2101 Solutions VII

DISLOCATIONS AND STRENGTHENING MECHANISMS

cos cos

7.11 Sometimes

in Equation 7.2 is termed the Schmid factor. Determine the magnitude

of the Schmid factor for an FCC single crystal oriented with its [120] direction parallel to the
loading axis.

Solution
We are asked to compute the Schmid factor for an FCC crystal oriented with its [120]
direction parallel to the loading axis. With this scheme, slip may occur on the (111) plane and in
the

[011 ]

direction as noted in the figure below.

The angle between the [120] and

[01 1 ]

directions, , may be determined using Equation 7.6

cos 1

2
1

u1u2 v1v2 w1w2

v12 w12 u22 v22 w22

[01 1]

where (for [120]) u1 = 1, v1 = 2, w1 = 0, and (for

) u2 = 0, v2 = 1, w2 = 1. Therefore, is

equal to

cos1

(1)(0) (2)(1) (0)(1)

(1)2 (2)2 (0)2 (0)2 (1)2 (1)2

10

cos 1

50.8

Now, the angle is equal to the angle between the normal to the (111) plane (which is the [111]
direction), and the [120] direction. Again from Equation 7.6, and for u1 = 1, v1 = 1, w1 = 1, and
u2 = 1, v2 = 2, and w2 = 0, we have

cos 1

(1)(1) (1)(2) (1)(0)

(1)2 (1)2 (1)2 (1)2 (2)2 (0)2

3
cos1

39.2
15

Therefore, the Schmid factor is equal to

cos cos = cos(39.2) cos(50.8) =

15

= 0.490

10

7.12 Consider a metal single crystal oriented such that the normal to the slip plane and the slip
direction are at angles of 60 and 35, respectively, with the tensile axis. If the critical resolved
shear stress is 6.2 MPa (900 psi), will an applied stress of 12 MPa (1750 psi) cause the single
crystal to yield? If not, what stress will be necessary?

Solution

This problem calls for us to determine whether or not a metal single crystal having a
specific orientation and of given critical resolved shear stress will yield. We are given that =
60, = 35, and that the values of the critical resolved shear stress and applied tensile stress
are 6.2 MPa (900 psi) and 12 MPa (1750 psi), respectively. From Equation 7.2
R = cos cos = (12 MPa)(cos 60)(cos 35) = 4.91 MPa (717 psi)

Since the resolved shear stress (4.91 MPa) is less that the critical resolved shear stress (6.2 MPa),
the single crystal will not yield.
However, from Equation 7.4, the stress at which yielding occur is
y

crss
6.2 MPa

15.1 MPa (2200 psi)

cos cos (cos 60)(cos 35)

y = crss/coscos = 6.2MPa/(cos60o)(cos35o) = 15.1 MPa

7.13 A single crystal of zinc is oriented for a tensile test such that its slip plane normal makes an
angle of 65 with the tensile axis. Three possible slip directions make angles of 30, 48, and 78
with the same tensile axis.
(a) Which of these three slip directions is most favored?
(b) If plastic deformation begins at a tensile stress of 2.5 MPa (355 psi), determine the
critical resolved shear stress for zinc.

Solution
We are asked to compute the critical resolved shear stress for Zn. As stipulated in the
problem,

= 65, while possible values for are 30, 48, and 78.
(a) Slip will occur along that direction for which (cos
cos ) is a maximum, or, in
this case, for the largest cos . Cosines for the possible values are given below.
cos(30) = 0.87
cos(48) = 0.67
cos(78) = 0.21
Thus, the slip direction is at an angle of 30 with the tensile axis.
(b) From Equation 7.4, the critical resolved shear stress is just

 crss = y (cos cos )max

= (2.5 MPa) cos(65)cos() = 0.91 MPa (130 psi)

7.23 Describe in your own words the three strengthening mechanisms discussed in this chapter
(i.e., grain size reduction, solid-solution strengthening, and strain hardening). Explain how
dislocations are involved in each of the strengthening techniques.

Solution
These three strengthening mechanisms are described in Sections 7.8, 7.9, and 7.10.

7.24 (a) From the plot of yield strength versus (grain diameter)1/2 for a 70 Cu30 Zn cartridge
brass in Figure 7.15, determine values for the constants 0 and ky in Equation 7.7.
(b) Now predict the yield strength of this alloy when the average grain diameter is 2.0
103 mm.

