FORMING CHARACTERISTICS
OF
ADVANCED HIGH-STRENGTH STEELS
Stuart Keeler
International Iron and Steel Institute
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PRESENTATIONS
Great Designs in Steel
2004
2003
2002
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AHSS RESEARCH REPORTS
AISI – DOE
Technology
Roadmap Program
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AHSS RESEARCH
Global Steel Industry Projects
UltraLight Steel Auto Body (ULSAB), ULSAC
and ULSAB-AVC - led to . . .
• Increased use of HSS and AHSS
• Need for AHSS Forming & Joining
Application Guidelines
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AHSS RESEARCH
IISI-AutoCo Steel Companies
Arcelor BlueScope Steel
China Steel Corus
Dofasco Iscor (Mittal) Steel
Ispat Inland (Mittal) JFE
Kobe Nippon Steel
Posco Rautaruukki Oyj
Salzgitter Severstal NA
SSAB Sumitomo
ThyssenKrupp Stahl United States Steel
USIMINAS voestalpine Stahl
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AHSS RESEARCH
Drivers for data consolidation:
• Production steel availability
• Critical mass of data
• User demands for information
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MERGING WORLDWIDE CONTENT
International Iron and Steel Institute
Working Group
Arcelor BlueScope Steel
China Steel Corus
Dofasco Iscor (Mittal) Steel
Ispat Inland (Mittal) JFE
Kobe Nippon Steel
Posco Rautaruukki Oyj
Salzgitter Severstal NA
SSAB Sumitomo
ThyssenKrupp Stahl United States Steel
USIMINAS voestalpine Stahl
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AHSS WORKING GROUP GOAL
Assemble information on:
• Forming and Joining
• Include four current AHSS types:
- Dual Phase (DP)
- Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP)
- Complex Phase (CP)
- Martensitic (Mart)
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AHSS WORKING GROUP GOAL
Present what is new or
different about AHSS.
Do not create a tutorial book.
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DATA COMPARISONS
AHSS
HSLA MILD STEEL
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A PROBLEM
HSLA 450 means:
450 MPa yield strength in Europe
and North America
450 MPa tensile strength in Asia
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THE SOLUTION
Show steels as:
Type YS/TS in MPa
Example of steel comparison
for equal YIELD strengths:
HSLA 350/450
DP 350/600
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THE SOLUTION
Show steels as:
Type YS/TS in MPa
Example of steel comparison
for equal TENSILE strengths:
HSLA 500/600
DP 350/600
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WORKING GROUP DELIVERABLE
A 100+ page document entitled:
ADVANCED HIGH STRENGTH
STEEL (AHSS)
APPLICATION GUIDELINES
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APPLICATION GUIDELINES
Section 1: General descriptions
• Definitions
• Metallurgy
• Common steel types
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SECTION 1
GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS
AHSS target two automotive needs:
The DP and TRIP steels increase the
area under the stress-strain curve.
Compared to current HSLA steels,
these steels have equal or higher
strength levels with improved
formability and crash energy
absorption
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SECTION 1
GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS
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SECTION 1
GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS
In contrast CP and Mart steels
extend the availability of steel in
strength ranges above the HSLA
grades, while retaining good
crush resistance and energy
absorption.
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SECTION 1
GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS
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APPLICATION GUIDELINES
Section 2 – Forming
• Forming limits
• Mechanical properties
• Forming modes
• Tool design
• Springback
• Blanking
• Press requirements
• Multiple stage forming
• In-service requirements
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SECTION 2 - FORMING
For mild steels and
conventional HSS the work
hardening exponent (n-value)
generally is a continuous
inverse function of yield
strength
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SECTION 2 - FORMING
Relationship for conventional low and
medium strength steels
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SECTION 2 - FORMING
Importance of n-value as a function of
strain for AHSS
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SECTION 2 - FORMING
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SECTION 2 - FORMING
• Dome stretching is related to total
elongation.
• Hole expansion, edge stretch, and
bending are related to local elongation
measured by a hole expansion test.
• For conventional HSS no degradation
of local elongation is experienced.
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SECTION 2 - FORMING
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SECTION 2 - FORMING
Required specific steel grade will depend
on product and process design.
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SECTION 2 - FORMING
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SECTION 2 - FORMING
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SECTION 2 - FORMING
Steels with equal tensile strength
compound the springback problem
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SECTION 2 - FORMING
Interaction between a hat-profile and sidewall
curl for different forming processes
Blank-
Holder Punch
Punch Punch
Punch
BHF
Blank-
Holder
Die Die Die Die
Bend-Unbend Bend-Unbend Bend-Unbend
Pad Pad
a. Draw b. Form-Draw c. Form d. Bend
a. Draw b. Form-Draw c. Form
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SECTION 2 - FORMING
Increased work hardening creates
higher loads on press, tools,
lubricant, and other load points
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SECTION 2 - FORMING
Computerized Forming Process
Development
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APPLICATION GUIDELINES
Section 3 – Joining
• Welding processes
• MIG brazing
• Adhesive bonding
• Mechanical joining
• Hybrid joining
• Material issues for weld repair
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APPLICATION GUIDELINES
Section 4 – Glossary
•Define metallurgical terms
•Use press shop language
Section 5 – References
Useful for looking up original
papers for additional study
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FINAL DOCUMENT
Available from
member steel
companies, IISI,
AISI and on-line
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APPLICATION GUIDELINES
Download from:
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Also linked on:
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w w w . a u t o s t e e l . o r g
Great Designs in Steel is Sponsored by:
•AK Steel Corporation •Mittal Steel Company •Severstal North America Inc.
•Dofasco Inc. •Nucor Corporation •United States Steel Corporation
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