HALOALKANES,HALOARENES

1- Important terms and concept

R-H +X2

R-X + H-X

(i) Halogen derivative of alkenes called halo alkenes e.g. R- CH3

(ii)Halogen derivative of arenes called halo arenes e.g. R- C6H5
2. (a) Vicinal di halides where the two halogens are attached on the adjacent carbon atom.
e.g.CH2Cl
|
CH2Cl
(b) geminal dihalide- where two halogen atoms are attached to the same carbon atom eg
CH3CHBr2
2(i)

Important mechanism
Nucleophilic substitution

(ii)

Electrophilic substitution

(iii)

Elimination reaction

(iv)

Carbylamine reaction

(v)

Reimer Tiemann reaction

(vi)

Wurtz reaction

(vii)

Wurtz fittig reaction

Nucleophillic substitution
group

it involves the replacement of an atom or group by another atom or

AB+C
AC+B
It must be remembered that A B and A C both are covalent compounds.
(i) In aliphatic system
R X + OH-

R OH + X-

R X + O-C2H5
R-O- C2H5 + X
Decreasing order of Basicity CH3 > NH2 > O-R > OH- > I- > Br- > Cl In general
R X + :B: B-

R B + X-

OH-, RO-, CN-, RCOO-, NO3-, SH-, RS-

Bimolecular Nuclephilic substitution SN2

(i) It takes place in one step.
(ii) Most of the SN2 reaction are second order but some time when Nucleophillic reagent
is present in excess quantity the reaction is of Its order but still proceeds by SN2

(iii) It is bimolecular
(iv) It leads to inversion of configuration attack of Nucleophillic occur from direction
opposite to the leaving group.
H3C

CH3
C

HO-

Br

Heat

HO

C2H5 (inversion)

+ Br -

C2H5

(i) It takes place in two steps.

SN1

(ii) All are Ist order.

(iii) Unimolecular
(iv) It leads racemisation Retenation
(v) Retention of configuration
C2H5
H

C2H5
C

CH3

Br

OH

Br-

CH3

The preservation of spatial arrangement of bonds at an asymmetric centre during the chemical reaction.
Stereochemistry of SN1 reaction
It an alkyl halide is optically active then the product is racemic mixture, here the attack of Nucleophiles
from the both side [50:50 mix of the two enantiomers.

CH3CH3
HCBrC+Br
C2H5HCH2CH3
OH
CH3CH3
HCOHHOCH
50%C2H5C2H550%

RMgX

H2ORH+Mg(OH)X
R'OHRH+Mg(OR')X
(i)CO2RCOOH+Mg(OH)X

(II)H2O/H+
RMgXHCHORCH2OH

H+/H2O

RCHOR
H+/H2OR

CHOH

R2COR3COH
H+/H20H+/H2O
HCNRC=NMgXRRCHO
H2O/H+
RCNR2C=NMgXR2C=O

HOHor
ROH,Reactionisknownashydrolysis
NaOH/HOH

R'ONa
ROR, Ethers
+
Na S H
RSHThioAlcohols

Na2S
RSRThioethers
R'SNa+

RSR' Thioethers
R2S

RSRSulphoniumions
RX
R

NaCN
RC NAlkylcyanides
Na+N3RN3Azides
R'C CNa+ R' C CRNonterminalakyne

OO
COOR'COREster
R'3N
RN R'3X+ Quaternaryammoniumhalide
H
HRHHydrocarbons
FromLiAlH4

ON=O
RON=O+RAlkylnitrites
+
FromNa O N=O
O
AgNO3RON=O+RN
(Minor)(major)

ONitroalkanes
AgC NR N+ C Isocyanides
R'Mgx

RR'Hydrocarbons
R'Li
RR' Hydrocarbons
R'2CuLi
RR'Hydrocarbons
MoistAg2O
ROH
DryAg2O
ROR

Electrophillicsubstitutionseesinaromaticcompoundmech.
HYHYHY

Slow

HY

OR

HYy

fast

E.g. Nitration how Electrophiles produce.

