dot
large, circular, and cream colored; median area
darkest along postmedial line, thinning out toward
costa; subterminal area with vague darker band
paralleling postmedial line, particularly toward
middle in inward bend of postmedial line; apex of
wing gray black. Hindwing gray black; postmedial
line vague to absent; anal angle with small yellowbrown patch, sometimes with rusty appearance. Below
gray black; discal dots of forewing and hindwing
white; discal dot of hindwing with black crescent in
it; top half of subterminal area of forewing with
rusty-brown patch, lower half with white one;
postmedial line of hindwing waved, slightly marked
with cream color; patch in anal angle of hindwing
small; postmedial line black, contrasting in anal
angle.
Male genitalia (figs. 783, 783a).Shape of
subscaphium is characteristic.

[Link]: Male, Oconeque, Carabaya, Peru,

7000 ft., July 1904, Ockenden, in British Museum of
Natural History.
Allotypes: Female from type
locality in British Museum of Natural History;
1 female from R. Inambari, Peru, in British Museum
of Natural History; 2 males and 3 females from Santo
Domingo, Peru, in British Museum of Natural History;
1 male from Huallaga, Peru, in U.S. National Museum;
1 male from Huancabamba, 5-6000 ft., Peru, in
British Museum of Natural History; 1 male from
Oxapampa, 6400 ft., Peru, in British Museum of
Natural History; 3 males from Huancabamba, Nord du
Prou, in U.S. National Museum.
[Link] species and inferna both occur in
the State of Puno, Peru, but alaga comes from
elevations between 6,000 and 7,000 feet and inferna
from 7,000 to 9,000 feet. The subterminal area of
the forewing above in alaga is more mottled than in
inferna.
Specimens examined.11 males and 5 females, March,
October, and November.
PERU. Amazonas : Huallaga; Pasco: Huancabamba,
5-6000 ft.; Oxapampa, 6400 ft.; Piura: Huancabamba;
Puno: Oconeque, 7000 ft.; R. Inambari, 6000 ft.;
Santo Domingo, 6500 ft.

Male eighth sternite (fig. 792).

Female (fig. 336).Forewing maculation as in male,
but brown with slightly purple tint; basal and
median areas brown; subterminal area yellow brown as
in male.
Female genitalia (fig. 1074).
[Link], if any.
[Link]: Male, Incachaca, Cochabamba,
Bolivia, J. Steinbach, in U.S. National Museum.
Allotype: Female from type locality in U.S. National
Museum. Paratypes: 7 males and 2 females from type
locality in U.S. National Museum.

Pero inferna Warren

Pero inferna Warren, 1907:319.
Male (fig. 339).Almost identical to preceding two
species. Forewing subterminal area even, not
heavily mottled as in alaga and refna; discal dot
not as contrasting as in either two preceding
species.
Male genitalia (figs. 797, 797a).Characterized by
shape of subscaphium.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 794).

[Link] is the lightest colored of the

four species in the complex.

Female (fig. 340).Almost identical to female of

alaga, but slightly darker.

Specimens examined.8 males and 3 females.

Female genitalia (fig. 1076).

BOLIVIA.

Pero alaga Poole, NEW SPECIES

Type.^Warren described inferna from a single male

from Limbani, Carabaya, Peru, 9,500 feet altitude.
This specimen is in the British Museum of Natural
History.

Male (fig. 337).Forewing similar to that of refna;

subterminal area slightly darker. Below white patch
in subterminal area of forewing small and poorly
developed, occupying only about one-fifth of
subterminal area; wings in general darker than in
refna.

[Link] and the preceding species both

occur in southern Peru, but based on available
specimens inferna occurs at altitudes between 7,000
and 10,000 feet and alaga from 6,000 to 7,000 feet.
The subterminal area of the forewing above in
inferna is much more uniform than in alaga.

Male genitalia (figs. 796, 796a).Subscaphium is

characteristic.

Specimens examined.5 males and 1 female, March and

April.

Male eighth sternite (fig. 793).

PERU. Puno: Agualani, 9000 ft.; Limbani, 9500 ft.;

Uruhuasi, 7000 ft.

Cochabamba: Incachaca.

Female (fig. 338).Identical to preceding species.

Female genitalia (fig. 1075).

104

Pero dunca Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (flg. 341).Forewing antemedial Une pointing
inward on inner margin; postmedial line almost
straight toward costa; subterminal area striate with
black lines; apex of wing black, not clearly set off
from remainder of subterminal area. Below
postmedial line of hindwing better defined with
cream-colored scales than in any other species of
this complex.

rusty-red patch outlined with cream color along

outer side of postmedial line in anal angle. Below
blue gray; yellowish patch following postmedial line
of forewing between R5 and M2; costa yellowish;
hindwing flecked with yellow along inner margin and
in anal angle; conspicuous series of white spots
along outer margin.
Male genitalia (figs. 799, 799a).Distinguished
from next species by shapes of aedeagus, juxta, and
costal projection of valve.

Male genitalia (figs, 798, 798a).Subscaphium is

characteristic.

[Link] to male.

Male eighth sternite (fig. 795).

Female genitalia (fig. 1077).

Female. unknown.

[Link] is some variation in the intensity

of the light yellow band following the postmedial
line of the forewing above. In some instances,
where yellow is poorly developed, this band is
violet.

[Link] of the two known specimens of dunca

is rusty colored and is intermediate between the
typical coloration of the males and females of the
other three species of the complex.
[Link]: Male, Monte Tolima, [Tolima],
3200 m., Colombia, Fassl, in U.S. National Museum.
Paratype: 1 male from Mesopotamia, Antioquia,
Colombia, 5000 ft., in American Museum of Natural
History.
[Link] straight postmedial line toward the
costa of the forewing above is characteristic of
dunca. The rusty coloration of one of the two males
has not been found in any of the other three species
of the complex, and it resembles the female
coloration of the other three species.

[Link]: Male, Cerro Peln, Municipio

Yolox, Oaxaca, Mexico, 7052 feet, September 17,
1962, E.C. Welling, in American Museum of Natural
History. Allotype: Female from type locality in
American Museum of Natural History. Paratypes:
5 males and 1 female from type locality in American
Museum of Natural History.
[Link] blue-green wings will distinguish
caerula from verda, which is almost completely green
and lacks patches of blue.
Specimens examined.8 males and 2 females,
September and October.

Specimens examined.2 males.

COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Mesopotamia, 5000 ft.; Tolima;
Monte Tolima, 3200 m.

MEXICO. Oaxaca: Cerro Peln, Municipio Yolox,

7052 ft.; Vista Hermosa. GUATEMALA. Totonicapan:
Totonicapan, 8500-10,000 ft.

GROUP 13

Pero verda Poole, NEW SPECIES

Group 13 is a heterogeneous group intermediate

between groups 12 and 14. There is usually a
cluster of long spines in the vesica of the aedeagus
of the male genitalia. All species of group 13 have
a similar appearance.

Male (fig. 343).Forewing similar to that of

preceding species, but green without patches of
blue; basal area green, scaled with darker green;
discal dot smaller than in caerula; band following
postmedial line as in caerula, but orangish, not
yellowish, and not as conspicuous. Hindwing green
gray, without bluish cast; band in anal angle
slightly wider. Below darker, greener than in
caerula, but maculation similar.

Pero caerula Poole,

NEW SPECIES

Azelina asterodia (in part) Druce, 1892:62.

Male (fig. 342).Palpi blue green, outer fringe
cream colored. Legs cream colored, spotted with
black. Forewing green, heavily clouded with blue;
basal area blue, center dark green; median area
green with central blue patches; discal dot an
angulate white line; postmedial line marked with
white points where veins cross; subterminal area
generally blue green, blue from costa along
postmedial line to near R4, and from there a wide
yellowish band heavily spotted with brown and often
dark purple to inner margin; outer half of
subterminal area blue to blue green, greener toward
costa, and outer angle; series of white and black
dots along outer margin. Hindwing dull gray green;
postmedial line dull cream color or almost absent;

Male genitalia (figs. 800, 800a).Shapes of

aedeagus, juxta, and costal projection of valve will
distinguish this species from caerula.
Female. Unknown.
[Link] specimens from El Salvador the basal
area and the band following the postmedial line of
the forewing are very dark violet. The type is not
like this.
[Link]: Male, Lagos del Montebello, 25 mi.
E. El Trinitaria, 5000 ft., Chiapas, Mexico, Emmel
and Breedlove, August 12-22, 1966, in U.S. National
Museum. Paratype: 1 male from type locality in U.S.
National Museum.

105

specimens examined.8 males, July and August.

MEXICO.
Chiapas ; Lagos del Montebello, 25 ml. E. El
Trinitaria, 5000 ft. EL SALVADOR. Cerro Verde.
HONDURAS. Rosarlo, San Jacinto Mtns., 5900 ft.

Pero heralda Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 344).Palpi dull brown, outer edge
white. Legs with femora gray brown; tibiae and
tarsi cream colored. Forewlng light brown and
brown; basal area light brown, but covered by dull
gray brown; median area brown with violet tint;
outer fourth of median area darker than Inner
three-fourths; discal dot a broad white line with
thin, small, central black line; postmedlal line
followed by thin light band; subterminal area light
brown strlate with fine black-brown lines, but not
as a definite pattern; series of dots along outer
margin. Hlndwlng dull brown; postmedlal line brown,
followed by thin light band; anal angle slightly
lighter than remainder of wing; uppermost white dot
along outer margin strongly developed. Below slate
gray; maculatlon cream colored; yellow tan patch In
upper half of subterminal area of forewlng along
postmedlal line; lower half of subterminal area only
vaguely dull white; discal dot as above; postmedlal
line fine, dark edged with cream color; discal dot
of hlndwlng black, divided Into four quarters; anal
angle cream colored along postmedlal line; very
strong white dot on outer margin toward costa.
Male genitalia (figs. 801, 801a).
aedeagus and subscaphlum.

-Characterized by

postmedlal line; apex tending to be darker than

remainder of subterminal area; series of vague white
or black dots along outer margin. Hlndwlng gray
brown, with cream-colored postmedlal line; anal
angle yellow. Below purple brown; Inner half of
subterminal area of forewlng browner than outer
half; postmedlal line of hlndwlng crenulate, with
cream color In scalloplngs; anal angle yellow-cream
coloration; discal dot black In cream-colored area.
Male genitalia (figs. 802, 802a).Shape of aedeagus
Is characteristic.
Female (fig. 346).^Maculatlon as In male, but
purplish ranging from purple brown to brown. Below
darker than In male, dark gray purple, but not brown
purple.
Female genitalia (flg. 1079).
[Link] ground color of kayel varies from
brown to almost greenish In the males and from
purple brown to almost blue violet In the females.
The uniformity of coloration also varies.
[Link] In his description designated the male
from Newcastle, Jamaica, as the type. This specimen
Is In the British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] kayel Is limited to Jamaica, where
It Is common In places. I have put kayel In this
group because of the resemblance of the costal fold
In the male genitalia to the costal fold of the
other species In this group and because of the
halrllke spines In the vesica. The juxta Is similar
to that of dularla.

[Link] to male, but darker.

Female genitalia (flg. 1078).
[Link]: Male, Orosl, [Cartago], Costa
Rica, 1200 meters, Fassl, In British Museum of
Natural History. Allotype: Female from type
locality, also In British Museum of Natural
History. Paratypes: 2 males and 1 female from type
locality In British Museum of Natural History.

Specimens examined.^17 males and 16 females,

November and December.
JAMAICA. 1 mile N. Hardware Gap, Portland Parish;
Newcastle; Chinchona.

Pero asterodia (Druce)

Azellna asterodia Druce, 1892:62.

[Link] heralda resembles a small specimen

of kayel and Is probably related to It.
Specimens examined.3 males and 2 females.
COSTA RICA.

Cartago; Orosl, 1200 m.

Pero kayel Prout

Pero kayel Prout, 1928:60.
Male (fig. 345).Legs light brown, speckled with
darker scales. Forewlng basal area light brown,
heavily scaled with darker brown, particularly
toward base, and strlate with blue-gray lines,
particularly toward antemedlal line and Inner
margin; median area brown with outer fourth darker
than Inner three-fourths; Inner two-thirds strlate
with blue-gray lines; discal dot a small angulate
white line; postmedlal line a fine white band;
subterminal area light brown, strlate with darker
brown lines, particularly In band following

106

Male (fig. 347).Palpi blue green, outer fringe

cream colored. Legs cream colored, spotted with
blue green.
Forewlng blue green, but sometimes
olive color along upper part of antemedlal line;
median area blue green, outer half darker than Inner
half; discal dot a fine white angulate line, never
conspicuous; postmedlal line cream colored, fine;
subterminal area olive color, variegated with darker
and lighter areas; blue-black line from middle of
postmedlal line to outer angle; slightly brownish
along middle of postmedlal line, sometimes yellowish
toward costa; apex slightly darker than remainder of
subterminal area; series of white dots along outer
margin, lowest dot usually black, not white.
Hlndwlng dark olive to olive color; anal angle
yellowish; postmedlal line white; discal dot a vague
white spot. Below blue green; upper half of
subterminal area of forewlng with light brown patch;
discal dot of forewlng a thin white line; postmedlal
line of hlndwlng crenulate, scallops filled with
cream color; anal angle yellowish brown, slightly

browner toward top; discal dot black, divided, and

resting in cream-colored area.
Male genitalia (figs. 803, 803a).Aedeagus is
characteristic.
[Link] to male, but slightly darker.
Female genitalia (fig. 1080).
[Link] subterminal area of the forewing may
be yellowish or almost uniform olive color. Some
females are slightly brownish.
[Link] described asterodia from a series of
specimens from Central America. The female figured
is marked with Druce*s type label. Unfortunately
this female is not conspecific with the remainder of
the series, but is the female of caerula. A male
from Coatepec, Mexico, also bearing a type label is
in the U.S. National Museum and is designated as the
lectotype.
[Link] asterodia probably occurs only in
Central America, and the Colombian specimen is
probably mislabeled. The taxonomic position of this
species is a problem. It is superficially similar
to caerula and verda, but there are major
differences in the genitalia.
Specimens examined.69 males and 16 females, all
year.
MEXICO.
Chiapas ; La Granja; Guerrero; Coatepec;
Oaxaca; Puerto Elegi, Municipio Comaltepec,
2296 ft.; Veracruz : Cordova; Jalapa; Orizaba; Vera
Cruz. GUATEMALA. Alta Verapaz; Baleu, Municipio
San Cristobal, Verapaz, 1350 m.; Chimaltenango;
Municipio Acatenango, Quisache, 750 m.; Limon;
Chejel; Quezaltenango; Volcan Santa Maria. COSTA
RICA. Cartago; Cachi, 3300 ft.; Cachi; Irazu,
6-7000 ft.; Juan Vinas; Orosi, 1200 m.; San Jose;
Puntarenas; Monteverde, 1400 m.; not located;
Candaleria Mtns.; San Carlos. PANAMA. Chiriqui;
V. de Chiriqui, 2500-3500 ft.
COLOMBIA. Choco;
Siato, Rio Siato, Slopes of Choco, 5200 ft.; no
specific locality; Colombia.

Pero dularla Poole, NEW SPECIES

Pero hoedularia; Kaye and Lamont, 1927;98.
[Misidentification.]
Male (fig. 348).Palpi brown, outer fringe
lighter. Legs cream colored, spotted with dark
brown, particularly femora.
Forewing basal area
light brown, heavily scaled with blue black,
particularly toward antemedial line; antemedial line
black and well defined; median area brown, outer
one-third darker than inner two-thirds; discal dot a
vertical line, curved; subterminal area light brown,
heavily variegated with dark brown, light brown, and
steel gray; usually two patches of steel gray in
indentations of postmedial line on radial veins;
series of small blotches along remainder of
postmedial line to inner margin; costa black with
black band extending from middle of costa in an arc
to center of outer margin; dark brown band running
from middle of postmedial line to outer angle;

series of white dots along outer margin, strongest

toward apex. Hindwing brown, lighter toward anal
angle, often dark, particularly in fresh specimens.
Below brown, scaled with dark brown to black;
postmedial line of forewing crenulate; discal dot of
forewing a white line with central black streak;
postmedial line of hindwing crenulate and accented
with cream color on veins and in anal angle; discal
dot of hindwing black in cream-colored area.
Abdomen brown, often spotted with black.
Male genitalia (figs. 804, 804a).Tip of aedeagus
is straight with dentate point.
[Link] to male, but usually much more
uniform appearing, and generally larger and darker.
Female genitalia (fig. 1081).
[Link] is a little variation in this
species, particularly the contrast in colors of the
forewing. Some specimens are variegated with light
and dark brown, but others are almost uniform
brown. Some of the uniform specimens appear very
much like the next species. The specimens from
British Honduras are much darker than those from
Rancho Grande, Venezuela. There seems to be much
more variation in the British Honduran population
than in any other. Two specimens from British
Honduras are close in appearance to the next
species. The Guatemalan specimens are much like the
British Honduran population, but are faded. The
Brazilian populations are the most brightly colored,
but are often difficult to distinguish from
hoedularia where the two occur together. Specimens
from the Andes are duller and darker brown than
others, but very few specimens are known from the
Andes.
[Link]; Male, Rancho Grande [7 km.
N. Maracay], 1100 m., Aragua, Venezuela, R.W. Poole,
June 19, 1967, in U.S. National Museum of Natural
History. Paratypes; Male in following collections
from type locality; American Museum of Natural
History, British Museum of Natural History, Cornell
University collection, Museum of Comparative
Zoology; 5 males in Universidad Central de
Venezuela; 11 males in U.S. National Museum.
[Link] dularia is coimnon in Central
America, but is more rare in South America except
Venezuela.
It is replaced in southern Brazil by the
next species, although the two occur together in
Santa Catarina.
Specimens examined.305 males and 20 females, all
year.
MEXICO. Chiapas ; La Granja; Mexico; Santa Rosa;
Tabasco ; Tabasco; Veracruz ; Misantla; Coatepec.
BRITISH HONDURAS. Middlesex, Stann Creek District.
GUATEMALA. Izabal; Cayuga. HONDURAS. La Cambre;
Lancetilla. COSTA RICA. Not located; La Florida,
500 ft.; Sixola River. PANAMA. Canal Zone; Barro
Colorado Island; Chiriqui; Chiriqui. VENEZUELA.
Aragua; Rancho Grande [7 km. N. Maracay], 1100 m.;
Carabobo; San Esteban Valley, Las Quigas; Valencia,
1500-3000 ft.; Yaracuy; Aroa; Palma Sola.
TRINIDAD. Arima Valley, 800-1200 ft.; Caparo;
"Trinidad." FRENCH GUIANA. Cayenne; St. Jean,

107

Maroni. BRAZIL. Amazonas: Teperinhas; Parai Para;

Santa Catarina; Hansa Humboldt, 60 m.; Jaragua do
Sul; Joinville; "St. Catherines"; Sao Paulo; Alto da
Serra, 800 m.; Alto da Serra; Santos; Serra do
Cubotas. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba; Chapare; R. Cristal
Mayu, Chapare, 1000-2000 m.; Santa Cruz;
Buenavista. PERU. Huanuco; Tingo Maria; Junin;
Estancia Naranjal, San Ramon, 1000 m.; Puno; La
Union, R. Huacamayo, 2000 ft.; La Oroya, 3100 ft.;
Santo Domingo, 6000 ft.; Santo Domingo, 4500 ft.;
Tinguri, 3400 ft. ECUADOR. Bolvar ; Balzapamba; La
Chima, Los Rios; Esmeraldas ; R. Cayapas; S. Javier,
R. Cachabi, 60 ft.; Imbabura; Paramba; Pichincha;
S. Domingo do los Colorados. COLOMBIA. Boyac;
Muzo, R. Cantinero, 400 m.; Muzo, 400-800 m.; Cauca;
Popayan; Choco; Juntas, Rio Tamaua, Rio San Juan,
400 ft.; El Tigre, Tamaua, 320 ft.; Valle del Cauca;
R. Dagua; Vaups; Ob. Rio Negro, 800 m.

Pero hoedularla (Guene)

Azelina hoedularia Guene, 1857;158.
Egabra certissima Walker, 1858;1669.

NEW SYNONYMY.

Male (fig. 349).Forewing basal area not as heavily

or darkly scaled as in dularia; outer third of
median area contrasting with inner two-thirds, more
uniform appearing than in dularia; subterminal area
as in dularia, but generally not as dark. Hindwing
almost uniform brown, anal angle not lighter;
postmedial line conspicuous.

Grande do Sul; Guarani; Pelotas; Puerto Alegre, Rio

Grande do Sul; Santa Catarina; Blumenau; Hansa
Humboldt, 60 m.; Jaragua do Sul; Iguassu, Parana;
Nova Bremen, 850 m.; Nova Bremen, 250 m.; Neu
Bremen, Rio Laeiss; Nova Teutonia, 27-11 S,
52-23 W; Nova Teutonia; Rio Vermelho^ 830 m.; Rio
Laeiss, Blumenau; "St. Catherines"; Sao Paulo; Alto
da Serra; Santos. PARAGUAY. Paraguari"; Sapucay;
not located; Nellarica. ARGENTINA. Misiones; Haut
Parana, San Ignacio; Puerto Aguirre, 55W, 25S;
Tucuman; Tucuman, 450 m.; Tucuman; Tucuman, Ciudad
Universidad.

GROUP 14
The superficial appearance of species in this group
is fairly characteristic, but some are difficult to
distinguish from others. A key to males follows
based on their superficial appearance, but it should
be used with care because many of the characteristics are relative. Females are rare in collections,
and I have not been able to associate females with
several species. The ostium of the female genitalia
is well developed, and the bottom forms a lip
covered by a hood-shaped last abdominal sternite.
The distribution of species in this group is
restricted to the Andes, particularly Peru, Bolivia,
and Ecuador, and its members are probably found in
montane forests.
1.

Male genitalia (figs. 805, 805a).Tip of aedeagus

is upcurved, not straight or spatulate at tip.
[Link] to male of dularia, but anal angle
of hindwing not light brown.
2.

Forewing pearly gray blue in basal and

subterminal areas

Forewing entirely shades of brown or

dull gray

Female genitalia (fig. 1082).

Angulation of antemedial line into cell

of forewing concave or even on top
homodoxa

[Link] variation of hoedularia is

roughly equivalent to that of dularia. I did not
find any geographical variation in hoedularia.

Angulation of antemedial line into cell

of forewing convex on top
semiusta

[Link] described hoedularia from "three

males and one female" from "Nouvelle Fribourg,
Brsil." The male figured by OberthUr (1912) is
designated as the lectotype. This specimen is in
the British Museum of Natural History. Walker
described certissima as a noctuid. There are two
specimens with this name in the Hope Museum, Oxford
University, one from Brazil and the other from
Ecuador. The Ecuadorean specimen is dularia and the
Brazilian one is this species. Only the Brazilian
specimen is listed in the original description.
[Link] hoedularia seems to replace
dularia in southern Brazil and Argentina, and this
difference in ranges can sometimes be used to
distinguish between the species. Where the two
occur together in Santa Catarina, Brazil, dularia is
larger and more uniform brown than hoedularia.
Specimens examined.86 males and 16 females, all
year.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais; Sao Jacio del Rei; Vicosa;
Rio de Janeiro; Organ Mts.
Parana; Castro, 950 m
near Tijuca; Petropolis; Rio de Janeiro; Rio; Rio

108

3.

4.

Forewing with yellowish patch preceding

postmedial line in cell

Forewing without yellowish patch preceding postmedial line in cell

End of abdomen with 2 small spines projecting (part of valve, apt to break
off)

End of abdomen without 2 small spines

projecting
brynhilda
5.

Maculation heavier, projection of antemedial line into cell often elongated,

black shade following it projecting
toward discal dot

sula

Maculation more uniform, projection of

antemedial line into cell rounded,
shorter, black shade following not
projecting toward discal dot
mathilda

6.

Postmedial line of forewlng followed by

distinct slate-gray patch between Cuj_
and Cu2
. lucena
Postmedial line of forewlng not followed
by distinct slate-gray patch between
Cuj^ and Cu2

7.

Forewlng with orange tint, particularly

when faded; inner half of subterminal
area grayish
latifascia

probably from close to the Colombian border in the

Andes. The distribution of spectrata is more
northernly than that of participa. Although these
two species are similar in appearance, mixed series
from the same locality can be sorted with fair
accuracy. The shape of the costal fold of the male
genitalia can sometimes be seen by brushing away the
scales from the tip of the abdomen.
Specimens examined.118 males, all year.

Pero spectrata (Felder and Rogenhofer), NEW

COMBINATION

COLOMBIA. Antloquia; Frontina; Mesopotamia,

5000 ft.; Cauca; Juntas; Choco; Pueblo Rico, San
Juan, Slopes of Choco, 5200 ft.; Valle del Cauca;
Rio Dagua; no ^specific locality; Colombia.
ECUADOR. Bolivar ; Balzapamba; Imbabura; Paramba,
1050 m.; Loja; El Monje, prs Loja; Palanda; San
Fransisco; Environs de Loja; Napo-Pastaza; Baeza; El
Topo, Rio Pastaza, 4200 ft.; La Victoria, Rio
Pastaza, 3500 ft.; Puyo Oriente; Zamora: Zamora.
PERU. Amazonas ; Chachapoyas; Huambo; Cusco;
Caradoc, Marcapata, 4000 ft.; Pampaconas; Hunuco;
Cushi, 1900 m.; Pozuzo, 800 m.; Junin; Chanchamayo;
Pasco; Huancabamba, 6-10,000 ft
Piura;
Huancabamba; Puno; Chirimayo, 1000 ft.; La Oroya,
R. Inambari, 3100 ft.; Oconeque; Santo Domingo,
6000 ft.; Uruhuasi, 7000 ft.; no specific locality;
Peru. BOLIVIA. No specific locality; Bolivia.

Azelina spectrata Felder and Rogenhofer, 1873: pi.

123, fig. 13.

Pero participa Poole, NEW SPECIES

Forewlng without orange tint; inner half

of subterminal area not distinctly
grayish
8.

Two halves of discal dot of forewlng not

connected by white line; forewlng
brown, without grayish tint
hunaca
Two halves of discal dot of forewlng
connected by white line; forewlng with
strong grayish tint
spectrata and participa

Male (fig. 350).Dark brown with grayish tint when

fresh. Palpi brown, inner edge and tip of third
segment white. Legs brown, spotted with white,
particularly tips of tibiae. Forewlng basal area
light gray brown; antemedial line followed by dark
brown shade, strongest toward costa; median area
light gray brown, outer one-third darker than inner
two-thirds; discal dot black, consisting of lower
dot, and upper line, line and dot connected on outer
side by white line; postmedial line generally
indistinct; subterminal area light gray brown, often
with indistinct dark wavy line running vertically in
middle; series of black and white dots along outer
margin. Hindwing gray brown, postmedial line
indistinct. Below brown, not gray; discal dot of
forewlng a white vertical line with fine black inner
line; discal dot of hindwing two black dots in
whitish area; hindwing light along inner margin.
Male genitalia (figs. 806, 806a).Can be
distinguished from participa by shapes of costal
fold and juxta.

Male (fig. 351).Forewlng markings more distinct

than in spectrata; dark brown line in outer
one-third of median area. Below postmedial line of
hindwing yellow, better defined than in spectrata.
Male genitalia (figs. 807, 807a).Can be identified
by shapes of costal fold and juxta.
[Link].
[Link]; Male, Rio Songo, [La Paz],
Bolivia, 750 m., Fassl, in U.S. National Museum.
Paratypes; 18 males, Huambo, Amazonas, Peru, in
British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] distribution of participa is more
southernly than that of spectrata, although there is
a wide overlap of ranges in Peru. Pero participa is
smaller and more strongly marked than spectrata, and
is usually distinguishable from it in series from
the same locality. The shape of the costal fold can
often be seen by brushing away the scales from the
tip of the abdomen.

[Link].
[Link] seems to be little if any
variation in this species, although the Colombian
specimens are smaller, browner, and more strongly
marked than those from Ecuador or Peru. Specimens
from Loja, Ecuador, are grayer and more poorly
marked than the others.
Type.A single male, in British Museum of Natural
History, from "Venezuela."

Specimens examined.25 males, April, June, and

December.
PERU. Amazonas; Huambo; Huanuco; Pozuzo; not
located; Pumayaca; Utcuyacu, 5000 ft.; no specific
locality; Peru. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba; Charaplaya
[Charapaya?], 1300 m., 65 W, 11 S; La Paz; Rio
Songo, 750 m.; R. Tanampara; no specific locality;
Bolivia.

