Blu-ray Disc (BD)
[Link],
[Link] of technology, Hindupur
Email:bharat0507@[Link]
Abstract
In this paper I presented an over view of a blu-ray disc.
The blu-ray is the name of the next generation optical
disc format. It is very clearly explained about
construction of blu-ray disc, the writing of data, speed
specifications along with different formats and codecs of
both audio as well as video .Will blu-ray disc replace the
present DVDs? This is the major question arising in the
market in the present day situation. We would see here
how it stacks up against some other new digital video
formats on horizon. We would also see here how it uplifts
from the old technologies and how it over comes the
recent technologies
1. Introduction
Blu-ray is the next-generation digital video disc.
It can record, store and play back high definition video
and digital audio, as well as computer data.
The Blu-ray name is a combination of "blue," for the
color of the laser that is used, and "ray," for optical ray.
The "e" in "blue" was purposefully left off, according to
the manufacturers, because an everyday word cannot be
trademarked.
2. What is the need of Blu-ray?
A current, single-sided, standard DVD can hold 4.7 GB
(gigabytes) of information. It's about the size of an
average two-hour, standard-definition movie with a few
extra features. But a high-definition movie, which has a
much clearer image, takes up about five times more
bandwidth and therefore requires a disc with about five
times more storage. As TV sets and movie studios make
the move to high definition, consumers are going to need
playback systems with a lot more storage capacity.
3. What is Blu-ray?
The Blu-ray is the next-generation digital video
disc. It can record, store and play back high-
definition video and digital audio, as well as
computer data.
Blu-ray gets its name from the blue laser
that allows it to store substantially more
data than a DVD
Blue-ray discs not only have more storage
capacity than traditional DVDs, but they also
offer a new level of interactivity
4. Types of Blu-ray disc
A single-layer Blu-ray disc, which is roughly
the same size as a DVD, can hold up to 27
GB of data -- that's more than two hours of
high-definition video or about 13 hours of
standard video.
A double-layer Blu-ray disc can store up to
54 GB, enough to hold about 4.5 hours of
high-definition video or more than 20 hours
of standard video.
5. How does Blu-ray work?
Discs store digitally encoded video and audio
information in pits -- spiral grooves that run from the
center of the disc to its edges. A laser reads the other side
of these pits -- the bumps -- to play the movie or program
that is stored on the DVD. The more data that is
contained on a disc, the smaller and more closely packed
the pits must be. The smaller the pits (and therefore the
bumps), the more precise the reading laser must be.
Unlike current DVDs, which use a red laser to read and
write data, Blu-ray uses a blue laser (which is where the
format gets its name). A blue laser has a shorter
wavelength (405 nanometers) than a red laser (650
nanometers). The smaller beam focuses more precisely,
enabling it to read information recorded in pits that are
only 0.15 microns (m) (1 micron = 10 -6 meters) long -this is more than twice as small as the pits on a DVD.
Plus, Blu-ray has reduced the track pitch from 0.74
microns to 0.32 microns. The smaller pits, smaller beam
and shorter track pitch together enable a single-layer
Blu-ray disc to hold more than 25 GB of information -about five times the amount of information that can be
stored on a DVD.
Blu-ray discs only do the injection-molding process
on a single 1.1-mm disc, which reduces cost. That
savings balances out the cost of adding the protective
layer, so the end price is no more than the price of a
regular DVD.
6. Construction of Blu-ray disc
Each Blu-ray disc is about the same thickness (1.2
millimeters) as a DVD. But the two types of discs store
data differently. In a DVD, the data is sandwiched
between two polycarbonate layers, each 0.6-mm thick.
Having a polycarbonate layer on top of the data can cause
a problem called birefringence, in which the substrate
layer refracts the laser light into two separate beams. If
the beam is split too widely, the disc cannot be read. Also,
if the DVD surface is not exactly flat, and is therefore not
exactly perpendicular to the beam, it can lead to a
problem known as disc tilt, in which the laser beam is
distorted. All of these issues lead to a very involved
manufacturing process.
9. Blu-ray vs. DVD
Blu-ray discs not only have more storage capacity than
traditional DVDs, but they also offer a new level of
interactivity. Users will be able to connect to the Internet
and instantly download subtitles and other interactive
movie features.
7. Building a blu-ray disc
The Blu-ray disc overcomes DVD-reading issues by
placing the data on top of a 1.1-mm-thick polycarbonate
layer. Having the data on top prevents birefringence and
therefore prevents readability problems. And, with the
recording layer sitting closer to the objective lens of the
reading mechanism, the problem of disc tilt is virtually
eliminated. Because the data is closer to the surface, a
hard coating is placed on the outside of the disc to protect
it from scratches and fingerprints.