HNO3 + 2H2SO4

NO+2 H3O+ +2HSO-4

OR

BF3 + HNO3

NO2++ HO-BF3-

N+O2
Y+

Cl+
SO3

[Cl-Cl +FeCl3
[ 2H2SO4

Cl+ + Cl-

FeCl3]

SO3+H3O++HSO4-

Sometime
SO3+H2SO4
CH3+
CH3CO+

[CH3Cl+AlCl3
[ CH3COCl+AlCl3

HSO4 - + HSO3+
CH3+

Cl-

CH3CO+

AlCl3 ]
AlCl4- ]

Elimination reaction
Two groups or atoms attached to two adjacent carbon atom and simultaneous formation
of multiple bonds between these carbon atom.[Reverse of addition]
Two types (i) . Elimination -

E1

Two step eliminate

E2 Onestepeliminate
(ii)

- elimination
C

C =C

+HX

H
Saytzaffs Rule
(i)

>
HO- + H

Br

CH3 - CH2 CH - CH3

CH2 = CH2 + KBr + H2

[Link]

CH3 CH = CH - CH3

Br

81%

More highly substituted Alkenes,

More stable

Some important name reaction

1.

Carbylamines reaction.
R NH2 +CHCl3 +3 KOH
C6H5NH2 + CHCl3 + 3 KOH

C6H5NC +3KCl +3H2O

2.

Reimer Tiemann Reaction x

3.

Haloform reaction
CH3CH2OH

4I2+ 6 Na OH

CH3CHOH CH3+ 4I2+ 6 Na OH

CH3COC6H5 + 3I2 + 4NaOH

[Link] + 3KCl +3H2O

CHI3 +HCOONa+ 5NaI +5H2O

CHI3 +CH3COONa + 5NaI + 5H2O
CHI3 + C6H5COONa +3NaI +3H2O

4.

Wurtz reaction
R X + 2Na +xr ether R R +2 NaX
WurtzFITTIG REACTION
C6H5Br + 2Na + Br + C2H5 ether C6H5 C2H5 + 2 NaBr
Coupling reac.
C6H5N2+Cl- + H

OH

C6H5N2 + Cl- + H-

-NH2

N=OH-

N = N-

-NH

Diazonium Salt

C6H5N2+X-

H3PO2

C6H6

Alcohol

C6H6

CuCl/HCl

C6H5 Cl

CuBr/HBr
CuCN

C6H5 Br

.
Sandmeyer reac

C6H5CN

HNO2
NaNO2/HBF4

C6H5NO2
N+=NBF4-

Heat
+BF3 +N2
F
CH3COOH

C6H5OOC CH3

CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
Q1.

Why haloalkanes are more reactive than haloarenes.

Ans. In haloarenes, there is double bond character b/w carbon and halogen due
effect which makes him less reactive.

to resonance

(ii) In benzene, carbon being sp2 hybridised which is smaller in size than sp3 present in haloalkanes .
So C-Cl bond in aryl halides is shorter and stronger.

Q2. Why do haloalkenes under go nucleophillic substitution whereas haloarenes

electophillic substitution .

under go

Ans. Due to more electro negative nature of halide atom in haloalkanes carbon atom becomes slightly
positive and is easily attacked by nucleophillic reagents.
While in haloarenes due to resonance, carbon atom becomes slightly negative and attacked
by electrophillic reagents.
Q3. When an alkyl halide is treated with ethanolic solution of KCN, the major product is alkyl
cyanide where as if alkyl halide is treated with AgCN,the major product is alkyl isocyanide.
Ans. KCN is ionic they can attach through C or N but C-C bond is strong than C-N bond. So alkyl
cyanide is the major product but AgCN is covalent so more electronegative N can attach to C and forms
isocyanides.
Q4.

How do 10 20 30 alcohols differ in terms of dehydrogenation?

Ans. 10alcohol

20alcohol

30alcohol
Q5.

Cu,3000c

Cu,3000c

Cu,3000C

aldehyde

ketone

alkene

Why are the reaction of alcohol /phenol with acid chloride in the presence of pyridine ?

Ans. Because esterification reaction is reversible and presence of base (pyridine ) nuetralises HCl
produced during reaction thus promoting forward reaction .
Q6.

Explain why o-nitrophenol is more acidic than o-methoxy phenol ?

Ans. -NO2 group is electron with - drawing group, e- density on O decreases and loss of H+ is easy
whereas OCH3 group is electron releasing group , which increases e- density on O , which makes
difficult to the loss of H+, hence are less acidic .
Q7.

Aryl halides cannot be prepared by the action of sodium halide in the presence H2SO4 .Why?

Ans. Due to resonance the carbon- oxygen bond in phenols has partial double bond and it is stronger
than carbon oxygen single bond.
Q8. Why Grignard reagent should be prepared under an hydrous conditions.?
Ans. Grignard reagent react with H2O to form alkanes , therefore they are prepared under anhydrous
condition.
Q9. Why is Sulphuric acid not used during the reaction of alcohols with KI ?