[Link] and Rogenhofer attributed this

species to Walker, but it was never described by the
latter. The type of spectrata is from Venezuela,

109

Pero lucena Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 352).Forewing maculation similar to
that of spectrata, but better defined; ground color
much lighter than in spectrata, without gray tone;
slate-colored patch in subterminal area between M3
and Cu^. Hindwing brown; postmedial line
developed, but not conspicuous. Below light brown
to brown, not gray; postmedial lines of forewing and
hindwing dark, well developed, vaguely followed by
cream color.
Male genitalia (figs. 808, 808a).- -Shapes of costal
fold and juxta are characteristic.
[Link].
[Link] is some variation in the
development of the slate-colored patch along the
postmedial line of the forewing, but never much.
Specimens from Huambo, Peru, are slightly grayer and
darker than others, and are somewhat similar in
appearance to the preceding species.
[Link]: Male, R. Cristal Mayu, Chapare,
Cochabamba, Bolivia, Dec. 1949, 1000-2000 m., L.
Pena, in Cornell University collection. Paratypes:
Environs de Loja, 4 males in British Museum of
Natural History, 3 males in U.S. National Museum;
Huambo, Amazonas, Peru, 8 males in British Museum of
Natural History; Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru,
2 males in British Museum of Natural History;
Pozuzo, Peru, 2 males in British Museum of Natural
History.
[Link] species is easily recognized by
its light brown color, although its wing pattern and
the male genitalia indicate it is probably related
to spectrata and participa. Its distribution seems
spotty, and it is absent from the Department of Puno
in southern Peru, although present in central Peru
and northern Bolivia.
Specimens examined.33 males, April and May.
ECUADOR. Loja; El Monje prs Loja; Environs de
Loja; Zamora; Zamora. PERU. Amazonas; Chachapoyas;
Huambo; Cusco; Marcapata, 4500 ft.; Huanuco; Pozuzo,
900 m.; Junin; Chanchamayo; Pasco; Oxapampa,
2000 m.; Piura; Huancabamba; no specific locality;
Peru. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba; R. Cristal Mayu,
Chapare, 1000-2000 m.; La Paz ; Corvioco [Coroico?],
1000 m.; no specific locality; Bolivia.

Pero latifascia Poole, NEW SPECIES

Pergama semiusta ab latifascia Warren, 1904a;165.
Male (fig. 353).Forewing basal area orange brown,
but heavily shaded with light gray, particularly
toward antemedial line; antemedial line followed by
black, strongest toward costa and in middle
indentation; median area orange brown, not darker
toward postmedial line; discal dot a dorsal line and
ventral dot, usually not connected by white line;
cell slightly yellow from discal dot to postmedial
line; postmedial line heavily waved; subterminal
area gray along postmedial line, brown toward outer
margin; series of black and white dots along outer

110

margin. Hindwing brown with vague postmedial line;

series of black dots along outer margin, strongest
toward anal angle. Below similar to spectrata, but
postmedial line heavily waved and accented with
cream-colored scales; lighter toward inner margin.
Male genitalia (figs. 809, 809a).Shape of costal
process will distinguish this species from others in
group.
[Link].
[Link]; Male, Santo Domingo, Carabaya,
[Puno], Peru, 6000 ft., November 1901, G. Ockenden,
in British Museum of Natural History. This specimen
is the type of Warren's aberrational name.
[Link] species is easily recognized by
the waved postmedial line of the forewing and its
salmon coloration.
Specimens examined.60 males, all year.
PERU. Amazonas; Huambo; Huanuco; Pozuzo, 800 m.;
Junin; Chanchamayo, La Merced; Chanchamayo; Rio
Colorado, 2500 ft.; Pasco; Huancabamba, Cerro de
Pasco, 6-10,000 ft., Rio Aguachini, Cas. del Pichis;
Puno; Chirimayo, 1000 ft.; La Oroya, 3100 ft.; La
Union, Rio Huacamayo, 2000 ft.; R. Inambari,
6000 ft.; Santo Domingo, Carabaya; Tinguri, 3400
ft.; not located; Pumayaca; no specific locality;
Peru. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba; R. Cristal Mayu,
Chapare, 1000-2000 m.; Yunga del Espritu Santo; La
Paz; Yungas de la Paz, 1000 m.; no specific
locality; Bolivia.

Pero sula Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 354).Brown to dark brown, darkest when
fresh. Antennae pectinate. Palpi and legs as in
spectrata. Forewing basal area brown, slightly red
toward inner margin; antemedial line with angulation
in cell usually extending almost to discal dot
(variable); median area brown, darker band in outer
one-third paralleling postmedial line; discal dot a
dorsal line and ventral dot, usually connected with
white; postmedial line waved to almost even; dark
shade following postmedial line, particularly toward
middle of wing, and another in middle of subterminal
area; series of black and white dots along outer
margin. Hindwing brown; postmedial line poorly
developed; anal angle slightly lighter, sometimes
yellow, but never conspicuously so; series of black
dots along outer margin, dots strongest in anal
angle. Below brown, in darker specimens with almost
purple tint; postmedial line of hindwing strongly
waved, outlined with cream-colored scales; discal
dot of hindwing large, black.
Male genitalia (figs. 810, 810a).May be separated
from mathilda by shape of costal fold, which is
concave at top, not convex. Subscaphium has spine
in center, not toward top as in mathilda.
Female (fig. 355).Similar to male; antennae
simple ; coloration usually more uniform appearing;
discal dot of forewing above usually less well
developed.

Female genitalia (fig. 1083).Can be distinguished

from mathilda by shape of ostium.
[Link] coloration of sula is variable from
brown to dark purple brown. This is complicated by
the fact that faded specimens are always brown. The
yellow blotch in the cell of the forewing between
the discal dot and the postmedial line may be
present or absent or only partially developed. The
shape of the angulation of the antemedial line into
the cell is also variable.
The specimens from Huambo, Amazonas, Peru, are
different from any other population of this
species. The subterminal area of the forewing above
is gray, although their maculation is similar to
that of sula from other localities. In the male
genitalia of the Huambo specimens, the prong coming
off the left costal fold is thick and the right one
is absent. However, because of the variation in the
process in other specimens and populations, I do not
believe this difference is of specific value.
[Link]: Male, Ciudad Universitaria,
800 m., Tucumn, 17-11-1959, Argentina, J.G.F.
Clarke, in U.S. National Museum. Allotype: Female,
Tucumn, Argentina, in U.S. National Museum.
Paratypes: From type locality, 1 male in U.S.
National Museum; Tucumn, 2 males and 3 females in
U.S. National Museum, 8 males and 5 females in
British Museum of Natural History; Siambon, Tucumn,
1600 m., Argentina, 6 males and 1 female in British
Museum of Natural History; Siambon, 1700 m., 1 male
and 1 female in British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] species and mathilda are closely
related and are often difficult to distinguish. In
general, sula is smaller, more strongly marked, and
the antemedial line of the forewing extends far in
toward the discal dot. The distribution of sula
seems to be centered in Bolivia and Argentina and of
mathilda in Peru. However, they do occur together
in some places.
Specimens examined.65 males and 15 females, all
year.
PERU. Amazonas; Huambo; Cusco; Pampaconas River;
Junin; Huacapistana, 1800 m.; Pasco; Huancabamba,
Cerro de Pasco, 6-10,000 ft.; Piura; Huancabamba;
Puno; La Oroya, 3100 ft.; Oconeque, 7000 ft.; Santo
Domingo, 6000 ft.; no specific locality; Peru.
BOLIVIA. Cochabamba; Caraplaya [Charapaya?],
1300 m., 65 W, 11 S; Incachaca; Upper R. Toro, La
Merced, 3000 m.; Yunga del Espritu Santo; Yungas
del Palmar, 2000 m.; La Paz; Rio Songo, 750 m.; not
located; Negnejahnira, 8000 ft.; no specific
locality; Bolivia. ARGENTINA. Tucumn; Siambon,
1600 m.; Siambon, 1700 m.; Tucuman, 450 m.; Tucuman;
Tucuman, Ciudad Universitaria, 800 m.

Pero mathilda (Butler)

Azelina mathilda Butler, 1881:36.
Male (fig. 356).Similar to sula, but usually
larger, and when fresh, gray brown, not brown,
although specimens fade rapidly. Forewing
angulation of antemedial line into cell not as

strongly developed as in sula; yellow blotch in cell

between discal dot and postmedial line more likely
to be present than in sula, but also variable.
Male genitalia (figs. 811, 811a, 812-815) .Costal
fold is convex, not concave dorsally, and spine of
subscaphium is toward top and not middle.
Female (fig. 357).Forewing coloration more uniform
appearing than in male, perhaps browner (no fresh
specimens available).
Female genitalia (fig. 1084).Shape of ostium will
distinguish this species from sula.
[Link] species is exceedingly variable,
both its superficial appearance and the male
genitalia. The forewing may appear spotted, rough,
or may be uniform or any degree in between. The
yellow blotch in the cell of the forewing may be
present, or absent, but is usually present. The
color of the outer one-third of the median area of
the forewing varies considerably in darkness as does
the strength of the dark shade in that area. In the
females, the veins of the forewing may be streaked
with dark brown. The shape of the prong of the
costal fold of the male genitalia is variable, and
can be long, short, or sometimes even forked.
Individual variation is great so that any geographic
variability, if present, is not apparent in the
series available, although the Colombian specimens
tend to be more uniform and perhaps grayer than the
more southern populations.
[Link] from a single male from "Ecuador"
in the British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] areas where mathilda and sula occur
together, mathilda tends to be more uniform in
coloration, although this is a generalization and
not a rule. The angulation of the antemedial line
into the cell of the forewing (less developed in
mathilda) is probably the best superficial character
for separating the two species. The distribution of
mathilda is more northerly than that of sula.
Specimens examined, -276 males and 13 females, all
year.
COLOMBIA. Antioquia; Frontina; Cauca; Popayan;
Torne; Cundinamarca; Pacho, 2200 m.; Tolima; Canon
del Tolima, 2500 m.; Tochesito, Quindiu, 3000 m.;
not located; San Antonio, W. Colombia, 5800 ft.; no
specific locality; Colombie. ECUADOR. Loja; Loja;
Environs de Loja; Napo-Pastaza; Baeza; Tungurahua;
El Topo, Rio Pastaza, 4200 ft.; Environs de Ambato;
Hacienda Macahy, Valle Pastaza, Province Ambato; La
Victoria, Rio Pastaza, 3500 ft.; Rio Verde, Rio
Pastaza, 5000 ft.; Rosario, St. Inez, 1250 m.;
Zamora; Zamora; no specific locality; Ecuador.
PERU. Amazonas; Chachapoyas; El Provenir, 900 m.;
Huambo; R. Tabaconas, 6000 ft.; Cusco; Pampaconas
River; Hunuco; Cushi, 1900 m.; Pozuzo, 800-1000 m.;
Pozuzo, 5000-6000 ft.; Pozuzo, 800 m.; Junin;
Chanchamayo; Huacapistana, 1800 m.; Pasco;
Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco, 6-10,000 ft.;
Huancabamba, 5-6400 ft.; Oxapampa; Piura;
Huancabamba; Puno; Chirimayo, 1000 ft.; La Oroya,
3100 ft.; Oconeque, 7000 ft.; Santo Domingo,
6000 ft.; Uruhuasi, 7000 ft.; not located; Chaupe,

111

6100 ft.; San Remon, 3000 ft.; no specific locality;

Peru. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba; Incachaca; Upper Rio
Toro, La Merced, 3000 m.; Yunga del Espritu Santo;
Yungas del Palmar, 2000 m.; La Paz: La Paz; Yungas
de la Paz, 1000 m.; no specific locality; Bolivia.

Pero homodoxa Prout

Pero homodoxa Prout, 1928;64.
Male (fig. 358).Palpi and legs brown with creamcolored spots. Forewing brown to orange brown with
large areas of gray; basal area light gray spotted
with few brown scales, but never many; projection of
antemedial line in discal cell squared; black
shading following this projection running toward
discal dot, particularly along radial vein; median
area orange brown, but becoming grayish in inner
half, particularly toward costa; discal dot a dorsal
line and ventral round spot, generally not connected
by white line; discal cell sometimes yellowish
between discal dot and postmedial line; inner half
of subterminal area strongly light gray with dark
blackish band following postmedial line; outer half
of subterminal area variegated brown and gray.
Hindwing brown, with indistinct postmedial line,
usually followed by vague gray band in anal angle.
Below as in spectrata, but light cream-colored areas
replaced with light gray.
Male genitalia (figs. 816, 816a).Shape of costal
fold will distinguish this species from semiusta.
Costa of valve is developed into spine.
Female (fig. 359).Forewing light brown, without
large gray areas; maculation as in male. Below
light brown to orange brown.
Female genitalia (fig. 1085).
[Link] from Peru are browner than
those from Ecuador. The Ecuadorean specimens are
gray, almost bluish. In the Peruvian specimens the
extension of the black shading of the antemedial
line into the discal cell of the forewing above is
usually strong, but this extension is not strong in
the Ecuadorean specimens. In the Peruvian specimens
the projection of the antemedial line into the
discal cell is consistently squared, but sometimes
not in Ecuadorean specimens. Bolivian specimens are
browner and smoother appearing than any others.
[Link] described this species from a longer
series, but the type was stated to be from Santo
Domingo, Peru. The male bearing Prout*s type label
from this locality in the British Museum of Natural
History is designated as the lectotype.
[Link] species and the next are
superficially similar and can be difficult to
distinguish. In Peru the external differences
between the two are clearcut and consistent, but in
Ecuador the differences tend to become vague. In
Ecuador the truncate projection of the antemedial
line in the discal cell of the forewing is the only
useful character, and this is not always
consistent. The male genitalia are the best way to
identify and separate these two species; the spine
of the costa of the valve of homodoxa can often be

112

seen by brushing away the scales from the tip of the

abdomen.
Specimens examined, -109 males and 1 female, all
year.
ECUADOR. Loja; El Monje, prs Loja; Environs de
Loja; San Francisco; Zamora; Palanda; Zamora.
PERU. Amazonas; Chachapoyas; Huambo; Cusco;
Callanga, 1800 m.; Huanuco; Cushi, 1900 m.; Pozuzo,
5000-6000 ft.; Pozuzo; Junin; Chanchamayo; Rio
Colorado; Lima; Lima-Chanchamayo; Loreto; Huallaga;
Pasco; Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco, 6-10,000 ft.;
Oxapampa, 6400 ft.; Puno; Huacamayo, 3100 ft.; La
Oroya, R. Inambari, 3100 ft.; R. Inambari, 6000 ft.;
Santo Domingo, 6000 ft.; not located; Chaupe,
6100 ft.; no specific locality; Peru. BOLIVIA.
Cochabamba; R. Cristal Mayu, Chapare, 1000-2000 m.;
Yunga del Espritu Santo; Yungas del Palmar,
1000 m.; La Paz; Rio Songo, 750 m.; Yungas de la
Paz, 1000 m.

Pero semiusta (Butler)

Azelina semiusta Butler, 1881;36.
Maie (fig. 360).Forewing similar to that of
homodoxa, but grayer and without orangish tint;
projection of antemedial line into cell rounded,
sometimes sharp and steep at its tip; black shading
of this angulation not extending into cell.
Male genitalia (figs. 817, 817a).Can be
distinguished from preceding species by shape of
costal fold of right valve.
[Link].
[Link] in this species seems to be
rare, and semiusta is never as variable as homodoxa.
[Link] from a single male from 'Ecuador"
in British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] projection of the antemedial line
of the forewing will almost always separate homodoxa
and semiusta. In homodoxa this projection is
squared with black extending from its tip toward the
discal dot, but in semiusta the projection is
rounded and the black shading does not reach the
discal dot. The presence or absence of the spine on
the costa of the valve in the male genitalia can
often be seen by brushing away the scales from the
tip of the abdomen.
Specimens examined.119 males, all year.
ECUADOR. Loja; El Monje, prs Loja; Loja;
Tungurahua; El Rosario, Rio Pastaza, 4900 ft.; La
Victoria, Rio Pastaza, 3500 ft.; Zamora; Palanda;
Zamora; no specific locality; Ecuador. PERU.
Amazonas; Huambo; Junin; Chanchamayo; Puno;
Agualani, 9500 ft.; La Oroya, Rio Huacamayo,
2000 ft.; Oconeque, 7000 ft.; Rio Huacamayo,
3100 ft.; Rio Inambari to Limbani; Rio Inambari,
6000 ft.; R. Slucuri, 2500 ft.; Santo Domingo,
6000 ft.; Tinguri, 3000 ft.; Yahuarmayo, 1200 ft.;
San Martin; Jepelacio; not located; Pumayaca; Tuca
Mine; no specific locality; Peru.

Pero brynhllda Prout

Espritu Santo; Yungas del Palmar, 2000 m.; not

located; Tanampaya; no specific locality; Bolivia.

Pero brynhilda Prout, 1928:65.

Male (fig. 361).Palpi brown, inner fringe and tip
of third segment cream colored. Legs brown, heavily
spotted with cream-colored scales, particularly tips
of tibiae and tarsi. Forewing brown with large
areas of brown flecked with gray; basal area gray,
but heavily scaled with brown, particularly toward
base; median area brown, slightly gray toward costa;
postmedial line preceded by dark brown band,
sometimes filling most of outer one-fourth of median
area, sometimes discrete; yellowish blotch between
discal dot and postmedial line usually well
developed; discal dot large, composed of dorsal line
and ventral dot; inner half of subterminal area
grayish, flecked with brown, with only vague dark
shade following postmedial line; outer half of
subterminal area also gray, but brown scaling much
heavier and separated from inner half of subterminal
area by wavy brown line. Hindwing brown, lighter
and grayer toward anal angle; postmedial line
indistinct. Below light brown.
Male genitalia (figs. 818, 818a, 819-821).--Easily
recognized by shape of costal fold of valve.
Female (fig. 362).Forewing maculation as in male,
but without gray areas; uniformly brown except
darker one-fourth of median area; discal dot large,
two parts connected by white line. Below darker
brown than in male.
Female genitalia (fig. 1086).Can be identified by
shape of ostium.
[Link] specimens are much grayer and
have the yellow blotch in the cell of the forewing
better developed than those from Bolivia. In the
male genitalia there is a remarkable amount of
variation in the shape of the costal fold (figs.
819-821) and the tip of the aedeagus.
[Link] described brynhilda from 16 males and
1 female and stated "S.E. Peru, Carabaya, Agualani,
9000-9500 ft., 10 males in coll. Tring Mus.,
including the type." The specimen from this
locality with Prout*s type label is designated as
the lectotype and is in the British Museum of
Natural History.
[Link] is a possibility that two species
are involved, one in Peru and the other in Bolivia,
but because the character that could be used to
separate them, i.e., the shape of the costal fold,
proved to be so variable, I was not able to make any
clear-cut distinction between the two. The females
are only questionably associated with the males.
Specimens examined.44 males and 3 females, all
year.
PERU. Huanuco; Pozuzo, 5-6000 ft.; Pasco;
Huancabamba; Puno; Agualani, 9000 ft.; La Oroya,
3000 ft.; Limbani', 9500 ft.; Oconeque, 7000 ft.;
Quinton, 5000 ft.; Tinguri; Uruhuasi, 7000 ft.; not
located; Utcuyacu, 5000 ft.; no specific locality;
Peru. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba; Incachaca; Yunga de

Pero hunaca Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 363).Palpi brown, outer fringe and tip
of third segment cream colored. Legs brown, flecked
with cream-colored scales. Forewing basal area
grayish, but heavily scaled with brown giving it
brown appearance; median area brown, outer one-third
dark brown; yellow blotch not present between discal
dot and postmedial line; discal dot a dorsal line
and ventral dot, not connected by white line;
subterminal area grayish, not divided into inner and
outer half, although central wavy brown line in
middle present; vague dark shade following
postmedial line. Hindwing brown; postmedial line
clear, but not prominent. Below brown; postmedial
lines of both wings wavy, distinct, and accented
with white.
Male genitalia (figs. 822, 822a).Shape of costal
fold will easily distinguish this species from any
other in group.
[Link].
[Link], if any.
[Link]: Male, Quiroz, Piura, Peru, 14-XI,
1933, in American Museum of Natural History.
Paratypes; 2 males, Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco,
Peru, 6-10,000 ft., in British Museum of Natural
History; Huambo, Amazonas, Peru, 3 males in British
Museum of Natural History.
[Link] is an unusual species,
particularly the male genitalia. The costal fold
might be considered to represent a primitive state;
it is not modified as in the other species of this
group.
Specimens examined. -14 males, April, October, and
November.
PERU. Amazonas; Huambo; Chachapoyas; El Porvenir,
900 m.; Huanuco; Pozuzo, 800 m.; Junin; Chanchamayo;
Pasco; Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco, 6-10,000 ft.;
Huancabamba, 5000-6000 ft.; Piura; Quiroz; no
specific locality; Peru.

GROUP 15
Group 15 is not completely distinct from the two
following groups. Generally it consists of small
species. The uncus is usually slightly bifurcate at
the tip, and the subscaphium is often shaped as in
figure 827.
The species in group 15 are found usually in the
Andes, but a few are from southern Brazil or
Argentina. The group is characterized by a large
number of endemic or unique species. However, many
members have been taken in dry areas. These parts
of South America have been poorly collected and may
not represent a true picture. Two or three species
have developed pectinate antennae and a robust,
hirsute appearance, probably independently.

113

Possibly this is an adaptation to high altitudes

because most of the species with pectinate antennae
are from altitudes of about 10,000 feet.

Pero colaloa Poole, NEW SPECIES

Female (fig. 364).Legs brown but tarsi cream
colored, heavily spotted with brown. Forewing
brown, basal area slightly lighter than median area;
costa of basal area slightly flecked with gray
brown; median area darker along postmedial line and
between two outward angulations of antemedial line;
discal dot black, usually double; postmedial line
finely crenulate, followed by vague dark gray band
in subterminal area; outer half of subterminal area
slightly darker than inner. Hindwing dull brown;
postmedial line evenly rounded, fine brown line
followed by thin light band; outer margin
scalloped. Below dull white, heavily scaled with
brown; discal dot of forewing a black line in dull
white area; postmedial line a white line, evenly
rounded; discal dot of hindwing large, black;
postmedial line of hindwing whiter than remainder of
wing.
Female genitalia (fig. 1087).

brown. Hindwing light gray brown to red brown;

postmedial line light, never conspicuous. Below
light gray brown to red brown; postmedial line of
forewing straight; postmedial line of hindwing
slightly waved; inner half of hindwing lighter than
costal half.
Male genitalia (figs. 823, 823a).May be
distinguished from next species by shapes of
aedeagus and juxta.
Female (fig. 366).Similar to male, but darker;
veins of forewing more strongly accented with dark
brown. Below darker.
Female genitalia (fig. 1088).
[Link] cocha is known only from a few
specimens, it is probably variable. The three males
differ in ground color, two are red brown and the
third is light gray brown. One of the two females
is considerably darker than the other.
[Link]: Male, Incachaca, Cochabamba,
Bolivia, J. Steinbach, in U.S. National Museum.
Allotype: Female from type locality in U.S. National
Museum. Paratypes: 2 males and 1 female from type
locality in U.S* National Museum.

[Link].
[Link] clarity of the markings varies from
specimen to specimen, but there are too few
specimens to comment on geographical variation.
[Link]: Female, El Siambon, 1700 m.,
Tucuman, Argentina, R. Schreiter, in British Museum
of Natural History. Paratypes: 1 female, S. Pedro
de Colaloa, Argentina, in U.S. National Museum;
1 female from Tucuman, Argentina, in U.S. National
Museum.
[Link] species is known only from three
females that are similar to the females of the next
two species, but there are differences in the female
genitalia. Its true relationships cannot be
determined until the male is known.
Specimens examined.3 females, December.
ARGENTINA. Tucuman; El Siambon, 1700 m.; S. Pedro
de Colaloa, Trancas; Tucuman.

Pero cocha Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 365).Antennae brown, much lighter
dorsally than ventrally. Palpi brown, tipped with
cream color. Legs with tibiae brown, speckled with
cream color; tarsi cream colored. Forewing brown to
red brown; basal area uniform except few dark
scales; antemedial line brown, strongest toward
costa; median area slightly darker than either basal
or subterminal area; median area darkest in outer
one-fifth, or with dark brown band paralleling
postmedial line in this position; discal dot double,
sometimes dots separate, sometimes connected;
subterminal area concolorous with basal area; dark
shade along postmedial line and another running
length of subterminal area at about middle; veins in
subterminal area sometimes slightly marked with dark

114

[Link] cocha is similar to the next

species and probably occurs with it, it can be
easily distinguished from inca by the male and
female genitalia. The postmedial line of the
forewing above in cocha is more irregular than in
inca.
Specimens examined.3 males and 2 females.
BOLIVIA.

Cochabamba: Incachaca.

Pero inca Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 367).Forewing similar to that of
preceding species, but light brown (based on only
one specimen); maculation less distinct than in
cocha; postmedial line straighter and followed by
gray shade, not dark shade as in preceding species.
Hindwing more heavily flecked with dark scales,
light band before fringe not present in cocha.
Below maculation similar to that in cocha, but light
brown and flecked with dark scales.
Male genitalia (figs. 824, 824a).Can be
distinguished from preceding species by shapes of
tip of aedeagus and uncus.
Female (fig. 368).Similar to male, but larger;
light brown, not dark brown as in preceding species.
Female genitalia (fig. 1089).
[Link]: Male, Cochabamba, Bolivia, January
1950, in American Museum of Natural History.
Allotype: Female from type locality in American
Museum of Natural History.
[Link] inca is known only from one male
and one female from the department of Cochabamba,
Bolivia.

Specimens examined.1 male and 1 female.

BOLIVIA.

Cochabamba; "Cochabamba."

Pero jonesarla (Schaus)

Azelina jonesarla Schaus, 1897:162.
Male (fig. 369).Antennae light dorsally. Legs
with inner faces cream colored. Forewing basal area
uniform brown, although slightly darker toward inner
margin; antemedial line dark brown with dark brown
patch in middle angulation and at Cu; median area
slightly darker than basal area, with dark brown
band in outer one-fifth paralleling postmedial line;
costal one-third of median area yellowish in some
specimens; discal dot double, but two halves usually
joined; postmedial line dark brown with sharp
indentation on 2A; subterminal area concolorous with
basal area; vague dark band in subterminal area
paralleling postmedial line and another centrally
located; series of black dots along outer margin.
Hindwing dark brown; postmedial line a light band,
preceded by vague dark band in basal area. Below
dark brown, maculation vague, almost uniform;
postmedial lines of both wings cream colored, not
overly distinct; discal dot of hindwing a small
black dot.
Male genitalia (figs. 826, 826a).Shapes of uncus
and subscaphium will distinguish this species from
others in group.
Female (fig. 370).Forewing maculation similar to
that of male, but upper one-third of median area
almost always distinctly light yellow brown; discal
dot larger; angulations of postmedial line more
pronounced than in male. Below markings clearer
than in male; postmedial lines of forewing and
hindwing distinct and dark; discal dots of both
wings large and black.
Female genitalia (fig. 1090).
[Link] yellow patch on the costa of the
forewing may or may not be present in the males, but
it is almost always present in the females. There
is a slight amount of variation in the distinctness
of maculation from specimen to specimen.
[Link] described jonesarla from three males
and three females. The specimen marked "Castro,
Parana" with U.S.N.M. type number 12426 with the
male genitalia on slide R.W.P. 10554 is designated
as the lectotype.

scales. Forewing maculation usually vague; basal

area dull brown, uniform; antemedial line brown;
median area slightly darker than either basal or
subterminal areas; upper one-fourth to one-third of
median area often yellowish, but variable from
specimen to specimen; discal dot present to vague,
double; outer one-fourth of median area darker than
inner three-fourths; postmedial line incurved toward
inner margin, but variable; subterminal area
concolorous with basal area, uniform except vague
dark band following postmedial line. Hindwing dull
brown, with vague postmedial line preceded along
inner margin by darker band. Below almost uniformly
dull brown except hint of white postmedial line in
forewing and hindwing.
Male genitalia (figs. 825, 825a).Small size of
this species and shape of subscaphium will separate
it from next species.
[Link] to male, but maculation usually
more distinct.
Female genitalia (fig. 1091).
[Link] female from Neuquen, Argentina, is
light brown in the basal and subterminal areas of
the forewing and has the median area dark brown.
The Mendoza specimens are slightly more strongly
marked than those from Neuquen.
[Link]: Male, 2 km. S. Neuquen, Neuquen,
Argentina, 22-11-1952, J. Foster, in American Museum
of Natural History. Allotype: Female from type
locality in American Museum of Natural History.
Paratypes: 3 males and 5 females from type locality
in American Museum of Natural History, and 1 male
and 1 female in British Museum of Natural History;
Neuquen, 11 males and 3 females in American Museum
of Natural History, and 2 males in British Museum of
Natural History; San Martin de los Andes, Neuquen,
1 male in American Museum of Natural History.
[Link] soft gray-brown
species will usually distinguish
else in the genus, but specimens
sometimes be confused with those

appearance of this
it from anything
from Mendoza can
of minopenaria.

