Objectives
General Objectives
To provide the students a guide line in caring for people with Community
Acquired Pneumonia using the nursing process appropriately and effectively, to give
information on the readers about the nature and the extent of well differentiated
adenocarcinoma rectum disease and to provide the general public of the new
developments in nursing care in regards of treating the disease condition.
Specific Objectives
1. To provide a guide in the general content of the study through the table of
contents
2. To present the organ/s affected by the disease and its descriptive functions
and its descriptive functions and involvement in the development of community acquired
pneumonia.
3. To trace the flow of the disease process through the schematic diagram of the
case pathophysiology.
4. To describe the provided schematic diagram through the narrative explanation
of the pathophysiology.
5. To portray the specific medical and surgical management used in treating
Rectal Adenocarcinoma
6. To present the medications prescribed in the patient with the said illness.
7. To provide a prioritized and specific plans for the patient management through
the nursing care plan.
8. To provide a patient guide as in medications, prescribed exercise and
activities, treatments, hygiene, out-patient follow-ups, diet and nutrition and spiritual
help through the recommendation and to make available the sources of the whole
content of the study through bibliography.
Introduction
Significance of the study
The study helps to determine the clients condition. It also helps the family to
understand the condition to plan for action in giving appropriate ways in dealing with the
clients needs to improve and maintain healthy living and through the study, it will help
the students apply their knowledge and skills to help the client become healthy wellbeing.
Statistics
The number of annual community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) cases is difficult to
estimate. One study, in which 46,237 elderly patients were monitored over a 3-year
period, showed the rate of CAP among those aged 65-69 years to be 18.2 cases per
1000 person-years. Among person older than age 85 years, the rate was 52.3 cases
per 1000 person-years. Estimates based on this data suggested that annually, 1 of 20
persons older than 85 years develop CAP. The distribution and prevalence of zoonotic
CAPs is higher internationally because of the density and distribution of zoonotic
vectors and in The Philippines, Pneumonia is the third leading cause of morbidity and
mortality in Filipinos based on the Philippine Health Statistics from the Department of
Health.
An overview of the subject of the study
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the most common infectious
diseases addressed by clinicians. CAP is an important cause of mortality and morbidity
worldwide.
A number of pathogens can give rise to CAP. Typical bacterial pathogens that
cause the condition include Streptococcus pneumoniae (penicillin-sensitive and resistant strains), Haemophilus influenzae (ampicillin-sensitive and -resistant strains),
and Moraxella catarrhalis (all strains penicillin-resistant). These 3 pathogens account for
approximately 85% of CAP cases.
CAP is usually acquired via inhalation or aspiration of pulmonary pathogenic
organisms into a lung segment or lobe.
Less commonly, CAP results from secondary bacteremia from a distant source,
such as Escherichia coli urinary tract infection and/or bacteremia.
Aspiration pneumonia is the only form of CAP caused by multiple pathogens (eg,
aerobic/anaerobic oral organisms).
Patients with severe CAP should have the benefit of an infectious disease
specialist to assist in the underlying cause of their condition.
Myocardial infarction can be precipitated by fever due to community-acquired
pneumonia (CAP).
Other factors that predict an increased risk of mortality in patients with CAP
include the presence of significant comorbidities, an increased respiratory rate,
hypotension, fever, multilobar involvement, anemia, and hypoxia.
Community Acquired Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by various
microorganisms, including bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, and viruses. Pneumonias are
classified as community-acquired pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, pneumonia
in the immunocompromised host, and aspiration pneumonia. There is overlap in how
specific pneumonias are classified, because they may occur in deferring settings. Those
at risk for pneumonia often have chronic underlying disorders, severe acute illness, a
suppressed immune system from disease or medications, immobility and other factors
that interfere with normal lung protective mechanisms. The elderly are also at high risk.
(Medical Surgical Nursing by Brunner and Suddarth; 2013)
Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air
sacs may fill with fluid or pus, causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills and
difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can
cause pneumonia. It can range in seriousness from mild to life-threatening. It is most
serious for infants and young children, people older than age 65, and people with
underlying health problems or weakened immune systems. (Mayoclinic.com)
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is pneumonia (any of several lung
diseases) acquired infectiously from normal social contact (that is, in the community) as
opposed to being acquired during hospitalization (hospital-acquired pneumonia). In
community-acquired pneumonia, individuals who have not recently been hospitalized
develop an infection of the lungs (pneumonia). CAP is a common illness and can affect
people of all ages. CAP often causes problems such as difficulty breathing, fever, chest
pains, and a cough. CAP occurs because the areas of the lung that absorb oxygen
(alveoli) from the atmosphere become filled with fluid and cannot work effectively.
(emedicine.medscape.com)