Ans. It is because HI formed will get oxidized to I2 by concentrated Sulphuric acid which is an
oxidizing agent.
Q10. p- dichlorobenzene has highest m.p. than those of ortho and m-isomers.?
Ans. p- dichlorobenzene is symmetrical, fits into crystal lattice more readily and has higher melting
point.
Q11. Although chlorine is an electron- withdrawing group, yet it is ortho and para directing in
electrophillic aromatic substitution [Link]
Ans. Chlorobenzene is resonance hybrid, there is ve charge at 0 and para positions, electrophillic
substitution reaction will take place at 0 and para position due to +R effect. +R effect is dominating over
I effect. .

:Cl:

:Cl :

:Cl:+

:Cl:+

:Cl:+

Q12. The treatment of alkyl chlorides with aqueous KOH lead to the formation of alcohols but in
presence of alcoholic KOH alkenes are major products. Explain?
Ans. In aqueous KOH,OH- is nucleophile which replaces another nucleophile.
R-X +KOH

R-OH +KX

Where as in alcoholic KOH

C2H5OH +KOH

C2H5O- + K+

CH3CH2-Cl + alcoholic KOH

CH2 =CH2 + C2H5OH

(C2H5O-)

Q13.

Explain why vinyl chloride is unreactive in nucleophillic substitution reaction?

Ans. Vinyl chloride is unreactive in nucleophillic substitution reaction because of double bond
character between C=CL bond which is difficult to break.
CH2 = CH Cl

CH2- CH =Cl+

Q14. Arrange the following compounds according to reactivity towards nucleophillic substitution
reaction with reagents mentioned :(i)

Ans

4- nitro chloro benzene, 2,4 di nitro chloro bemzene, 2,4,6, trinitrochlorobenzene with
CH3ONa

2,4,6, trinitrochlorobenzene > 2,4 dinitrochlorobemzene > 4- nitrochlorobenzene

Q15. Which compound will react faster in SN2 reaction with OH---?
Ans- (a) CH3Br and CH3I
CH3I

(SN2)

will react faster than CH3Br

(b) (CH3)3C-Cl or CH3Cl

(SN2)

CH3Cl will react faster than 30 halide

Q16. Arrange in order of boiling points.
(a) Bromobenzene, Bromoform, chloromethane,Dibromo-methane
(b)1-chloropropane, Isopropyle chloride, 1-Chlorobutane.
Ans. (a) chloromethane < Bromobenzene < Dibromo-methane < , Bromoform
(b) , Isopropyle chloride <1-chloropropane <1-Chlorobutane
(As Branching increases , boiling point decreases)
Q 17. Predict the reactivity in SN1
(a) C6H5CH2Br, C6H5CH (C6H5)Br, C6H5CH(CH3)Br, C6H5C(CH3)( C6H5)Br
Ans. 30 > 20> 10 (SN1)
C6H5C(CH3)(C6H5)Br > C6H5(C6H5)Br > C6H5CH(CH3)Br > C6H5CH2Br
(30)

(20)

(20)

(10)

Q18. Which compound undergoes SN1 reaction first ?

(a)

Cl

and

Cl
Cl

Cl

(a) Ans. 30> 20> 10(SN1)

(b) (20)
Cl

react faster than

Cl

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

[1 MARKS]
Q.1. Write the formula & chemical name of DDT?
Q.2. An alkyl halide having molecular formula C4H9Cl is optically active. what is its structure?
Q.3. Why is vinyl chloride less reactive than ethyl chloride?
Q.4. Write the structural isomers of C3H6Cl2 which can exihibit enantiomerism ?
Q.5. Write down the structure of the following compounds;
(a) 1- chloro-4-ethyl cyclohexane
(b)1,4-dibrone but-2-ene
(c) 4-tert,butyl-3-iodoheptane
(d)1-bromo-4-secbutyl-2-methylbenzene
Q.6. Which compound (CH3)3- C-Cl or ; CH3Cl will react faster in sn2 reactionwith OH?
Q.7. A hydrocarbon C5H10 does not react with chlorine in dark but it gives a single monobromo
compound in bright [Link] the compound.
Q.8. Why is sulphuric acid not used during the reaction of alcohols with KI?
Q.9. Out of C6H5CH2Cl & C6H5CH2Cl 6H5 which is more easily hydrolysed with aq. KOH & why ?
Q.10. Chloroform is stored in dark coloured & sealed bottle. why?
Short answer type questions
Q,1. Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds?
A)ClCH2C = CCH2Br

b) (CCl3)3CCl

C)CH3CH(Cl)CH(Br)CH3
Q.2. Starting from methyl iodine, how will you prepare :
A) nitromethane

B)methyl nitrite

Q.3. How can iodoform be prepared from ethanol ?