Specimens examined.22 males and 11 females, April.

ARGENTINA. Mendoza: Mendoza; Neuquen: 2 km.
S. Neuquen; Neuquen; San Martin de los Andes.

Pero minopenaria (Oberthtir)

Azelina minopenaria Oberthiir, 1912:297.

[Link] jonesarla is known only from

Castro, Parana, Brazil, where it appears to be
common.
Specimens examined.20 males and 14 females.
BRAZIL.

Parana: Castro.

Pero neuquena Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 372).Forewing light to dark brown;

discal dot usually double, although two parts often
fused; lower half of postmedial line wavy, upper
half straight; postmedial line followed by darker
band in subterminal area, darker and more prominent
than in any other species of this group. Below
inner margin of hindwing cream colored, heavily
flecked with darker scales; discal dot of hindwing
large, black.

Male (fig. 371).Antennae lighter dorsally than

ventrally. Legs vaguely spotted with cream-colored

115

Male genitalia (figs. 827, 827a).Shapes of juxta

and subscaphium will separate this species from
other species in group.
[Link] to male, but not strongly marked.
Female genitalia (fig. 1092).
[Link] species varies from light to dark
brown, with much variation in the distinctness of
the markings. There are no obvious geographical
trends, but the number of specimens is small. One
specimen from Uruguay has the yellowish costa of the
forewing characteristic of some of the other species
in this group. Darker specimens tend to be more
uniform in coloration than lighter ones.
[Link] type of minopenaria is a male from
"Republique Argentina." This specimen is in the
British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] species combines features of both
cocha and inca, and individuals resembling both
species exist, but minopenarla is smaller and has a
different distribution.
Specimens examined. -25 males and 2 females, all
year.
BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul; Estancia do Tigre.
URUGUAY. Lavalleja; La Estanzuela, Colon;
Montevideo; Colon, Montevideo; Tacuaremb; Chico;
Tacuarambo [sic!]. ARGENTINA. Buenos Aires; Buenos
Aires; Del Viso; Cordoba; Cordoba, Paragonia; Entre
ROS; La Soledad; La Rioja; La Rioja; not located;
Le Prado; no specific locality; Argentina.

illustration in the library of the British Museum of

Natural History.
[Link] described this species as a
noctuid. The only known specimens are in the Museum
of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, and are
from Uruguay. This species is distinguished by the
shape of the median area of the forewing. Hbner's
figure leaves no doubt as to the species illustrated.
Specimens examined.2 males and 1 female, March.
URUGUAY.

Florida; Casupa; Rio y Florida.

Pero curia Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 374).Antennae strongly serrate.
Forewing gray brown; basal area gray, flecked with
dark scales, not well demarcated from median area
toward costa; antemedial line slanting outward to
inner margin; median area dark gray brown; costal
one-third yellow, but costa itself gray brown;
discal dot absent; postmedial line waved, followed
by dark band in subterminal area. Hindwing gray
brown; inner margin yellow; postmedial line a thin
light band, followed by vague dark band in
subterminal area. Below dark gray brown, but inner
margins of both wings white, particularly of
hindwing; discal dot of forewing a vague white
rectangle; postmedial line of hindwing dark brown,
followed by white band; discal dot of hindwing a
black spot.
Male genitalia (figs. 830, 830a).
[Link].

Pero scotica (Hbner)

Episema scotica Hbner, 1823;28, figs. 359-360.
Male (fig. 373).Antennae strongly serrate; cream
colored on dorsum of shaft. Palpi dark brown. Legs
dark brown, but tarsi cream colored. Forewing brown
on dull white base; median area forming triangle on
costa of about three-fourths length of wing, and
basal and subterminal areas converging beneath it;
lower half of median area dark brown, upper half
light; discal dot two small black dots. Hindwing
dull white flecked with brown, particularly along
outer margin; postmedial line developed only toward
inner margin. Below brown scaling on dull white
base; inner half of hindwing lighter than outer
half. Thorax dark brown, darker than abdomen.

[Link]; Male, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul,

Brazil, January 16, 1963, CM. Biezanko, in British
Museum of Natural History.
[Link] fuzzy appearance and the yellow
costa (if this is constant for the species) are
characteristic. This species is superficially
similar to some of the following species from the
Andes.
Specimen examined.1 male, January.
BRAZIL.

Rio Grande do Sul; Pelotas.

Pero castrarla (Behaus), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina castrarla Schaus, 1898;147.

Male genitalia (figs. 829, 829a).Similar to

genitalia of minopenaria, but larger, uncus longer,
and subscaphium and juxta different in shape.
[Link] to male, but antennae not as
strongly serrate; forewing browner; discal dots
larger; antemedial line better developed; postmedial
line of hindwing distinct.
Female genitalia (fig. 1093).
[Link] type of this species has probably been
destroyed, but I have seen Hbner's original

116

Male (fig. 375).Legs with tarsi cream colored.

Forewing brown, with velvety appearance; basal area
brown, scaled with darker brown; median area with
light dash running along Cu from base of wing
through median area to just before postmedial line;
discal dot single; outer one-fifth of median area
darker than inner four-fifths; median area slightly
orange in discal cell; postmedial line dark brown,
followed by dark gray shade (sometimes slightly
violet), light brown band, and then dark brown from
there to outer margin. Hindwing light brown to dull
white, scaled with darker brown, particularly as
dark vague band from base through upper half of wing

to outer margin; inner margin shaded with brown;

postmedial line in anal angle brown to orange
brown. Below orange brown along costa of both
wings, particularly of hindwing; postmedial lines of
both wings white and conspicuous; inner margin of
hindwing white and contrasting with remainder of
wing; discal dot of hindwing black and sharp.
Male genitalia (figs. 831, 831a).Arm of tip of
aedeagus and shape of juxta are characteristic.
[Link].
[Link] described this species from an
indefinite number of specimens from Castro, Paran,
Brazil. The male bearing his type label is
designated as the lectotype and is in the U.S.
National Museum.
[Link] castrarla is distinctive,
particularly the aedeagus of the male genitalia, but
I believe it is best placed with minopenaria and its
relatives.
Specimens examined.15 males.
BRAZIL.

PERU. Ancash: Marca, 3000 ft.; Lima: Lima-Matucuna

[Matucana?].

Pero acopa Pode, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 377).Antennae pectinate; cream colored
dorsally. Legs cream colored except bases of
femora. Forewing brown, variable in darkness; basal
area brown, uniform (although in some specimens
darkly scaled); discal dot double, but usually with
dots connected; outer one-fifth of median area
darker than inner four-fifths; costa may or may not
be yellowish; vague dark band may occur after
postmedial line, but may be indistinct or absent;
often another dark shade in middle of subterminal
area, but again poorly developed. Hindwing brown,
darker than forewing; postmedial line poorly
developed; subterminal area in anal angle lighter
than remainder of wing. Below similar to other
species in this group; coloration more uniform
appearing; inner edge of hindwing, although lighter,
not as obvious as in most other species in group.
Male genitalia (figs. 828, 828a) .Shapes of
subscaphium and aedeagus will identify this species.

Paran: Castro.
[Link] to male, but antennae simple; wings
darker than in average male.

Pero oehriplaga Warren

Female [Link].
Pero oehriplaga Warren, 1901:491.
Male (fig. 376).Antennae strongly pectinate; shaft
cream colored. Palpi with inner side of second
segment cream colored. Legs cream colored, spotted
with brown. Forewing basal area light gray brown,
flecked with black, particularly toward antemedial
line and inner margin; median area lightest between
discal dot and antemedial line, darkest opposite
middle of postmedial line; discal dot double, black;
upper one-fourth of postmedial line followed by
vague orange-yellow blotch; postmedial line black;
subterminal area light gray brown, mottled with
light and dark bands. Hindwing postmedial line
obscure, brown, strongly marked only in anal angle.
Below discal dot of forewing a white line; inner
margin of forewing dull white, no conspicuous light
or dark areas in forewing; postmedial line of
hindwing crenulate, dark brown; inner margin cream
colored, spotted with brown scales; discal dot a
large black rectangle.
Male genitalia (figs. 832, 832a).Characterized by
shapes of uncus and subscaphium.
[Link].
[Link] described ochriplaga from a single
male from Marca, Peru, in the British Museum of
Natural History.
[Link] species comes from the western
coast of Peru and is perhaps found in dry
localities. The antennae are strongly pectinate,
but the male genitalia indicate that ochriplaga is
most closely related to castrarla.

[Link] coloration of this species, like

most others in this group, is variable. Some
specimens have the costa of the forewing in the
median area yellow, some are intermediate, and the
rest are brown.
[Link]: Male, Tambomachay, Cusco, Peru,
3690 m., 3-II-1959, J.G.F. Clarke, in U.S. National
Museum. Allotype: Female, Acopampa, [Huancavelica],
Peru, 11,500 ft., in U.S. National Museum.
Paratypes: From allotype locality, 2 males in U.S.
National Museum, 3 males in Cornell University
collection, and 3 males in British Museum of Natural
History.
[Link] acopa is placed in this section of
the present species group with uncertainty because
it has such unique characteristics as the pectinate
male antennae and the shapes of the uncus and of the
subscaphium. However, the polymorphism of the
yellow versus brown costa of the forewing,
characteristic of the first species of this group,
is present.
This is a variable species, but the pectinate
antennae of the male and the shape of the wing will
easily identify it. The holotype from Tambomachay,
Cusco, Peru, is different from the specimens of
acopa from Acopampa in color, but it is the only
fresh specimen available. All known specimens of
acopa are from above 10,000 feet elevation.
Specimens examined.10 males and 1 female, February.
PERU. Cusco: Tambomachay, 3690 m.; Huancavelica;
Acopampa, 11,500 ft.; no specific locality: Peru.

Specimens examined.3 males, December.

117

Pero gemlnlpuncta (Warren), NEW COMBINATION

[Link] to male, but all maculation vague;

costa of forewing in two known females yellow.

Azelina geminipuncta Warren, 1905b:367.

Female [Link].
Male (fig. 378).Antennae pectinate. Palpi dark
gray. Legs with femora dark gray; tibiae and tarsi
cream colored. Forewing basal area dark gray brown,
spotted with dark scales; antemedial line distinct;
median area red brown; dark gray shade from upper
projection of antemedial line in discal cell; outer
one-third of median area darker than inner
two-thirds, but not on upper one-fourth of
postmedial line; discal dot with two small black
spots in vague, dull white area; subterminal area
gray, mottled with light and dark gray bands.
Hindwing dark gray brown; subterminal area light
gray in anal angle; postmedial line even, thin.
Below even, dark gray brown, all maculation vague;
forewing lighter brown on costa near postmedial line.
Male genitalia (figs, 833, 833a).Shape of aedeagus
is characteristic.

[Link] described obtusaria from a single male

from "Peru: Matucana-Lima districts." It is in the
British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] is the most uniform appearing
species of this complex, but is known only from a
few rubbed specimens from western Peru.
Specimens examined.4 males and 2 females, December.
PERU.

Lima; Callao; Huacho; Lima-Matucana.

Pero consimllls (Warren), NEW COMBINATION

Meticulodes consimilis Warren, 1907:311.
Meticulodes hoffmannsi Warren, 1907:312.
SYNONYMY.

NEW

[Link].
[Link] described geminipuncta from four males
from "Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco, Peru." The male
with Warren's type label is designated as the
lectotype and is in the British Museum of Natural
History.
[Link] species is superficially closest
to vulpcula, but the male genitalia do not indicate
that they are closely related. I have placed
geminipuncta next to acopa and ochriplaga based on
the pectinate antennae, although this is not a
particular character in this genus.

Male (fig. 380).Legs dark gray brown; inner faces

of legs lighter. Forewing gray, gray brown, or
brown; basal area gray brown scaled with black,
rough appearing;- median area gray brown, darker
toward inner margin and along postmedial line;
discal dot with two small black dots or absent;
postmedial line with small teeth on veins;
subterminal area with dark band following postmedial
line and another in about middle of area. Hindwing
dull white, scaled with dark brown, lightest toward
base and costa; postmedial line brown, followed by
obscure light band. Below dull white, flecked with
dark gray brown; postmedial lines of both wings
brown; costa of forewing and hindwing orange brown.

Specimens examined.6 males.

PERU. Pasco; Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco,
6-10,000 ft.

Male genitalia (figs. 835, 835a).Shapes of

subscaphium and uncus are characteristic.
Male eighth tergite and sternite (figs. 853, 854).

Pero obtusaria Prout

[Link].

Pero obtusaria Prout, 1928:58.

[Link] seem to be roughly two forms in

consimilis, one brown and one gray. The type of
consimilis is a soft gray with the median area much
darker than the rest of the forewing, but most gray
specimens are darker, rougher appearing, and flecked
with dark scales. Brown specimens also vary in the
amount of dark flecking of the forewing. The type
of hoffmannsi is the brown form. The discal dot of
the forewing above varies in size from two distinct
black dots to almost absent or absent. The two
males from Huancabamba, Peru, have the costa of the
forewing above yellow, but this is not
characteristic of the species from other areas.

Male (fig. 379).Antennae simple. Legs dull dark

brown, tibiae cream colored at tip. Forewing dull
dark brown; basal area lighter than median area, but
not clearly set off from it; outer third of median
area distinctly darker than inner two-thirds; discal
dot small, black; postmedial line slightly indented
on veins, each indentation with small white spot;
subterminal area lighter along postmedial line,
darker toward outer margin. Hindwing dull, brown,
darker toward inner margin; postmedial line a dull
white band, edged with brown toward inner margin.
Below postmedial line of forewing a dull white band
toward costa, but becoming obscure toward middle of
wing; discal dot of forewing a dull white blotch;
postmedial line of hindwing vague, dark brown edged
with dull white; discal dot black.
Male genitalia (figs. 834, 834a).Structures of
valve, subscaphium, and uncus are characteristic.
Male eighth tergite and sternite (figs. 851, 852).

118

[Link] described consimilis from a male from

Cushi, Huanuco, Peru. The male with Warren's type
label is designated as the lectotype (there is doubt
as to how many specimens Warren had). It is in the
British Museum of Natural History. The type of
hoffmannsi is a single male from Cushi, Huanuco,
Peru, and is also in the British Museum of Natural
History.

[Link] conslmllls is one of the most

common species of the complex, but its distribution
is erratic. It is a variable species, but the male
genitalia are characteristic and can usually be seen
by brushing away the scales from the tip of the
abdomen. The yellow costa of the forewing is not
common and is known only in specimens from
Huancabamba, Pasco, Peru.
Specimens examined.16 males, all year.
ECUADOR. Chimborazo; Dos Puentes, 1700 ft.; Huigra,
7000 ft.; not located; Hacienda Cayendeled, Rio
Bamba, 4200 ft. PERU. Amazonas ; River Tabaconas,
6000 ft.; Huanuco; Cushi, 1900 m.; Junin;
Chanchamayo, 1000 m. Chanchamayo, 2000 m.
Lima; Lima, 500 ft. Lima;
Huacapistana, 1800 m
Pasco: Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco

Pero galea Poole, NEW SPECIES

Meticulodes rufaria Dognin, 1906:213. NEW SYNONYMY.

Azelina mithras Oberthr, 1912:297. NEW SYNONYMY.
Male (figs. 383, 384).Legs concolorous with
remainder of body except cream-colored tarsi.
Forewing brown to black gray; basal area grayish,
flecked with dark scales; median area brown or black
gray, sometimes costal third yellow; discal dot
single or double, but never large; sometimes either
a dark line paralleling postmedial line or outer
one-fifth of median area darker than inner
four-fifths; subterminal area usually grayish, in
some specimens brownish; dark band paralleling
postmedial line and another in about middle of
subterminal area; series of black dots along outer
margin. Hindwing gray black, some specimens
brownish; wing marked with either yellow or brown
along inner margin; postmedial line dull white;
series of black dots along outer margin. Below
brownish or gray, suffused with dark scales;
postmedial lines of forewing and hindwing dark.

Male (fig. 381).---Forewing similar to that of

consimilis, but maculation less distinct and wing
more heavily scaled with dark gray; antemedial line
indistinct; discal dot present, double. Hindwing
almost uniformly scaled with dark gray. Below
without orange brown along costa of forewing and
hindwing; color of forewing and hindwing almost
uniform, not lighter toward inner margin.

Male genitalia (figs. 837, 837a).Shape of

subscaphium will identify this species.

Male genitalia (figs. 836, 836a).Shapes of

subscaphium and uncus are characteristic.

[Link] is a variable species, particularly

in color. Some specimens are brown, but others are
gray black. Many of the gray-black males have the
costal one-third of the median area of the forewing
above yellow, but none of the brown ones do. Some
specimens have the subterminal area conspicuously
lighter than the median area, although this appears
to be limited to the gray specimens. The discal dot
may be present or absent, with all degrees of
development in between.

Male eighth tergite and [Link] in consimilis.

Female (fig. 382).Similar to male, but darker;
maculation of forewing stronger than in male;
well-marked series of dark dots along outer margins
of forewing and hindwing; dark gray brown below with
postmedial lines of forewing and hindwing brown
followed by light band; white dots along outer
margin of both wings below.
Female genitalia (fig. 1094).
[Link]; Male, Huigra, Chimborazo, Ecuador,
4000 ft., Dec. 28, 1928, in U.S. National Museum.
Allotype; Female, Guallabamba River, Pichincha,
Ecuador, 1650 m., in American Museum of Natural
History.
[Link] female listed may not be correctly
associated with the male, but it resembles it. Both
this species and consimilis have been taken at
Huigra, Ecuador, but consliilis was taken at 7,000,
not 4,000 feet elevation.
Specimens examined. -3 males and 1 female, June and
December.
ECUADOR. Chimborazo; Huigra, 4000 ft.; Pichincha;
Guallabamba River, N E. Quito. PERU. Amazonas ;
River Tabaconas, 6000 ft.

Male eighth tergite and sternite (figs. 857, 858).

Female (fig. 385).
Female genitalia (fig. 1095).

[Link] described erubescens from two males,

one dark and one light, in the Zoologisches Institut
und Museum der Humboldt-Universitt, Berlin. The
light male figured on plate 7 is designated as the
lectotype. Azelina terrenaria was based on three
males from Loja, Ecuador. Two of the males have the
"type" in parentheses, but the third male does not.
This male has U.S.N.M. type label 32398 and is
designated as the lectotype. Meticulodes rufaria
was described from a "paire," the male from
Angasmarca, Peru, and the female from "Trujillo,"
Peru. The male is designated as the lectotype and
is in the U.S. National Museum. The female is
probably the female of the next species. The type
of mithras is a female from "Hacienda Cayandeled,
Bamba, Ecuador" and is in the British Museum of
Natural History.
[Link] erubescens was described as a
noctuid. Pero erubescens is probably common where
found and is variable.
Specimens examined.18 males and 1 female, July.

Pero erubescens (Maassen), NEW COMBINATION

Poaphila erubescens Maassen, 1890: pi. 7, fig. 12.
Azelina terrenaria Dognin, 1892:107. NEW SYNONYMY.

ECUADOR. Loja: Environs de Loja; Pichincha;

Pululangua, 2500-2700 m.; not located; Hacienda
Cayandeled, Rio Bamba. PERU. Not located;
Angasmarca BOLIVIA. Cochabamba.

119

Pero matucana Poole, NEW SPECIES

Female (fig. 388).Similar to male.

Male (fig. 386).Legs brown; tarsi and tips of

tibiae cream colored. Forewing brown, flecked with
dark brown scales; basal area brown, sometimes
speckled with few darker scales; median area brown,
darker in indentation of antemedial line and along
postmedial line; discal dot double, conspicuous;
dark band following postmedial line; postmedial line
dark, wavy, particularly toward inner margin;
subterminal area brown. Hindwing light brown,
flecked with dark scales; postmedial line dark and
prominent; discal dot present, although not
conspicuous; wing lightest toward base. Below
brown, light toward inner margin of both wings;
postmedial lines of forewing and hindwing dark
brown; discal dot absent in forewing, black and
round in hindwing.

Female genitalia (fig. 1097).

Male genitalia (figs. 838, 838a).Shape of

subscaphium is characteristic.
Male eighth tergite and sternite (figs. 855, 856).
Female (fig. 387).Forewing uniform brown; veins in
subterminal area accented. Hindwing postmedial line
not conspicuous. Below not conspicuously lighter
toward inner margin of forewing and hindwing.
Female genitalia (fig. 1096).
[Link]: Male, Verrugas, [Lima], Peru,
April 14, 1928, Shannon, in U.S. National Museum.
Paratype: 1 male from Matucana, [Lima], Peru, in
Cornell University collection.
[Link] only known female is the female
type of rufaria Dognin, and it is only tentatively
associated with this species. I, therefore, have
not made it an allotype.

[Link] described this species from several

specimens, but he designated the type as the male
from "Lima-Matucana districts." This male is in the
British Museum of Natural History. The remaining
males are specimens of matucana.
Specimens examined.1 male and 1 female.
PERU.

Lima; Lima-Chanchamayo; Lima-Matucana.

Pero atrldisca Dognin

Pero atridisca Dognin, 1906;213.
Male (fig. 389).Palpi brown gray. Legs gray.
Forewing basal area not well set off from median
area (unique type is badly rubbed); median area
gray, speckled with dark scales, and outer one-third
darker than inner two-thirds; median area brown from
inner margin to M^; discal dot a small black spot;
postmedial line dark, incurved on M^; subterminal
area gray, darkest near median veins; two vague dark
bands running from medial veins toward inner
margin. Hindwing light gray, speckled with brown
scales in subterminal area; postmedial line brown,
but not prominent and discal dot of lower surface
showing through. Below light gray, flecked with few
brown scales; discal dot of hindwing large, black,
and prominent.
Male genitalia (figs. 840, 840a).Subscaphium and
juxta are characteristic.
Male eighth tergite and sternite (figs. 859, 860).
[Link].

Specimens examined.2 males and 1 female, April and

May.
PERU. La Libertad; Trujillo; Lima; Matucana;
Verrugas.

[Link] atridisca was described from a single

male from "Angasmarca, Peru," in the U.S. National
Museum.
[Link] atridisca is a distinctive species.

Pero clnnamomlna Prout

Specimen examined.1 male.

Pero cinnamomina Prout, 1928;60.

PERU.

[Link] light brown. Legs light brown.

Forewing light brown to yellow brown; basal area
slightly darker than subterminal area; antemedial
line indistinct, but followed by dark brown scaling;
median area concolorous with subterminal area in
middle and along costa, but darker toward inner
margin and postmedial line; discal dot with two
small spots; postmedial line cut where veins pass,
followed by thin gray-brown line; brown shade in
middle of subterminal area and series of black dots
along outer margin. Hindwing light yellow brown;
postmedial line thin, brown; inner margin shaded
with brown scales, but remainder of wing very
light. Below light brown; postmedial lines of both
forewing and hindwing dull brown; discal dots of
both wings indistinct, dull brown lines.
Male genitalia (figs. 839, 839a).

120

Not located; Angasmarca.

barbarata Species Complex

This is a troublesome complex, and the treatment
given here is probably inadequate because of a lack
of material. All the species except torna are
represented by only a few specimens, usually only a
unique male. Unfortunately the variation in torna
covers the superficial appearance of almost all the
other species, and probably they are equally
variable. The only satisfactory way to identify any
of them is by the male genitalia. Geographical
information may be useful if the picture of local or
endemic species holds true after more material has
been collected. If these species are endemic or
local, probably some remain to be discovered. The
data on most specimens are inadequate, but the
members of the complex possibly come from drier

localities than most other species of Pero in South

America.
This complex includes corda through rata.

Pero corda Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 390).Antennae simple, white dorsally.
Legs brown toward base, cream colored toward distal
end. Forewing dark brown; basal area brown, with
dark scales; median area darker than basal area,
light along costa and between discal dot and
postmedial line, darker toward postmedial line,
antemedial line, and inner margin; outer one-fifth
of median area darker than remainder of area;
subterminal area brown with vague dark shade
paralleling postmedial line and even vaguer dark
shade toward middle. Hindwing dark brown;
postmedial line vague; subterminal area light in
anal angle. Below almost uniformly dark brown;
postmedial lines of both forewing and hindwing
vague; inner margin of hindwing light.
Male genitalia (figs. 841, 841a).Shapes of
aedeagus, subscaphium, and juxta will identify this
species.
Male eighth [Link] in rata.
[Link].
[Link]: Male, Pacho, [Cundinamarca],
Colombia, 2200 meters, Fassl, in U.S. National
Museum.
[Link] corda and the next species are
closely related, but perhaps not specifically
distinct if the male genitalia are used as a
criterion. The only significant difference between
the two species is the shape of the aedeagus.
Superficially they are very distinct. Pero corda is
uniform brown, but cola is black with a distinct
yellow spot between the discal dot and postmedial
line of the forewing above. Unfortunately the two
species are known only from their types, and the
type locality of cola is given only as "Colombie."
Until more specimens are available, I have decided
to treat them as two valid species.
Specimen examined.1 male.
COLOMBIA.

Cundinamarca; Pacho, 2200 m.

Pero cola Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 391).Antennae simple, white dorsally.
Legs with tarsi cream colored; tibiae and femora
black brown, spotted with cream. Forewing black
brown; basal area black brown, overlain with dark
scales; median area dark along postmedial line and
antemedial line; discal dot double; distinct yellow
spot in indentation of postmedial line between R4
and Mi; subterminal area with dark shade
paralleling postmedial line and another in middle of
area; dark band running from costa at about middle
of subterminal area to about one-fourth way down
outer margin. Hindwing dark black brown with
obscure postmedial line; subterminal area gray in

anal angle and with dark band paralleling postmedial

line filling area past anal angle. Below dull dark
brown; costa of forewing, particularly near
postmedial line, dull light brown; gray blotch along
outer margin; hindwing grayish, heavily scaled with
black brown; hindwing light brown in upper half of
subterminal area, but heavily scaled with dark
flecks there also; postmedial line of hindwing wavy,
white, accented with dark brown on its inner side in
anal angle.
Male genitalia (fig. 842).Aedeagus will
distinguish this species from corda, but is
otherwise identical with it.
Male eighth [Link] in rata.
[Link].
[Link]: Male, "Colombie," Fassl, in U.S.
National Museum,
[Link] cola is easily distinguished from
all other species in this complex by its dark
black-brown coloration and the yellow dot between
the postmedial line and discal dot of the forewing
above. Although the type locality is given only as
"Colombie," this specimen probably came from either
the department of Tolima or the department of
Cundinamarca as most of Fassl*s collecting was done
in these two areas of Colombia. Pero cola is
perhaps not specifically distinct from corda (see
discussion under corda).
Specimen examined.1 male.
COLOMBIA.

No specific locality; Colombie.

Pero barbarata (Dognin), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina barbarata Dognin, 1892;186.
Male (fig. 392).Legs with tarsi white to cream
colored. Forewing brown to dark brown; basal area
brown, overlain with dark brown scales; antemedial
line shaded with dark brown on costal edge; median
area brown, overlain with dark scales, outer
one-fourth darker than inner three-fourths; discal
dot double, but two halves connected; light cream to
yellow spot in indentation of postmedial line
opposite discal dot; dark band following postmedial
line, more or less filling in indentations; middle
of subterminal area lighter than either costa or
outer margin. Hindwing brown; postmedial line fine,
dark brown, followed by thin light band, preceded by
dark brown band strongest toward inner margin;
subterminal area dark toward costa and along
postmedial line. Below cream colored to light
brown, but heavily scaled with dark brown; upper
half of subterminal area of forewing dark with fine
central area of light brown; lower half of
subterminal area light brown to dull cream; costa of
forewing light brown, even slightly orange;
postmedial line of hindwing heavy brown in anal
angle; inner margin of hindwing cream colored,
scaled with dark brown, remainder of wing brown.
Male genitalia (figs. 843, 843a) .Shapes of
aedeagus and juxta are characteristic.

