2012 International Conference on Computing, Electronics and Electrical Technologies [ICCEET]
Cloud Computing - Concepts, Architecture and
Challenges
Yashpalsinh Jadeja
Kirit Modi
Dept. of Computer Engineering & IT
Dept. of Computer Engineering & IT
U. V. Patel College of Engineering, Ganpat University
U. V. Patel College of Engineering, Ganpat University
Kherva (Mahesana), Gujarat, India
Kherva (Mahesana), Gujarat, India
[email protected]
[email protected]
Abstract-
With the advent internet in the
problems.
1990s to the
present day facilities of ubiquitous computing, the internet has
Cloud
computing
deals
with
virtualization,
scalability, interoperability, quality of service and the delivery
changed the computing world in a drastic way. It has traveled
models of the cloud, namely private, public and hybrid.
from the concept of parallel computing to distributed computing
to grid computing and recently to cloud computing. Although the
HISTORY
II.
idea of cloud computing has been around for quite some time, it
is an emerging field of computer science. Cloud computing can be
The underlying concept of cloud computing was introduced
defined as a computing environment where computing needs by
way back in 1960s by John McCarthy. His opinion was that
one party can be outsourced to another party and when need be
"computation may someday be organized as a public utility.
arise to use the computing power or resources like database or
[4]" Also the characteristics of cloud computing were explored
emails, they can access them via internet. Cloud computing is a
for the first time in 1966 by Douglas Parkhill in his book,
The
Challenge of the Computer Utility[4]. The history of the term
cloud is from the telecommunications world, where telecom
recent trend in IT that moves computing and data away from
desktop and portable PCs into large data centers. The main
advantage of cloud computing is that customers do not have to
companies started offering Virtual Private Network (VPN)
pay for infrastructure, its installation, required man power to
services with comparable quality of service at a much lower
handle such infrastructure and maintenance. In this paper we
cost. Initially before VPN, they provided dedicated point-to
will discuss what makes all this possible, what is the architectural
point data circuits which was a wastage of bandwidth. But by
design of cloud computing and its applications.
using
Keywords-applications, architecture, business component of
cloud computing, cloud computing, issues
VPN
services,
they
can
switch
utilization of the overall network.
traffic
to
balance
Cloud computing now
extends this to cover servers and network infrastructure.
Many players in the industry have jumped into cloud
I.
The
term
"cloud"
computing and implemented it. Amazon has played a key role
INTRODUCTION
ongmates
from
the
world
and launched the Amazon Web Service (A W S) in 2006. Also
of
telecommunications when providers began using virtual private
Google and IBM have started research projects in cloud
network (VPN) services for data communications [1]. Cloud
computing. Eucalyptus became the fust open source platform
computing deals with computation, software, data access and
for deploying private clouds.
storage services that may not require end-user knowledge of
the physical location and the configuration of the system that is
delivering the services. Cloud computing is a recent trend in IT
III.
that moves computing and data away from desktop and
portable PCs into large data centers [2]. The defmition of cloud
regardless of the device used and the user's location.
Technology (NIST) says that: "Cloud computing is a model for
The infrastructure which is generally provided by a
enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared
third-party is accessed with the help of internet. Cost is
pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks,
reduced to a significant level as the infrastructure is
servers, storage applications and services) that can be rapidly
provided by a third-party and need not be acquired for
provisioned and released with minimal management effort or
provider
interaction.
[3]"
With
the
large
occasional intensive computing tasks.
scale
proliferation of the internet around the world, applications can
now be delivered as services over the internet. As a result this
Less IT skills are required for implementation.
Reliable service can be obtained by the use of multiple
sites which is suitable for business continuity [4] and
reduces the overall cost.
disaster recovery [4]. However, sometimes many cloud
The main goal of cloud computing is to make a better use
computing services have suffered outages and in such
of distributed resources, combine them to achieve higher
times its users can hardly do anything [5].
throughput and be able to solve large scale computation
978-1-4673-0210-4112/$31.00 2012 IEEE
In cloud computing, users access the data, applications
or any other services with the help of a browser
computing provided by National Institute of Standards and
service
CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
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2012 International Conference on Computing, Electronics and Electrical Technologies [ICCEET]
Sharing
of
resources
and
costs
amongst
NetSuite, Oracle, IBM and Microsoft [10]. Google Apps is the
large
most widely used SaaS.
collection of users allows efficient utilization of the
infrastructure.
Platform services "Platform as a Service (PaaS)" provide a
Maintenance is easier in case of cloud computing
computing platform using the cloud infrastructure. It has all the
applications as they need not be installed on each user's
application typically required by the client deployed on it. Thus
computer.
the client need not go through the hassles of buying and
Pay per use facility allows measuring the usage of
installing the software and hardware required for it. Through
application per client on regular bases.
this service developers can get a hold of all the systems and
Performance can be monitored and thus it is scalable.