[Link] the product of the following reactions;
[Link] the reaction involved in :
A) the isocyanide test

B) iodoform test
Q.6. Rearranging the following in order of increasing case of dehydro halogenations
CH3CHClCH3 , CH3 C- Cl(CH3)2.

CH3CH2CH2Cl ,

[Link] will you distinguish between

(i) CH3NH2 and (CH3)2NH
(ii) ethanol & 1-propanol
Q.8. Give the uses of (a) CCl4 (b) iodoform
Q.9. Propose the mechanism of the following reaction :
CH3-CH2-Br + CH3O

CH3-CH2-OCH3 + Br

Q.10. Which will have a higher boiling point 1-chloropentane or 2-chloro-2-methylbutane?

[Link] will you bring the following conversion?
(a) Propene to Propyne
(b) Toluene to Benzyle Alcohol
(c) Aniline to Phenylisocyanide
[Link] happen when;
(a) n-butyl chloride is treated with [Link].
(b) ethyl chloride is treated with [Link].
(c) methyl chloride is treated with KCN.
Q.13Complete the following reaction;
(a)Cl2CH-CH-Cl2+Zn
(b)(CH3)2-CH-CH-CH2-CH3 Ethanol

C2H5ONa

Cl
(c)C6H5ONa+C2H5Cl
3 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q1. How can we produce nitro benzene from phenol?
Ans. (I) First convert phenol to benzene by heating with Zn dust.
(II) Nitration of benzene with conc. nitric acid in presence of conc. sulphuric acid.

Q 2. Alcohols reacts with halogen acids to form haloalkenes but phenol does not form halobenzene.
Explain
. Ans. The C-O bond in phenol acquires partial double bond character due to resonance and hence be
cleared by X- ions to form halobenzenes. But in alcohols a pure C O bond is maintained and can be
cleared by X ions.
Q 3. Explain why o-nitrophenol is more acidic than o-methoxy phenol?
Ans . Due to R and I effect of NO2 group, e density on O if O H bond decreases and loss of
H+ is easy. I effect In contrast, in o-methoxy phenol due to + R effect, OCH3 increases. e density on
O2 of OH group, and hence loss of H+ is difficult.(both ve charge repel each other)

Q4. Of benzene and phenol, which is more easily nitrated and why?
Ans. Nitration is an electrophilic substitution. The OH group in phenol increases the electron
density at ortho and para position as follows Since phenol has higher electron density due to
electron releasing nature of -OH group , compared to benzene , therefore nitration is easy in
phenol than benzene.
Q5. How will you account for the following? Ethers possess a net dipole moment even if they are
symmetrical in structure?
A. Because of greater electronegativity of o- atom than carbon C O bonds are polar.
C O bond are inclined to each other at an angle of 110 (or more), two dipoles do not cancel out each
other.
Q 6. How do 1, 2 and 3 alcohols differ in terms of their oxidation reaction and dehydrogenation ?
Ans. (I) Oxidation reaction : (O) (O)
1 alcohol aldehyde carboxylic acid (O) (O)
2 alcohol ketone carboxylic acid (acid with loss of 1 carbon atom) (O)
3 alcohol resistant to oxidation
(II) Hydrogenation reaction : give
1 alcohol aldehyde
2 alcohol ketone
3 alcohol alkene 3 alcohols prefer to undergo dehydration and form alken
Q7. (i)How is diethyl ether prepared from ethyl alcohol?
Ans. Ethyl alcohol is first treated with sodium to form sodium ethoxide
C2H5OH + Na C2H5O Na+ + H2
Sodium ethoxide is then treated with ethyl halide to form di ethyl ether. SN
C2H5O Na + C2H5X C2H5O C2H5 + NaX (Williamson synthesis)
(II) Complete the reaction:
(a) CH3OCH3 + PCl5 ?
(b) C2H5OCH3 + HCl ?
(c) (C2H5)2 O + HCl
A. (a) 2 CH3Cl (b) CH3Cl + C2H5OH (c) C2H5Cl + C2H5OH
Q8. Why are reactions of alcohol/phenol and with acid chloride in the presence of pyridine?
Ans. Because esterification reaction is reversible and presence of base (pyridine) neutralises HCl
produced during reaction thus promoting forward reaction.


LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q1) How the following conversions can be carried out?
(i) Propene to propan-1-ol
(ii) 1-Bromopropane to 2-bromopropane
(iii) Toluene to benzyl alcohol
(iv) Benzene to 4-bromonitrobenzene
(v) Benzyl alcohol to 2-phenylethanoic acid

Q2)

How the following conversions can be carried out?

(i) Ethanol to propanenitrile
(ii) Aniline to chlorobenzene
(iii) 2-Chlorobutane to 3, 4-dimethylhexane
(iv) 2-Methyl-1-propene to 2-chloro-2-methylpropane
(v) Ethyl chloride to propanoic acid

10

Q3)

How the following conversions can be carried out?

(i) But-1-ene to n-butyliodide

(ii)2-Chloropropane to 1-propanol
(iii) Isopropyl alcohol to iodoform
(iv) Chlorobenzene to p-nitrophenol
(v) 2-Bromopropane to 1-bromopropane

11

12

13

14

15

Q4) How the following conversions can be carried out?

(i) Chloro ethane to butane
(ii)Benzene to diphenyl
(iii) tert-Butyl bromide to isobutyl bromide
(iv) Aniline to phenylisocyanide

16

17

18

19

ALCOHOLS PHENOLS AND ETHERS

Family

Functional group

Example

Alcohol

ROH

CH3OH methanol

Phenol

Ar O H

C6H5OH Phenol

-COC-

methyletherCH3 OCH3

Ether

Aldehyde
Ketone

Carboxylic acid

Acetaldehyde CH3CHO

- CHO
-CCC-

-COH

Acetone CH3COCH3

Acetic acid CH3COOH

H
Ester

-COC-H
H

Amide

-CNH

Ester CH3 COOCH3

Methyl / acetate
acetamide CH3CONH2

Acid Anhydride
Acid chloride

-COC-CX

CH3COOCOCH3 acetic anhydride

acetyl chloride
CH3 C Cl

IUPAC Name

CH3OCH2CH2CH3

1Methoxypropane

C6H5OCH3

Methoxybenzene

[Anisole]

C6H5O(CH2)6CH3

1Phenoxyheptanes
2- Methoxy propane

CH3OCHCH3
CH3
CH3CH3

OC2H5

2ethoxy1,1dimethylcyclohexane

OH

OH

Benzene1,2diol

CH3

CH3

OH

2,5Dimethylphenol

IUPACnamesofphenols

IUPACnamesofsomeethers

Namereaction
(1)[Link][Seeinhaloalkanes]
(2)Transesterification
(3)Williamsonsynthesis
(4)Kolbereaction
(5)Friedelcraft
Transesterification:Whenanestertreatedwithexcessofanother
alcohol[otherthantheonefromwhichesterhasbeenderived]in
[Link].AlkoxideoranacidH2SO4/HCl
[Link]
OO

H+
RCOR +R OH

RCOR +R OH
Williamsonsynthesis:Reactionwithalkylhalidewithsodiumalkoxideor
[Link].
RX+R1ONa

ROR +NaX

H3I+CH3CH2ONa

CH3O.CH2CH3+NaI

CH3CH2O
CH3CH2I+

+NaI

Bothsimpleandmixedethercanbeproduced.
Dependinguponstructureandcleavageofunsymmetricalethersbyhalogen
acidmayoccureitherbySN2orSN1mechanism.

CH3

CH3
373k

e.g.(i)CH3

CH

CH3+HI

CH3I+CH3CHOH
Sn

CH3

(3)
CH3COCH3+HI(CH3)3CI+CH3OH
CH3

LIMITATIONSOFWILLIAMSONSYNTHESIS

CH3

(i)
CH3CONa++CH3CH2BrCH3
CHCH3COCH2CH3+NaBr

CH3

CH2HCH3
CH3CBr+Na+OC2H5CH3C=CH+C2H5OH+

(ii)
NaBr

CH3
CH3
(iii)

CH3CHBr+CH3CH2ONa+

CH3

CH3CH=CH2

CH3CHOCH2CH3

79%

21%

Kolbereaction

Friedelcraftreaction

DISTINCTIONBETWEENPAIROFCOMPOUNDS
When10,20,and30alcoholtreatedwithlucasreagent[con,HCL+an
hydrousZnCl2]atroomtemp
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Ifturbidityappearsimmediatelyalcoholis30.
Ifturbidityappearsinfiveminutesalcoholis20.
[Link].