121

Male eighth tergite and sternite (figs. 861, 862).

brown,
vary.

The strength and clarity of maculation also

[Link] to male.
Female genitalia (fig. 1098).
[Link] color varies from dark brown to
yellow brown. The size of the yellow dot in the
indentation of the postmedial line of the forewing
above is also variable.
[Link] described this species from five
specimens (four males and one female) from "Santa
Barbara." The male with U.S.N.M. type label 32382
and with the male genitalia on slide R.W.P. 10556 is
designated as the lectotype.
[Link] barbarata is superficially close
to the following four species, but the male
genitalia are distinctive.

[Link]; Male, Tome, [Tolima], Colombia,

1-15 Febr., 07, Paine and Brinkley, in British
Museum of Natural History. Paratypes; 12 males from
type locality in British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] variation in this species covers
the superficial appearance of almost all the other
species in this complex and suggests that the
descriptions of these species, based in many cases
on unique types, will be found to be inadequate when
more specimens are known.
Specimens examined.13 males, August.
COLOMBIA.

Tolima; Tome.

Pero tabacona Poole, NEW SPECIES

Specimens examined.4 males and 2 females.
ECUADOR.
Barbara.

Loja; Environs de Loja; not located; Santa

Pero angasmarca Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 393).Forewing similar to that of
barbarata, but more uniform appearing; projection of
antemedial line in discal cell truncate, not rounded
as in barbarata (based on two specimens); yellow
spot in indentation of postmedial line opposite
discal dot not well developed, divided by dark line
paralleling postmedial line. Below coloration more
uniform appearing than in barbarata.
Male genitalia (figs. 844, 844a).Characterized by
shapes of costal fold and subscaphium.
Male eighth sternite and tergite (figs. 863, 864).
[Link].
[Link]; Male, Angasmarca, Peru, in U.S.
National Museum. Paratype; 1 male from type
locality in British Museum of Natural History.

Male (fig. 395).Forewing almost identical to that

of barbarata, but darker, slightly rougher
appearing. Hindwing black brown, not brown. Below
dull black brown, not brown.
Male genitalia (figs. 846, 846a) .Shapes of
aedeagus, valve, and subscaphium characterize this
species.
Male eighth tergite and sternite (figs. 867, 868).
[Link].
[Link]; Male, River Tabaconas, [Amazonas],
Peru, 6000 ft., in British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] male genitalia of tabacona indicate
a close relationship with the following species, but
there are small differences in the shapes of the
subscaphium and aedeagus. Superficially (based on
few specimens) they are distinct, and until more
material of the two is available, I am treating them
as separate species.
Specimen examined.1 male.
PERU.

Amazonas; River Tabaconas, 6000 ft.

Specimens examined.3 males.

PERU. Not located; Angasmarca. ECUADOR. Not
located; Hacienda Cayandeled, Rio Bamba, 4200 ft.

Pero torna Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 394).Forewing similar to that of
barbarata, but very variable.

Pero rata Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 396).Forewing almost identical to that
of barbarata; yellow spot in indentation of
postmedial line not as well developed. Hindwing
base light brown scaled with dark scales, not
uniform brown.

Male genitalia (figs. 845, 845a).Spine-shaped

median process of valve is characteristic.

Male genitalia (figs. 847, 847a) .Shapes of

subscaphium and aedeagus will distinguish this
species from tabacona.

Male eighth tergite and sternite (figs. 865, 866).

Male eighth tergite and sternite (figs. 869, 870).

[Link].

[Link].

[Link] species is variable and has forms

resembling barbarata, tabacona, rata, and
angasmarca. Some specimens are brown, others black

[Link]; Male, Trujillo, [La Libertad],

Peru, in U.S. National Museum. Paratypes; 2 males
from Angasmarca, Peru, in U.S. National Museum.

122

[Link] is possibly a race of the

preceding species, but there are slight differences
in the subscaphium, aedeagus, and eighth abdominal
segment.
Specimens examined.3 males.
PERU. La Libertad; Trujillo; not located;
ngasmarca.

[Link] is an extremely distinctive

species, and its appearance is unlike any other
species in the genus. The male genitalia are also
highly modified, particularly the aedeagus. I have
placed it here following the barbarata complex on
the basis of the eighth sternite of the male.
Specimen examined.1 male.
ECUADOR.

Loja; El Monje prs Loja.

Pero gota Poole, NEW SPECIES

Pero sinalba Poole, NEW SPECIES
Male (fig. 397).Forewlng in only specimen rubbed,
but brown, poorly marked; median area darker than
either basal or subterminal areas, slightly
orangish; discal dot double, not connected; median
area not darker in outer one-fifth than in inner
four-fifths; thin band following postmedial line in
subterminal area and another in middle of
subterminal area. Hindwing brown, moderately
uniform appearing; discal dot present, but not
sharp; postmedial line brown, followed by vague
light band. Below very rubbed, but postmedial line
in anal angle of hindwing dark brown followed by
conspicuous light cream-colored band.
Male genitalia (figs. 848, 848a).Shape of
subscaphium is characteristic.

Male (fig. 399).Legs with inner faces cream

colored. Forewlng gray brown; basal area brown,
gray toward costa, browner toward inner margin;
median area darkest along inner margin and
postmedial line; discal dot a small black spot;
subterminal area light gray brown, much lighter than
median area, grayer along postmedial line; series of
black dots along outer margin. Hindwing dark gray
brown, lighter toward outer margin; postmedial line
a dull white line, marked with brown in anal angle.
Below dark brown scaled with gray along postmedial
line of hindwing and inner margin; discal dot of
hindwing black in gray area; inner half of
subterminal area brown.

Male eighth tergite and sternite (figs. 871, 872).

Male genitalia (figs. 850, 850a) .Shapes of

aedeagus, subscaphium, and uncus are characteristic.

[Link].

[Link].

[Link]; Male, Bogota, [Cundinamarca],

Colombia, 2800-3200 m., Fassl, in U.S. National
Museum.

[Link]; Male, Huacapistana, Junin, Peru,

1800 m., July 27-30, 1965, P. and B. Wygodzinsky, in
American Museum of Natural History.

Specimen examined.1 male.

[Link] sinalba is a uniform brown and

distinct from anything else in the genus.

COLOMBIA.

Cundinamarca; Bogota, 2800-3200 m.

Specimen examined.1 male, July.

Pero gamuza (Dognin), NEW COMBINATION

PERU.

Junin; Huacapistana, 1800 m.

Azelina gamuza Dognin, 1894:242.

Pero vulpcula (Dognin), NEW COMBINATION
Male (fig. 398).Palpi brown. Legs brown; tibial
spurs black and white banded. Forewlng brown on
gray; basal area gray, scaled with dark brown;
antemedial line obscure; median area brown, becoming
gray on costa; discal dot absent; postmedial line
white, contrasting with remainder of wing;
subterminal area gray, only slightly scaled with
brown; series of black dots along outer margin.
Hindwing almost uniform brown with series of black
dots along outer margin. Below rich brown over
gray; all markings absent except discal dot of
hindwing and series of dots along outer margin of
forewlng and hindwing.
Male genitalia (figs. 849, 849a) .Aedeagus is
characteristic.
Male eighth tergite and sternite (figs. 876, 898).
[Link].
[Link] from single male from "El Monje,
prs Loja, Equateur" in U.S. National Museum.

Azelina vulpcula Dognin, 1904;369.

Male (fig. 400).Antennae pectinate. Palpi dark
brown. Legs with femora brown; tibiae and tarsi
cream colored. Forewlng basal area gray to brown,
scaled with dark brown; antemedial line brown;
median area brown to yellow brown, usually with
yellow streak in lower half of discal cell; discal
dot with two small black spots, upper usually
stronger than lower; median area in some specimens
scaled with black streaks; median area usually
darkest along postmedial line; subterminal area gray
brown to brown with vague dark band in middle
paralleling postmedial line. Hindwing dark gray
brown; postmedial line present, but weak;
subterminal area brown in anal angle, but otherwise
concolorous with remainder of wing. Below gray
brown; costa of forewlng to halfway across
subterminal area orange brown; inner margin and
postmedial line in anal angle of hindwing scaled
with cream color. Abdomen scaled with white between
segments ventrally.

123

Male genitalia (figs. 873, 873a).Shape of aedeagus

will identify this species.
Male eighth tergite and sternite (figs. 899, 900).

[Link] markings in lara are fairly

consistent, but the color of the wings varies
greatly from brown with a yellowish tint to black
brown. Fresh specimens are generally darker than
faded ones.

[Link].
[Link] specimen from Huancabamba, Peru, is
tan, not gray as most of the specimens. Another is
almost uniform brown, darker than the above
specimen, but again without the gray of the other
specimens. The amount of black streaking in the
forewing above varies from specimen to specimen.
[Link] species was described from two males
from "Huancabamba, Prou." The male bearing
Dognin*s type label and U.S.N.M. type number 32406
is designated as the lectotype. This specimen lacks
its abdomen.
[Link] soft coloration and pectinate
antennae of vulpcula are seen also in geminipuncta
and acopa; all three species are found at high
elevations. These two characters are possibly due
to convergent evolution to a cold climate (possibly
paramo), although there is no direct evidence to
support this hypothesis.
Specimens examined.22 males.
PERU . Pasco; Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco, 6-10,000
ft.: Huancabamba; no specific locality; Peru.

Pero lara Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 401).Legs with tarsi and one face of
tibiae cream colored; rest of legs black brown to
brown. Forewing variable in color, brown to black
brown; basal area gray brown, speckled with dark
scales, darkest along inner margin; median area
brown to black brown, costal one-fourth usually
yellowish to yellow brown; discal dot with two black
dots in dull white area; subterminal area gray brown
with dark band paralleling middle of postmedial
line; another band in middle of subterminal area
setting off darker outer margin. Hindwing dull
brown to dull black with brownish fringe. Below
with costal half of both wings brown to brown black,
inner margins of both wings cream colored, scaled
with black; postmedial line of hindwing brown, wavy,
accented with black in anal angle; discal dot of
forewing absent; discal dot of hindwing black, but
only moderately developed.

[Link]; Male, Terepaima, 10 km.

S. Barquisimeto, Lara, Venezuela, June 30, 1967,
R.W. Poole, in U.S. National Museum. Allotype;
Female, Pacho, [Cundinamarca], Colombia, in U.S.
National Museum. Paratypes; 7 males from Finca San
Pablo, 3 km. N. Alban, Cundinamarca, Colombia, in
American Museum of Natural History; Mrida,
Venezuela, 8 males in British Museum of Natural
History, 2 males and 3 females in U.S. National
Museum, and 3 males in Cornell University collection.
[Link] the male genitalia and superficial
appearance indicate a close relationship between
this species and variarla. The type specimen was
taken in a cloud forest at about 3,500 feet. The
occurrence of this species in the northern Andes and
of the next species in Jamaica is not paralleled in
the genus Pero.
Specimens examined.34 males and 13 females,
Ma y- De c embe r
VENEZUELA. Federal District; Caracas; Lara;
Terepaima, 10 km. S. Barquisimeto; Mrida; Walle,
2200 m., Merida; Yaracuy; Aroa. COLOMBIA. Cauca;
Popayan; Cundinamarca; Finca San Pablo, 3 km. N.
Alban, 1800 m.; Pacho, 2200 m.; Santander; Cucuta;
Vaups; Ob. Rio Negro, 800 m.; not located; San
Antonio, 5000 ft.; San Cajateno, 8000 ft.; no
specific locality; Colombia.

Pero variarla (Walker)

Azelina variarla Walker, 1860;257.
Azelina jamaicensis Schaus, 1901;181.
Male (fig. 403).Superficially identical with lara,
but slightly larger.
Male genitalia (figs. 875, 875a).Shape of uncus
will separate this species from lara.
Male tergite and sternite (figs. 901, 902).
Female (fig. 404).Identical with female of lara,
but slightly larger.
Female genitalia (fig. 1100).

Male genitalia (figs. 874, 874a).Shape of uncus

will distinguish lara from variarla.
Male eighth tergite and [Link] to those
of variarla.
Female (fig. 402).Forewing similar to that of
male, but usually more uniformly colored than in
male; basal and subterminal areas not lighter than
median area; yellow of costa not as pronounced as in
males.

[Link] color is variable in the same way as

in lara, but perhaps more so. The two males from
the Blue Mountains are light gray, and the black
scales of the forewing strongly contrast with the
background color.
Types.^Walker described variarla from a single
female without locality data. This specimen is in
the British Museum of Natural History. Schaus based
jamaicensis on a male from Newcastle, Jamaica, in
the U.S. National Museum.

Female genitalia (fig. 1099).

[Link] variarla is known only from
Jamaica. ^There are specimens labeled "British

124

Guiana," "Chiriqui," and "S. America," but all are

in the same handwriting, and there are other
specimens labeled Jamaica in the same handwriting.
These other localities are undoubtedly false. The
species is common on Jamaica.
Specimens examined.115 males and 51 females, July.
JAMAICA. Chinchona; Blue Mountains, 4000 ft.;
Hermitage Reser.; Portland Parish, Hardware Gap,
Green Hills, 4800 ft.; Newcastle; St. Andrews
Parish, Irishtown; St. Andrews Parish, Newcastle;
St. Andrews Parish, Yallahs River, Chestervale;
Jamaica.

occurs all over South and Central America. Pero

longisecta is known only from southern Brazil. Pero
beatricaria, pincha, and tricarai are superficially
close and difficult to identify unless one is
acquainted with all the species and the slight
differences separating them. However, the male and
female genitalia are different and should be used if
positive identification is needed. A key to the
five species of the group based on superficial
appearance is given here.
1.

Subterminal area of forewing with redbrown or gray-violet patch following

lower half of postmedial line

Subterminal area of forewing without

patch following lower half of postmedial line
longisecta

Pero attagena (Dognin), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina attagena Dognin, 1892:186.
2.
Female (fig. 405).Legs with femora dark gray
brown; tibiae and tarsi cream colored, spotted with
dark gray brown. Hindwing dark gray brown; basal
area light toward costa; median area dark along
postmedial line and between two projections of
antemedial line; discal dot double, black, usually
in light area; postmedial line finely crenulate;
outer half of subterminal area darker than inner
half, separated from inner half by violet-brown
band; dark band following postmedial line. Hindwing
dark gray brown; postmedial line dark, followed by
light band. Below discal dot of forewing a white
spot; inner half of forewing lighter than costal
half; discal dot of hindwing large, black; inner
margin of hindwing white, spotted with violet brown;
postmedial line dark brown followed by dull white
band.
Female genitalia (fig. 1101).

Patch in subterminal area of forewing

following lower half of postmedial
line red violet to red brown

Patch in subterminal area of forewing

following lower half of postmedial
line gray violet
spongiata
3.

Patch in subterminal area of forewing

following lower half of postmedial
line bulging into median area and wide
at this point; not appearing golden or
heavily striate with brown
pincha and beatricaria
Patch in subterminal area of forewing
following lower half of postmedial
line not bulging into median area nor
wide at any point; appearing slightly
golden and heavily striate with brown
tricarla

[Link].
[Link] type of this species is old and has
faded to brown without any of the gray or violet
tints of the fresh specimen.
[Link] from a single female from
de Loja" in the U.S. National Museum.

'Environs

[Link] species is known only from two

females, and the genitalia are similar to those of
lara and variarla. Pero attagena is also
superficially similar to those two species.
Specimens examined.2 females, July.
PERU. Junin: Huacapistana, 1800 m.
Environs de Loja.

ECUADOR.

Loja;

GROUP 16
This group is easily identified by its
characteristic yellow-brown appearance, the long
wings, and the pale streak through the cell of the
forewing from the base to the apex of the wing.
Pero longisecta has this streak much reduced, but
seems related on the basis of the male genitalia.
Three closely related speciesbeatricaria, pincha,
and tricarlaoccur in the Andes, but spongiata

Pero beatricaria (OberthUr), NEW COMBINATION

Azelina beatricaria Oberthr, 1883:28.
Male (fig. 406).Legs yellow brown, flecked with
gray brown. Forewing yellow brown flecked with dark
brown, with light streak through cell from base of
wing to outer margin; costal margin and lower
two-thirds of wing dark; basal area darkest in lower
half; antemedial line wide and light yellow brown,
followed by dark shade; discal dot absent;
postmedial line preceded by dark brown shade,
strongest in lower part of median area; postmedial
line followed by wide band, gray violet along
postmedial line changing to red brown on outer edge
of band; toward costa this band absent; subterminal
area heavily flecked with dark brown and some gray.
Hindwing light cream yellow, slightly flecked with
dark brown, but usually little; postmedial line
brown in anal angle, followed by red-brown patch.
Below forewing orange along costa and with some dark
brown along outer margin, but remainder dull white;
upper half and anal angle of hindwing orange,
remainder yellow-cream color; postmedial line
inconspicuous. Abdomen light brown, tip dark brown.
Male genitalia (figs, 877, 877a).Shape of aedeagus
is characteristic.

125

[Link] from Peru are a little darker

than those from Bolivia.

postmedial line in lower half of forewing narrower

and more red brown; wing conspicuously striate with
dark brown; maculation less distinct than in
beatricaria. Below orange limited to upper part of
subterminal areas of both wings, not found along
costa of forewing or inner margin of hindwing.

[Link] from a single male from "Tambillo,

Peru," in the British Museum of Natural History.

Male genitalia (figs, 879, 879a).Shape of aedeagus

is characteristic.

[Link] beatricaria is close to pincha and

tricarla, but easily identified by the male
genitalia.

[Link] to male.

Specimens examined.33 males and 1 female,

February, July, and August.

[Link] if any.

[Link] larger and darker than male.

Female genitalia (fig. 1102).

PERU. Pasco; Huancabamba, 5-6000 ft.; Huancabamba,

Cerro de Pasco, 6-10,000 ft.; Huancabamba; Oxapampa;
Puno: Agualani, 9000 ft.; Oconeque, 7000 ft.;
Tinguri, 3400 ft.; not located; Chaupe, 4000 ft.; no
specific locality; Peru. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba;
Incachaca; la Paz; R. Tanampaya; no specific
locality; Bolivia.

Pero pincha Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 407).Superficially identical with
beatricaria; genitalia should be checked for
positive identification.
Male genitalia (figs. 878, 878a) .Shapes of
aedeagus and uncus are characteristic.
[Link] with female of beatricaria.
Female genitalia (fig. 1103).
[Link] specimens are slightly darker than
others.
[Link]; Male, Monte Tolima, [Tolima],
3200 m., Colombia, Fassl, in British Museum of
Natural History. Allotype; Female, Tochesito,
[Tolima], 3000 m., Colombia, in U.S. National
Museum. Paratypes; 4 males from type locality in
British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] pincha is most common in the
Department of Tolima, Colombia, although it has also
been collected in Ecuador. Superficially pincha and
beatricaria are identical, but since they appear to
be geographically separated, they can be sorted by
locality.
Specimens examined.9 males and 2 females, all year.
COLOMBIA. Cundinarmarca; Pacho, 2200 m.; Tolima;
Canon del Tolima, 2700 m.; Monte Tolima, 3200 m.;
Tochesito, Quindiu, 3000 m.; Tome, Cauca Valley.
ECUADOR. Loja; Environs de Loja; Pichincha; 50 km.
W. Quito, on road to Santo Domingo, 2400 m.

Female genitalia (fig. 1104).

[Link]; Male, La Oroya, Rio Inambari,

[Puno], Peru, in U.S. National Museum. Allotype;
Female, Santo Domingo, [Puno], Peru, in U.S.
National Museum. Paratypes; 27 males from type
locality in British Museum of Natural History;
5 males from type locality in Cornell University
collection; 3 males from type locality in U.S.
National Museum.
[Link] tricarla has been collected
commonly in the Department of Puno in southern Peru,
but it occurs elsewhere in the Andes only
sporadically.
Specimens examined.62 males and 1 female, all year.
COLOMBIA. Antioquia; Mesopotamia, 5000 ft.;
Cundinamarca; Pacho, 1200 m.; Tolima; Torne, Cauca
Valley. ECUADOR. Chimborazo; Dos Puentes,
1700 ft., kil. 99. PERU. Amazonas ; Charape River,
Tabaconas, 4000 ft.; Pasco; Huancabamba, Cerro de
Pasco, 6-10,000 ft.; Puno; Agualani, 9000 ft.; La
Oroya, 3100 ft.; Santo Domingo, 6000 ft.; Tinguri,
3400 ft. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba; Yungas del Palmar,
2000 m.

Pero sponglata (Guene), NEW COMBINATION

Meticulodes spongiata Guene, 1857;193.
Meticulodes triplilunata Prout, 1911;710.
Male (fig. 409).Forewing light yellow brown;
pattern as in beatricaria; band following postmedial
line a light gray violet, not red violet as in
beatricaria, well defined; conspicuous black shade
along outer margin in bottom half of subterminal
area; teeth of lower half of postmedial line sharp
and conspicuous. Hindwing postmedial line wide,
white, and well defined in anal angle; patch in anal
angle black, not red brown. Below forewing and
hindwing lack orange of beatricaria; upper half of
forewing dark, lower half dull white; hindwing with
diffuse cream-colored postmedial line; subterminal
area of hindwing brown except black anal angle.
Abdomen slightly tipped with black.
Male genitalia (figs. 880, 880a). -Shapes of juxta
and aedeagus are characteristic.

Pero tricarla Poole, NEW SPECIES

[Link] to male, but slightly larger.
Male (fig. 408).In appearance very much like
beatricaria. Forewing yellower than that of
beatricaria, almost golden; patch following

126

Female genitalia (fig. 1105).Has bulbous hood

fitting over ostium not shown in drawing.

[Link] are some slight differences in the

darkness of the hindwing.
[Link] described sponglata from two males.
The specimen marked "Ex Museo Arch. Guenee" and "Ex
Typicalibus Specimenibus" and with the abdomen
intact is designated as the lectotype. This
specimen is in the British Museum of Natural
History. Prout described triplilunata from a single
male from Naranjito, Rio Dagua, [Valle del Cauca],
Colombia, in the British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] spongiata is widely distributed
all over tropical America, although it is never
common.
Specimens examined. -101 males and 15 females, all
year.
COSTA RICA. Cartago; Juan Vinas; no specific
locality; Costa Rica. PANAMA. Not located; Lino,
800 m. BRAZIL. Parana; Castro, 950 m.; Rio de
Janeiro; Corcovado Forest, Rio de Janeiro; Santa
Catarina; Blumenau; Hansa Humboldt, 60 m.; Jaragua
do Sul; Neu Bremen, Blumenau; Neu Bremen; Rio
Laeiss, Blumenau; Rio Vermelho, 830 m.; "St.
Catherines"; Sao Paulo ; Alto da Serra, Santos,
800 m.; Alto da Serra; Santos; Sao Paulo; Serra do
Cubotas; Serra do Mar. PERU. Huanuco; Tingo Maria;
Puno; La Oroya, R. Inambari, 3100 ft.; La Union,
R. Huacamayo, 2000 ft.; Oconeque, 7000 ft.; San
Gabon, 2500 ft.; Santo Domingo, 6000 ft.; Tinguri,
3400 ft.; Tinguri; Yahuarmayo, 1200 ft.; not
located; Pumayaca. COLOMBIA. Boyaca; Muzo,
400-800 m.; Cauca; Yuntas prs Cali; Valle del
Cauca; Naranjito, Rio Dagua, 3900 ft. BOLIVIA.
Cochabamba; R. Cristal Mayu, Chapare, 1-2000 m.

Pero longisecta Prout

Pero longisecta Prout, 1928;58.
Male (fig. 410).Forewing yellow brown, but heavily
overlain with green-brown scales; appearing olive
brown; pale streak in cell limited to bottom half of
cell and not as extensive as in other members of
this group; discal dot black, conspicuous, of raised
scales; patch following postmedial line absent;
subterminal area yellow brown, overlain with dull
brown, outer half darker than inner. Hindwing cream
colored, heavily scaled with brown; basal area
orange, particularly toward inner margin; no
conspicuous patch in anal angle. Below tip of
subterminal area of forewing and entire subterminal
area of hindwing orange; middle of subterminal area
of forewing with dark brown blotch; otherwise cream
colored to dull white, scaled with dull brown.
Male genitalia (figs. 881, 881a).Easily identified
by subscaphium and bifid apex of aedeagus.
Female (fig. 411).Larger and more orange than male.
Female genitalia (fig. 1106).
[Link] from "type male Ypiranga, Sao
Paulo
," in British Museum of Natural History.

[Link] longisecta is the most divergent

member of this species group. However, it has many
of the features of the other species, particularly
an aedeagus similar to that of spongiata.
Specimens examined. -9 males and 4 females, June and
September.
BRAZIL. Parana; Castro; Santa Catarina; Blumenau;
Jaragua do sul; Rio Vermelho, 830 m.; "St.
Catherines"; Sao Paulo; Ypiranga.

GROUP 17
Group 17 is similar to parts of group 15 and is
possibly derived from it, but the shape of the
aedeagus is characteristic. The species of the
group are consistently larger than those of group
15. Group 17 is almost entirely Andean.

Pero fortunata (Dognin)

Azelina fortunata Dognin, 1892;186.
Azelina molionaria Oberthr, 1912;297.
Male (fig. 412).Legs brown; tarsi cream colored.
Forewing basal area olive brown, yellowish
indentation of antemedial line into discal cell;
inner margin slightly brownish; median area olive
brown, darkest along lower half of antemedial and
postmedial lines; discal dot small or absent;
postmedial line indented on veins; subterminal area
concolorous with basal area, inner half lighter than
outer half; series of black and white dots along
outer margin. Hindwing cream colored, but heavily
scaled with brown; postmedial line light, but not
well marked. Below lower half of both forewing and
hindwing cream colored, scaled with brown; costal
half of forewing brown; patch of orange brown near
postmedial line; discal dot present as small black
line in ill-defined white area; upper half of
hindwing orange brown; postmedial line marked with
brown in anal angle; discal dot black.
Male genitalia (figs. 882, 882a, 883, 884).Shapes
of costal fold and tip of aedeagus are
characteristic.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 903).
Female (fig. 413).
Female genitalia (fig. 1107).
[Link] Peru and Ecuador this species is
uniform appearing with almost no apparent
variation. However, specimens from Colombia are
darker and the markings are more distinct. The
costal fold of the male genitalia of one specimen
from "Colombia" is larger and more irregular than in
other specimens.
[Link] described fortunata from three males
from "Environs de Loja." The male type with the
male genitalia on slide R.W.P. 10524 is designated
as the lectotype and is in the U.S. National
Museum. Oberthr described molionaria from a single

127

male from Balzapamba, Bolivar, Ecuador. This

specimen is in the British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] fortunata can usually be
distinguished from the next by its diffuse
olive-brown coloration.
Specimens examined. -57 males and 4 females, all
year.

BOLIVIA. Cochabamba; Incachaca. PERU. Huanuco;

Pozuzo, 5-6000 ft.; Pasco; Huancabamba, 6-10,000
ft.; Puno; Agualani, 9000 ft.; Oconeque, 7000 ft.

Pero angulosa (Dognin), NEW COMBINATION

Meticulodes angulosa Dognin, 1907;20.

COLOMBIA. Cauca; Coreato, Cauca; Cundinamarca;

Pacho, 2200 m.; Tolima: Canon del Tolima, 2500 m.;
not located; San Antonio, 5800 ft. ;^ no specific
locality; Colombie. ECUADOR. Bolivar; Balzapamba;
Chimborazo; Pallantanga; Loja; Environs de Loja;
Napo-Pastaza; Baeza; not located; Hacienda
Cayandeled, Rio Bamba, 4200 ft. PERU. Amazonas ;
Chachapoyas; Huambo; River Tabaconas, 6000 ft.;
Cusco; Pampaconas River; Huanuco; Cushi, 1900 m.;
Pasco; Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco, 6-10,000 ft.;
Huancabamba, 5-6400 ft.; Puno; Oconeque, 7000 ft.;
Oconeque; Santo Domingo, 6000 ft.; Tinguri;
Uruhuasi, 7000 ft.; not located; Chaupe, 6100 ft.;
no specific locality; Peru. BOLIVIA. Cochabamba;
Charaplaya [Charapaya?], 1300 m., 65 W, 16 S; not
located; R. Tanampaya.