Security can be as good as or better than traditional
environments required for the life cycle of software, be it
developing, testing, deploying and hosting of web applications.
systems because providers are able to devote resources
Key examples are GAE, Microsoft's Azure [10].
to solving security issues that many customers cannot
Infrastructure services "Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)"
afford. However, security still remains an important
provides the required infrastructure as a service. The client
concern when the data is quite confidential. This delays
need not purchase the required servers, data center or the
adoption of cloud computing to some extent [6, 7].
IV.
network
CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE
front end
and the
service
[8]. They both are connected
back end
Also
the
key
advantage
here is
that
service. As a result customers can achieve a much faster
Cloud computing system can be divided into two sections:
the
resources.
customers need to pay only for the time duration they use the
delivery
Flexiscale,
with each other through a network, usually the internet. Front
with
less
Layered
cost.
Examples
Technologies,
are
GoGrid,
Joyent
and
Mosso/Rackspace [10].
end is what the client (user) sees whereas the back end is the
Figure shows the conceptual diagram of Cloud Computing
cloud of the system. Front end has the client's computer and
[4]:
the application required to access the cloud and the back has
the cloud computing services like various computers, servers
and data storage.
Monitoring of traffic, administering the system and client
demands are administered by a central server. It follows certain
rules i.e., protocols and uses a special software called the
middleware
[8]. Middleware allows networked computers to
communicate with each other.
A.
Layers and Services of Cloud Computing
Architecture
The below diagram shows the different layers of cloud
computing architecture [4].
Client
Appli cati on
Platform
Infrastructure
Server
consists of computer hardware and/or
cloud client
computer
software
which
application delivery,
or
relies on
that
cloud computing
is specifically
designed
Server
for
and/or
for
cloud application
(SaaS)" over the internet,
delivers
their examples:
thus eliminating the need to install
characteristics of this are:
of
[9]
commercially
Network-based access and
available
software
that
are
managed from centralized locations and enabling customers to
access
these
applications
remotely
through
the
for
the
delivery
of
the
above
Figure shows the various cloud computing services with
"Software as a Service
and run the application on the users system [9]. Important
management
required
mentioned services.
delivery of cloud services [9].
A
consists of the characteristic computer hardware
software
internet.
Examples of the key providers are SalesForce.com (SFDC),
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2012 International Conference on Computing, Electronics and Electrical Technologies [ICCEET]
saaS
Software as a Service
ov A pps
II
,I
PaaS
Platform as a Service
validation on both sides, by the cloud vendor as well as the
l aaS
.I
II
l..I lnfrastructure as a Service .l
client.
Also
both
the
parties
need
to
identify
their
responsibilities within their boundaries of operation.
Appli Gi tion DlII e bpment
Servers
ComlTlJnication(email)
SeclJity Services
N etv.l:lrk
Coll aboration
Datab ase ManagEme nt
Stolilge
Producti vity tools (office)
Management
that it is easier to manage security, maintenance and
ERP
Reporting
upgrades
EXAMPlfS:
EXAMPlfs:
EXAMPlfs:
SalesForte.com
GAE
GoGrid
NelSuitl!
Microsoft's Azure
Amazon EC2
Joy ent
Oracle
b.
Private Cloud
A private clouds operation is within an organization's
internal enterprise data center. The main advantage here is
and
also
provides
more
control
over
the
deployment and use. Private cloud can be compared to
intranet. Compared to public cloud where all the resources
and applications were managed by the service provider, in
Fleciscale
private cloud these services are pooled together and made
available for the users at the organizational level. The
IBM
Goq:leApps
resources
and
applications
are
managed
by
the
organization itself. Security is enhanced here as only the
organizations' users' have access to the private cloud.
c.
All the above mentioned services are pay per use, which
makes
cloud
computing
an
attractive
option
organizations which cannot afford buying,
for
It is a combination of public cloud and private cloud.
those
In this model a private cloud is linked to one or more
installing and
external cloud services. It is more secure way to control
maintaining the required services.
B.
data and applications and allows the party to access
information over the internet. It enables the organization to
Deployment a/Cloud Computing Service
serve its needs in the private cloud and if some occasional
For deploying a cloud computing solution, the major task is
need
to decide on the type of cloud to be implemented. Presently
three types of cloud deployment takes place
private cloud
and
hybrid cloud
Hybrid Cloud
public cloud,
Figure below shows the
overview of the deployment of these three clouds [11]
occurs
it
asks
the
public
cloud
for
intensive
computing resources.
d.
Community Cloud
When many organization jointly construct and share a
cloud infrastructure, their requirements and policies then
such a cloud model is called as a community cloud. The
cloud infrastructure could be hosted by a third-party
provider
or
within
one
of
the
organizations
in
the
community.
ADV ANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
V.
a.
Easy Management
The maintenance of the infrastructure, be it hardware
or software is simplified, thus, less headaches for the IT
team. Also applications that are quite storage extensive are
more easier to use in the cloud environment compared to
the same when used by the organization by its own. Also
at the user level, what you mostly need is a simple web
MlntHot
Data ProtectIon
F1J:ure I; Cloud ComputlDI: Map
browser with internet connectivity.
I
b.
Cost Reduction
The main advantage for
a.
SMEs lies here.
Cloud
computing drastically reduces the IT spending for SMEs.