(II)Allthosecompoundlikealcohol,aldehydeKetoneswhichon
oxidationgivingCH3COGroupundergoesodoformtest.
e.g.(i)CH3CH2OH
(II)CH3CHO
(III)(CH3)CHOH
(IV)CH3COCH3
(V)C6H5COCH3
(VI)CH3CHCH2CH2CH3
OH
(VII)CH3CCH2CH2CH3

Importantmechanism
(i) Hydrationofalkenes

(i) H2SO4H++HSO4

H
(ii)
(iii)
HOH+H+
HOH
+
(iv)

CH3H
CCH2+HOH
+ +
CH3H

CH3
C+CH2H
CH3
H2O
CH3CH3
CCH3H2SO4CCH3

CH3+OHCH3OH
H+H2SO4


Importantreaction

CH3CH2OH
CH3

1000C/373K

CH3CH2HSO4
H2SO4

413K

CH3CH2OCH2

433TO 444K

CH2=CH2+H20

(2)PreparationofphenolfromCumene

(3)Preparationofaspirinandsalol

Explainphenolisacidic?
Phenoxideionisresonancestabilised

:Ifelectronwithdrawinggroupareattachedintothebenzenering
itenchanceacidiccharacterandviceversa.
2,4,6trinitrophenol>2,4,dinitrophenol>4nitrophenol>phenol
Phenol>mcresol>Pcresol>Ocresol

mmethoxyphenol>phenol>Omethoxyphenol>Pmethoxy
phenol.
Ochlorophenol>Obromophenol>Oiodophenol>Ofluorophenol
FORMATIONOFPICRICACID
(I)

+3Br2

OH
BrBr

Br

2,4,6tribromophenol(whiteplot)
(I)Phenolgivesvioletcolourwithfecl3solution.

PREPARATIONOF10,20,30ALCOHOLS
HCHO+RMgxRCH2OH10alc
CH3CHO+RMgxR

RCHOH20alc

CH3

CH3

CH3

C=0+CH3 MgBr R

{R CH3}

RCOH30alc

CONCEPTUALQUESTIONS
Q1)Preparationofethersbyaciddehydrationofsecondryor30
alcoholsisnotasuitablemethod?
Ans:Theformationofethersbydehydrationofalcoholisa
bimolecularreaction(SN2)[Link]
[Link]
placeofothers,alkenesareformed.
CH3
CH3
CH3

COHH2S04

CON.

CH3
CH3

C=CH2

Q2)[Link]?
Ans:ThelonepaironoxygenofOHinphenolisbeingsharedwith
[Link],lonepairisnotfullypresenton
oxygenandhencephenolsdonotundergoprotonatianreactions.
Q3)Orthonitrophenolismoreacidicthanorthomethoxy
phenol?why?
Ans:NO2groupiselectronwithdrawingwhichincreasesacidic
charcterduetoeasilyease
REASONING QUESTIONS

Q1. Explain why propanol has higher boiling point than that of the
hydrocarbon, butane?
Ans . The molecules of Butane are held together by weak van der
Waals Forces of attraction while those of propanol are held together by
stronger intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
Q2. Alcohols are comparatively more soluble in water than
hydrocarbons of comparable molecular masses. Explain this fact.
Ans. Alcohols can form hydrogen bonds with water and break the
hydrogen bonds already existing between water molecules Therefore
they are soluble in water. Whereas hydrocarbons cannot form
hydrogen bonds with water and hence are insoluble in water.
Q3 . While separating a mixture of ortho and para nitrophenols by
steam distillation, name the isomer which will be steam volatile.
Give reason.
ANS. O-nitrophenol is steam volatile due to intramolecular hydrogen
bonding and hence can be separated by steam distillation from pnitrophenol which is not steam volatile because of inter-molecular
hydrogen bonding.

Q4. Explain why is ortho nitrophenol more acidic than ortho

methoxyphenol?

ANS. The nitro-group is an electron-withdrawing group. The presence of this

group in the ortho position decreases the electron density in the O-H bond . As
a result, it is easier to lose a proton. Also,the o-nitrophenoxide ion formed after
the loss of proton is stabilized by resonance. Hence,ortho-nitrophenol is
stronger [Link] the other hand, methoxy group is an electron-releasing group.
Thus ,it increases the electron density in the O-H bond and hence, the proton
cannot be given out easily. Therefor ortho-nitrophenol is more acidic than
ortho- methoxyphenol.