Male (fig. 416).Legs with tarsi banded with dark

brown on outer side, cream colored on inner side.
Forewing brown, without yellow or olive tint; basal
area brown, scaled with dark brown, particularly
toward base; antemedial line shaded with dark
scales, indistinct toward inner margin; median area
dark along middle indentation of antemedial line,
and with line paralleling postmedial line; discal
dot well developed and double, with light line
connecting two dots; vague orange patch between
postmedial line and discal dots; subterminal area
with dark gray band following postmedial line; outer
half of subterminal area darker than inner half.
Hindwing brown; postmedial line dark brown line
followed by thin light band; subterminal area
lighter in anal angle. Below similar to other
species of group but darker.

Pero unfortunata Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male genitalia (figs. 886, 886a).Shape of aedeagus

will distinguish this species from subangulosa.

Male (fig. 414).Forewing browner than that of

fortunata and lacking yellow in upper half of basal
area; antemedial line vague toward inner margin;
discal dot usually present as two black dots; vague
orange spot between discal dots and postmedial line.

Male eighth sternite (fig. 905).

Male genitalia (figs. 885, 885a).Shape of tip of

aedeagus will separate this species from others in
group.

[Link] from a single male from Agualani,

[Puno], Peru, in U.S. National Museum.

Male eighth sternite (fig. 904).

Female (fig. 415).Darker than male, but otherwise
similar.

Female.-Similar to male, but more strongly marked.

Female genitalia (fig. 1109).

[Link] one specimen from Bolivia is

slightly smaller and more uniform appearing than the
Peruvian specimens.
Specimens examined.10 males and 3 females,
February and March.

Female genitalia (fig. 1108).

[Link] specimens are slightly darker than
others.

BOLIVIA. La Paz; La Paz. PERU. Puno; Agualani,

9000 ft.; La Oroya, 3000 ft.; Limbani, 9000 ft.

Pero subangulosa Poole, NEW SPECIES

[Link]; Male, Incachaca, Cochabamba,

Bolivia, J. Steinbach, in U.S. National Museum.
Allotype; Female from type locality in U.S. National
Museum. Paratypes; 12 males from type locality in
U.S. National Museum; 1 male from Pozuzo, [Huanuco],
Peru, in British Museum of Natural History; 1 male
from Huancabamba, [Pasco], Peru, in British Museum
of Natural History; 1 male from Agualani, [Puno],
Peru, in British Museum of Natural History; 2 males
from Oconeque, [Puno], Peru, in British Museum of
Natural History.

Male (fig. 417).Forewing subterminal area with

slightly olive tint, at least more so than in
angulosa. Hindwing lighter than in angulosa, not
suffused with dark gray brown. Below orange brown,
lighter than in angulosa; inner margins of both
wings cream colored, speckled with brown scales as
in unfortunata.

[Link] unfortunata is similar in

appearance to fortunata, but is brown, not olive
brown, and the maculation is more distinct.

Male eighth sternite (fig. 906).

Male genitalia (figs. 887, 887a).Subscaphium and

aedeagus will distinguish this species from angulosa.

[Link].
Specimens examined.18 males and 1 female, February
and September.

128

[Link] none, but the discal dot is

slightly variable in size and shape.

[Link]: Male, Incachaca, Cochabamba,

Bolivia, J. Steinbach, in U.S. National Museum.
Paratypes: 5 males from type locality in U.S.
National Museum.
[Link] species and angulosa are probably
closely related.
Specimens examined.9 males.
BOLIVIA.

Cochabamba: Incachaca.

Pero converga Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 418).Palpi brown. Legs brown except
cream-colored tarsi. Forewing velvety brown; basal
area brown; antemedial line shaded with dark scales
toward costa and in its central indentation; median
area darkest toward inner margin and along
postmedial line; discal dot double, upper dot
usually larger than lower; subterminal area
concolorous with basal area; usually dark patch in
middle indentation of postmedial line; subterminal
area darkest along outer margin, black dot at apex,
followed by row of white ones along outer margin.
Hindwing dull brown; postmedial line obscure and
poorly marked. Below forewing brown except orangebrown upper half of subterminal area and dull white
lower half; small black discal dot in ill-defined
white area in forewing; upper half of hindwing
orange brown, lower half cream scaled with brown;
discal dot of hindwing black and well developed;
postmedial line marked by black patch in anal angle.
Male genitalia (figs. 888, 888a).Shape of aedeagus
will identify this species.

Pero tollma Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 420).Forewing similar to that of
converga, but darker brown; lower half of antemedial
line more distinct than in converga; discal dot
black, double, strong; subterminal area more
strongly mottled than in converga. Hindwing
slightly darker than in converga, but otherwise
similar. Below darker than in converga; inner
margin of hindwing not as distinctly white;
postmedial line of hindwing stronger than in
converga.
Male genitalia (figs. 889, 889a) .Separable from
converga by aedeagus and subscaphium.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 908).
[Link].
[Link] if any.
[Link]: Male, Monte Tolima, [Tolima],
Colombia, 3500 meters, Fassl, in British Museum of
Natural History. Paratypes: 3 males from type
locality in British Museum of Natural History;
2 males from Paso del Quindin [Quindiu], [Tolima],
Colombia, in British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] tolima is superficially closest to
converga, but it is darker and does not have the
velvety appearance of that species.
Specimens examined.6 males, February.
COLOMBIA. Tolima: Monte Tolima, 3200 m., 3500 m.;
Paso del Quindin [Quindiu], 3500 m.

Male eighth sternite (fig. 907).

Pero alticola Prout
Female (fig. 419).Similar to male, but dark brown,
not velvety brown; darker below.
Female genitalia (fig. 1110).
[Link] is a slight amount of variation in
the size of the discal dot of the forewing above.
[Link]: Male, Incachaca, Cochabamba,
Bolivia, J. Steinbach, in U.S. National Museum.
Allotype: Female from type locality in U.S. National
Museum. Paratypes: 4 males and 1 female from type
locality in U.S. National Museum.
[Link] species is superficially similar
to the next, but is lighter and more smoothly
marked. Their ranges are not known to overlap.
Specimens examined. 14 males and 3 females, all
year.
BOLIVIA. Cochabamba; Incachaca; Yungas del Palmar;
La Paz: R. Solocame, 1200 m., ?** W, 16 S. PERU.
Huanuco: Cushi, 1900 m.; Pasco: Huancabamba,
5-6000 ft.; Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco,
6-10,000 ft.; Puno: Oconeque, 7000 ft.

Pero alticola Prout, 1928:59.

Male (fig. 421).Forewing gray brown to brown,
heavily scaled with dark brown; basal area gray
brown, heavily speckled with brown; median area
lightest along costa, dark brown line paralleling
postmedial line; discal dot a double black dot;
orange patch between discal dot and postmedial line,
sometimes poorly developed; subterminal area usually
with grayish band paralleling middle of postmedial
line; outer half of subterminal area darker, often
edged inwardly by lunate line. Hindwing dark gray
brown; postmedial line brown, not well defined;
subterminal area usually slightly lighter toward
anal angle. Below orange brown along costal half of
both wings, cream colored on inner half of both
wings.
Male genitalia (figs. 890, 890a).Shapes of
aedeagus and subscaphium will identify this species.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 909).
[Link].
[Link] species varies in color and some
specimens are redder than others. The orange patch
between the discal dot and the postmedial line of

129

the forewing above is also variable in its

development and is almost absent in some specimens.
[Link] from several specimens from
southern Peru, but Prout stated that the type is
from Agualani, Peru. The specimen from this
locality bearing Prout*s type label is designated as
the lectotype.
[Link] specimens of alticola are from
southern Peru, although there is one specimen from
Bolivia. Most specimens have been collected at
about 7,000 feet elevation.
PERU. Puno; Agualani, 9000 ft.; La Oroya, 3000 ft.;
La Union, R. Huacambayo, 2000 ft.; Limbani,
9500 ft.; Oconeque, 7000 ft.; Quinton; Tinguri.
BOLIVIA. Cochabambai Yungas del Palmar.

Pero messidora (Thierry-Mieg), NEW COMBINATION

La Paz; La Paz; R. Solocame, 1200 m., 67 W, 16 S;

no specific locality; Bolivia.

Pero fraterna (Warren), NEW COMBINATION

Meticulodes fraterna Warren, 1907;311.
Male (fig. 424).This species is similar to
scitaria. Legs with tarsi cream colored, normally
clearly set off from gray-brown tibiae. Forewing
antemedial line slanting outward from costa to inner
margin, not inward as in scitaria. Hindwing basal
area darker than subterminal area, darker than in
scitaria. Below hindwing darker than that of
scitaria; orange near postmedial line of hindwing
extending down subterminal area, not across costal
margin.
Male genitalia (figs. 893, 893a) .Shapes of
aedeagus and subscaphium will distinguish this
species from crpera and scitaria.

Azelina messidora Thierry Mieg, 1894b:cix.

Male eighth sternite (fig. 911).
Male (fig. 422).Legs with tarsi cream colored, but
not contrasting as in preceding species of this
group. Forewing gray brown; basal area gray scaled
with brown; median area gray along costa, gray brown
to brown below discal dot; discal dot a single black
dot; dark brown line paralleling postmedial line;
orange-tinted blotch between discal dot and
postmedial line, but not conspicuous; subterminal
area gray with dark gray band following top half of
postmedial line and another browner line composed of
lunules in middle. Hindwing dull brown; postmedial
line brown, not well developed. Below brown on
gray, inner margin of both wings only slightly
lighter than costal half; forewing orange tinted
near top half of postmedial line; top one-third of
subterminal area of hindwing slightly orange;
postmedial line brown and waved.
Male genitalia (figs. 891, 891a).Shape of aedeagus
is characteristic.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 910).
Female (fig. 423).Similar to male, but darker,
more uniform appearing; maculation of underside
obscure.
Female genitalia (fig. 1111).
[Link] maculation of the Peruvian specimens
is more contrasting than in the series from Bolivia.
[Link] from two specimens from "Prou."
The male with U.S.N.M. type number 32379 and male
genitalia on slide R.W.P. 10555 is designated as the
lectotype.
Specimens examined.24 males and 3 females, all
year.
PERU. Cusco; Macchu Pichu, 2885 m.; Huanuco; Cushi,
1900 m.; Junin; Chanchamayo, 1000 m.; Huacapistana,
1800 m.; Pasco; Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco,
6-10,000 ft.; Puno; Oconeque, 7000 ft.; Uruhuasi,
7000 ft.; no specific locality; Peru. BOLIVIA.
Cochabamba; Incachaca; Yungas del Palmar, 2000 m.;

130

Female (fig. 425).Forewing darker than in male,

with violet tint; maculation as in male, but yellow
patch in angulation of postmedial line at discal
cell absent. Below similar to male, but darker.
Female genitalia (fig. 1112).
[Link] a series of specimens from
Cundinamarca, Colombia, the males have a dark as
well as a light form. The light form fits the
description, but the dark form is similar to the
female.
Type.^Warren described this species from a male
from Pozuzo, [Huanuco], Peru, in the British Museum
of Natural History.
[Link] fraterna is similar to scitaria,
but the antemedial line of the forewing above slants
outward from the costa to the inner margin, not
inward as in scitaria. The wing is narrower and the
maculation is stronger than in crpera.
Specimens examined.50 males and 3 females, all
year.
COLOMBIA. Cauca; Popayan; Choco; Siato, R. Siato,
Slopes of Choco, 5200 ft.; Cundinamarca; Finca San
Pablo, 3 km. N. Alban, 1800 m.; Tolima; Moral,
Quindiu. ECUADOR. Loja; Loja; Tungurahua; Baos,
Rio Pastaza, 5-7000 ft. PERU. Amazonas ; Huambo;
Cusco; Macchu Pichu, 2885 m.; Huanuco; Pozuzo,
800-1000 m.; Junin; Chanchamayo, La Merced;
Chanchamayo; Pasco; Huancabamba, 5-6000 ft.; Puno;
Chirimayo, 1000 ft.; La Oroya, R. Inambari,
3100 ft.; Oconeque, 7000 ft.; Santo Domingo,
6500 ft.; Tinguri, 3400 ft.; Uruhuasi, 7000 ft.; San
Martin; Jelepacio [Jepelacio?]. BOLIVIA. La Paz;
Yungas de la Paz, 1000 m.

Pero crpera Prout, NEW STATUS

Pero scltaria crpera Prout, 1928:59.
Male (fig. 426).Forewing broader than in either
scitaria or fraterna; angulation of postmedial line
between Mj^ and M2 not as well developed as in
messidora; discal cell light gray, darker along
costal edge; outer half of subterminal area darker
than inner half, more so than in messidora. Below
much orange scaling on costal half of both wings;
discal dot of hindwing absent.
Male genitalia (figs. 892, 892a).Shapes of
aedeagus and subscaphium will distinguish this
species from any other in this group.

along upper half of postmedial line; outer half of

subterminal area darker than inner half and marked
off by brown lunate band. Hindwing light gray,
scaled with dull brown; postmedial line brown.
Below postmedial lines of forewing and hindwing
surrounded in upper half by orange blotch, orange
extending along costal margin in hindwing; discal
dot of hindwing absent, but white area present;
postmedial line of hindwing brown, waved, and well
developed over entire length.
Male genitalia (figs. 894, 894a).Shape of
subscaphium will distinguish this species from
either crpera or fraterna.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 913).

Male eighth sternite (fig. 912).

Female. Unknown.

Female (fig. 427).Forewing grayer than in male;

discal dot large and angulate; antemedial line set
off from remainder of wing with black. Below
subterminal area of hindwing with some orange; top
fourth of subterminal area of forewing also with
some orange, but not along costal margin as in males.

[Link] angle of slant of the antemedial

line of the forewing above is variable, but it is
never outward as in fraterna. Specimens from
northern and central Peru are larger and more
sharply marked than those from either southern Peru
or the Andes of Ecuador or Colombia. The Ecuadorean
and Colombian specimens are darker than those from
southern Peru.

Female genitalia (fig. 1113).

[Link] are differences between the type
from Monte Tolima and the specimens from Monte
Socorro. The Monte Tolima population is smaller,
the wings are broader, and the tip of the aedeagus
is longer. However, all these are differences of
proportion.
[Link] described his subspecies from "a short
series from Monte Tolima, Colombia." The male with
Prout*s type label is designated as the lectotype
and is in the British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] species is most similar to
fraterna and scitaria, but the wings are broader and
the forewing is darker and with the macultion less
distinct than in either of the other two species.
All specimens known except one from Ecuador are from
the department of Tolima in Colombia.
Specimens examined.- -14 males and 2 females.
January-March.
COLOMBIA. Tolima; Canon del Tolima, 1700 m.; Monte
Socorro, 3400-3800 m.; Monte Tolima, 2700 m.,
3200 m.; Paso del Quindiu, 3500 m. ECUADOR.
Napo-Pastaza; Baeza.

[Link] based scitaria on a single male from

"Tambillo, Prou," now in the British Museum of
Natural History.
[Link] scitaria is similar superficially
to fraterna, but the antemedial line of the forewing
above slants forward to the inner margin, not
outward.
Specimens examined.105 males, all year.
COLOMBIA. Cauca: Popayan; Cundinamarca: Pacho,
200 m.; Vaups: Ob. Rio Negro, 800 m.; no specific
locality; Colombia. ECUADOR. Imbabura; Lita,
3000 ft.; Paramba, 3500 ft.; Loja: Environs de Loja;
Napo-Pastaza: Baeza; Tungurahua: El Topo, Rio
Pastaza, 4200 ft.; Zamora; Palanda; Zamora. PERU.
Amazonas; Huambo; R. Tabaconas; Cusco; Coosnipata,
Paucartambo; Huanuco; Cushi, 1900 m.; Pozuzo; Junin;
Chanchamayo, 1000 m.; Pasco: Huancabamba, Cerro de
Pasco, 6-10,000 ft.; Huancabamba; Oxapampa,
6400 ft.; Puno: La Oroya, R. Inambari, 3100 ft.;
Santo Domingo, 6000 ft.; not located: Chaupe,
6100 ft.; Tambillo; no specific locality: Peru.

Pero elmonjensls (Dogain)

Pero scitaria (Oberthiir)

Azelina elmonjensls Dognin, 1900:232.

Azelina scitaria Oberthr, 1883:27.

Male (fig. 429).Palpi light gray brown. Legs

light gray brown, but tarsi cream colored. Forewing
light gray brown; top half of basal area light gray
brown; bottom half brown; antemedial line fine and
distinct; median area brown with slight violet tint,
lightest along costa; median area dark brown along
postmedial line; discal dot with two black dots;
subterminal area light gray brown with dark band in
middle indentation of postmedial line and series of
lunules running through middle of subterminal area.
Hindwing light gray brown; inner margin dark brown;
postmedial line fine. Below light brown with violet

Male (fig. 428).Legs almost uniform gray; tarsi

not contrasting with tibiae. Forewing gray brown;
basal area gray with dark dash along inner margin;
antemedial line slanting inward from top to bottom
(not outward as in fraterna); median area gray
brown, but discal dot and often costa gray; discal
dot a small black spot; dark line paralleling
postmedial line; small yellow blotch between this
line and postmedial line opposite discal dot;
subterminal area light gray, with dark gray shade

131

tint; inner margins of both wings cream colored,

speckled with dark scales.
Male genitalia (figs. 895, 895a) .Shape of
subscaphium is characteristic.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 914).
[Link].
[Link] from single male from "El Monje,
prs Loja, Equateur," now in U.S. National Museum.
[Link] soft light gray-brown wings are
distinctive and characteristic.
Specimen examined.1 male.
ECUADOR.

Loja; El Monje, prs Loja.

Pero lepa Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 430).Forewing dark brown; basal area
brown, strongly flecked with dark brown; antemedial
line vague toward inner margin; black blotch
following median indentation of antemedial line;
discal dot double, black; postmedial line
interrupted on veins, not strong, vague gray-brown
band following middle of postmedial line;
subterminal area vaguely, but not strongly, mottled
with dark and light areas, outer one-third slightly
darker than inner two-thirds. Hindwing dark brown;
postmedial line brown followed by light band. Below
discal dot of forewing a strong white line;
postmedial line strong and black in upper half of
forewing, absent or vague in lower half; orangebrown patch along postmedial line in upper half of
subterminal area; inner margin of hindwing cream
colored; postmedial line black, waved, strongly
accented with black in anal angle.
Male genitalia (figs. 896, 896a).Shapes of valve,
aedeagus, and subscaphium are all characteristic.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 915).
Female. Unknown.
Variation, -The clarity of the maculation varies
slightly.
[Link]: Male, Monte Tolima, [Tolima],
Colombia, 3200 m., Fassl, in U.S. National Museum.
Paratypes: 1 male from type locality in U.S.
National Museum, 4 males in British Museum of
Natural History; 2 males from Monte Tolima,
2700 meters, in British Museum of Natural History;
8 males from Pacho, [Cundinamarca], Colombia,
2200 meters, in British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] lepa has the appearance of this
species group, but the male genitalia are slightly
anomalous and are perhaps intermediate between this
group and the barbarata species complex of group 15.

Pero boneta Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 433).Forewing dull dark brown; basal
area light gray brown, but heavily flecked with dark
brown scales; antemedial line lack, followed by
dark brown scaling; median area darkest along
postmedial line, antemedial line, and inner margin;
discal dot double, two black spots in white area;
two vague orange spots between discal dot and
postmedial line; subterminal area dull dark brown
with two dark bands, one along postmedial line and
another near outer margin; two white dots along
outer margin. Hindwing dull dark brown; postmedial
line very vague; all other maculation absent. Below
dull dark brown; forewing scaled with orange along
costa, particularly in subterminal area and between
discal dot and postmedial line; discal dot of
forewing a dull white line; costa of hindwing
vaguely scaled with orange; postmedial line present
only as dark brown line in anal angle.
Male genitalia (figs. 916, 916a).Characterized by
shapes of subscaphium and aedeagus.
Male eighth sternite (fig. 916b).
[Link].
[Link]; Male, Huancabamba, [Pasco], Peru,
Cerro de Pasco, 6-10,000 ft., in British Museum of
Natural History.
Specimen examined.1 male.
PERU. Pasco; Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco,
6-10,000 ft.

Pero lusa Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 431).Palpi light brown, outer edge
cream colored. Legs with femora light brown tipped
with cream color; tibiae tipped with cream color and
tarsi cream colored. Forewing basal area light
brown, heavily flecked with dark gray brown,
lightest toward costa; antemedial line dark brown
with two outward projections, one toward costa and
another near inner margin; median area darkest along
lower half of postmedial line and between two
projections of antemedial line; discal dot a double
black dot; discal cell yellow between discal dot and
postmedial line; upper half of postmedial line
followed by gray band and dark brown wavy band in
middle of subterminal area; series of black and
white dots along outer margin. Hindwing dull white,
brownish along inner margin; postmedial line a dark
brown line followed by thin light band. Below upper
half of subterminal area of forewing yellowish;
discal dot of forewing a dull white band; hindwing
dull white scaled with brown, strongest along outer
margin and costa; discal dot a large black blotch,
divided into four quarters; postmedial line a
dentate brown line followed by thin dull white band.
Male genitalia (figs. 897, 897a).Shape of
subscaphium is characteristic.

Specimens examined.16 males, January and February.

COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca; Pacho, 2200 m.; Tolima;
Monte Tolima, 2700 m., 3200 m.

132

Female (fig. 432).^Maculation as in male, but all

dark gray brown; yellow patch in discal cell of

forewing between discal dot and postmedlal line

absent

Male genitalia (figs, 917, 917a).Unlike anything

else In Pero.

Female genitalia (flg. 1114).

[Link].

[Link] specimen described Is from Tucuman,

Argentina. The two males from Cochabamba, Bolivia,
are superficially different from the Argentine
specimens. In these two males the forewing Is
heavily scaled with dark brown and has a rough
appearance. These specimens are not yellowish as
are the Argentine ones, and only the yellow patch In
the discal cell of the forewing Is present.
Individually there Is some variation In the amount
of yellow In the males from Argentina.

[Link]: Male, "Rio," Derg, [Rio de

Janeiro], Brazil, In U.S. National Museum.
Paratype: Male from type locality In British Museum
of Natural History.

[Link]: Male, Tucuman, Argentina, In U.S.

National Museum. Allotype: Female from type
locality In British Museum of Natural History.
Paratypes: 6 males from type locality In British
Museum of Natural History, 3 males In U.S. National
Museum; 17 males. El Slambon, 1700 m., Tucuman,
Argentina, In British Museum of Natural History.
[Link] this species would
superficially seem to belong to the barbarata
complex, the shape of the aedeagus and the form of
the ostlum of the female gentlalla Indicate a
distant relationship with this species group. The
two specimens from Cochabamba, Bolivia, are
superficially different from the Tucuman population,
but the male genitalia are Identical.
Specimens examined.28 males and 6 females.
ARGENTINA. Tucuman; El Slambon, 1700 m.; Tucuman.
BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: Cochabamba.

[Link] species and the following are

unlike anything else In the genus. The next species
may be the female of this species, but the
differences In locality and the lack of precedence
for this type of disjunct distribution have kept me
from considering them as the same.
Specimens examined.2 males.
BRAZIL.

Rio de Janeiro: Rio.

Pero slambona Poole, NEW SPECIES

Female (fig. 435).Antennae simple. Legs with
Inner faces cream colored, outer faces dull, dark
brown. Forewing dark brown; basal area dark brown,
not at all set off from median area; antemedlal line
exceedingly vague; discal dot a small black spot, or
absent; postmedlal line a straight, white, thin
band, curving Inward to Inner margin; subterminal
area lighter than remainder of wing, darkest along
outer margin. Hlndwlng dull dark brown; postmedlal
line a vague light band. Below dull white, heavily
scaled with dark brown; postmedlal lines of forewing
and hlndwlng vague white bands, particularly In
hlndwlng; discal dots of forewing and hlndwlng
present, but vague.

GROUP 18

Female genitalia (flg. 1115).

The next two species are unlike anything else In the

genus Pero and are perhaps deserving of their own
genus. However, the male genitalia, although
distinctive, do show the basic characteristic of
Pero, particularly the costal fold. Pero derga Is
known only from two males from "Rio" and the second
species, slambona, from a series of females from the
Pro/lnce of Tucuman In Argentina. Pero slambona
could be the female of derga, but this does not seem
likely because of the differences In range. Besides
the differences In the male and female genitalia,
the palpi are longer than In any other group of Pero
and are porrect, not upturned. The antennae of the
males of derga are strongly pectinate.

[Link].

Pero derga Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 434).^Antennae pectinate. Palpi long,
porrect. Legs dull white. Forewing basal area dark
brown, darker than median area, but not well set off
from It; median area darker along postmedlal line;
discal dot a black spot; postmedlal line a straight
dark brown line followed by thin white band,
slanting strongly Inward to Inner margin;
subterminal area with dark band paralleling
postmedlal line. Hlndwlng dull white, heavily
scaled with dull brown; only discal dots of forewing
and hlndwlng present, but these are vague.

[Link]: Female, Slambon, Tucuman,

Argentina, 1600 meters, February 1933, R. Schreiter,
In British Museum of Natural History. Paratypes: 4
females from type locality In British Museum of
Natural History; 3 females from Tucuman In British
Museum of Natural History.
[Link] slambona Is possibly the female of
the preceding species, but the difference In ranges
has led me to consider them as separate species.
Specimens examined.8 females, January and February.
ARGENTINA. Tucuman: Slambon, 1600 m.; Tucuman,
1100 m.; Tucuman.

GROUP 19
The last group of Pero Is characterized by the
structure of the valve (fig. 918) and subscaphlum of
the male genitalia, as well as by the long palpi of
both sexes. The single species of group 19 Is found
In southern Brazil. It Is perhaps worthy of a genus
of Its own, but the similarities of perloda with the
rest of Pero Indicate that It Is best placed here.

133

Pero perloda Poole, NEW SPECIES

Male (fig. 436).Antennae simple or slightly
serrate. Palpi large, third segment porrect.
Forewing violet gray; basal area usually slightly
lighter than median area; antemedial line dark
brown; discal dot a white spot; costa in median area
lighter than remainder of area; subterminal area
conspicuously lighter than remainder of wing, and
vaguely mottled with dark patches, particularly
toward postmedial line and inner margin. Hindwing
dull violet brown; postmedial line a dark brown line
followed by thin cream-colored line; red-brown patch
in anal angle; discal dot a small white spot or
absent. Below postmedial line of forewing comprised
of series of dull white spots; outer half of
subterminal area of forewing grayish; discal dot of
hindwing large, black; postmedial line of hindwing
black, dentate, shaded outwardly with cream color;
red patch in anal angle.
Male genitalia (figs. 918, 918a) .Characterized by
shape of subscaphium, form of gnathos, and lack of
costal fold.
Female (fig. 437).Similar to male, but slightly
larger and perhaps slightly browner.
Female genitalia (fig. 1116).
[Link]: Male, Alto da Serra, Santos, [Sao
Paulo], Brazil, October 1922, R. Spitz, in British
Museum of Natural History. Allotype: Female,
Jaragua do Sul, Santa Catarina, Brazil, in British
Museum of Natural History. Paratypes: 1 male from
type locality in British Museum of Natural History;
1 male from Sao Paulo, Brazil, in U.S. National
Museum; 1 female from allotype locality in British
Museum of Natural History.
[Link] perioda appears superficially
closest to some members of group 2, particularly
hoffmanni and ligera. The male genitalia of perioda
are very distinctive, both the odd shape of the
subscaphium and the shape of the gnathos. The most
distinctive characters are the weak development of
the costal fold of the male genitalia and the long
palpi.
Specimens examined.3 males and 2 females,
September and October.
BRAZIL. Santa Catarina; Jaragua do Sul; Rio
Vermelho; Sao Paulo; Alto da Serra, Santos; Sao
Paulo.

SPECIES NOT ICOGNIZED OR DESCRIBED

Azelina amyclaria Walker, 1860a:195. TYPE LOST.
Azelina asilasaria Walker, 1860a:194. TYPE LOST.
Meticulodes obfuscata Warren, 1894:461. TYPE
DESTROYED.
Meticulodes carrerasi Giacomelli, 1911:23. LOCATION
OF TYPE UNKNOWN.
Azelina ceriata Walker. NEVER DESCRIBED.