Public Cloud
Costly systems need not be required for occasional use of
Public cloud allows users' access to the cloud via
intensive
interfaces using web browsers. Users need to pay only for
computing
resources.
Also
the
man
power
required for such systems is not required. Even simple
the time duration they use the service, i.e., pay-per-use.
applications like email can be set up and mostly free
This can be compared to the electricity system which we
through applications like Google Apps. Also as most of the
receive at our homes. We pay only for the amount of that
time
we use. The same concept applies here. This helps in
such
providers
are
quite
reliable
in
terms
of
availability, it is clear winner.
reducing the operation costs on IT expenditure. However
public clouds are less secure compared to other cloud
c.
Uninterrupted Services
models as all the applications and data on the public cloud
Lower outages are provided by cloud computing
are more prone to malicious attacks. The solution to this
services, thus providing uninterrupted services to the user.
can be that security checks be implemented through
However, some occurrences of outages have occurred in
879
2012 International Conference on Computing, Electronics and Electrical Technologies [ICCEET]
d.
the past, like the Gmail outage in 2009. Also other cloud
future.
vendors like EC2 have failed at some point of time, but
capabilities,
We
can
have
however, they are much more dependable compared to the
However this wave still needs to resolve some of its existing
infrastructure installed on the organization.
issues with urgency.
scalability,
approximately
pay-per-use
infinite
scheme
computing
and
so
on.
Disaster Management
In case of disasters, an offsite backup is always
helpful.
REFERENCES
Keeping crucial data backed up using cloud
storage services is the need of the hour for most of the
[I]
John Harauz, Lorti M. Kaufinan. Bruce Potter, "Data Security in the
World of Cloud Computing", IEEE Security & Privacy, Copublished by
the IEEE Computer and Reliability Societies, July/August 2009.
[2]
Marios D. Dikaiakos, George Pallis, Dimitrios Katsaros, Pankaj Mehra,
Athena Vakali, "Cloud computing : Distributed Internet Computing for
IT and Scientific Research", IEEE Internet Computing, Published by the
IEEE Computer Society, September/October 2009.
[3]
National Institute of Standards and Technology - Computer Security
Resource Center - www.csrc.nist.gov
of the present day computing systems. This can be reduced
[4]
http://en.wikipedia.orglwikilCloud_computing
to some extent by using cloud computing services. This
[5]
http://www.computerweekly.com/ArticlesI2009/02124/234988/googlemail-collapses.htm
[6]
"Are security issues delaying adoption of cloud computing ?"
Networkworld.com. http://www.networkworld.com/news/2010/022210virtualization-c1oud-security-debate.html
[7]
"Security of virtualization, cloud computing divides IT and security
pros...http://www.networkworld.com/newsI2010/02221O-virtualization
c1oud-security-debate.html
[8]
Cloud Computing Architecture
http://communication.howstuffworks.com/cloud-computingl.htm
[9]
Peeyush Mathur, Nikhil Nishchal, "Cloud Computing: New challenge to
the entire computer industry", 2010 1st International Conference on
Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing (PDGC - 2010).
organizations. Also cloud storage services not only keep
your data off site, but they also ensure that they have
systems in place for disaster recovery.
e.
Green Computing
Harmful emissions due to extensive use of systems in
organizations,
electronic waste generated as the time
passes and energy consumption is the main disadvantage
leads to environment preserving. Also the e-waste is
generated to minimum extent.
ISSUES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
VI.
Until now in this paper we defined about all the various
architectures, deployment models and advantages of using
cloud computing services. However as all new technology
arrives, it brings with it some issues which may prove to be
disastrous if not taken care of.
The biggest concerns about cloud computing are
and
security
[10] Bhaskar Prasad Rimal, Eunmi Choi, "A taxonomy and survey of cloud
computing systems", 2009 Fifth International Joint Conference on INC,
IMS and IDC, published by IEEE Computer Society.
Handing over of crucial confidential data to
privacy.
another company gives jitters to some people. Corporate users
will defmitely hesitate to some extent in adopting cloud
[II] Ramgovind S, Eloff MM, Smith E, 'The management of security in
cloud computing", IEEE - 2010
services as they can't keep their company's information under
lock and key.
However companies offering cloud computing services
counter argue to this say that they live and die by their
reputations. Customers pay these companies as they are reliable
in security measures. Otherwise, they would lose their clients.
It's their concentration to provide best services to their clients.
Privacy is another factor. As these data are accessed from
any
location,
it's possible the
client's
privacy
could be
compromised. One way to solve this issue is the use of proper
authentication techniques. Another solution is to provide with
an authorization
- so that each user can access only the data
and applications relevant to his or her job.
Replication time and costs also play an important role. How
fast can the data be replicated is important for data resiliency.
Reliability is an issue. Servers in the cloud can have the
same
problems
as
the
organization's
resident
servers.
Downtimes can occur with cloud servers too.
VII.
CONCLUSION
In this paper we have discussed a new wave in the field of
information
technology:
cloud
computing.
We
have
also
described its architecture, advantages and some issues. There is
no doubt that cloud computing is the development trend for the
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