Q5. Preparation of ethers by acid dehydration of secondary or

tertiary alcohols is not a suitable method. Give reason.
ANS. The formation of ethers by dehydration of alcohol is a
bimolecular reaction (SN)2
involving the attack of an alcohol molecule on a protonated alcohol
molecule. In the method, the alkyl group should be unhindered. In case
of secondary or tertiary alcohols, the alkyl group is hindered. As a
result, elimination dominates substitution.
[Link]?Illustrateitwith
anexample.
[Link](BH3)2reactswithalkenestogivetrialkylboranesasaddition
[Link]
ofaqueoussodiumhydroxide.

[Link]
cumene.
Ans.

Q8. Write chemical reaction for the preparation of phenol from

chlorobenzene.
Ans. Chlorobenzene is fused with NaOH at 623K and 320
atmospheric pressure. Phenol is obtained by acidification of sodium
phenoxide so produced.

Q9. How is aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid) prepared from salicylic

acid? Ans. Acetylation of salicylic acid produces aspirin.

Q10. Which out of propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol is stronger acid?

Ans. Propan-1-ol is stronger acid than propan-2-ol. The acidic
strength of alcohols is in the order 10>20>30.
Q11. What is denaturation of an alcohol?
Ans. The commercial alcohol is made unfit for drinking by mixing in it
some copper sulphate (to give it a colour) and pyridine (a foul smelling
liquid). It is known as denaturation of alcohol.
Q12.GiveIUPACnameofCH3OCH2OCH3
[Link]
[Link].
[Link].

2 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q1. Give two reactions that show the acidic nature of phenol.
Compare acidity of phenol with that of ethanol.
ANS. The acidic nature of phenol can be represented by the following
two reactions: (i) Phenol reacts with sodium to give sodium phenoxide,
liberating H2.

(ii)

Phenolreactswithsodiumhydroxidetogive
sodiumphenoxideandwaterasbyproducts

[Link]
losingaproton,thephenoxideionundergoesresonanceandgets
stabilizedwhereasethoxideiondoesnot.

Q2. How does phenol react with dilute and conc. HNO3 ?
ANS.(i)Withdilutenitricacidatlowtemperature(298K),phenolyields
amixtureofortho

andparanitrophenols.(ii)Withconcentratednitricacid,phenolis
convertedto2,4,[Link]
picricacid.

Q3. How does phenol react with Br2 in CS2 and Bromine water?
ANS. (i) When the reaction is carried out in solvents of low polarity
such as CHCl3 or CS2 and at low temperature, monobromophenols
are formed.

(iii) When phenol is treated with bromine water, 2,4,6tribromophenol is formed as white precipitate.

Q4. How do you account for the fact that unlike phenol, 2, 4dinitrophenol and 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol are soluble in aqueous
solution of sodium carbonate?
ANS. 2, 4-Dinitrophenol and 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol are stronger acids
then carbonic acid (H2CO3) due to the presence of electron withdrawing
NO2 groups. Hence, they react with Na2CO3 to form their
corresponding salts and dissolve in aq. Na2CO3 solution.
Q5 . ( i) Why is the Dipole moment of methanol higher than that of
phenol? (ii) . Explain why phenols do not undergo substitution of the
OH group like alcohols.
ANS. (i) Due to electron withdrawing effect of phenyl group, the C
O bond in phenol is less polar, whereas in case of methanol the methyl
group has electron releasing effect and hence CO bond in it is more
polar.
(ii) CO bond in phenols has partial double bond character due to
resonance and hence is difficult to cleave.