134

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INDEX TO SPECIES
[Valid names are in roman and
synonyms in italic. Main
references are in boldface. ]

absenta, 95
acopa, 117, 118
adrastaria, 50
aeniasaria, 1, 33
afuera, 10, 11
alaga, 103, 104
albiditata, 91
albidula, 5
albiorbis, 33
albivena, 47, 48
alboculata, 103
albomacularia, 5
algerna, 85, 86
alticola, 129
amanda, 54, 56, 57
ambusta, 85
amica, 76, 77
amnicincta, 46, 47
amniculata, 88
amyclaria, 134
anceta, 14, 15, 17, 42, 49
aneetaria, 15
angasmarca, 122
angulosa, 128, 129
apapinaria, 6, 7
aragua, 66, 68
arciogona, 56
arditaria, 21
arizonaria, 5
asilasaria, 134
astapa, 6
asterodia, 106
atridisca, 120
atrocolorata, 44, 46
attagena, 125
aurunca, 8, 9

barbarata, 120, 121,

122, 123, 132
barnesi, 69
beatricaria, 125, 126
behrensaria, 69, 70
bicolor, 63, 64
bicurvata, 43
binasta, 43
blackmorei, 70
boa, 28
boneta, 132
brunnea, 21
brynhilda, 108, 113
buckleyi, 79, 80
bulba, 49, 50, 51

caerula, 105, 107

caliginosa, 89, 90, 91
calinaria, 74
cama, 94, 95
campinaria, 45
carrerasi, 134

castanea, 32, 33
castrarla, 116, 117
catalina, 69, 70
caustomeris, 97, 98
ceriata, 134
cerra, 27
certissima, 1, 2, 108
cetana, 30
chanchamaya, 78
chapela, 14, 15, 16, 17
charadrea, 71
cinrea, 80
cinnamomina, 120
circumflexata, 34, 37
clana, 22, 58, 59, 61
clysiaria, 34, 35, 36,
37, 38
cocha, 114, 116
cola, 121
colaloa, 114
collenettei, 53
colorado, 71
consimilis, 118, 119
constrictifascia, 47
contenela, 68
contrasta, 52, 53
converga, 129
coracina, 35
corata, 71
corda, 121
coreata, 82
coronata, 22, 24, 25
costa, 58, 61
crpera, 130, 131
crepusculascens, 88
cristila, 23
crocallaria, 73, 74
cruza, 58, 61
curia, 116
curuma, 64, 65
curvifera, 101, 102
curvistigma, 99
curvistrigaria, 44
cyclodaria, 91, 92

decora, 58, 60, 61

delauta, 58, 62
denticulata, 85, 93, 94,
96
derecha, 97, 98
derga, 133
derogata, 21
diana, 49
dichomensis, 27
disjuncta, 19
dissimilis, 56
dorsipunctata, 35, 38
duida, 25, 26
dularia, 106, 107, 108
dunca, 105
dyari, 69

edentaria, 75, 76
egens, 50
egregiata, 6
electra, 66, 67
elmonjensis, 131
emmaria, 66
erubescens, 119
exquisita, 24
extema, 2, 34, 35, 36,
37, 38
externata, 80, 81

fawna, 89, 90, 91

fea, 83, 84
flavisaria, 9
flora, 75, 76
foeda, 23
fortunata, 127, 128
fragila, 35, 39, 40, 41
fraterna, 130, 131
frgida, 79
fructuosa, 76
fulvata, 6
fusarla, 49, 50, 51
fusca, 53
fuscularia, 21

galea, 119
gammaria, 36
gamuza, 123
gapa, 48
geminipuncta, 118, 124
geraesa, 73
gigantea, 69, 70
gonopteraria, 78, 79
gota, 123
grossbecki, 70
guacamaya, 100, 101, 102
guruparia, 34, 35, 40

habenaria, 83, 84
hanebaria, 83, 84
heralda, 106
hoedularia, 107, 108
hoffmanni, 31, 134
hoffmannsi, 118
homodoxa, 108, 112
honestarla, 2, 68, 69
hubneraria, 2, 69
hunaca, 109, 113

idola, 64, 65
immundaria, 19, 20, 21
imperfectaria, 72
inca, 114, 116

Incarum, 79
incisa, 35, 39
incompta, 22
inconstans, 77
ncrassata, 72
incurvata, 2, 43
indistincta, 99
infantilis, 34, 41
inferna, 103, 104
inviolata, 7
iraza, 65
isotenes, 91, 92

jamaicensis, 124
jimenezaria, 14, 16
jonesaria, 115
juna, 29
juruana, 34, 35, 38

kathina, 83, 84
kaybina, 100, 102
kayei, 106

lactelineata, 23
lara, 124
lasiocampodes, 32
lastima, 46
latifascia, 109, 110
lepa, 132
leptoina, 18, 19
lessema, 65
lvera, 95
levisaria, 7
ligera, 31, 134
lignata, 10, 11, 12
lindigi, 99
lisima, 33
loca, 34, 35, 37
longisecta, 125, 127
lucena, 109, 110
lusa, 132
lustrarla, 4, 27, 28, 29

maca, 35, 41
macdunnoughi, 69, 70
maculicosta, 81, 82
marcarla, 20
marcata, 81
marmoratus, 69
mathanaria, 18, 19
mathilda, 108, 110, 111
matucana, 120
melissa, 62, 64
mephistola, 24, 25
meskaria, 2, 4, 5

137

messidora, 130
metella, 8
metzaria, 6, 7
micca, 36
minetraria, 12
minima, 80, 81
ministrella, 94
minopenaria, 115, 116, 117
miplesetharia, 32
mithras, 119
mitrarla, 88, 89
mizon, 69, 70
mnasilaria, 87
modesta, 69, 70
modocata, 70
molionaria, 127
mollis, 73, 77
monstrosa, 49, 52
moritzi, 85, 86
morrisonaria, 69, 70
munycharia, 103
muricolor, 5, 6
muza, 50

naranja, 57, 58, 59

nasala, 88, 89
nasuta, 50
nata, 12
nerisaria, 44
neuquena, 115
nigra, 17
nocturna, 62
norma, 46, 47
notodontina, 85
nucleata, 66, 67, 68
nyctopa, 12

obfuscata, 134
obscurior, 11
obtusaria, 118
occidentalis, 2, 68,
69, 71
ochracea, 73
ochreicosta, 90
ochriplaga, 117, 118
ochriscripta, 82
odonaria, 97, 98
ogmopoea, 97
olivcea, 78
orosata, 14, 17
otra, 54, 55, 56

packardi, 71
pala, 88
pallidior, 57, 58, 59, 60
palmlrensis, 43
parambensis, 100, 103
paranaria, 75, 76
participa, 109
parva, 21
patriciata, 71
pelota, 13
peplarioides, 71
pequea, 14, 16

138

perfusa, 56
periculosaria, 89, 90, 91
perioda, 133, 134
pernamba, 53
peruviae, 77
pima, 8
pincha, 125, 126
pinsa, 28
plagodiata, 54
plenilunata, 26, 27
poaphilaria, 1, 72
pobrata, 86
polygonaria, 1, 54, 55, 56
pretensa, 93, 94, 95, 96
propinqua, 86
protea, 22
provoensis, 70
pulverosa, 29
pumaria, 54, 57
punta, 9

radiosaria, 6, 8
ramulata, 95
rapiarla, 30
rapta, 30
rata, 121, 122
rava, 7
ravida, 95, 96
rectisectaria, 1, 44, 45
rectissima, 6, 7
refellaria, 77
refna, 104
registrada, 35, 40
rica, 63, 64
rocanaria, 74
rogenhoferi, 101
rosota, 96
rotundata, 67, 68
rufaria, 119, 120
rumina, 35, 40, 42

stuposaria, 18, 19, 20, 21

stygiaria, 69
subangulosa, 128
subochreata, 62
suffusa, 57, 58, 59
sula, 108, 110, 111
supposa, 93

tabacona, 122
tabitha, 100, 101, 102
tana, 46
teleclyta, 15
terrenaria, 119
tolima, 129
torna, 120, 122
trailii, 20
trena, 103
tricaria, 125, 126
tridenta, 49, 51
triplilunata, 126
turba, 87

unfortunata, 128
uniformis, 10

vanduzeeata, 70
variarla, 124, 125
vecina, 64
velutina, 83
vera, 51
verda, 105, 107
vetustaria, 44
vulpcula, 123

xylinaria, 91
xylochromaria, 91
xylonaria, 100, 102
saturata, 66, 101
scitaria, 130, 131
scotica, 116
sella, 45
semibrunnea Dognin, 19
semibrunnea Warren, 26
semiusta, 108, 112
slambona, 133
simila, 37
simplex, 72
sinalba, 123
smithii, 70
solitaria, 48
spada, 94, 95
speciosata, 54, 57, 58, 60
spectrata, 109, 110, 112
spina, 86, 87, 88
spitzi, 49, 52
splendorata, 70
spongiata, 1, 125, 126, 127
sprata, 13
steinbachi, 42
stolidata, 42, 49, 50,
51, 52, 53
strapa, 96

yahua, 16

zalissaria, 9

^^

i
10

11

-12

w?m ^1^. w^, wm.

Figures [Link] adults; 1, meskarla, male,

Baboqulvari Mts., Arizona, and 2, female,
Brownsville, Texas; 3, astapa, male, and 4, female.
El Cuji, Lara, Venezuela, and 5, female. El Salto,
Mexico; 6, radiosaria, male, San Diego, California,
and 7, male, Brownsville, Texas, and 8, female. Loma
Linda, California; 9, invlolata, male. Palm Springs,
California, and 10, female. Borrego, California; 11,
rava, male, Bogota, Cundinamarca, Colombia; 12,
pima, male, Baboqulvari Mts., Arizona; 13, aurunca,

male, Juan Vinas, Cartago, Costa Rica, and 14,

female, Quirigua, Izabal, Guatemala; 15, punta,
male, British Honduras, and 16, female. Jalapa,
Veracruz, Mexico; 17, flavisaria, male, and 18,
female, Baboqulvari Mts., Arizona; 19, zalissaria,
male, and 20, female, Oneco, Florida; 21, uniformis,
male, and 22, female, Castro, Paran, Brazil; 23,
lignata, male, Cayuga, Izabal, Guatemala, and 24,
female, St. Laurent, Maroni, French Guiana.

139

< W^*'

Figures [Link] adults: 25, afuera, male, and

26, female, Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela; 27,
obscurlor, male, "Colombia," and 28, female,
Balzapamba, Bolivar, Ecuador; 29, nata, male, Sao
Paulo de Ollvena, Amazonas, Brazil; 30, minetrarla,
male, Matto Grosso, Brazil; 31, nyctopa, male, Rio
Grande, British Honduras; 32, pelota, male, and 33,
female. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; 34,
sprata, male, Tucuman, Argentina; 35, chapela, male.

140

Middlesex, British Honduras, and 36, female, Barro

Colorado Island, Panama; 37, aneeta, male, St.
Laurent, Maroni, French Guiana; 38, teleclyta, male,
Joinvllle, Santa Catarina, Brazil, and 39, female.
Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela; 40, yahua, male,
Yahuarmayo, Puno, Peru, and 41, male. Para, Brazil,
and 42, female, "British Guiana"; 43, pequea, male,
Misantla, Veracruz, Mexico; 44, jimenezaria, male.
Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela.

%^w.

Figures [Link] adults: 45, orosata, male.

Vista Hermosa, Oaxaca, Mexico; 46, nlgra, male,
Pumayaca, Peru, and 47, male. Nova Teutonla, Santa
Catarina, Brazil, and, 48, female, Puntarenas, Costa
Rica; 49, mathanarla, male, Lima, Peru, and 50,
female. Fonte Boa, Amazonas, Brazil; 51, leptolna,
male, Monte Cristo, Amazonas, Brazil; 52, dlsjuncta,
male, Qulncemil, Cusco, Peru, and 53, female, St.
Jean, Maroni, French Guiana; 54, stuposarla, male,
Sixola River, Costa Rica, and 55, female, Esperanza,
Costa Rica; 56, Immundaria, male. Campo Bello, Rio

de Janeiro, Brazil, and 57, female, Blumenau, Santa

Catarina, Brazil; 58, parva, male. Nova Teutonia,
Santa Catarina, Brazil; 59, protea, male, Muzo,
Boyaca, Colombia, .and 60, female. Barro Colorado
Island, Panama; 61, Incompta, male. La Merced, Peru;
62, foeda, male, St. Laurent, Maroni, French Guiana;
63, lactellneata, male. Chapare, Bolivia; 64,
cristila, male, R. Cristal Mayu, Chapare, Bolivia;
65, exquisita, male, Middlesex, British Honduras,
and 66, female, St. Laurent, Maroni, French Guiana;
67, coronata, male, Melinda, British Honduras.

141

%*-^
's..'

f
81

xsy f

f^i, Wm ^a. wW^

INT %# t
88

Figures [Link] adults: 68, foeda, female, Rio

Maroni, French Guiana; 69, mephlstola, male, and 70,
female, "St. Catherines," Brazil; 71, dulda, female,
Mt. Dulda, Amazonas, Venezuela; 72, semlbrunnea,
male, "Bolivia," and 73, female, Geldersland,
Surinam; 74, plenllunata, male, Pamijaconas River,
Peru, and 75, female. Yunga del Espritu Santo,
Bolivia; 76, dichomensls, male, Santo Domingo, Puno,
Peru; 77, cerra, male, Huancabamba, Pasco, Peru; 78,
lustrarla, male, Itatlaya, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
and 79, female, "St. Catherines," Brazil; 80, plnsa,

142

89

_5F

^?0

male, and 81, female. Rancho Grande, Aragua,

Venezuela; 82, boa, male, R. Cristal Mayu, Chapare,
Bolivia, and 83, female, San Esteban Valley,
Carabobo, Venezuela; 84, juna, male, Huacapistana,
Junin, Peru, and 85, female, Santo Domingo, Puno,
Peru; 86, pulverosa, male, Paso Yubay, Paraguay, and
87, female, SSo Paulo, Brazil; 88, rapiarla, male,
"Bolivia," and 89, female, Petropolis, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil; 90, rapta, male, Chanchamayo,
Junin, Peru.

^ nv^^<# ^^#

^^l^^03

^^i^^04 t^^l^^05

^^^n06

WfW07 ^S ^^9 W^O

Figures [Link] adults; 91, cetana, male. Alto

da Serra, Sao Paulo, Brazil; 92, hoffmannl, male.
Campo Bello, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 93, ligera,
male, and 94, female. Castro, Parana', Brazil; 95,
laslocampodes, male, Huancabamba, Pasco, Peru; 96,
castanea, male, Huancabamba, Pasco, Peru, and 97,
male, "Bolivia," and 98, female, "Bolivia"; 99,
albiorbis, male, Huancabamba, Pasco, Peru; 100,
lisima, male, "Bolivia"; 101, aeniasaria, male,
Castro, Parana, Brazil, and 102, female, Sao Paulo,
Brazil; 103, externa, male, Middlesex, British
Honduras, and 104, female, Cayuga, Izabal,

Guatemala; 105, clysiaria, male, and 106, female,

Middlesex, British Honduras; 107, loca, male.
Avispas, Madre de Dios, Peru, and 108, female.
Cebas, Amazonas, Peru; 109, circumflexata, male,
Chanchamayo, Junin, Peru, and 110, female. Rancho
Grande, Aragua, Venezuela; 111, simila, male,
Puntarenas, Costa Rica; 112, juruana, male, Cecilia
Magdalena, Rio Caura, Bolivar, Venezuela; 113,
dorsipunctata, male, St. Laurent, Maroni, French
Guiana; 114, fragila, male, Rancho Grande, Aragua,
Venezuela.

143

115

y^ I ^16

f\

, wfH W^, W^,

^^^3 ^T^4 Ws fW.
W I ffao

131

132

135

Figures [Link] adults: 115, fragila, female,

Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela; 116, incisa, male.
Tingo Maria, Hunuco, Peru, and 117, female, Tuls,
Cartage, Costa Rica; 118, registrada, male. Barro
Colorado Island, Panama; 119, guruparia, male, Mt.
Duida, Amazonas, Venezuela; 120, rumina, male, and
121, female. Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela; 122,
maca, male. Macas, Santiago-Zamora, Ecuador, and
123, female, Santa Isabel, Azuay, Ecuador; 124,
infantilis, male. Nuevo Teutonia, Santa Catarina,
Brazil, and 125, female, Geldersland, Surinam; 126,

144

stelnbachl, male, Sierra de Bernada, Pernambuco,

Brazil, and 127, female. Tapera, Brazil; 128,
bicurvata, male, Jujuy, Argentina; 1?9. palmirensis,
male, Palmira, Argentina; 130, blnasta, male,
Yahuarmayo, Puno, Peru; 131 and 132, nerisaria,
male, Santiago, Cuba, and 133, female, Soledad,
Cuba, and 134, female, Santiago, Cuba; 135,
rectisectarla, male, Coamo Springs, Puerto Rico, and
136, female, Dominica; 137, sella, male. La Viste,
Haiti; 138, tana, male, Bahamas.

139

^1
146

^1^51 r^2 WfWz 1^54

^1^5 ^1^6 ^P|^7 ^^8

Figures [Link] adults: 139, tana, female,

Nassau, Bahamas; 140, lastima, male, and 141,
female, Key Largo, Florida; 142, amniclncta, male,
Neuquen, Argentina; 143, norma, male, Paran", Entre
ROS, Argentina, and 144, female, Gran Choco,
Florencia, Argentina; 145, constrlctlfsela, male.
Rio Chmate, Cochabamba, Bolivia; 146, solitaria,
male, and 147, female, lancho Grande, Aragua,
Venezuela; 148, gapa, male, Chanchamayo, Junin,
Peru; 149, albivena, male, Melinda, British
Honduras, and 150, female, Barro Colorado Island,

Panama; 151, stolidata, male, and 152, female.

Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela; 153, diana, male.
Tingo Maria, Hunuco, Peru; 154, bulba, male, Puerto
Elegi, Oaxaca, Mexico, and 155, female, Tuls,
Cartago, Costa Rica; 156, muza, male, and 157,
female, Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela ; 158,
fusarla, male, and 159, female. Rancho Grande,
Aragua, Venezuela; 160, vera, male, Quisache,
Chimaltenango, Guatemala; 161, tridenta, male.
Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela; 162, monstrosa,
male, Rio Huacamayo, Puno, Peru.

145

-172

% 'h78

?iK*ir? %i^ I^IN|^ im^

-

183

^ f ^84

Figures [Link] adults: 163, spltzl, male,

"St. Catherines," Brazil; 164, contrasta, female.
Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela; 165, collenettel,
male. Corcovado Forest, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 166,
pemamba, male, and 167, female. Sierra de Bernada,
Pemambuco, Brazil; 168, fusca, female, Parana,
Entre Rios, Argentina; 169, plagodlata, male, Rancho
Grande, Aragua, Venezuela; 170, polygonaria, male.
Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela; 171, otra, male.
Tingo Maria, Hunuco, Peru; 172, arciogona, male.
Nova Teutonia, Santa Catarina, Brazil; 173, amanda,
male, Peto, Yucatan, Mexico, and 174, female, Rancho

146

185

-'

'H8

Grande, Aragua, Venezuela; 175, pumaria, male, la

Union, Puno, Peru, and 176, female, Medina, Boyaca,
Colombia; 177, pallidior, male, and 178, female.
Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela; 179, naranja,
male, Pozuzo, Hunuco, Peru; 180, suffusa, male,
Loja, Loja, Ecuador; 181, clana, male. Rancho
Grande, Aragua, Venezuela, and 182, male, Rio Dagua,
Colombia, and 183, male, "Ecuador," and 184, female.
Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela; 185, speclosata,
male, Huancabamba, Pasco, Peru, and 186, female,
Loja, Loja, Ecuador.

Figures [Link] adults: 187, costa, male.

Mount Poas, Heredia, Costa Rica, and 188, female,
Monteverde, Puntarenas, Costa Rica; 189, cruza,
male, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico; 190, decora, male,
and 191, female. Nuevo Teutonla, Santa Catarina,
Brazil; 192, delauta, male, Tuls, Cartago, Costa
Rica, and 193, female. Las Jlnotepes, Nicaragua;
194, mellssa, male, and 195, female, Lagos del
Montebello, Chiapas, Mexico; 196, rica, male, and
197, female. Pinar Bonito, Constanza, Dominican
Republic; 198, bicolor, male, and 199, female.

Hardware Gap, Jamaica; 200, vecina, male, Terepaima,

Lara, Venezuela, and 201, female. Rancho Grande,
Aragua, Venezuela; 202, curuma, male, and 203,
female. Vista Hermosa, Oaxaca, Mexico; 204, idola,
male, and 205, female, Orosi, Cartago, Costa Rica;
206, lessema, male, Zacualpan, Veracruz, Mexico, and
207, female. Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico; 208, Iraza,
male, Irazu, Costa Rica; 209, saturata, male. Rancho
Grande, Aragua, Venezuela; 210, electra, male,
Huancabamba, Pasco, Peru.

147

^^ f

215

2U

"216

^^1! ^ DteK,:^ ^^^ ^^|^

219

'"

""220

'221

"-

f '^"222

-saV

^^

-^23

224

f^

Figures [Link] adults: 211, nucleata, male,

Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia; 212, rotundata,
male. Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela; 213, aragua,
male. Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela; 214,
contenela, male, "Guatemala"; 215, honestarla, male.
New Brighton, Pennsylvania, and 216, female,
Decatur, Illinois; 217, hubneraria, male, Dutchess
Co., New York, and 218, female. Ilion, New York;
219, morrisonaria, male, Duncan Island, Vancouver,
British Columbia, and 220, female, Hymer's, Ontario;
221, gigantea, male, White Mts., Arizona, and 222,

148

*' i 'AP225

228

female, Taos Mts., New Mexico; 223, mizon, male, and

224, female, Duncan's Island, Vancouver, British
Columbia; 225, macdunnoughi, male, and 226, female,
San Diego, California; 227, catalina, male, and 228,
female, Santa Catalina Island, California; 229,
modesta, male, and 230, female. Walnut Canyon,
Arizona; 231, occidentalis, male, Hart Prrie,
Coconlno Co., Arizona, and 232, female. West Fork of
Oak Creek Canyon, Arizona; 233, behrensaria, male,
Monachee Meadows, Tulare Co., California.

%Vt %K ^( ^1^
^^4

^1^35

^*"6

^^^37

t^>^.^tf ^^KA.^P ^^y^tf

^^^ wf^ wPw

243

' ^^4

^^j
^i^
/T ''
'248
.:i^.''4

251

Figures [Link] adults: 234, corata, male,

and 235, female. Vista Hermosa, Oaxaca, Mexico; 236,
charadrea, male, Rio Vermelho, Santa Catarina,
Brazil, and 237, female, Castro, Parana, Brazil;
238, imperfectarla, male. Campo Belo, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil; 239, simplex, female, Sapucay,
Paraguari, Paraguay; 240, poaphllarla, male, Sao
Paulo, Brazil, and 241, female, "St. Catherines,"
Brazil; 242, mollis, male, Alto da Serra, Sao Paulo,
Brazil, and 243, female, Castro, Parana, Brazil;
244, geraesa, female, "Minas Gerais," Brazil; 245,

II^
^Pi

|K^

WKBii^ 1

--.-

249

''

l ^

^^^fi^w^

250

245

252

Vv^

253

rocanarla, male, "Santa Cruz," Brazil; 246,

calinaria, male, Sao Paulo, Brazil, and 247, female,
Castro, Paran, Brazil; 248, crocallarla, male, and
249, female, Castro, Paran, Brazil; 250, edentarla,
male, Alto da Serra, Sao Paulo, Brazil, and 251,
female, "Rio Janeiro," Brazil; 252, paranarla, male,
and 253, female, Castro, Parana, Brazil; 254, flora,
male, Castro, Parana', Brazil; 255, arnica, male,
Itatlaya, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and 256, female,
Castro, Parana, Brazil; 257, Inconstans, male, "Rio
Janeiro," Brazil.

149

r^
^

"575

Figures [Link] adults: 258, Inconstans,

female, Q. Cuervos Treinta y Tres, Uruguay; 259,
refellaria, male, Tucuman, Argentina, and 260,
female, "Rio," Brazil; 261, gonopteraria, male.
Nuevo Teutonia, Santa Catarina, Brazil; 262,
olivcea, male, Jujuy, Argentina, and 263, female,
Tucuman, Argentina; 264, chanchamaya, male,
Chanchamayo, Junln, Peru; 265, buckleyl, male.
Chapare, Bolivia, and 266, female, Mesopotamia,
Antloquia, Colombia; 267, cinrea, male. La Oroya,
Puno, Peru; 268, minima, male, "Rio Janeiro,"
Brazil; 269, externata, male, and 270, female.

150

~it.^

277

Castro, Parana', Brazil; 271, macullcosta, male.

Independencia, Paraguay, and 272, female. Nuevo
Teutonia, Santa Catarina, Brazil; 273, marcata,
male, Quincemil, Cusco, Peru; 274, coreata, male,
"Colombie"; 275, ochriscripta, male, and 276,
female, Santo Domingo, Puno, Peru; 277, velutina,
male, Castro, Parana', Brazil; 278, habenarla, male,
"Rio Janeiro," Brazil, and 279, female, "Minas
Geraes," Brazil; 280, kathlna, male, "St.
Catherines," Brazil; 281, hanebaria, male. Neu
Bremen, Rio Laeiss, Santa Catarina, Brazil.

Figures [Link] adults: 282, hanebarla,

female, Jaragua do Sul, Santa Catarina, Brazil; 283,
fea, male, Castro, Parana, Brazil, and 28A, female,
Rio Vermelho, Santa Catarina, Brazil; 285, algerna,
male. Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela; 286,
moritzi, male. Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela;
287, propinqua, male. Yungas del Palmar, Cochabamba,
Bolivia; 288, spina, male. Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico;
289, pobrata, male, Tuis, Cartago, Costa Rica; 290,
mnasilaria, male. Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela;
291, turba, male, Coosnipata, Cusco, Peru; 292,
nasala, male, Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia; 293,
pala, male, Tochesito, Toliraa, Colombia; 294,

amniculata, male, Cushi, Huanuco, Peru; 295,

mitrarla, male. Hacienda Cayandeled, Ecuador; 296,
periculosaria, male, Yungas del Palmar, Cochabamba,
Bolivia; 297, caliginosa, male, Tochesito, Tolima,
Colombia; 298, fawna, male. Torne, Tolima, Colombia;
299, ochreicosta, male, Tochesito, Tolima, Colombia;
300, cyclodaria, male, Incachaca, Cochabamba,
Bolivia; 301, xylinaria, male. Rancho Grande,
Aragua, Venezuela; 302, Isotenes, male. Finca San
Pablo, Cundinamarca, Colombia; 303, pretensa, male,
Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia; 304, supposa, male,
Monte Tolima, Tolima, Colombia.

151

,*

-^08

tTf^7 ^^S 1^9

Figures [Link] adults: 305, dentlculata,

male, Rio Topo, Tungurahua, Ecuador; 306,
ministrella, male. Canon del Tolima, Tolima,
Colombia; 307, cama, male. La Union, Puno, Peru;
308, spada, male. Monte Socorro, Tolima, Colombia;
309, ramulata, male, Oconeque, Puno, Peru, and 310,
male, Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia; 311, absenta,
male, Tinguri, Puno, Peru; 312, lvera, male. Ob.
Rio Negro, Vaups, Colombia; 313, strapa, male,
Balzapamba, Bolivar, Ecuador; 314, rosota, male,
Orosi, Cartago, Costa Rica; 315, ravlda, male, and
316, female, Agualani, Puno, Peru; 317, odonaria.

152

male. Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela; 318,

ogmopoea, male. Tingo Maria, Huanuco, Peru; 319,
derecha, male. Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela;
320, caustomeris, male, Coosnipata, Cusco, Peru;
321, lindgi, male. Rancho Grande, Aragua,
Venezuela, and 322, female. Volcan de Chiriqui,
Chiriqui, Panama; 323, parambensis, male, Medina,
Boyac, Colombia, and 324, female, Rancho Grande,
Aragua, Venezuela; 325, tabltha, male. Rio Songo, La
Paz, Bolivia, and 326, female, Incachaca,
Cochabamba, Bolivia.