Solution
(a) Perhaps the easiest way to solve for 0 and ky in Equation 7.7 is to pick two values
each of y and d-1/2 from Figure 7.15, and then solve two simultaneous equations, which may
be set up. For example
d1/2 (mm)1/2

y (MPa)

75

12

175

The two equations are thus

75 = 0 + 4 ky

175 = 0 + 12 ky

Simultaneous solution of these equations yield the values of

ky = 12.5 MPa (mm)1/2 1810 psi(mm)1/2

0 = 25 MPa (3630 psi)

(b) When d = 2.0 103 mm, d1/2 = 22.4 mm1/2, and, using Equation 7.7,
y = 0 + kyd1/2

1/2

= (25 MPa) + 12.5 MPa (mm) ( 22.4 mm 1/2 ) = 305 MPa (44,200 psi)

7.28 (a) Show, for a tensile test, that

100
+ 1

%CW

if there is no change in specimen volume during the deformation process (i.e., A0l0 = Adld).
(b) Using the result of part (a), compute the percent cold work experienced by naval
brass (for which the stressstrain behavior is shown in Figure 6.12) when a stress of 415 MPa
(60,000 psi) is applied.

Solution
(a) We are asked to show, for a tensile test, that

%CW =
100
1

From Equation 7.8

A0 Ad

A
100 = 1 d 100

A0
A0

%CW =

The following relationship

A0l0 Adld

may be rearranged to read as follows:

Ad l0

A0 ld

Substitution of the right-hand-side of this expression into the above equation for %CW leads to

%CW = 1

l0
100
ld

Now, from the definition of engineering strain (Equation 6.2)

=

ld l0
l
= d 1
l0
l0

Or, upon rearrangement

l0
1
=
ld 1

Substitution of this expression for l0/ld into the %CW expression above gives

1
%CW = 1 0 100 = 1
100 =
100

ld
1

the desired equation

(b) From Figure 6.12, a stress of 415 MPa (60,000 psi) corresponds to a strain of 0.15.
Using the above expression

7.41 The average grain diameter for a brass material was measured as a function of time at
650C, which is shown in the following table at two different times:
Time (min)
40
100

Grain Diameter (mm)

5.6 102
8.0 102

(a) What was the original grain diameter?

(b) What grain diameter would you predict after 200 min at 650C?

Solution
(a) Using the data given and Equation 7.9 (taking n = 2)that is
d2 d02 Kt

we may set up two simultaneous equations with d0 and K as unknowns, as follows:

(5.6 102 mm )2 d02 = (40 min) K

(8.0 102 mm )2 d02 = (100 min) K
Solution of these expressions yields a value for d0, the original grain diameter, of
d0 = 0.031 mm,
and a value for K of
K 5.44 105 mm 2 /min

(b) At 200 min, the diameter d is computed using a rearranged form of Equation 7.9
(incorporating values of d0 and K that were just determined) as follows:
d=

d02 Kt

(0.031 mm)2 (5.44 105 mm 2 /min ) (200 min)

= 0.109 mm

7.43 Grain growth is strongly dependent on temperature (i.e., rate of grain growth increases
with increasing temperature), yet temperature is not explicitly included in Equation 7.9.
(a) Into which of the parameters in this expression would you expect temperature to be
included?
(b) On the basis of your intuition, cite an explicit expression for this temperature
dependence.

Solution
(a) The temperature dependence of grain growth is incorporated into the constant K in
Equation 7.9.
(b) The explicit expression for this temperature dependence is of the form

Q
K = K 0 exp
RT

in which K0 is a temperature-independent constant, the parameter Q is an activation energy, and

R and T are the gas constant and absolute temperature, respectively.

7.44 A non-cold-worked brass specimen of average grain size 0.01 mm has a yield strength of
150 MPa (21,750 psi). Estimate the yield strength of this alloy after it has been heated to 500C
for 1000 s, if it is known that the value of 0 is 25 MPa (3625 psi).

Solution
This problem calls for us to calculate the yield strength of a brass specimen after it has
been heated to an elevated temperature at which grain growth was allowed to occur; the yield
strength (150 MPa) was given at a grain size of 0.01 mm. It is first necessary to calculate the
constant ky in Equation 7.7, using values for y (150 MPa), 0 (25 MPa), and d (0.01 mm),
and as follows:

ky =

y 0
d1/2

150 MPa 25 MPa

(0.01 mm)1/2

12.5 MPa-mm1/2

Next, we must determine the average grain size after the heat treatment. From Figure 7.25 at
500C after 1000 s (16.7 min) the average grain size of a brass material is about 0.016 mm.
Therefore, calculating y at this new grain size using Equation 7.7 we get
y = 0 kyd1/2

= 25 MPa (12.5 MPa-mm1/2 ) (0.016 mm)1/2

= 124 MPa (18,000 psi)

0.15
100 =
100 = 13.0%CW

1
0.15 1.00

%CW =