Q6. Account for the following

a. Boiling point of the C2H5OH is more than that of C2H5Cl
b. The solubility of alcohols in water decreases with increase in
molecular mass.
ANS. a. Because of hydrogen bonding.
b. With increase in molecular mass the non-polar alkyl group becomes
more predominant.
Q7. Answer the following
a. What is the order of reactivity of 10, 20 and 30 alcohols with sodium
metal?
b. How will you account for the solubility of lower alcohols in water?
ANS: a. 10>20>30.
b. HereOH group is predominant and the alcohol molecules can
form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
Q8. Give reasons:
i)Nitration of phenol gives ortho- and para- products only.
ii)Why do alcohols have higher boiling points than the haloalkanes
of the same molecular mass?
ANS (1) -OH group increases the electron density more at ortho and
para positions through its electron releasing resonance effect.
(2) Alcohols are capable of forming intermolecular H-bonds.
Q9. Account for the following:
i) Phenols has a smaller dipole moment than methanol
ii) Phenols do not give protonation reactions readily.
ANS. (a). In phenol the electron withdrawing inductive effect of OH
group is opposed by electron releasing the resonance effect of OH.
(b). The lone pair on oxygen of OH in phenol is being shared with
benzene ring through resonance. Thus, lone pair is not fully present on
oxygen and hence phenols do not undergo protonation reactions.

Q10. Explain the fact that in aryl alkyl ethers

(i) The alkoxy group activates the benzene ring towards electrophilic
substitution and
(ii) It directs the incoming substituents to ortho and para positions in
benzene ring.

ANS. ( i)
In aryl alkyl ethers, due to the +R effect of the alkoxy group, the
electron density in the benzene ring increases as shown in the following
resonance structure.

Thus,benzeneisactivatedtowardselectrophilicsubstitutionbythe
alkoxygroup.
(ii)Itcanalsobeobservedfromtheresonancestructuresthatthe
electrondensityincreasesmoreattheorthoandparapositionsthanat
[Link],theincomingsubstituentsaredirectedto
theorthoandparapositionsinthebenzene.

3MARKSQUESTIONS
Q1. How are primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols prepared
from Grignard Reagents?
ANS.

.
The reaction produces a primary alcohol with methanal, a secondary
alcohol with other aldehydes and tertiary alcohol with ketones.
Q2. Give the equations of oxidation of primary, secondary and
tertiary alcohols by Cu at 573 K.
ANS.

Q3. Give equations of the following reactions:

(i) Oxidation of propan-1-ol with alkaline KMnO4 solution.
(ii) Bromine in CS2 with phenol.
(iii) Dilute HNO3 with phenol.
ANS. (i)
(

Q4.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Show how will you synthesize:

1-phenylethanol from a suitable alkene.
(ii) cyclohexylmethanol using an alkyl halide by an SN2 reaction.
(iii) pentan-1-ol using a suitable alkyl halide?

ANS. (i) By acid-catalyzed hydration of ethylbenzene (styrene), 1phenylethanol can be synthesized.

(ii) When chloromethylcyclohexane is treated with sodium hydroxide,

cyclohexylmethanol is obtained.

(iv) When 1-chloropentane is treated with NaOH, pentan-1-ol is

produced.

Q5. How are the following conversions carried out?

(i)Propene Propan-2-ol
(ii) Benzyl chloride Benzyl alcohol
(iii) Ethyl magnesium chloride Propan-1-ol.
ANS. (i)If propene is allowed to react with water in the presence of an
acid as a catalyst, then propan-2-ol is obtained.

(ii) If benzyl chloride is treated with NaOH (followed by acidification)

then benzyl alcohol is produced.

(iii)When ethyl magnesium chioride is treated with methanol, an

adduct is the produced which gives propan -1-ol on hydrolysis.

Q6. Name the reagents used in the following reactions:

(i) Oxidation of a primary alcohol to carboxylic acid.
(ii) (ii) Oxidation of a primary alcohol to aldehyde.
(iii) Bromination of phenol to 2,4,6-tribromophenol.
ANS. (i) Acidified potassium permanganate
(ii) Pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC)
(iii) Bromine water

Q7. How is 1-propoxypropane synthesised from propan-1-ol?

Write mechanism of this reaction.
ANS. 1-propoxypropane can be synthesized from propan-1-ol by
dehydration. Propan-1-ol undergoes dehydration in the presence of
protic acids (such as H2SO4, H3PO4) to give 1-propoxypropane.
The mechanism of this reaction involves the following three steps:

Step 1: Protonation

Step 2: Nucleophilic attack

Step 3: Deprotonation

[Link]:
(i)

1-propoxypropane (ii) Methoxybenzene and (iii) Benzyl ethyl

ether
ANS. (i)
(ii)

(iii)

5 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q1. Write equations of the following reactions:
(i) Friedel-Crafts reactionalkylation of anisole.
(ii) Nitration of anisole.
(iii) Bromination of anisole in ethanoic acid medium.
(iv) Friedel-Crafts acetylation of anisole.
(v)Reaction of phenol with Zn dust.
ANS. (i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)