WWW
WiW
#
w
1
327
~
328
329

^^

^^333

^^1^%9

^^

Figures [Link] adults : 327, guacamaya, male,

and 328, female. Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela;
329, curvlfera, male, Huallaga, Loreto, Peru; 330,
kaybina, female, Juan Vinas, Cartago, Costa Rica;
331, xylonarla, male, Huambo, Amazonas, Peru; 332,
trena, male, San Gabon, Puno, Peru, and 333, female,
Santo Domingo, Puno, Peru; 334, alboculata, male,
San Gabon, Puno, Peru; 335, refna, male, and 336,
female, Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia; 337, alaga,

334

^^0

^W

W^4^

male, and 338, female, Oconeque, Puno, Peru; 339,

inferna, male, Agualani, Puno, Peru, and 340,
female, Limbani, Puno, Peru; 341, dunca, male, Monte
Tolima, Tolima, Colombia; 342, caerula, male. Cerro
Peln, Oaxaca, Mexico; 343, verda, male, Lagos del
Montebello, Chiapas, Mexico; 344, heralda, male,
Orosi, Cartago, Costa Rica; 345, kayei, male,
Hardware Gap, Jamaica.

153

Figures [Link] adults: 346, kayel, female.

Hardware Gap, Jamaica; 347, asterodla, maie, Baleu,
Alta Verapaz, Guatemala; 348, dularla, maie,
Middlesex, British Honduras; 349, hoedularia, maie.
Nova Teutonia, Santa Catarina, Brazil; 350,
spectrata, male, Zamora, Ecuador; 351, participa,
male, Rio Songo, La Paz, Bolivia; 352, lucena, maie,
R. Cristal Mayu, Chapare, Bolivia; 353, latifascia,
male, R. Cristal Mayu, Chapare, Bolivia; 354, sula,
male, and 355, female, Tucuman, Argentina; 356,
mathllda, male. Yungas del Palmar, Cochabamba,

154

Bolivia, and 357, female, Incachaca, Cochabamba,

Bolivia; 358, homodoxa, male, and 359, female, Santo
Domingo, Puno, Peru; 360, semiusta, male. La Oroya,
Puno, Peru; 361, brynhilda, male. Yungas del Palmar,
Cochabamba, Bolivia, and 362, female, Oconeque,
Puno, Per; 363, hunaca, male, Quiroz, Peru; 364,
colaloa, female. El Siambon, Tucuman, Argentina;
365, cocha, male, and 366, female, Incachaca,
Cochabamba, Bolivia; 367, inca, male, and 368,
female, Cochabamba, Bolivia; 369, jonesaria, male,
Castro, Parana, Brazil.

373

'374

^^

^^8

TW82

^^

"375

-^

376

^ '^377

379

383

A _^..^f

^
[Link]?

386

388

389

392

393

1 ^ar

Figures [Link] adults: 370, jonesarla,

female, Castro, Parana', Brazil; 371, neuquena, male,
Neuquen, Argentina; 372, mlnopenaria, male, Del
Viso, Buenos Aires, Argentina; 373, scotica, male,
Casupa, Florida, Uruguay; 374, curia, male. Pelotas,
Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; 375, castrarla, male,
Castro, Parana, Brazil; 376, ochrlplaga, male,
Lima-Matucana, Peru; 377, acopa, male, Acopampa,
Peru; 378, geminipuncta, male, Huancabamba, Pasco,
Peru; 379, obtusaria, male. Callao, Lima, Peru; 380,
conslmilis, male, Huacapistana, Junin, Peru; 381,

galea, male, Huigra, Chimborazo, Ecuador, and 382,

female, Guallabamba, Pichincha, Ecuador; 383,
erubescens, male, Loja, Loja, Ecuador, and 384,
male, Angasmarca, Peru, and 385, female, Cochabamba,
Bolivia; 386, matucana, male. Verrugas, Lima, Peru,
and 387, female, Trujillo, Peru; 388, cinnamomina,
female, Lima-Chanchamayo, Peru; 389, atrldlsca,
male, Angasmarca, Peru; 390, corda, male, Pacho,
Cundinamarca, Colombia; 391, cola, male, "Colombie";
392, barbarata, male, Santa Barbara, Ecuador; 393,
angasmarca, male, Angasmarca, Peru.

155

394

395

Figures 394-416..Pero adults: 394, toma, male.

Torne, Tollma, Colombia; 395, tabacona, male,
Tabaconas River, Peru; 396, rata, male, Trujillo,
Peru; 397, gota, male, Bogota', Cundinamarca,
Colombia; 398, gamuza, male. El Monje, Loja,
Ecuador; 399, slnalba, male, Huacaplstana, Junln,
Peru; 400, vulpcula, male, Huancabamba, Pasco,
Peru; 401, lara, male. Finca San Pablo,
Cundinamarca, Colombia, and 402, female, "Colombia";
403, variarla, male, Newcastle, Jamaica, and 404,
female, "Jamaica"; 405, attagena, female.

156

396

397

Huacaplstana, Junin, Peru; 406, beatricaria, male,

Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia; 407, pincha, male,
Monte Tolima, Colombia; 408, tricarla, male, la
Oroya, Puno, Peru; 409, spongiata, male, Tlnguri,
Puno, Peru; 410, longisecta, male, Jaragua do Sul,
Santa Catarina, Brazil, and 411, female, Ypiranga,
Sao Paulo, Brazil; 412, fortunata, male. Pampaconas
River, Peru, and 413, female, R. Tanampaya, Bolivia;
414, unfortunata, male, and 415, female, Incachaca,
Cochabamba, Bolivia; 416, angulosa, male, Agualani,
Puno, Peru.

W .

^21

^^^^2

^^25

426

'^-

423

427

434

Figures [Link] adults; 417, subangulosa,

male, Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia; 418, converga,
male, and 419, female, Incachaca, Cochabamba,
Bolivia; 420, tollma, male, Monte Tolima, Tollma,
Colombia; 421, alticola, male, Oconeque, Puno, Peru;
422, messldora, male, "Bolivia," and 423, female,
Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia; 424, fraterna, male,
Jepelacio, Peru, and 425, female. Finca San Pablo,
Cundinamarca, Colombia; 426, crpera, male, Monte
Socorro, Tolima, Colombia, and 427, female.

424

428

435

"Colombia"; 428, soltarla, male, Palanda, Zamora,

Ecuador; 429, elmonjensls, male. El Monje, Loja,
Ecuador; 430, lepa, male, Monte Tolima, Tollma,
Colombia; 431, lusa, male, and 432, female, TUcuman,
Argentina; 433, boneta, male, Huancabamba, Pasco,
Peru; 434, derga, male, "Rio," Brazil; 435,
siambona, female, Siambon, Tucuman, Argentina; 436,
perioda, male, "Brazil," and 437, female, Jaragua do
Sul, Santa Catarina, Brazil.

157

439

Figures [Link] occldentalls setal pattern of

last instar larva: 438, Prothorax; 439, first
abdominal segment; 440, sixth abdominal segment
proleg. 441, P. honestarla wing venation.

158

2 mm
SUBSCAPHIUM
COSTAL FOLD

."VENTRAL PROCESS

GNATHOSV

/MEDIAN PROCESS

JUXTA

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 442,

Hypothetical species with parts labeled as used in
this revision; 443, meskaria, 46 miles E. Ajo,
Arizona, and 443a, aedeagus; 444, astapa, Paso San
Juan, Veracruz, Mexico, and 444a, aedeagus; 445,
radiosaria, Zacualpan, Mexico, and 445a, aedeagus.

159

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 446,

inviolata, San Andreas Canyon, California, and 446a,
aedeagus; 447, rava, Bogot", Cundinamarca, Colombia,
and 447a, aedeagus; 448, pima, Baboquivari Mts.,
Arizona, and 448a, aedeagus; 449, aurunca, Orizaba,
Veracruz, Mexico, and 449a, aedeagus, and 449b,
detail of tip of right valve, and 449c, detail of
tip of right valve of specimen from Carillo, Costa
Rica; 450, punta, British Honduras, and 450a,
aedeagus.

160

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 451,

flavisaria, Redington, Arizona, and 451a, aedeagus;
452, zalissaria, Oneco, Florida, and 452a, aedeagus;
453, uniformis. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul,*Brazil,
and 453a, aedeagus; 454, lignata, Chanchamayo,
Junin, Peru, and 454a, aedeagus; 455, afuera,
Tamazunchale, San Luis Potosi', Mexico, and 455a,
aedeagus.

161

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 456,

obscurior, "Colombia", and 456a, aedeagus; 457,
nata, Sao Paulo de Olivena, Amazonas, Brazil, and
457a, aedeagus; 458, mlnetraria, Matto Grosso,
Brazil, and 458a, aedeagus; 459, nyctopa, Rio
Grande, British Honduras, and 459a, aedeagus; 460,
pelota, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul,^ Brazil, and
460a, aedeagus; 461, sprata, Tucuman, Argentina, and
461a, aedeagus.

162

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 462, chapela,

Cayuga, Izabal, Guatemala, and 462a, aedeagus; 463,
anceta, Chanchamayo, Junin, Peru, and 463a,
aedeagus; 464, teleclyta, Chaquimayo, Puno, Peru,
and 464a, aedeagus; 465, yahua, Yahuarmayo, Puno,
Peru, and 465a, aedeagus; 466, pequea, Orizaba,
Veracruz, Mexico, and 466a, aedeagus.

163

2mm

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 467,

jimenezaria, San Esteban Valley, Carabobo,
Venezuela, and 467a, aedeagus, and 467b, eighth
sternite, and 467c, eighth tergite; 468, orosata,
Tuis, Cartago, Costa Rica, and 468a, aedeagus; 469,
nigra, Rio Curray to Rio Napo, Peru, and 469a,
aedeagus; 470, mathanaria, R. Cristal Mayu, Chapare,
Bolivia, and 470a, aedeagus.

164

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 471,

leptoina, Monte Cristo, Amazonas, Brazil, and 471a,
aedeagus; 472, disjuncta, Rockstone, Guyana, and
472a, aedeagus; 473, stuposaria, Joinville, Santa
Catarina, Brazil, and 473a, aedeagus; 474,
immundaria, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and
474a, aedeagus.

165

478

475

482

479

483

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 475,

stuposaria, Rio Trinidad, Panama, costal fold, and
476, R. Cristal Mayu, Chapare, Bolivia, costal fold,
and 477, S3o Paulo de Olivena, Amazonas, Brazil,
costal fold, and 478, Cayenne, French Guiana, costal
fold, and 479, St. Laurent, Maroni, French Guiana,
costal fold, and 480, Para, Brazil, costal fold, and
481, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil, costal fold, and
482, Santa Cruz, Brazil, costal fold, and 483,
Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil, costal fold; 484,
immundaria, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil,
costal fold; 485, parva, Sao Paulo, Brazil, and
485a, aedeagus.

166

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 486, protea,

Kartabo, Guyana, and 486a, aedeagus, and 487, Barro
Colorado Island, Panama, and 487a, aedeagus, and
488, Kartabo, Guyana, costal fold, and 489, Barro
Colorado Island, Panama, costal fold, and 490,
Cayuga, Izabal, Guatemala, costal fold, and 491,
Alto da Serra, Sao Paulo, Brazil, costal fold; 492,
incompta, Yahuarmayo, Puno, Peru, costal fold, and
493, Yahuarmayo, Puno, Peru, and 493a, aedeagus.

167

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 494, foeda,

St. Laurent, Maroni, French Guiana, and 494a,
aedeagus; 495, lactelineata, Pumayaca, Peru, and
495a, aedeagus; 496, cristila, R. Cristal Mayu,
Chapare, Bolivia, and 496a, aedeagus; 497,
exquisita, Teffe a Tonantins, Amazonas, Brazil, and
497a, aedeagus, and 497b, costal fold, and 497c,
Misantla, Veracruz, Mexico, costal fold, and 497d,
tip of aedeagus.

168

imm

506b
Figures [Link] male genitalia: 498,
coronata, Ornai, Guyana, and 498a, aedeagus, and 499,
Middlesex, British Honduras, costal fold, and 500,
Quirigua, Guatemala, costal fold, and 501, Chejel,
Guatemala, costal fold, and 502, Omai, Guyana,
costal fold, and 503, Joinville, Santa Catarina,
Brazil, costal fold, and 504, Satipo, Junin, Peru,
costal fold; 505, mephistola, "Sta. Catherina,"
Brazil, and 505a, aedeagus; 506, duida, Mt. Duida,
Amazonas, Venezuela, and 506a, subscaphium, and
506b, aedeagus.

169

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 507, duida,

Mt. Duida, Amazonas, Venezuela, eighth sternite;
508, semibrunnea, "Bolivia," and 508a, aedeagus, and
509, Para", Brazil, tips of right and left valves;
510, plenilunata, El Porvenir, Peru, and 510a,
aedeagus, and 511, Loja, Ecuador, ventral process of
left valve, and 512, El Porvenir, Peru, ventral
process of left valve, and 513, Loja, Ecuador, juxta.

170

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 514,

dichomensis, Santo Domingo, Puno, Peru, and 514a,
aedeagus; 515, cerra, Huancabamba, Pasco, Peru, and
515a, aedeagus; 516, lustrarla, "Brazil," and 516a,
aedeagus, and 517, eighth sternite, and 518, eighth
tergite, and 519, detail of left valve; 520, pinsa,
R. Cristal Mayu, Chapare, Bolivia, detail of left
valve.

171

2 mm

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 521, pinsa,

R. Cristal Mayu, Chapare, Bolivia, and 521a,
aedeagus; 522, boa, R. Cristal Mayu, Chapare,
Bolivia, and 522a, aedeagus; 523, juna. Yungas de la
Paz, La Paz, Bolivia, and 523a, aedeagus; 524,
pulverosa, "Rio," Brazil, and 524a, aedeagus.

172

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 525,

rapiarla, "St. Catherines," Brazil, and 525a,
aedeagus; 526, rapta, Chanchamayo, Junin, Peru, and
526a, aedeagus; 527, cetana, Alto-da Serra, Sao
Paulo, Brazil, and 527a, aedeagus; 528, hoffmanni,
Campo Bello, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and 528a,
aedeagus; 529, ligera, Castro, Parana, Brazil, and
529a, aedeagus.

173

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 530,

lasiocampodes, Huancabamba, Pasco, Peru, and 530a,
aedeagus; 531, castanea, Huancabamba, Pasco, Peru,
and 531a, aedeagus; 532, albiorbis, Huancabamba,
Pasco, Peru, and 532a, aedeagus; 533, lisima,
"Bolivia," and 533a, aedeagus; 534, aeniasaria,
Castro, Parana, Brazil, and 534a, aedeagus.

174

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 535, externa,

Tabatlnga, Amazonas, Brazil, and 535a, aedeagus, and
535b, tip of valve; 536, clysiaria, St. Laurent,
Maroni, French Guiana, and 536a, aedeagus, and 536b,
detail of tip of right valve; 537, loca, "Bolivia,"
and 537a, aedeagus, and 537b, detail of tip of right
valve; 538, circumflexata, Puerto Elegi, Oaxaca,
Mexico, and 538a, aedeagus.

175

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 539, simila,

Monteverde, Puntarenas, Costa Rica, and 539a,
aedeagus; 540, juruana, Moengo, Boven, Cottica R.,
Surinam, and 540a, aedeagus; 541, dorsipunctata.
Barro Colorado Island, Panama, and 541a, aedeagus;
542, fragila, Pto. Greether, Ichilo, Santa Cruz,
Bolivia, and 542a, aedeagus; 543, incisa, Pumayaca,
Peru, and 543a, aedeagus.

176

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 544,

registrada, Barro Colorado Island, Panama, and 544a,
aedeagus; 545, guruparia, Manicore, Rio Madeira,
Amazonas, Brazil, and 545a, aedeagus; 546, rumina,
"Bolivia," and 546a, aedeagus; 547, maca, Macas,
Santiago-Zamora, Ecuador, and 547a, aedeagus; 548,
infantilis, St- Laurent, Maroni, French Guiana, and
548a, aedeagus.

177

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 549,

steinbachi, Corumba, Matto Grosso, Brazil, and 549a,
aedeagus; 550, bicurvata, Jujuy, Argentina, and
550a, aedeagus; 551, palmirensis, Palmira,
Argentina, and 551a, aedeagus; 552, binasta,
Rockstone, Guyana, and 552a, aedeagus.

178

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 553,

nerisaria, Santiago, Cuba, and 553a, aedeagus; 554,
rectisectaria, Guajataca Forest, Isabela, Puerto
Rico, and 554a, aedeagus; 555, sella. La Viste,
Haiti, and 555a, aedeagus; 556, lastima. Key Largo,
Florida, and 556a, aedeagus; 557, amnicincta,
Neuquen, Argentina, and 557a, aedeagus; 558, norma.
La Paz, Entre Rios, Argentina, and 558a, aedeagus.

179

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 559,

constrictifascia, Yahuarmayo, Puno, Peru, and 559a,
aedeagus; 560, solitaria, Medina, Boyac^, Colombia,
and 560a, aedeagus; 561, gapa, Chanchamayo, Junin,
Peru, and 561a, aedeagus; 562, albivena, Barro
Colorado Island, Panama, and 562a, aedeagus.

180

Figures [Link] male genitalia; 563,

stolidata. Tingo Maria, Hunuco, Peru, and 563a,
aedeagus; 564, diana, Tingo Maria, Huanuco, Peru,
and 564a, aedeagus; 565, bulba, Juan Vinas, Cartago,
Costa Rica, and 565a, aedeagus; 566, muza. Rancho
Grande, Aragua, Venezuela, and 566a, aedeagus.

181

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 567, fusarla,

Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and 567a,
aedeagus; 568, vera, Zacualpan, Mexico, and 568a,
aedeagus; 569, tridenta, Sao Paulo, Brazil, and
569a, aedeagus; 570, monstrosa. Rio Huacamayo, Puno,
Peru, and 570a, aedeagus.

182

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 571, spitzi,

"St. Catherines," Brazil, and 571a, aedeagus; 572,
contrasta, St. Jean, Maroni, French Guiana, and
572a, aedeagus; 573, collenettei. Sierra de la
Ramada, Tucumn, Argentina, and 573a, aedeagus; 574,
pernamba, Sierra de Bernada, Pernambuco, Brazil, and
574a, aedeagus.

183

585

586

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 575,

nerisaria, Santiago, Cuba, eighth sternite; 576,
rectisectaria, Guajataca Forest, Puerto Rico, eighth
sternite; 577, sella, La Viste, Haiti, eighth
sternite; 578, lastima. Key Largo, Florida, eighth
sternite; 579, stolidata. Tingo Maria, Huanuco,
Peru, eighth tergite, and 580, eighth sternite; 581,
bulba, Juan Vinas, Cartago, Costa Rica, eighth
tergite; 582, muza, "Colombia," eighth tergite; 583,
tridenta, Sao Paulo, Brazil, eighth tergite; 584,
contrasta, St. Jean, Maroni, French Guiana, eighth
tergite, and 585, eighth sternite; 586, spitzi, "St.
Catherines," Brazil, eighth sternite, and 587,
eighth tergite.

184

587

Figures [Link] male genitalia:^ 588,

plagodata. Suapure, Caura River, Bolivar,
Venezuela, and 588a, aedeagus; 589, otra, la Union,
Puno, Peru, and 589a, aedeagus, and 589b, costal
fold of right valve; 590, polygonaria, R. Cristal
Mayu, Chapare, Bolivia, and 590a, aedeagus, and
590b, costal fold of right valve; 591, arciogona,
Castro, Parana, Brazil, and 591a, aedeagus, and 592,
costal fold of right valve.

185

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 593, amanda,

Vlcosa, Minas Grais, Brazil, and 593a, aedeagus,
and 593b, costal fold and ventral process of right
valve; 594, pumarla, Yahuarmayo, Puno, Peru, and
594a, aedeagus, and 594b, costal fold and ventral
process of right valve; 595, pallldlor, Pto.
Greether, Ichllo, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, and 595a,
aedeagus; 596, naranja, Pozuzo, Huanuco, Peru, and
596a, aedeagus.

186

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 597, suffusa,

Loja, Ecuador, and 597a, aedeagus; 598, clana,
Farroupilha, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and 598a,
aedeagus, and 599, Herida, Venezuela, and 599a,
aedeagus; 600, speclosata, Huancabamba, Pasco, Peru,
and 600a, aedeagus.

187

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 601, costa.

Mount Poas, Costa Rica, and 601a, aedeagus; 602,
cruza, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico, and 602a,
aedeagus; 603, decora, Castro, Paran, Brazil, and
603a, aedeagus; 604, delauta, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru,
and 604a, aedeagus.

188

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 605, melissa,

Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico, and 605a, aedeagus; 606,
rica. Pinar Bonito, Constanza, Dominican Republic,
and 606a, aedeagus; 607, bicolor. Jamaica, and 607a,
aedeagus; 608, vecina. Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico, and
608a, aedeagus.

189

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 609, curuma.

Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico, and 609a, aedeagus; 610,
idola, Chiriqui, Panama, and 610a, aedeagus; 611,
lessema, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico, and 611a,
aedeagus; 612, iraza, Irazu, Costa Rica, and 612a,
aedeagus.

190

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 613,

saturata, Uruhuasi, Peru, and 613a, aedeagus; 614,
electra, "Peru," and 614a, aedeagus; 615, nucleata.
Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia, and 615a,
subscaphium, and 615b, aedeagus; 616, rotundata,
Juan Vinas, Cartago, Costa Rica, and" 616a,
subscaphium, and 616b, aedeagus; 617, aragua, Rancho
Grande, Aragua, Venezuela, and 617a, subscaphium,
and 617b, aedeagus.

191

621a

623a

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 618,

contenela, "Guatemala," and 618a, aedeagus; 619,
honestarla, Atlanta, Georgia, tip of right valve,
and 619a, subscaphium; 620, hubneraria, Atlanta,
Georgia, tip of right valve, and 620a, subscaphium;
621, morrisonaria, no data, tip of right valve, and
621a, subscaphium; 622, gigantea. West Fork of Oak
Creek Canyon, Arizona, tip of right valve, and 622a,
subscaphium; 623, mizon. Lake Arrowhead, British
Columbia, tip of right valve, and 623a, subscaphium.

192

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 624,

macdunnoughi, San Diego, California, tip of right
valve, and 624a, subscaphium; 625, catalina, Santa
Catalina Island, California, tip of right valve, and
625a, subscaphium; 626, modesta. Walnut Canyon,
Arizona, tip of right valve, and 626a, subscaphium,
and 627, Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona, tip of right
valve; 628, behrensaria, Monachee Meadows, Tulare
Co., California, tip of right valve, and 628a,
subscaphium; 629, occidentalis. Hart Prrie,
Coconino Co., Arizona, tip of right valve, and 629a,
subscaphium; 630, corata. Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico,
and 630a, aedeagus.

193

638

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 631, melissa,

Mexico City, Mexico, eighth sternite; 632, rica.
Pinar Bonito, Constanza, Dominican Republic, eighth
tergite, and 633, eighth sternite; 634, bicolor,
Jamaica, eighth tergite, and 635, eighth sternite;
636, vecina. Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico, eighth
tergite, and 637, eighth sternite; 638, curuma,
Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico, eighth tergite, and 639,
eighth sternite.

194

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 640, idola,

Chiriqui, Panama, eighth sternite, and 641, eighth
tergite; 642, lessema, Santa Maria, Quezaltenango,
Guatemala, eighth sternite; 643, saturata, Uruhuasi,
Peru, eighth sternite, and 644, eighth tergite; 645,
electra, "Prou," eighth sternite; 646, rotundata,
Juan Vinas, Cartago, Costa Rica, eighth sternite;
648, corata. Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico, eighth
tergite, and 649, eighth sternite.

195

2 mm

652

655

658

659

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 650, iraza,

Irazu, Costa Rica, eighth sternite; 651, contenela,
"Guatemala," eighth sternite; 652, honestarla,
Chicago, Illinois, eighth sternite; 653, hubneraria,
Ithaca, New York, eighth sternite; 654,
morrisonaria, Kelwood, Manitoba, eighth sternite;
655, gigantea. Walnut Canyon, Arizona, eighth
sternite; 656, mizon. Departure Bay, British

196

660

Columbia, eighth sternite; 657, macdunnoughi, San

Diego, California, eighth sternite; 658, catalina,
Santa Catalina Island, California, eighth sternite;
659, modesta. Walnut Canyon, Arizona, eighth
sternite; 660, behrensaria. West Fork of Oak Creek
Canyon, Arizona, eighth sternite; 661, occidentalis.
Hart Prrie, Coconino Co., Arizona, eighth sternite.

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 662,

charadrea, Rio Vermelho, Santa Catarina, Brazil, and
662a, aedeagus, and 662b, eighth stemite; 663,
imperfectaria. Campo Belo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
and 663a, aedeagus, and 663b, eighth stemite; 664,
poaphilaria, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil, and
664a, aedeagus, and 664b, eighth stemite; 665,
mollis. Alto da Serra, Sao Paulo, Brazil, and 665a,
aedeagus, and 665b, eighth stemite.

197

2 mm

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 666,

rocanaria, "Santa Cruz," Brazil, and 666a, aedeagus,
and 666b, eighth sternite; 667, calinaria, Sao
Paulo, Brazil, and 667a, aedeagus, and 667b, eighth
sternite; 668, crocallaria, "Rio," Brazil, and 668a,
aedeagus, and 668b, eighth sternite; 669, edentaria,
Alto da Serra, Sao Paulo, Brazil, and 669a,
aedeagus, and 669b, eighth sternite.

198

Figures 670-674,Pero male genitalia: 670,

paranaria, Castro, Parana, Brazil, and 670a,
aedeagus; 671, flora. Castro, Paran, Brazil, and
671a, aedeagus; 672, rnica, Limbani, Puno, Peru, and
672a, aedeagus, and 672b, eighth sternite; 673,
inconstans. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and
673a, aedeagus, and 673b, eighth sternite; 674,
refellaria. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and
674a, aedeagus, and 674b, eighth sternite.

199

Figures 675-677.---Pero male genitalia: 675,

gonopterara, Espirito Santo, Brazil, and 675a,
aedeagus, and 675b, eighth stemite; 676, olivcea.
Metan, Salta, Argentina, and 676a, aedeagus, and
676b, eighth stemite; 677, chanchamaya,
Chanchamayo, Junin, Peru, and 677a, aedeagus, and
677b, eighth stemite.

200

2 mm

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 678,

buckleyi, R. Cristal Mayu, Chapare, Bolivia, median
process of left valve also shown, and 678a,
aedeagus, and 679, "Colombie," part of left valve,
and 680, Huigra, Ecuador, part of left valve, and
681, Huigra, Ecuador, tip of aedeagus, and 682,
"Colombie," tip of aedeagus, and 683, Nuevo
Teutonia, Santa Catarina, Brazil, eighth sternite,
and 684, "Colombia," eighth sternite; 685, cinrea.
La Oroya, Puno, Peru, eighth sternite, and 686, La
Oroya, Puno, Peru, male genitalia, and 686a,
aedeagus.

201

2 mm

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 687, minima,

Oconeque, Puno, Peru, and 687a, aedeagus; 688,
externata, Castro, Parana", Brazil, and 688a,
aedeagus; 689, maculicosta, Castro, Parana", Brazil,
and 689a, aedeagus, and 689b eighth sternite; 690,
marcata, Quincemil, Cusco, Peru, and 690a, aedeagus,
and 690b, eighth sternite; 691, coreata, "Colombie,"
and 691a, aedeagus, and 691b, eighth sternite.

202

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 692,

ochriscrlpta, Corvico, La Paz, Bolivia, and 692a,
aedeagus, and 692b, eighth sternite; 693, velutina.
Castro, Parana, Brazil, and 693a, aedeagus; 694,
habenaria, "Rio Janeiro," Brazil, and 694a,
aedeagus; 695, kathina, "St. Catherines," Brazil,
and 695a, aedeagus; 696, hanebaria, Neu Bremen,
Santa Catarina, Brazil, and 696a, aedeagus; 697,
fea, Castro, Parana, Brazil, and 697a, aedeagus.

203

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 698, algerna,

Huancabamba, Pasco, Peru, and 698a, aedeagus; 699,
moritzi. Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela, and 699a,
aedeagus; 700, propingua. Volcancito, Tolima,
Colombia, and 700a, aedeagus; 701, spina. Volcan
Santa Maria, Quezaltenango, Guatemala, and 701a,
aedeagus.

204

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 702, pobrata,

Tuis, Cartago, Costa Rica, and 702a, aedeagus; 703,
mnasilaria. Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela, and
703a, aedeagus; 704, turba, Huancabamba, Pasco,
Peru, and 704a, aedeagus; 705, nasala, Incachaca,
Cochabamba, Bolivia, and 705a, aedeagus.