Blu-ray discs are better armed than current DVDs.
They come equipped with a secure encryption system -- a
unique ID that protects against video piracy and
copyright infringement.
The Fig. below shows differences between DVD and Bluray disc. It says that the single layer DVD can hold up to
4.7GB of data and an average two hour standard video
but the blu-ray disc can hold 27GB of data or more than
13 hours of standard video or more than two hours of
high definition video and an dual layer disc can up to
more than double the data of an single layer Blu-ray disc
8. Writing in an Blu-ray
2
combines Blu-ray and DVD on the same disc so that it
can be played in both Blu-ray players and DVD players.
12. Codecs
There are usually to types of codecs
Audio codecs
Video codecs
12.1 Audio codecs
10. Speed specifications of Blu-ray Disc
According to the Blu-ray Disc specification, 1x speed
is defined as 36Mbps. However, as BD-ROM movies will
require a 54Mbps data transfer rate the minimum speed
we're expecting to see is 2x (72Mbps). Blu-ray also has
the potential for much higher speeds, as a result of the
larger numerical aperture (NA) adopted by Blu-ray Disc.
The large NA value effectively means that Blu-ray will
require less recording power and lower disc rotation
speed than DVD and HD-DVD to achieve the same data
transfer rate. While the media itself limited the recording
speed in the past, the only limiting factor for Blu-ray is
the capacity of the hardware. If we assume a maximum
disc rotation speed of 10,000 RPM, then 12x at the outer
diameter should be possible (about 400Mbps). This is
why the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA) already has
plans to raise the speed to 8x (288Mbps) or more in the
future.
11. Formats of Blu-ray disc
With conventional CDs and DVDs, Blu-ray plans to
provide a wide range of formats including ROM/R/RW.
The following formats are part of the Blu-ray Disc
specification:
BD-ROM - read-only format for distribution of HD
movies, games, software, etc.
BD-R - recordable format for HD video recording and PC
data storage.
BD-RE - rewritable format for HD video recording and
PC data storage.
There's also plans for a BD/DVD hybrid format, which
Linear PCM (LPCM) - up to 8 channels of
uncompressed audio. (Mandatory)
Dolby Digital (DD) - format used for DVDs, 5.1-channel
surround sound. (Mandatory)
Dolby Digital Plus (DD+) - extension of Dolby Digital,
7.1-channel surround sound. (Optional)
Dolby True HD - lossless encoding of up to 8 channels of
audio. (Optional)
DTS Digital Surround - format used for DVDs, 5.1channel surround sound. (Mandatory)
DTS-HD High Resolution Audio - extension of DTS, 7.1channel surround sound. (Optional)
DTS-HD Master Audio - lossless encoding of up to 8
channels of audio. (Optional)
12.2 Video codecs
MPEG-2 - enhanced for HD, also used for playback of
DVDs and HDTV recordings.
MPEG-4 AVC - part of the MPEG-4 standard also known
as H.264 (High Profile and Main Profile).
SMPTE VC-1 - standard based on Microsoft's Windows
Media Video (WMV) technology.
13. Advantages
record high-definition television (HDTV)
without any quality loss
record one program while watching another
on the disc
They come equipped with a secure encryption
system -- a unique ID that protects against
video piracy and copyright infringement.
edit programs recorded on the disc
access the Web to download subtitles and
other extra features
Random access
Searching
Create Playlists
Simultaneous recording and playback of
video
Automatically find an empty space to avoid
recording of programs
Improved picture
Improved sound
13. First products on Blu-ray
The Play station 3 will be the first Blu-ray
accessible player. The first Blu-Ray recorder was
unveiled by Sony and was introduced to the
Japanese market. JVC and Samsung Electronics
announced Blu -ray based products at IFA in
Berlin, Germany
14. Threats of Blu-ray disc
Holographic memory is a technique that can store
information at high density inside crystals or
photopolymers. Data Transfer Rate: 1Gbps. In a
hologram, both the amplitude and phase of the light are
recorded. When reconstructed, the resulting light field is
identical to that which emanated from the original scene,
giving a perfect three-dimensional image once the film is
processed, if illuminated once again with the reference
beam; diffraction from the fringe pattern on the film
reconstructs the original object beam in both intensity
and phase. Because of the need for interference between
the reference and object beams, holography typically uses
a laser in production. The coherence length of the beam
determines the maximum depth the image can have
footnotes sparingly
15. References
TEXT BOOKS:
[1]Complete Guide to Digital Audio
Middleton.
By-Chris
[2]The Digital Bits Insider Guide to DVD
Bill Hunt
[3]DVD Demystified
by
By Jim Taylor
WEBSITES:
[Link]
[Link]