205

2 mm

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 706, pala,

Loja, Ecuador, and 706a, aedeagus; 707, amniculata,
Cushi, Huanuco, Peru, and 707a, aedeagus; 708,
mitrarla. Hacienda Cayandeled, Ecuador, and 708a,
aedeagus; 709, perlculosaria, Oconeque, Puno, Peru,
and 709a, aedeagus.

206

2 mm

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 710,

caliginosa, Tochesito, Tolima, Colombia, and 710a,
aedeagus; 711, fawna, "Colombie," and 711a,
aedeagus; 712, ochreicosta, Tochesito, Tolima,
Colombia, and 712a, aedeagus; 713, cyclodaria,
Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia, and 713a, aedeagus.

207

2 mm

717

719

720

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 714,

xylinaria, Alto Parana", Argentina, and 714a,
aedeagus; 715, isotenes. Herida, Venezuela, and
715a, aedeagus; 716, algerna, Huancabamba, Pasco,
Peru, eighth sternite; 717, moritzi, Monte Tolima,
Colombia, eighth sternite; 718, propingua.
Volcancito, Tolima, Colombia, eighth sternite; 719,
spina, Rosario, Honduras, eighth sternite; 720,
pobrata, Tuis, Cartago, Costa Rica, eighth sternite;
721, mnasilaria, Hansa Humboldt, Santa Catarina,
Brazil, eighth sternite.

208

722

725

726

Figures 111-12>i\.Pero male genitalia: 722, turba,

Huancabamba, Pasco, Peru, eighth sternite; 723,
nasala, Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia, eighth
sternite; 724, pala, Loja, Ecuador, eighth sternite;
725, amniculata, Cushi, Huanuco, Peru, eighth
sternite; 726, mitrarla. Hacienda Cayandeled,
Ecuador, eighth sternite; 727, periculosaria,
Oconeque, Puno, Peru, eighth sternite; 728,
caliginosa, Tochesito, Tolima, Colombia, eighth

730

729

728

731

727

732

733

734

sternite; 729, fawna, "Colombie," eighth sternite;

730, ochreicosta, Tochesito, Tolima, Colombia,
eighth sternite; 731, cyclodaria, Incachaca,
Cochabamba, Bolivia, eighth sternite; 732,
xylinaria, Santa Catarina, Brazil, eighth sternite,
and 733, Volcan Santa Maria, Quezaltenango,
Guatemala, eighth sternite; 734, isotenes, Merida,
Venezuela, eighth sternite.

209

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 735,

pretensa, Huancabamba, Pasco, Peru, and 735a,
aedeagus; 736, supposa. Canon del Tolima, Tolima,
Colombia, and 736a, aedeagus; 737, denticulata. La
Union, Puno, Peru, and 737a, aedeagus; 738,
ministrella. Canon del Tolima, Tolima, Colombia, and
738a, aedeagus, and 739, Chachapoyas, Amazonas,
Peru, tip of right valve, and 740, Chachapoyas,
Amazonas, Peru, juxta.

210

2 mm

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 741, cama, La

Union, Puno, Peru, and 741a, aedeagus; 742, spada,
Monte Socorro, Tolima, Colombia, and 742a, aedeagus;
743, ramulata, Huancabamba, Pasco, Peru, and 743a,
aedeagus, and 744, Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia,
tip of aedeagus; 745, absenta. La Oroya, Puno, Peru,
and 745a, aedeagus.

211

748a

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 746, lvera,

Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela, and 746a,
aedeagus; 747, strapa, Chiriqui, Panama, and 747a,
aedeagus; 748, rosota, Orosi, Cartago, Costa Rica,
and 748a, aedeagus; 749, ravida, Incachaca,
Cochabamba, Bolivia, and 749a, aedeagus.

212

750

754

758

751

755

753

756

757

759
760

762

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 750,

pretensa, "Bolivia," eighth sternite; 751, supposa.
Canon del Tolima, Colombia, eighth sternite; 752,
denticulata, Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia, eighth
sternite; 753, ministrella, Tolima, Colombia, eighth
sternite; 754, cama, Yahuarmayo, Puno, Peru, eighth
sternite; 755, spada, Monte Socorro, Tolima,
Colombia, eighth sternite; 756, ramulata, Oconeque,
Puno, Peru, eighth sternite, and 757, Uruyacu, Peru,
eighth sternite, and 758, Incachaca, Cochabamba,

763

764

765

Bolivia, eighth sternite; 759, absenta. La Oroya,

Puno, Peru, eighth sternite; 760, lvera. Rancho
Grande, Aragua, Venezuela, eighth sternite; 761,
strapa, Chiriqui, Panama, eighth sternite, and 762,
Tingo Maria, Huanuco, Peru, eighth sternite; 763,
rosota, Orosi, Cartago, Costa Rica, eighth sternite;
764, ravida, Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia, eighth
sternite, and 765, Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia,
eighth tergite.

213

769b

Figures [Link] male genl,talia: 766,

odonarla, Puerto Elegi, Oaxaca, Mexico, and 766a,
aedeagus, and 766b, eighth sternite; 767, ogmopoea,
Tingo Maria, Huanuco, Peru, and 767a, aedeagus, and
767b, eighth sternite; 768, derecha, Rio Songo, La
Paz, Bolivia, and 768a, aedeagus, and 768b, eighth
sternite; 769, caustomeris, Chaquimayo, Peru, and
769a, aedeagus, and 769b, eighth sternite.

214

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 770, lindigi,

Uruhuasi, Peru, and 770a, aedeagus; 771,
parambensis, Paramba, Imbabura, Ecuador, and 771a,
aedeagus; 772, tabitha, Incachaca, Cochabamba,
Bolivia, and 772a, aedeagus, and 773, Popayn,
Cauca, Colombia, tip of aedeagus, and 774, Rancho
Grande, Aragua, Venezuela, tip of aedeagus, and 775,
Orosi, Cartago, Costa Rica, tip of aedeagus, and
776, Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela, subscaphium,
and 777, Orosi, Cartago, Costa Rica, subscaphium;
778, guacamaya, Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela,
and 778a, aedeagus.

215

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 779,

curvifera, Huallaga, Peru, and 779a, aedeagus; 780,
xylonaria, Huambo, Amazonas, Peru, and 780a,
aedeagus; 781, trena, San Gabon, Puno, Peru, and
781a, aedeagus; 782, alboculata. La Union, Puno,
Peru, and 782a, aedeagus; 783, refna, Incachaca,
Cochabamba, Bolivia, and 783a, aedeagus.

216

794

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 784,

parambensis, Paramba, Imbabura, Ecuador, eighth
stemite; 785, tabitha, Yahuarmayo, Puno, Peru,
eighth stemite; 786, guacamaya, Rancho Grande,
-Aragua, Venezuela, eighth stemite; 787, curvifera,
Huallaga, Peru, eighth sternite; 788, xylonaria,
Huambo, Amazonas, Peru, eighth sternite; 789, trena,
Loja, Ecuador, eighth tergite, and 790, Loja,

793

Ecuador, eighth sternite; 791, alboculata, La Union,

Puno,' Peru, eighth sternite; 792, refna, Incachaca,
Cochabamba, Bolivia, eighth sternite; 793, alaga,
Huancabamba, Pasco, Peru, eighth sternite; 794,
inferna, Uruhuasi, Peru, eighth sternite; 795,
dunca, Mesopotamia, Antioquia, Colombia, eighth
stemite.

217

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 796, alaga,

Huallaga, Peru, and 796a, aedeagus; 797, inferna,
Uruhuasi, Peru, and 797a, aedeagus; 798, dunca,
Monte Tolima, Tolima, Colombia, and 798a, aedeagus;
799, caerula, Cerro Peln, Oaxaca, Mexico, and 799a,
aedeagus; 800, verda, Rosario, San Jacinto Mts.,
Honduras, and 800a, aedeagus.

218

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 801, heralda,

Orosi, Cartago, Costa Rica, and 801a, aedeagus; 802,
kayei, Hardware Gap, Jamaica, and 802a, aedeagus;
803, asterodia, Coatepec, Guerrero, Mexico, and
803a, aedeagus; 804, dularia, R. Cristal Mayu,
Chapare, Bolivia, and 804a, aedeagus; 805,
hoedularia, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and
805a, aedeagus.

219

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 806,

spectrata, Loja, Loja, Ecuador, and 806a, aedeagus;
807, participa. Rio Songo, La Paz, Bolivia, and
807a, aedeagus; 808, lucena, R. Cristal Mayu,
Chapare, Bolivia, and 808a, aedeagus; 809,
latifascia, R. Cristal Mayu, Chapare, Bolivia, and
809a, aedeagus.

220

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 810, sula,

Huancabamba, Pasco, Peru, and 810a, aedeagus; 811,
mathilda, Loja, Ecuador, and 811a, aedeagus, and
812, Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia, costal fold,
and 813, "Bolivia," costal fold, and 814, Pampaconas
River, Peru, costal fold, and 815, Huacapistana,
Junin, .Peru, costal fold; 816, homodoxa, La Oroya,
Puno, Peru, and 816a, aedeagus.

221

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 817,

semiusta. La Oroya, Puno, Peru, and 817a, aedeagus;
818, brynhilda, "Bolivia," and 818a, aedeagus, and
819, Huancabamba, Pasco, Peru, costal fold, and 820,
Tinguri, Puno, Peru, costal fold, and 821,
"Bolivia," costal fold; 822,' hunaca, Quiroz, Peru,
and 822a, aedeagus.

222

2 mm

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 823, cocha,

"Bolivia," and 823a, aedeagus; 824, inca,
Cochabamba, Bolivia, and 824a, aedeagus; 825,
neuquena, Neuquen, Argentina, and 825a, aedeagus;
826, jonesaria, Castro, Parana, Brazil, and 826a,
aedeagus; 827, minopenaria, Estancia do Tigre, Rio
Grande do Sul, Brazil, and 827a, aedeagus; 828,
acopa, Tambomachay, Cusco, Peru, and 828a, aedeagus.

223

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 829, scotica,

Casupa, Florida, Uruguay, and 829a, aedeagus; 830,
curia, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and 830a,
aedeagus; 831, castrarla. Castro, Parana, Brazil,
and 831a, aedeagus; 832, ochriplaga, Lima-Matucana,
Peru, and 832a, aedeagus; 833, geminipuncta,
Huancabamba, Pasco, Peru, and 833a, aedeagus.

224

Figures [Link] maXe genitalia: 834,

obtusaria. Callao, Lima, Peru, and 834a, aedeagus;
835, consimilis, Lima, Lima, Peru, and 835a,
aedeagus; 836, galea, Huigra, Chimborazo, Ecuador,
and 836a, aedeagus; 837, erubescens, Angasmarca,
Peru, and 837a, aedeagus.

225

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 838,

matucana, Matucana, Peru, and 838a, aedeagus; 839,
cinnamomlna, Lima-Matucana, Peru, and 839a,
aedeagus; 840, atridisca, Angasmarca, Peru, and
840a, aedeagus; 841, corda, Pacho, Cundinamarca,
Colombia, and 841a, aedeagus; 842, cola, "Colombie,'
aedeagus.

226

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 843,

barbarata, Santa Barbara, Ecuador, and 843a,
aedeagus; 844, angasmarca, Angasmarca, Peru, and
844a, aedeagus; 845, torna. Torne, Tolima, Colombia,
and 845a, aedeagus; 846, tabacona, River Tabaconas,
Peru, and 846a, aedeagus.

227

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 847, rata,

Trujillo, Peru, and 847a, aedeagus; 848, gota,
Bogota', Cundinamarca, Colombia, and 848a, aedeagus;
849, gamuza, El Monje, Loja, Ecuador, and 849a,
aedeagus; 850, sinalba, Huacapistana, Junin, Peru,
and 850a, aedeagus.

228

868
Figures [Link] male genitalia: 851,
obtusarla, Callao, Peru, eighth tergite, and 852,
eighth sternite; 853, consimilis, Huacapistana,
Junin, Peru, eighth tergite, and 854, eighth
sternite; 855, matucana, Verrugas, Lima, Peru,
eighth tergite, and 856, eighth sternite; 857,
erubescens, Angasmarca, Peru, eighth tergite, and
858, eighth sternite; 859, atridisca, Angasmarca,
Peru, eighth tergite, and 860, eighth sternite; 861,
barbarata, Santa Barbara, Ecuador, eighth tergite,
and 862, eighth sternite; 863, angasmarca.

872

Angasmarca, Peru, eighth sternite, and 864, eighth

tergite; 865, torna, Torne, Tolima, Colombia, eighth
tergite, and 866, eighth sternite; 867, tabacona,
Tabaconas River, Peru, eighth tergite, and 868,
eighth sternite; 869, rata, Trujillo, Peru, eighth
tergite, and 870, eighth sternite; 871, gota,
Bogota, Cundinamarca, Colombia, eighth tergite, and
872, eighth sternite.

229

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 873,

vulpcula, "Peru," and 873a, aedeagus; 874, lara,
Mrida, Venezuela, and 874a,-aedeagus; 875,
variarla. Hardware Gap, Jamaica, and 875a, aedeagus;
876, gamuza, El Monje, Loja, Ecuador, eighth tergite.

230

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 877,

beatricaria, Huancabamba, Pasco, Peru, and 877a,
aedeagus; 878, pincha, Loja, Ecuador, and 878a,
aedeagus; 879, tricarla. La Oroya, Puno, Peru, and
879a, aedeagus; 880, spongiata. Pumayaca, Peru, and
880a, aedeagus; 881, longisecta, "St. Catherines,"
Brazil, and 881a, aedeagus.

231

2 mm

886

Mk^

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 882,

fortunata, Loja, Ecuador, and 882a, aedeagus, and
883, tip of right valve, and 884, "Colombie," tip of
right valve; 885, unfortunata, Incachaca,
Cochabamba, Bolivia, and 885a, aedeagus; 886,
angulosa, Agualani, Puno, Peru, and 886a, aedeagus;
887, subangulosa, Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia,
and 887a, aedeagus.

232

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 888,

converga, Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia, and 888a,
aedeagus; 889, tolima. Monte Tolima, Tolima,
Colombia, and 889a, aedeagus; 890, alticola,
Oconeque, Puno, Peru, and 890a, aedeagus; 891,
messidora, Oconeque, Puno, Peru, and 891a, aedeagus;
892, crpera. Monte Socorro, Tolima, Colombia, and
892a, aedeagus.

233

2 mm

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 893,

fraterna, Pozuzo, Huanuco, Peru, and 893a, aedeagus;
894, scitaria, Pozuzo, Huanuco, Peru, and 894a*
aedeagus; 895, elmonjensis. El Monje, Loja, Ecuador,
and 895a, aedeagus; 896, lepa, Monte Tolima, Tolima,
Colombia, and 896a, aedeagus; 897, lusa, Tucumn,
Argentina, and 897a, aedeagus.

234

898
900

902

Figures [Link] male genitalia: 898, gamuza,

El Monje, Loja, Ecuador, eighth sternite; 899,
vulpcula, "Peru," eighth tergite, and 900, eighth
sternite; 901, variarla. Hardware Gap, Jamaica,
eighth tergite, and 902, eighth sternite; 903,
fortunata, Pampaconas River, Peru, eighth sternite;
904, unfortunata, Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia,
eighth sternite; 905, angulosa, Agualani, Puno,
Peru, eighth sternite; 906, subangulosa, Incachaca,
Cochabamba, Bolivia, eighth sternite; 907, converga.

903

901

904

905

Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia, eighth sternite;

908, tolima. Monte Tolima, Tolima, Colombia, eighth
sternite; 909, alticola, Tinguri, Puno, Peru, eighth
sternite; 910, messidora, "Bolivia," eighth
sternite; 911, fraterna, Pozuzo, Huhuco, Peru,
eighth sternite; 912, crpera. Monte Socorro,
Tolima, Colombia, eighth sternite; 913, scltaria,
Loja, Ecuador, eighth sternite; 914, elmonjensis. El
Monje, Loja, Ecuador, eighth sternite; 915, lepa.
Monte Tolima, Tolima, Colombia, eighth sternite.

235

I
2 mm I

919

Figures [Link] male and female genitalia:

916, boneta, Huancabamba, Pasco, Peru, and 916a,
aedeagus, and 916b, eighth sternite; 917, derga,
"Rio," Brazil, and 917a, aedeagus; 918, perioda, Sao
Paulo, Brazil, and 918a, aedeagus; 919, meskaria,
Kingsville, Texas; 920, astapa, "San Salvador"; 921,
radiosaria, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico; 922,
inviolata, San Andreas Canyon, California.

236

mm

929

Figures [Link] female genitalia: 923,

aurunca, Ca5mga, Izabal, Guatemala; 924, punta,
Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico; 925, uniformis, Pelotas,
Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; 926, lignata, Cayenne,
French Guiana; 927, afuera, Chejel, Alta Verapaz,
Guatemala; 928, obscurior, San Eduardo, Ecuador;
929, zalissaria, "Florida"; 930, flavisaria, Yavapai
Co., Arizona; 931, nyctopa, Rio Grande, British
Honduras; 932, pelota. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul,
Brazil; 933, sprata, Tucuman, Argentina; 934,
chapela, St. Laurent, Maroni, French Guiana.

237

937

Figures [Link] female genitalia: 935, nigra,

"Mexico"; 936, disjuncta, St. Jean, Maroni, French
Guiana; 937, mathanaria, Fonte Boa, Amazonas,
Brazil; 938, stuposaria, Cayuga, Izabal, Guatemala;
939, immundaria, Sao Paulo, Brazil; 940, protea.
Barro Colorado Island, Panama; 941, exquisita,
"Peru."

238

949

Figures [Link] female genitalia: 942, foeda,

Maroni River, French Guiana; 943, mephistola.
Sapucay, Paraguari, Paraguay; 944, duida, Mt. Duida,
Amazonas, Venezuela; 945, semibrunnea, Geldersland,
Surinam; 946, plenilunata, Yunga del Espritu Santo,
Cochabamba, Bolivia; 947, lustrarla, "St.
Catherines," Brazil; 948, pinsa, Rancho Grande,
Aragua, Venezuela; 949, boa, San Esteban Valley,
Carabobo, Venezuela.

239

962

963

Figures [Link] female genitalia: 950, juna,

Santo Domingo, Puno, Peru; 951, pulverosa, Sao
Paulo, Brazil; 952, rapiarla, Petropolis, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil; 953, hoffmanni, Hansa Humboldt,
Santa Catarina, Brazil; 954, ligera. Castro, Parana,
Brazil; 955, castanea, "Bolivia"; 956, aeniasaria,
Sao Paulo, Brazil; 957, externa, Barro Colorado
Island, Panama; 958, clysiaria. La Chorrera, Panama;
959, loca. Cebas, Amazonas, Peru; 960,
circumflexata. Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela;
961, juruana, St. Laurent, Maroni, French Guiana;
962, dorsipunctata, Cayuga, Izabal, Guatemala; 963,
fragila. Banana River, Costa Rica; 964, incisa,
Tuis, Cartago, Costa Rica.

240

964

Figures [Link] female genitalia: 965,

rumina, Aroa, Yaracuy, Venezuela; 966, maca, Santa
Isabel, Azuay, Ecuador; 967, Infantills, Aroa,
Yaracuy, Venezuela; 968, steinbachi. Tapera, Brazil;
969, bi curva ta, Tucum'n, Argentina; 970, binasta.
Rio Maranon, Peru; 971, nerisaria, Santiago, Cuba;
972, rectisectaria, Guanica Insular Forest Preserve,
Puerto Rico; 973, tana, Nassau, Bahamas; 974,
lastima, Key Largo, Florida; 975, norma, La Rioja,
Argentina; 976, constrictifascia, St. Jean, Maroni,
French Guiana; 977, solitaria, Banana River, Costa
Rica.

241

983

984

985

Figures [Link] female genitalia: 978,

albivena, Barro Colorado Island, Panama; 979,
stolidata, Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia; 980,
bulba, "near Santa Marta," Colombia; 981, muza,
Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela; 982, fusaria,
Zimapan, Hidalgo, Mexico; 983, spitzi, "Rio,"
Brazil; 984, contrasta. Rancho Grande, Aragua,
Venezuela; 985, pernamba, Sierra de Bernada,
Pernambuco, Brazil; 986, fusca, Parana", Entre Rios,
Argentina.

242

986

992

994
993

996

997

Figures 987-998.---Pero female genitalia: 987,

plgodiata, Chiriqui, Panama; 988, otra, Sao Paulo
de Olivena, Amazonas, Brazil; 989, polygonaria,
Chejel, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala; 990, arciogona,
Castro, Parana, Brazil; 991, amanda, Chejel, Baja
Verapaz, Guatemala; 992, pumaria, Satipo, Peru; 993,
pallidior. Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela; 994,
clana, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; 995,
speciosata, Loja, Ecuador; 996, costa, Monteverde,
Puntarenas, Costa Rica; 997, decora. Castro, Parana,
Brazil; 998, delauta, Cayuga, Izabal, Guatemala.

243

1002

1003

Figures [Link] female genitalia: 999,

melissa, Lagos del Montebelo, Chiapas, Mexico,
lateral view; 1000, rica. Pinar Bonito, Constanza,
Dominican Republic; 1001, bicolor. Hardware Gap,
Jamaica; 1002, vecina, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico;
1003, curuma, Guerrero, Mexico; 1004, idola,
Turrialba, Costa Rica; 1005, lessema. Jalapa,
Veracruz, Mexico; 1006, saturata, Santa Catarina,
Brazil.

244

1008

1010
1009

1011

1013

1012

1014

Figures [Link] female genitalia: 1007,

electra, Pacho, Colombia; 1008, nucleata, Agualani,
Puno, Peru; 1009, rotundata. Rancho Grande, Aragua,
Venezuela; 1010, aragua, Rancho Grande, Aragua,
Venezuela; 1011, honestarla. New Brighton,
Pennsylvania; 1012, hubneraria, Atlanta, Georgia;
1013, morrisonaria, no locality; 1014, gigantea,
Provo, Utah.

245

1016

1018

1020

1019

1022
1021

Figures [Link] female genitalia: 1015,

mlzon, Shasta Retreat, California; 1016,
macdunnoughi, San Diego, California; 1017, catalina,
Santa Catalina Island, California; 1018, modesta.
Walnut Canyon, Arizona; 1019, occidentalis, Provo,
Utah; 1020, behrensaria. West Fork of Oak Creek
Canyon, Arizona, and 1021, Monachee Meadows, Tulare
Co., California; 1022, corata. Jalapa, Veracruz,
Mexico.

246

1037
Figures [Link] female genitalia: 1023,
charadrea, Castro, Parana", Brazil, and 1024, bursa;
1025, imperfectaria. Campo Belo, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil; 1026, simplex, Sao Paulo, Brazil; 1027,
poaphilaria, "Rio, Brazil; 1028, mollis, Castro,
Paran, Brazil; 1029, geraesa, Minas Gerais, Brazil;
1030, calinaria, Castro, Paran, Brazil; 1031,
crocallaria, Castro, Paran, Brazil; 1032,
edentaria, "Rio Janeiro," Brazil; 1033, paranaria,
Castro, Paran, Brazil; 1034, arnica. Pelotas, Rio
Grande do Sul, Brazil; 1035, inconstans, Q. Cuervos,
Treinta y Tres, Uruguay; 1036, refellaria, Castro,
Paran, Brazil; 1037, gonopteraria. Guarani, Rio
Grande do Sul, Brazil.

247

1041

Figures [Link] female genitalia: 1038,

olivcea, Tucumn, Argentina; 1039, buckleyi,
Mesopotamia, Antioquia, Colombia; 1040, externata.
Castro, Paran, Brazil; 1041, maculicosta. Nuevo
Teutonia, Santa Catarina, Brazil; 1042,
ochriscripta, Santo Domingo, Puno, Peru; 1043,
velutina, Castro, Paran, Brazil; 1044, habenaria,
Brazil; 1045, hanebaria, Jaragua do Sul, Santa
Catarina, Brazil; 1046, fea. Rio Vermelho, Santa
Catarina, Brazil.

248

1052

1054

Figures [Link] female genitalia: 1047,

algerna, Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia; 1048,
moritzi. Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela; 1049,
spina, Guerrero, Mexico; 1050, mnasilaria. Rancho
Grande, Aragua, Venezuela; 1051, turba, Santo
Domingo, Puno, Peru; 1052, nasala, Incachaca,
Cochabamba, Bolivia; 1053, periculosaria, Incachaca,
Cochabamba, Bolivia; 1054, caliginosa, Tochesito,
Tolima, Colombia.

249

Figures [Link] female genitalia: 1055,

ochreicosta, Monte Tolima, Tolima, Colombia; 1056,
cyclodaria, "Bolivia"; 1057, xylinaria, Ponta
Grossa, Parana, Brazil; 1058, isotenes, Pacho,
Cundinamarca, Colombia; 1059, pretensa, Incachaca,
Cochabamba, Bolivia; 1060, strapa, Balzapamba,
Bolivar, Ecuador; 1061, rosota, Irazu, Costa Rica;
1062, ravida, Agualani, Puno, Peru.

250

Figures [Link] female genitalia: 1063,

odonaria, "Santa Catharina," Brazil; 1064, ogmopoea,
Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia; 1065, derecha.
Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela; 1066, caustomeris,
Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia; 1067, lindigi,
Pacho, Cundinamarca, Colombia; 1068, parambensis,
Paramba, Imbabura, Ecuador; 1069, tabitha,
Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia; 1070, guacamaya,
Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela.

251

1073

Figures [Link] female genitalia: 1071,

kaybina, Cartago, Cartago, Costa Rica; 1072, trena,
Santo Domingo, Puno, Peru; 1073, alboculata, Santo
Domingo, Puno, Peru; 1074, refna, Incachaca,
Cochabamba, Bolivia; 1075, alaga, Oconeque, Puno,
Peru; 1076, inferna, Limbani, Puno, Peru.

252

Figures [Link] female genitalia: 1077,

caerula, Vista Hermosa, Oaxaca, Mexico; 1078,
heralda, Orosi, Cartago, Costa Rica; 1079, kayei,
Hardware Gap, Jamaica; 1080, asterodia, Orizaba,
Veracruz, Mexico; 1081, dularia, Middlesex, British
Honduras; 1082, hoedularia, Tucumn, Argentina;
1083, sula, Tucumn, Argentina; 1084, mathilda,
"Bolivia."

253

1087

1092

1094

Figures [Link] female genitalia: 1085,

homodoxa, Santo Domingo, Puno, Peru; 1086,
brynhilda, Tanampaya, Bolivia; 1087, colaloa,
S. Pedro de Colaloa, Trancas, Argentina; 1088,
cocha, "Bolivia"; 1089, inca, "Cochabamba," Bolivia;
1090, jonesaria, Castro, Parana, Brazil; 1091,
neuquena, Neuquen, Argentina; 1092, minopenaria. La
Soledad, Entre Ros, Argentina; 1093, scotica,
Florida, Uruguay; 1094, galea, Guallabamba,
Pichincha, Ecuador; 1095, erubescens, Hacienda
Cayandeled, Ecuador.

254

Figures 1096-1103,Pero female genitalia: 1096,

matucana, Trujillo, Peru; 1097, cinnamomina, Lima,
Lima, Peru; 1098, barbarata, Loja, Loja, Ecuador;
1099, lara. Herida, Venezuela; 1100, variarla.
Jamaica; 1101, attagena, Huacapistana, Junin, Peru;
1102, beatricaria, Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia;
1103, pincha, 50 km. W. Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.

255

Figures [Link] female genitalia: 1104,

tricarla, Santo Domingo, Puno, Peru; 1105,
spongiata, R. Cristal Mayu, Chapare, Bolivia; 1106,
longisecta, Ypiranga, Brazil; 1107, fortunata,
R. Tanampaya, Bolivia; 1108, unfortunata. Incachaca,
Cochabamba, Bolivia; 1109, angulosa, Agualani, Puno,
Peru; 1110, converga, Incachaca, Cochabamba,
Bolivia; 1111, messidora, "Bolivia."

256

1115
1114

Figures [Link] female genitalia: 1112,

fraterna,' Finca San Pablo, Cundinamarca, Colombia;
1113, crpera, Quindiu, Tolima, Colombia; 1114,
lusa, Tucumh, Argentina; 1115, slambona, Siambon,
Tucumn, Argentina; 1116, perioda. Rio Vermelho,
Santa Catarina, Brazil.

257